1.
Bridgeport, Connecticut
–
Bridgeport is a seaport city in the U. S. state of Connecticut. It is the largest city in the state and is located in Fairfield County at the mouth of the Pequonnock River on Long Island Sound, Bridgeport had a population of 144,229 during the 2010 Census, making it also the 5th-most populous in New England. It is bordered by the towns of Trumbull to the north, Fairfield to the west, the Greater Bridgeport area is the 48th-largest urban area in the United States and forms part of the Greater New York City Area. Bridgeport was inhabited by the Paugussett Indian tribe at the time of its English colonization, the English farming community became a center of trade, shipbuilding, and whaling. The town incorporated itself to subsidize the Housatonic Railroad and rapidly industrialized following its connection to the New York, manufacturing was the mainstay of the local economy until the 1970s. Industrial restructuring and suburbanization caused the loss of jobs and affluent residents, leaving Bridgeport struggling with problems of poverty. In the 21st century, conversion of office and factory buildings to residential use, the showman P. T. Barnum was a resident of the city and served as the towns mayor in the late 19th century. Barnum built four houses in Bridgeport, and housed his circus in town during winter, the first Subway restaurant opened in the North End section of the city in 1965. The Frisbie Pie Company was located here, and Bridgeport is credited as the birthplace of the Frisbee, the first documented English settlement within the present city limits of Bridgeport took place in 1644, centered at Black Rock Harbor along North Avenue and between Park and Briarwood Avenues. The place was called Pequonnock, after a band of the Paugussett, one of their sacred sites was Golden Hill, which overlooked the harbor and was the location of natural springs and their planting fields. The Golden Hill Indians were granted a reservation here by the Colony of Connecticut in 1639 that survived until 1802, a village called Newfield began to coalesce around the corner of State and Water Streets in the 1760s. The area officially known as Stratfield in 1695 or 1701 due to its location between the already existing towns of Stratford and Fairfield. During the American Revolution, Newfield Harbor was a center of privateering, Newfield initially expanded around the coasting trade with Boston, New York, and Baltimore and the international trade with the West Indies. The commercial activity of the village was clustered around the wharves on the west bank of the Pequonnock, in 1800, the village became the Borough of Bridgeport, the first so incorporated in the state. It was named for the Newfield or Lottery Bridge across the Pequonnock, Bridgeport Bank was established in 1806. In 1821, the township of Bridgeport became independent of Stratford, the West India trade died down around 1840, but by that time the Bridgeport Steamship Company and Bridgeport Whaling Company had been incorporated and the Housatonic Railroad chartered. The HRRC ran upstate along the Housatonic Valley, connecting with Massachusettss Berkshire Railroad at the state line, Bridgeport was chartered as Connecticuts fifth city in 1836 in order to enable the town council to secure funding to provide to the HRRC and ensure that it would terminate in Bridgeport. The Naugatuck Railroad—connecting Bridgeport to Waterbury and Winsted along the Naugatuck—was chartered in 1845, the same year, the New York and New Haven Railroad began operation, connecting Bridgeport to New York and the other towns along the north shore of the Long Island Sound
2.
Playwright
–
A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes plays. The term is not a variant spelling of playwrite, but something quite distinct, hence the prefix and the suffix combine to indicate someone who has wrought words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form - someone who crafts plays. The homophone with write is in this case entirely coincidental, the term playwright appears to have been coined by Ben Jonson in his Epigram 49, To Playwright, as an insult, to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and this view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term playwright later lost this negative connotation, the earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were written for annual Athenian competitions among playwrights held around the 5th century BC, such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved poïesis, the act of making and this is the source of the English word poet. In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his Poetics, the first play-writing manual, in this famous text, Aristotle established the principle of action or praxis as the basis for all drama. He then included a hierarchy of elements for the beginning with plot, character, thought, diction, music. The ends of drama were plot, character, and thought, the means of drama were language and music, since the myths, upon which Greek tragedy were based, were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was equated with choice as rather than psychology, so that character was determined by action, in tragedy, the notion of ethical choice determined the character of the individual. Thought had more to do and the imitation of an action that is serious, thus, he developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist. It provides the basis for the play, a term still held as the sine qua non of dramaturgy. The Poetics, while very brief and highly condensed, is studied today. Perhaps the most Aristotelian of contemporary playwrights is David Mamet, who embraces the idea of character as agent of the action, and emphasizes causality in the structure of his plays. His recently revived, Speed-the-Plow, is quintessentially Aristotelian, in that it observes the unities and builds its plot through a causal stream of discoveries and reversals. The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time
3.
