1.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
2.
Convertible
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A convertible or cabriolet is an automobile body style that can convert between an open-air mode and an enclosed one, varying in degree and means by model. Convertibles evolved from the phaeton, an open vehicle without glass side windows that sometimes had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements. Historically, a retractable roof consisted of a frame covered with a folding. A lesser seen detachable hardtop provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative, as technology improved, a retractable hardtop which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared, increasingly becoming the most popular form. A semiconvertible also known as a coach has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors. A landaulet is a convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin. Other common terms include cabriolet, cabrio, soft top, and drop top, and where the roof is more than emergency weather protection, open two-seater, rag top, spider. The erected top secures to the frame header with manual latches, semimanual latches. The folded convertible top is called the stack, a tonneau cover provides a solution. A range of materials is available for soft tops, automakers had problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II, including canvas in various shades for convertible tops and limiting their manufacture. Polyvinyl chloride material was used for many convertible tops, the material consists of two layers, a top layer made of PVC, which has a specific structure depending on the vehicle model, and a lower layer made of fabric. Side windows were not existent in open cars, which may have detachable side screens, rear windows have evolved similarly, with plastic rear windows appearing as late as the first-generation Porsche Boxster. Plastic windows can degrade, fade, yellow, and crack over time, a windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants. Mazda pioneered a version on the RX7 convertible which featured an integral rigid opaque panel that folded up from behind the front seats, current convertibles feature windblockers of various designs including detachable fold-up designs, vertically retractable glass, minimal flaps – or other integrated wind controlling systems. According to the responsible for the 2008 Chrysler Sebring, its windblocker reduces wind noise by roughly 11 to 12 dB. Mercedes and Audi currently offer a heating duct to the area of the seat on SLK, SL. Windblockers are also available on the aftermarket for use on convertibles that do not have them, the Volvo C70 retractable hardtop includes a door-mounted side-impact protection inflatable curtain which inflates upward from the interior belt-line – vs. downward like the typical curtain airbag. The curtain has an extra stiff construction with double rows of slats that are offset from each other
3.
Nash Rambler
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The Nash Rambler is a North American automobile that was produced by the Nash Motors division of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation from 1950 to 1954. On May 1,1954, Nash-Kelvinator merged with the Hudson Motor Car Company to form American Motors Corporation, the Nash Rambler was then built by AMC in Kenosha, Wisconsin through 1955. The Nash Rambler established a new segment in the market and is widely acknowledged to be the first successful modern American compact car. The 1950-1955 Nash Rambler was the first model run for this automobile platform, using the same tooling, AMC reintroduced an almost identical new 1958 Rambler American for a second model run. This was a feat of having two distinct and successful model runs, an almost unheard of phenomenon in automobile history. The Rambler was designed to be smaller than cars, yet still accommodate five passengers comfortably. Nash engineers had originally penned the styling during World War II, the new model was the companys entry in the lower-price segment dominated by models from Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth. The Rambler was designed to be lighter and have smaller dimensions than the popular cars. A strategy of efficiency, Nash could save on materials in its production while owners would have fuel economy compared to the other cars of the era. The Nash Rambler rode on a 100 in wheelbase, and power came from Nashs proven 173 cu in L-head Straight-6 cylinder engine that produced 82 hp. Following the design of the larger senior Nash models, the compact Ramblers styling was rounded in form and this design feature did not impair the cars cornering ability significantly. The compact Rambler line was designed with several styles, but the inaugural year was limited to a single model. The decision to bring the new car out first in a market segment with more standard features was a calculated risk by Mason. Foremost in this strategy was the need to give the new Rambler a positive public image, Mason knew the car would fail if seen by the public as a cheap little car. Unlike almost all traditional convertibles of the era that used frame-free side windows and this metal structure served as the side guides or rails for the retractable waterproof canvas top. This design allowed Nash to utilize its unibody construction on its new compact and it made the body very rigid for an open-top car, without additional bracing. The convertible top was cable-driven and electrically operated, the design is similar to other fixed-profile convertibles including the 1936 Fiat 500 Topolino, Nissan Figaro, Citroën 2CV and the 1957 Fiat 500 as well as its 2007 Fiat 500 successor. In developing this new car, Nash had originally planned to call it the Diplomat and this name would have rounded out the Nash family of cars, as for 1950, the 600 line was renamed the Statesman, and the Ambassador remained the flagship line
4.
