Langkasuka
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Langkasuka was an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula. The name is Sanskrit in origin; it is thought to be a combination of langkha for "resplendent land" -sukkha for "bliss". The kingdom, along with Old Kedah, is among the earliest kingdoms founded on the Malay Peninsula. The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at Yarang near Pattani, Thailand suggest a probable location. The kingdom is proposed to have been established in the 1st century, perhaps between 80 and 100 AD.
A suggestion of the reach of the kingdom of Langkasuka. Most scholars consider Langkasuka to be located on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, but some argued for a kingdom that extended from the east to the west coast. Ligor refers to Nakhon Si Thammarat and Kataha is Kedah.
Details from Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang showing an emissary from Langkasuka with description of the kingdom. Song Dynasty copy of a Liang Dynasty painting dated to 526–539.
Liang dynasty
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The Liang dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Liang or Xiao Liang in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It was preceded by the Southern Qi dynasty and succeeded by the Chen dynasty. The rump state of Western Liang existed until it was conquered in 587 by the Sui dynasty.
The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang with descriptions on the back of each ambassador. Song dynasty copy of Liang dynasty original from 526-539 CE, in the National Museum of China.
A turtle-borne stele and a pillar; tomb of Xiao Hong
A turtle-borne stele; tomb of Xiao Dan
A bixie (winged lion); tomb of Xiao Hui