Arthur Kramer
–
Arthur Kramer was the founding partner of influential law firm Kramer Levin. Kramer retired from the firm in 1996 and he was found alone by a ski patrol in Sun Valley, Idaho on January 13,2008. He ultimately died from a stroke on January 26 in New York City and he was 81 when he died, having lived in Stamford, Connecticut. Kramers relationship with his brother, playwright Larry Kramer, moved into the sphere with Larrys 1984 play. In the play, Larry portrays Arthur as more concerned with building his $2 million house in Connecticut than in helping his brothers cause, humorist Calvin Trillin, a friend of both Larry and Arthur, once called The Normal Heart the play about the building of house. Anemona Hartocollis observed in the New York Times that their story came to define an era for hundreds of thousands of theatergoers. Arthur, who had been his younger brothers protector against the parents they both disliked, couldnt find it in his heart to reject Larry, but also couldnt accept his homosexuality and this caused years of arguing and stretches of silence between the siblings. In the 1980s, Larry wanted Arthurs firm to represent the fledgling Gay Mens Health Crisis, Arthur said he had to clear it with his firms intake committee. Larry saw this as a cop-out — rightly, as Arthur said later, Larry called for a gay boycott of MCI, a prominent Kramer Levin client, which Arthur saw as a personal affront. In 1992, Colorado voters passed Amendment 2, an anti-gay rights referendum, throughout their disagreements, they still stayed close, remaining each others touchstones. Larry writes of their relationship in The Normal Heart, The brothers love each other a great deal, approval is essential to. In 2001, Arthur gave Yale a $1 million grant to establish the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies and he created two insurance trusts to own these policies and designated his adult children Andrew Kramer, Rebecca Kramer and Liza Kramer as the trust beneficiaries. The sale occurred before Arthur paid the first premium on any of the policies.2 million of insurance proceeds
4.
Columbia Pictures
–
The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
5.
United Artists
–
United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
6.
Women in Love (film)
–
Women in Love is a 1969 British romantic drama film directed by Ken Russell and starring Alan Bates, Oliver Reed, Glenda Jackson, and Jennie Linden. The film was adapted by Larry Kramer from D. H. Lawrences novel of the same name, the plot follows the relationships between two sisters and two men in a mining town in post First World War England. The two couples take markedly different directions, the film explores the nature of commitment and love. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards, Best Cinematography, Best Director and Best Writing, Jackson won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role, as well as a slew of critics honours. The film takes place in 1920, in the Midlands mining town of Beldover. Two sisters, Ursula and Gudrun Brangwen, discuss marriage on their way to the wedding of Laura Crich, daughter of the wealthy mine owner, Thomas Crich, to Tibby Lupton. At the villages church, each sister is fascinated by a member of the wedding party – Gudrun by Lauras brother, Gerald. Ursula is a teacher and Rupert is a school inspector, she remembers his visit to her classroom. The four are brought together at a house party at the estate of Hermione Roddice. When Hermione devises, as entertainment for her guests, a dance in the style of the Russian ballet, Rupert becomes impatient with her pretensions and this sets off spontaneous dancing among the whole group and angers Hermione. When Birkin follows her into the room, she smashes a glass paperweight against his head. He discards his clothes and wanders through the woods, when Gerald and Rupert appear, Gerald calls Gudruns behaviour impossible and ridiculous, and then says he loves her. Thats one way of putting it, she replies, Ursula and Birkin wander away discussing death and love. They make love in the woods, the day ends in tragedy when Laura and Tibby drown while swimming in the lake. During one of Gerald and Ruperts discussions, Rupert suggests Japanese-style wrestling and they strip and wrestle in the firelight. Ursula and Birkin decide to marry while Gudrun and Gerald continue to see each other, one evening, emotionally exhausted after his fathers illness and death, Gerald sneaks into the Brangwen house to spend the night with Gudrun in her bed, then leaves at dawn. Later, after Ursula and Birkins marriage, Gerald suggests that the four of them go to the Alps for Christmas, at their inn in the Alps, Gudrun irritates Gerald with her interest in Loerke, a gay German sculptor. An artist herself, Gudrun is fascinated with Loerkes idea that brutality is necessary to create art, while Gerald grows increasingly jealous and angry, Gudrun only derides and ridicules him
7.