Cabrio coach
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A cabrio coach or semi-convertible is a type of car that has a retractable textile roof, and derives from Cabriolet. It is an alternative to a full convertible, especially on cars with unibody designs since little or no redesign of the body is necessary. This roof was used on older cars such as the Mercedes-Benz Ponton, Saab 92, Citroën 2CV, Fiat 500, GAZ-M20 Pobeda. Nash Rambler was available as a coach, but they called it convertible landau. Some more modern cars also feature this style, for instance BMW 318ti, Volkswagen Polo, Nissan Figaro, Isuzu Amigo, Fiat 500
5.
Hearse
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A hearse is a funeral vehicle used to carry a coffin/casket/urn from a church or funeral home to a cemetery. In the funeral trade, hearses are often called funeral coaches, the name is derived, through the French herse, from the Latin herpex, which means a harrow, and is the same as that now used in connection with funeral processions. The funeral hearse was originally a wooden or metal framework, which stood over the bier or coffin and supported the pall. It was provided with numerous prickets to hold burning tapers, and, later on, the word was applied, not only to the construction above the coffin, but to any receptacle in which the coffin was placed. Thus it came to denote the vehicle in which the dead are carried to the grave, originally considered public transportation, an elaborate framework would be erected over a coffin or tomb to which memorial verses or epitaphs were attached. It was then put on the top of horse-drawn carriages, looking much like a luggage rack, today, the original hearse remains acknowledged by the bit of scroll work or stretched-out S on the side of a funeral coach, called Landau bars. Hearses were originally horse-drawn, but silent electric motorized carts were introduced as horses began to be phased out as transportation, examples that were used in Paris were reported in the pages of Scientific American May 1907 and petrol-driven hearses began to be produced from 1909 in the United States. Motorized hearses became more accepted in the 1920s. Some early hearses also served as ambulances, owing to the cargo capacity in the rear of the vehicle. A few cities experimented with funeral trolley cars and/or subway cars to both the casket and mourners to cemeteries, but these were not popular. The only exception was Chicago, Illinois which operated 3 different funeral trolley cars over the tracks in downtown Chicago to outlying cemeteries in the western suburbs. A special funeral bureau handled the funeral trains which sometimes operated 3–4 funeral trains a week over the L. Usually more luxurious automobile brands are used as a base for funeral cars, the vast majority of hearses in the United States and Canada are Cadillacs, Cadillac produced what it termed a commercial chassis. This was a longer and strengthened version of the long-wheelbase Fleetwood limousine frame to carry the weight of bodywork, rear deck. They were shipped as incomplete cars to coachbuilders for final assembly, a Cadillac commercial chassis typically consisted of the cars front end sheet metal with lighting and trim, dashboard and controls. Rear quarter panels and sometimes the front door shells were shipped with the chassis for use in the finished coachwork, today, most hearses are made from converted sedans on stretched wheelbases. The fleet division of Ford Motor Company sells a Lincoln Town Car with a special hearse package strictly to coachbuilders, in Europe, most hearses are based on commercial vans. In the past, all medium-sized vans could be converted into hearses, today, Mercedes-Benz vans are common in modern fleets
6.
