1.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
2.
National park
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A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns, although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea, the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride. An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although Yellowstone was not officially termed a national park in its establishing law, it was always termed such in practice and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. The first area to use national park in its legislation was the USs Mackinac Island. Australias Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the third official national park. In 1895 ownership of Mackinac Island was transferred to the State of Michigan as a state park, as a result, Australias Royal National Park is by some considerations the second oldest national park now in existence. The largest national park in the meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park. According to the IUCN,6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006, IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. National parks are almost always open to visitors, in 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a sort of property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation, but no authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877, John Muir is today referred to as the Father of the National Parks due to his work in Yosemite. He published two articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on July 1,1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley, according to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for use, resort. Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation, a public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone at its establishment six years later was put under national control, in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States first national park, being also the worlds first national park. In some European countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed, such as Drachenfels, Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory
3.
Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Himalayas
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The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has the Earths highest peaks, including the highest, the Himalayas include over a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres in elevation. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua, in the Andes – is 6,961 metres tall. The Himalayas are spread across five countries, Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, the Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Some of the major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges, and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia, many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate and its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the bend of the Tsangpo river. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east, the name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya, from himá and ā-laya. They are now known as the Himalaya Mountains, usually shortened to the Himalayas, formerly, they were described in the singular as the Himalaya. This was also previously transcribed Himmaleh, as in Emily Dickinsons poetry and Henry David Thoreaus essays. The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi, the Himalaya or The Land of Snow in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range in Urdu, the flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice, the amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant. The extremes of high altitude combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms, the unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations, the oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some species, especially rhododendron, apple. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet, the Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock
6.
Nuwakot District
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Nuwakot District (Nepali, नुवाकोट जिल्ला Listen, a part of Province No. 3, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Bidur as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,121 km² and had a population of 288,478 in 2001 and 277,471 in 2011. The name, Nuwakot, is made up of two words nawa and kort, nawa means nine in Nepali and kort means sacred religious sites at the top of hill. The district accordingly has 9 nine hills over which various deities are said to dwell thus overseeing and protecting Nuwakot and this has led Nuwakot often being called City of nine hills. Referring to the pages of history, the great king Prithivi Narayan Shah invaded Nuwakot which was under the ruling of Jaya Prakash Malla, Nuwakot, being a hilly area with very less plains, most of the areas are still undeveloped. In last few years, huge changes are observable, the city areas are provided with schools, colleges, hospitals and the road infrastructure is also developed. Two hydro power stations are currently in operation, people are dependent on agriculture, teaching, foreign economy, livestock farming, business, hotels, Agri Tourism, Eco Tourism and Khadya Bank etc. Jiling is recognized as SEZ Area where as lots of business is coming and going to grow business, Nuwakot, Bagmati, A seven storey palace lies on the top of Bidur Municipality. Beautiful sceneries of Nuwakot can be observed from the spot, Trishuli River, One of the major river of Saptakoshi passes right through mid area of Nuwakot. Stunning view of the river and the villages can be entertaining. Kakani, One of the gateway from Kathmandu to Nuwakot, the place is perfect for observing sunset and the mountains. Devighat, Near the union of Trishuli and Suryamati river lies devighat, the death place of the great king Prithvi Narayan Shah lies here. Kashitar, One of the place where people can enjoy and work in Eco Tourism, Agri Tourism. It is best place for work, play and enjoy, Nuwakot, consisting hindu religion as major, is provided with many historically as well as religious important places. There are 10 Village councils and 2 Municipalities
7.
Rasuwa District
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Rasuwa District(Nepali, रसुवा जिल्ला Listen, a part of Province No. 3, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country Nepal. The district, with Dhunche as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,544 km² and has a population of 43,300. As per census 2011 total households in Rasuwa district is 9,778 and it is the smallest district by area, among 16 districts in the Himalaya region of Nepal. Origin of its name had begun as Rasowa which is believed to be derived as a combination of two Tibetan words ra and sowa as it was famous for its lamb and grazing lands, and later people started to call it Rasuwa. The administrative division of Rasuwa comprised 18 Village Development Committees each having 9 wards, Rasuwa is accessible by bus from Kathmandu via Pasang Lhamu highway, with its headquarters being about 120 km from Kathmandu. As of 2013,3 VDCs namely Thuman, Langtang and Haku is not touched by any kind of roadway and its territory has elevation ranging from 614 to 7,227 meters from mean sea Level. Forests cover 31. 43% of the land while 16. 63% is always snow-covered, steeply varying territory and plenty of natural blessings make Rasuwa a famous tourist destination in Nepal. Sightseeing places including Gosaikunda Lake and Mt. Langtang plus one of the hot springs in Nepal are located in the district, Langtang mountain range stands to the north of Rasuwa. The northern parts of the area largely fall within the boundaries of Langtang National Park, gosainkunda Lake, Ganja La Pass, and Tamang village in Bridim are the major highlights of Rasuwa for tourism. The Goshainkunda Lake, also known as Frozen Lake, one of the most beautiful mountain lakes lies in the Langtang region, there are about 108 kundas in this area. Saraswati Kund, Bhairab Kund, Surya Kund and Gosaikund are most important ones, Langtang valley is another attraction in Rasuwa which is aptly called the valley of glaciers, mountains rise soaring toward the sky. The valley offers pine forest, swift streams, rugged rock and snow-capped peaks, grassy down and meadows strewn with daisies. Zones of Nepal rasuwaonline. com Rasuwa District Profile 2011 Districts of Nepal
8.
Sindhupalchok District
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Sindhupalchowk District is a part of Province No.3 and one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal, with an area of 2,542 km2. The districts headquarters is in Chautara, in 2006,336,478 people resided in 79 village development committees, in 2011 there were 287,798. The climatic zones found in the district comprise, The major towns are Chautara, Bahrabise, Melamchi, Jalbire, although this district is close to Nepals capital Kathmandu, it is one of the least developed districts in Nepal. The Arniko Highway, also called Kathmandu-Kodari Highway, extending from Kathmandu to Kodari links this district with Tibet, the district is mountainous and rich in natural resources. The district is accessible from Kathmandu. People depend entirely on agriculture for their survival, since the district is hilly, the land is not very fertile, and the yield is very low. Almost every VDC has access to electricity, and roads connecting to the highway, many NGOs and INGOs are working in the district in order to improve the living standards. The Bhote Koshi, Indrawati, Sun Kosi and Bramhayani rivers flow through this district, two FM radio stations also operate from Melchaur and Bahrabise. There are more than half dozen colleges offering degree in Sindhupalchowk. More than 25 schools are running +2 level programs, Chautara campus has just started science course in +2 level. There are almost one or more than one school in each VDC of Sindhupalchowk. Chautara Campus, Thokarpa Community Campus, Sunkoshi Campus, Jalbire Valley Campus are some leading educational institutions, higher level education is only available in Kavre and Kathmandu. There are more than 25 private schools in the district, there are more than 12 newspapers that publish news from the district including the daily newspapers Lokpriya Dainik and Sindhupalchok, and several monthly magazines. The newspapers have played a role in providing immediate news. Sindhusandesh is one of the oldest local newspapers and has gone online. Online sindhu. com Also Sindhusangram publishes online news, the small health centers in many VDCs are without Auxiliary Health Workers, Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and Community Health Workers. So, people seeking emergency health assistance have to long distance to headquarter or Kathmandu or end up dying because of lack of treatment. Many people still believe in Dhami and Jhakri and are against taking medicine or going to hospital for the treatment, an NGO, PHASE Nepal provides many healthcare facilities and training programs to two VDCs, Phulpingkot and Hagam