Academy Awards
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
8.
Faggots (novel)
–
Faggots is a 1978 novel by Larry Kramer. It is a portrayal of 1970s New Yorks very visible gay community in a time before AIDS, the novels portrayal of promiscuous sex and recreational drug use provoked controversy. The book was condemned by elements within the gay community. The main character, Fred Lemish, is modeled on Kramer. Lemish wants to find a loving, long-term relationship and his desires are frustrated as he stumbles through an emotionally cold series of glory holes, bathhouses, BDSM encounters and group sex. He becomes disillusioned with the 1970s fast lane lifestyle dominating the gay subculture in, Lemish also expresses discomfort with the widespread use of multiple street and prescription drugs helping to maintain the party atmosphere. Faggots details the use of two dozen 1970s party drugs and intoxicants such as Seconal, poppers, LSD, Quaaludes, alcohol, marijuana, Valium, PCP, cocaine. Locales include Fire Island, a gay bathhouse called the Everhard, the book has been influential over the years, though many have criticized Kramer for perceived negativity toward his subject matter. The book was banned in the only gay bookstore in Manhattan, gay scholar John Lauritsen commented in his The AIDS War, The book showed courage and insight. It was disgusting, and very funny, historian Martin Duberman writes that to me, Faggots represented not uncanny clairvoyance but merely Kramers own garden-variety sex-negativism. Dancer from the Dance written by Andrew Holleran, published in 1978, sexual Ecology written by Gabriel Rotello, published in 1997
9.
HIV/AIDS in the United States
–
HIV-2 is common in West Africa, but is much rarer in the United States than HIV-1, which is more virulent and progresses more quickly to the full-blown AIDS disease. In Africa, where the vast majority of cases have always been, treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily a drug cocktail of protease inhibitors, and education programs help people avoid infection. For the first few decades, infected foreign nationals were turned back at the U. S. border to prevent additional infections. The number of U. S. deaths from AIDS have declined sharply since the years of the diseases presentation domestically. In the United States,1.2 million people live with an HIV infection, invariably, HIV is a silent disease when first acquired, though this latency varies in length. The progression from HIV infection to AIDS varies from 5–12 years, in the past, most individuals succumbed to the disease in 1–2 years after being diagnosed with AIDS. However, since the introduction of potent anti retroviral drug therapy and better prophylaxis against opportunistic infections, the overall death rate among persons diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in New York City decreased by 62% from 2001 to 2012. Great progress was made in the U. S. following the introduction of three-drug anti-HIV treatments that included protease inhibitors, david Ho, a pioneer of this approach, was honored as Time Magazine Man of the Year for 1996. Deaths were rapidly reduced by more than half, with a small, since this time, AIDS deaths have continued to decline, but much more slowly, and not as completely in black Americans as in other population segments. The second prong of the American approach to containment has been to maintain strict entry controls to the country for people with HIV or AIDS. Under legislation enacted by the United States Congress in 1993, patients found importing anti-HIV medication into the country were arrested and placed on flights back to their country of origin. Some HIV-positive travellers took to sending anti-HIV medication through the post to friends or contacts in groups in advance. This meant that the traveller would not be discovered with any medication, however, the security clampdown following the September 11 attacks in 2001 meant this was no longer an option. It was also felt that this rule was unfair because it applied even if the traveller was covered for HIV-related conditions under their own travel insurance. In early December 2006, President George W. Bush indicated that he would issue an order allowing HIV-positive people to enter the United States on standard visas. It is unclear whether applicants will still have to declare their HIV status, however, the ban remained in effect throughout Bushs Presidency. In August 2007, Congressperson Barbara Lee of California introduced H. R.3337 and this bill would allow travelers and immigrants entry to the United States without having to disclose their HIV status. The bill died at the end of the 110th Congress, in July 2008, then President George W. Bush signed H. R.5501 that lifted the ban in statutory law
10.