Coachbuilder
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A coachbuilder is a manufacturer of bodies for automobiles or a manufacturer of complete horse-drawn vehicles. Coachwork is the body of a vehicle, a horse-drawn coach or carriage, or, by extension. The term is reserved for bodies built on a separate chassis. With reference to motor vehicles, auto body is the term in North American English. Coachbuilders are, carrossiers in French, carrozzeria in Italian, karosseriebauer in German, a British trade association the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers, was incorporated in 1630. Some British coachmaking firms operating in the 20th century were established even earlier, rippon was active in the time of Queen Elizabeth I, Barker founded in 1710 by an officer in Queen Annes Guards, Brewster a relative newcomer, formed in 1810. This chassis would be delivered by the manufacturer to the coachbuilder of the buyers choice, the chassis would be a rolling chassis which included the chassis frame, drivetrain, brakes, suspension, complete steering system including the wheel, radiator, scuttle and dashboard. The manufacturer delivered the chassis with lighting system, spare wheel, front and rear mudguards, the very easily damaged honeycomb radiator, later enclosed and protected by a shell, became the main visual element identifying the chassis brand. The manufacturer retained an element of control over bodies, bodies not approved by the chassis manufacturer would lose the chassis manufacturers chassis warranties. Until the second World War it would not have been unusual to order the most popular cars as only a chassis and have a local coachbuilder put a body on it for you, the Austin 7s of the 1920s and 1930s were favourite subjects. For example, Fisher Body built all of Cadillacs closed bodies in the 1910s, though automobile manufacturers brought body building skills in-house, the practice of bespoke or custom coachbuilding remained in favour among the wealthy, who continued the habit of centuries past. All ultra-luxury vehicles sold as chassis only, for instance, when Duesenberg introduced their Model J, it was offered as chassis only, for $8,500. Other examples include the Bugatti Type 57, Cadillac V-16, Ferrari 250, Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8, delahaye had no in-house coachworks, so all its chassis were bodied by independents, who created some of their most attractive designs on the Type 135. Most of the Delahayes were bodied by Chapron, Labourdette, Franay, Saoutchik, Figoni & Falaschi, Pennock, the advent of unibody construction, where the car body is unified with, and structurally integral to the chassis, made custom coachbuilding practically impossible. Hermann Graber Ramsauer & Cie, also known as Worblaufen after the place they were built, mulliner Park Ward Mulliners Nu-Track Park Ward Harold Radford Salmons Swallow Tickford Tilbury, originators of the Tilbury carriage. Thrupp & Maberly Vanden Plas Vincent of Reading Windover Wingham Martin Walter Walter Alexander & Sons, now Alexander Dennis Ltd Wrightbus James Young Brewster & Co. Brunn Budd Company Derham Earl Automobile Works Fisher Fleetwood KEM Motorworks LeBaron Locke N2A motors Inc. a Langmesser Co. Murphy Rollston Willoughby
7.
Landau (carriage)
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A landau is a coachbuilding term for a type of four-wheeled, convertible carriage. It was a city carriage of luxury type and it is lightweight and suspended on elliptical springs. It was invented in the 18th century, landau in this sense is first noted in English in 1743 and it was named after the German city of Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate where they were first produced. Lord, Hopkinson, coachmakers of Holborn, London, produced the first English landaus in the 1830s, the soft folding top is divided into two sections, front and rear, latched at the center. These usually lie perfectly flat, but the section can be let down or thrown back while the front section can be removed or left stationary. When fully opened, the top can completely cover the passengers, the landaus center section might contain a fixed full-height glazed door, or more usually a low half-door. A small landau, a coupé with a top, was called a landaulet. A brougham called a brougham-landaulet had a top collapsible from the rear doors backward, a five-glass landau was fitted with a front glass windscreen and two windows on each side. The landau reached its development by the mid-19th century. It was purely a city carriage of luxury type, the low shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of the occupants and their clothing, a feature that makes a landau still a popular choice for Lords Mayor on ceremonial occasions. The Royal Mews contains several different types of landau, seven State Landaus are in regular use, as well as being slightly plainer in ornamentation, the Semi-state Landaus are distinguished from the State Landaus in that they are postilion-driven, rather than driven from the box. The 1902 State Landau was built for the coronation of Edward VII in 1902, unlike the earlier State Landaus, it is postilion-driven. So too are the five Ascot Landaus, smaller and lighter carriages with basket-work sides, the Royal Mews also retains a miniature landau made for the children of George V and designed to be pulled by ponies. The ambassadors suite follows in another State landau, the monarch of Canada has a state landau at his or her disposal in Ottawa for ceremonial processions from Rideau Hall to Parliament Hill. The State Landau was given to Canada in 1911 and was used by the Governor General of Australia. For the Queens Plate in Toronto, the monarch and the family have a private landau owned by the Ontario Jockey Club. Driving, The Development and Use of Horse-Drawn Vehicles, London,1985, berkebile, Don H, Carriage Terminology, A Historical Dictionary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.1978
8.