The Normal Heart
–
The Normal Heart is a largely autobiographical play by Larry Kramer. It focuses on the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984, as seen through the eyes of writer/activist Ned Weeks, the gay founder of a prominent HIV advocacy group. Ned prefers loud public confrontations to the calmer, more private strategies favored by his associates, friends and their differences of opinion lead to frequent arguments that threaten to undermine their mutual goal. After a successful 1985 Off-Broadway production at The Public Theater, the play was revived in Los Angeles and London, a Broadway debut opened in April 2011. For the first time in his life, meanwhile, Ned falls in love, the increasing death toll raises the unknown illness, now believed to be caused by a virus, to the status of an epidemic, though the press remains largely silent on the issue. A sense of urgency guides Ned who realizes that Ben is more interested in buying a house than in backing Neds activism. Ned explosively breaks off ties to his brother until Ben can fully accept Ned, Ned next looks to Mayor Ed Kochs administration for aid in financing research about the epidemic that is quickly killing off hundreds of gay men, including some of Neds personal friends. Tensions between the two are clear, though they must work together toward the promotion of their organization, Felix, meanwhile, reveals to Ned his belief that he is infected with the mysterious virus. Although he continues to try to strengthen interactions with the mayor, Ned ruins his chances when his relentless, Dr. Brookner gradually takes the role of activist herself, noting the epidemics appearance in other countries around the world and even among heterosexual couples. As Felixs condition worsens, he visits Ben Weeks in order to make his will, Felix soon dies and Ned blames himself for Felixs death, lamenting that he did not fight hard enough to have his voice heard. The mortality rate from HIV/AIDS is shown to continue increasing as the stage fades to black, after most performances of the 2011 revival of The Normal Heart, Kramer personally passed out a dramaturgical flyer detailing some of the real stories behind the plays characters. Linda Laubenstein, who treated some of the first New York cases of what was known as AIDS. It has been suggested that the model for Felix was John Duka, produced by Joseph Papp and directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the play opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater on April 21,1985, and ran for 294 performances. The original cast included Brad Davis as Ned and D. W. Moffett as Felix, with David Allen Brooks as Bruce Niles, Joel Grey replaced Davis later in the run. The play received its European premiere in 1986 at Londons Royal Court Theatre where it was directed by David Hayman, in that production Ned Weeks was initially played by Martin Sheen who received an Olivier Award nomination as Best Actor. When it transferred to the Albery Theatre Ned Weeks was played by Tom Hulce, for that production Paul Jesson, who played Felix, won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role. In a student production of the play at Cambridge University in 1988, the play received its Australian premiere at the Sydney Theatre Company in 1989 directed by Wayne Harrison. In subsequent productions of the play, Ned Weeks was portrayed by Richard Dreyfuss in Los Angeles, on April 18,1993, Barbra Streisand organized and introduced a benefit reading for Broadway Cares at the Roundabout Theatre Company
11.
The Public Theater
–
It is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in the East Village section of Lower Manhattan. The venue opened in 1967, mounting the world-premiere production of the musical HAIR as its first show and it is led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham. The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park, where it presents Shakespeare in the Park, New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954. In addition to each season of full-scale theatrical productions, The Public also produces a number of different series, festivals, in 2008, The Public presented its inaugural Public LAB series, an annual series of new plays presented in collaboration with LAByrinth Theater Company. With each Public LAB show, corresponding speaker series are presented as after-show talkbacks to discuss prominent themes, ideas, the premiere production of Public LAB SHAKESPEARE was Timon of Athens in March 2011, featuring Richard Thomas in the title role. Past venues include Rikers Island, Borden Avenues Veterans Shelter, the Public also launched its inaugural Public Works production in 2013. Past Public Works productions include The Tempest, The Winters Tale, the Public Forum, begun in 2010, is an exciting series of lectures, debates and conversations that showcase leading voices in the arts, politics and the media. Curated by Jeremy McCarter, a writer at Newsweek, Public Forum events explore issues raised by plays in The Publics season. In keeping with the best traditions of The Public, the Forum hosts a diversity of views. Notable participants in the series include Stephen Sondheim, Tony Kushner, Arianna Huffington, Alec Baldwin, the Public hosts the annual Under the Radar Festival, a festival tracking new theater from around the world. Over the last 12 years, The Public’s Under the Radar Festival has presented over 194 companies from 40 countries. These artists provide a snapshot of theater today, richly distinct in terms of perspectives, aesthetics, and social practice, the Public serves as the home of the Emerging Writers Group, which seeks to target playwrights at the earliest stages in their careers. In so doing, The Public hopes to create a home for a diverse. The Public Writers Initiative creates a community and fosters a web of supportive artistic relationships across generations. The Emerging Writers Group is a component of The Public Writers Initiative, the Public also fosters Public Studio, a performance series dedicated to developing the works of new and emerging theater artists. The Public Theater invests in education, training classical actors through the annual summer acting intensive known as the Shakespeare Lab. The Public also educates through its Shakespeare Spring Break, Summer ShakeUP, suzan-Lori Parks, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and Master Writer Chair of The Public, debuted her performance piece Watch Me Work as part of the 2011 Under The Radar Festival. As of April 2011, Parks continues to perform the piece in the lobby of The Public Theater
12.
ACT UP
–
ACT UP was effectively formed in March 1987 at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in New York. Larry Kramer was asked to speak as part of a speaker series. Kramer spoke out against the Gay Mens Health Crisis, which he perceived as politically impotent, Kramer had co-founded the GMHC but had resigned from its board of directors in 1983. According to Douglas Crimp, Kramer posed a question to the audience, the answer was a resounding yes. Approximately 300 people met two days later to form ACT UP, the following chronological accounts of New York ACT UP actions are drawn from Douglas Crimps history of ACT UP, the ACT UP Oral History Project, and the online Capsule History of ACT UP, New York. On March 24,1987,250 ACT UP members demonstrated at Wall Street and Broadway to demand access to experimental AIDS drugs. An Op/Ed article by Larry Kramer published in the New York Times the previous day described some of the issues ACT UP was concerned with, seventeen ACT UP members were arrested during this civil disobedience. On March 24,1988, ACT UP returned to Wall Street for a demonstration in which over 100 people were arrested. On September 14,1989, seven ACT UP members infiltrated the New York Stock Exchange and chained themselves to the VIP balcony to protest the price of the only approved AIDS drug. Several days following this demonstration, Burroughs Wellcome lowered the price of AZT to $6,400 per patient per year. ACT UP held their next action at the New York City General Post Office on the night of April 15,1987, Douglas Crimp speaks of the media savvy of ACT UP at this demonstration, because the television media routinely do stories about down-to-the-wire tax return filers. As such, ACT UP was virtually guaranteed media coverage, on October 11,1988 ACT UP had one of its most successful demonstrations when it successfully shut down the Food & Drug Administration for a day. Media reported that it was the largest such demonstration since demonstrations against the Vietnam War, the AIDS activists shut down the large facility by blocking doors, walkways and a road as FDA workers reported to work. Police told some workers to go rather than wade through the throng. Hey, hey, FDA, how people have you killed today. Chanted the crowd, estimated by protest organizers at between 1,100 and 1,500, the protesters hoisted a black banner that read Federal Death Administration. Police officers, wearing gloves and helmets, started rounding up the hundreds of demonstrators. Some protesters blocked the buses from leaving for 20 minutes, authorities arrested at least 120 protesters, and demonstration leaders said they were aiming for 300 arrests by days end
13.