SAE International
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Principal emphasis is placed on transport industries such as automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicles. SAE International has more than 127,000 members globally, membership is granted to individuals, not through companies. Aside from its efforts, SAE International also devotes resources to projects and programs in STEM education, professional certification. In the early 1900s there were dozens of manufacturers in the United States. Auto manufacturers and parts companies joined trade groups that promoted business, a desire to solve common technical design problems and develop engineering standards was emerging. Engineers in the business expressed a desire to have free exchange of ideas in order to expand their individual technical knowledge base. Two magazine publishers, Peter Heldt of The Horseless Age, and these questions could best be dealt with by a technical society. The field of activity for this society would be the technical side of automobiles. Horace Swetland wrote on automotive engineering concerns, and became an original SAE officer, about two years after Heldts editorial, the Society of Automobile Engineers was founded in New York City. Four officers and five managing officers volunteered, in 1905 Andrew L. Riker served as president, and Henry Ford served as the societys first vice president. The initial membership was engineers with annual dues of US$10, by 1916 SAE had 1,800 members. Aeronautics was an industry at that time. Early supporters of the concept of a society to represent aeronautical engineers were Thomas Edison, Glenn Curtiss, Glenn Martin, out of the meeting in 1916 came a new organization, to represent engineers in all types of mobility-related professions. SAE member Elmer Sperry created the term automotive from Greek autos, the Society of Automobile Engineers became the Society of Automotive Engineers. Charles Kettering presided over SAE during World War I and saw membership pass the 5,000 mark, during this time, SAE emphasized the importance of developing member activity through local chapters – called Sections. By 1980, membership surpassed 35,000 and over the two decades the society, like the industries and individuals it serves, became larger, more global, more diverse. By the mid-1980s, membership edged close to 50,000, by the end of the 1990s, as of 2016, the society serves more than 127,000 members, with more than a quarter from outside of North America. Ongoing harmonization efforts seek to bridge gaps between North American SAE technical prescriptions and the UN standards in use outside North America, SAE publishes more than 1,600 technical standards and recommended practices for passenger cars and other roadgoing vehicles
9.
Chrysler Windsor
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The Chrysler Windsor is a full-size car which was built by Chrysler from 1939 through to the 1960s. The final Chrysler Windsor sold in the United States was produced in 1961, the Canadian 1961 to 1966 Windsor model was for all intents and purposes the equivalent of the Chrysler Newport in the United States. The Windsor was positioned above the entry-level Royal from 1939 to 1950, with the demise of the Royal for the 1951 model year the Windsor became Chryslers price leader through to 1960. For the 1961 model year the Chrysler Newport was made the price leader with the Windsor positioned one level above the Newport. Chrysler replaced the Windsor name in 1962 with the introduction of the non-lettered series Chrysler 300, the Windsor first came out in 1939. It was a model to the larger Chrysler New Yorker. In 1940, the Windsor came in long or short wheelbase versions as a 6-passenger sedan, a 6-passenger coupe, a convertible. New this year were sealed beam head lights, the Windsor used independent front suspension,11 brakes, and a X girder truss type frame. New for 1941 was the Windsor Six Town and Country, a wagon type vehicle designed by David A. Wallace. Fog lights and bumper crash bars were optional, production ended in January,1942, as all automobile companies in the USA switched to war production. The 1942 heralded post-war design, with fenders being better integrated into the overall bodywork, after the war, the Windsor was put back into production. It was similar to the 1942 models, New things included a handbrake warning signal that warned that the handbrake was not fully released, and a new grille. The Windsor made up 62. 9% of the companys sales, in 1949, for Chryslers 25th anniversary, Chrysler Windsors were redesigned. The style was boxier than the competition, New this year was a padded dashboard with sponge rubber for safety. In 1950, the Windsor Traveler Sedan was reintroduced, but only lasted one year, the Windsor still had full instrumentation. 1951, the Royal was dropped, and the Windsor became Chryslers low-priced car, the Windsor DeLuxe had an electric clock standard, while electric windows were optional. In the September 1951 issue of Popular Mechanics, readers reported getting an average of 14. 1mpg with the Windsor, power brakes were standard on the Windsor DeLuxe 8-passenger sedan. In 1953, the Chrysler Windsor got new sheet metal and one-piece curved windshield, power steering was a $177 option
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