Direct action
–
Direct action occurs when a group takes an action which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue. This can include nonviolent and less often violent activities which target persons, groups, examples of non-violent direct action can include sit-ins, strikes, workplace occupations, blockades, or hacktivism, while violent direct action may include political violence or assaults. Tactics such as sabotage and property destruction may be considered violent if people are hurt in the action, by contrast, electoral politics, diplomacy, negotiation, and arbitration are not usually described as direct action, as they are politically mediated. Direct action tactics have been around for as long as conflicts have existed, the radical union the Industrial Workers of the World first mentioned the term direct action in a publication in reference to a Chicago strike conducted in 1910. American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre wrote an essay called Direct Action in 1912 which is widely cited today. In his 1920 book, Direct Action, William Mellor placed direct action firmly in the struggle between worker and employer for control over the life of society. Mellor defined direct action as the use of form of economic power for securing of ends desired by those who possess that power. Mellor considered direct action a tool of both owners and workers and for this reason he included within his definition lockouts and cartels, as well as strikes, over and over they were arrested, fined, and imprisoned. Till they finally compelled their persecutors to let them alone, —de Cleyre, undated Martin Luther King felt that non-violent direct actions goal was to create such a crisis and foster such a tension as to demand a response. The rhetoric of Martin Luther King, James Bevel, and Mohandas Gandhi promoted non-violent revolutionary direct action as a means to social change. Noteworthy, Gandhi and Bevel had been influenced by Leo Tolstoys The Kingdom of God Is Within You. By the middle of the 20th century, the sphere of action had undoubtedly expanded. Some sections of the movement used direct action, particularly during the 1980s. In the US, mass protests opposed nuclear energy, weapons, many groups also set up semi-permanent peace camps outside air bases such as Molesworth and Greenham Common, and at the Nevada Test Site. Environmental movement organizations such as Greenpeace have used direct action to pressure governments, on April 28,2009, Greenpeace activists, including Phil Radford, scaled a crane across the street from the Department of State, calling on world leaders to address climate change. Soon thereafter, Greenpeace activists dropped a banner off of Mt. Rushmore, placing President Obamas face next to other historic presidents, overall, more than 2,600 people were arrested while protesting energy policy and associated health issues under the Barack Obama Administration. In 2009, hundreds blocked the gates of the coal fired power plant that powers the US Congress building, following the Power Shift conference in Washington, D. C. Anti-globalization activists made headlines around the world in 1999, when they forced the Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 to end early with direct action tactics
14.
Pulitzer Prize
–
The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
15.
The Destiny of Me
–
The Destiny of Me is a play by Larry Kramer. The play follows Ned Weeks, a character from Kramers play The Normal Heart, the play premiered Off-Broadway in 1992, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It focuses on Ned Weeks, a character introduced in The Normal Heart, meanwhile, both parents dote on his brother Benjamin, who grows up to become a successful attorney with a dazzling career. The play premiered Off-Broadway, produced by the Circle Repertory Company, at the Lucille Lortel Theatre on October 11,1992 and closed on March 21,1993 after 198 performances. Directed by Marshall W. Mason, the cast included John Cameron Mitchell as Alexander, Jonathan Hadary as Ned, David Spielberg as Richard, Piper Laurie as Rena, Larry Kramer was nominated for the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Kramer won the Obie Award and the 1993 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play, frank Rich of the New York Times observed, No one can accuse Mr. Kramer of being a boy who cried wolf. History may judge this impossible, reflexively contentious man a patriot, Mr. Kramer cannot solve the medical mystery of the virus or the psychological mystery of the worlds tardy response to the peril. What he can try to crack is his own mystery, Why was he of all people destined to scream bloody murder with the aim of altering the destiny of the human race. The writing in The Destiny of Me can fall short of Mr. Kramers ambitions, given the conventionality of Mr. Kramers dramatic format, one sometimes wishes the dialogue fleshing it out were finer. He has an ear, but it is the ear of a journalist. Ryan Murphy who also directed The Normal Heart is set to direct the sequel while Mark Ruffalo, Julia Roberts, the Destiny of Me at the Internet off-Broadway Database
16.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
17.
Yale Glee Club
–
The Yale Glee Club is a mixed chorus of men and women, consisting of students of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1861, it is the third oldest collegiate chorus in the United States after the Harvard Glee Club, founded in 1858, the Glee Club performs several concerts each year in New Haven and goes on tour each January. According to music critic Zachary Woolfe of the New York Times, it is one of the best collegiate singing ensembles and its members are world famous for their harmonic precision per New York Times music critic Robert Sherman. The Glee Clubs director generally holds a faculty position in the Yale School of Music as the Marshall Bartholomew Professor of Choral Conducting, a large part of the work of planning concert tours is done by student tour managers. Most members of the Glee Club are undergraduate students, but the group also admits students from the graduate, membership in the group is determined each fall by audition. Members of the group may be majors in any subject, many members of the group are also involved in other musical pursuits on campus. The Glee Club typically consists of 70 to 90 student singers, when large-scale classical choral works require more voices, the Glee Club may team up with Yales other choruses, the Yale Camerata and the Yale Schola Cantorum, or add other singers as needed. The Glee Club was initially composed of men only, in 1969, Yale admitted its first female undergraduates. The Glee Club President for that year, Jim Weber held auditions and selected women to found the first female organization on campus- The New Blue of Yale. The following year, the Glee Club changed from a chorus to a mixed chorus. Despite the fact that a club is typically an all-male chorus. Although the group was open to all students only after their first year. The Glee Club works with New Haven high school each year as part of an annual choral festival. Outreach and service activities incorporated into tours were a focus of the Glee Clubs 2007 domestic tour to the Gulf Coast states. The Glee Clubs annual Emerging Composers Competition encourages new works for mixed chorus, both competitions were inaugurated in the fall of 2005 with the world premieres of Laus Trinitati by Jocelyn Hagen and A Modern Toast to Yale by Zachary Sandler. The Glee Club has an association, the Yale Glee Club Associates. The YGCA has formed a chorus of its own called the Yale Alumni Chorus and this chorus gives alumni an opportunity to resume old friendships and enjoy the songs of their Glee Club years while traveling and giving concerts in foreign countries. Like many of the old American college Glee Clubs, the Yale Glee Club began as an association of students to sing glees
18.
Grove Press
–
Grove Press is an American publishing imprint that was founded in 1947. Imprints include, Black Cat, Evergreen, Venus Library, Barney Rosset purchased the company in 1951 and turned it into an alternative book press in the United States. He partnered with Richard Seaver to bring French literature to the United States, the Atlantic Monthly Press, under the aegis of its publisher, Morgan Entrekin, merged with Grove Press in 1991. Grove later became an imprint of the publisher Grove/Atlantic, Inc, Grove Press was founded in 1947 in Greenwich Village on Grove Street. The original owners only published three books in three years and so sold it to Barney Rossett in 1951 for three thousand dollars, under Rossetts leaderhip, Grove introduced American readers to European avant-garde literature and theatre, including French authors Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jean Genet, and Eugène Ionesco. In 1954 Grove published Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot after it had been refused by more mainstream publishers, since then Grove has been Becketts U. S. publisher. Grove was also the first American house to publish the complete works of the Marquis de Sade, translated by Seaver. Grove also had an interest in Japanese literature, publishing several anthologies as well as works by Kenzaburō Ōe, in 1963, Grove published My Life and Loves, Five Volumes in One/Complete and Unexpurgated, with annotations, collecting Frank Harris work in one volume for the first time. Grove has also time to time published mainstream works. For example, in 1978 it published the script from the George Lucas film American Graffiti under its Black Cat paperback imprint and they published works by Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray, and numerous books opposing the Vietnam war and the draft, including information on G. I rights. In 1959, Grove Press published a version of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterleys Lover. Post Office Department confiscated copies sent through the mail, Rosset sued the New York city postmaster and his Lawyer Charles Rembar won in New York, and then on federal appeal. Grove’s success in publishing Lady Chatterley’s Lover paved the way for Rosset to publish another contested work that was cleared by the courts, Henry Millers 1934 novel. The book contained explicit sexual passages and therefore could not be published in the United States, in 1961, Grove Press issued a copy of the work and lawsuits were brought against dozens of individual booksellers in many states for selling it. The issue was settled by the U. S. Supreme Courts 1973 decision in Miller v. California. The William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch was banned in parts of the world for approximately ten years. The first American publisher was Grove Press, the book was banned by Boston courts in 1962 due to obscenity, but that decision was reversed in a landmark 1966 opinion by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. This was the last major literary censorship battle in the US, upon publication, Grove Press added to the book supplementary material regarding the censorship battle as well as an article written by Burroughs on the topic of drug addiction
19.
Teletype Corporation
–
Because of the nature of its business, as stated in the corporate charter, Teletype Corporation was allowed a unique mode of operation within Western Electric. It was organized as an entity, and contained all the elements necessary for a separate corporation. Teletypes charter permitted the sale of equipment to customers outside the AT&T Bell System, the primary customer outside of the Bell System was the United States Government. The Teletype Corporation continued in this manner until January 8,1982, the date of settlement of United States v. AT&T, at that time, Western Electric was fully absorbed into AT&T as AT&T Technologies, and the Teletype Corporation became AT&T Teletype. The last vestiges of what had been the Teletype Corporation ceased in 1990, one of the three Teletype manufacturing buildings in Skokie remains in use as a parking garage for a shopping center. Every other floor of the building has been removed, the other two buildings were demolished. The Teletype Corporation had its roots in the Morkrum Company, in 1902, electrical engineer Frank Pearne approached Joy Morton, head of Morton Salt, seeking a sponsor for Pearnes research into the practicalities of developing a printing telegraph system. Krum was interested in helping Pearne, so space was set up in a laboratory in the attic of Western Cold Storage, Frank Pearne lost interest in the project after a year, and left to get involved in teaching. Krum was prepared to continue Pearne’s work, and in August 1903 a patent was filed for a page printer. In 1904, Krum filed a patent for a type wheel printing telegraph machine which was issued in August 1907, in 1906, the Morkrum Company was formed, with the company name combining the Morton and Krum names and reflecting the financial assistance provided by Joy Morton. This is the time when Charles Krums son, Howard Krum and it was Howard who developed and patented the start-stop synchronizing method for code telegraph systems, which made possible the practical teleprinter. In 1908, a working teleprinter was produced, called the Morkrum Printing Telegraph, in 1925, the Morkrum Company and the Kleinschmidt Electric Company merged to form the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company. In December 1928, the changed its name to the less cumbersome Teletype Corporation. In 1930, the Teletype Corporation was purchased by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company for $30,000,000 in stock, while other principals in the Teletype Corporation retired, Howard Krum stayed on as a consultant. Morkrum Printing Telegraph – This was the first mechanically successful teleprinter, a Blue Code Version was used in 1910 as a part of the first commercial teleprinter circuit that ran on Postal Telegraph Company lines between Boston and New York City. In 1914, a Green Code Version was installed using Western Union Telegraph Company lines for the Associated Press and was used to distribute news to competing newspapers in New York City. The Model 11 was a Tape Printer which used gummed paper tape that could be pasted onto a telegram blank and this was the first teleprinter to successfully operate from an airplane. Morkrum Model GPE Perforator – The Morkrum Company Model GPE Green Code Perforator was designed about 1913 and this equipment continued to be produced for the next 50 years
20.
D. H. Lawrence
–
David Herbert Richards D. H. Lawrence was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. His collected works represent, among other things, a reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity. Some of the issues Lawrence explores are sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, at the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in a notice, challenged this widely held view. Later, Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his seriousness, placing much of Lawrences fiction within the canonical great tradition of the English novel. The house in which he was born, in Eastwood, 8a Victoria Street, is now the D. H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum and his working-class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for a number of his early works. The young Lawrence attended Beauvale Board School from 1891 until 1898 and he left in 1901, working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywoods surgical appliances factory, but a severe bout of pneumonia ended this career. During his convalescence he often visited Haggs Farm, the home of the Chambers family, an important aspect of this relationship with Chambers and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books, an interest that lasted throughout Lawrences life. In the years 1902 to 1906 Lawrence served as a teacher at the British School. He went on to become a student and received a teaching certificate from University College, Nottingham. During these early years he was working on his first poems, some stories, and a draft of a novel, Laetitia. At the end of 1907 he won a short story competition in the Nottingham Guardian, in the autumn of 1908 the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London. While teaching in Davidson Road School, Croydon, he continued writing, Jessie Chambers submitted some of Lawrences early poetry to Ford Madox Ford, editor of the influential The English Review. Hueffer then commissioned the story Odour of Chrysanthemums which, when published in magazine, encouraged Heinemann. His career as an author now began in earnest, although he taught for another year. Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel, The White Peacock, appeared in 1910, the young man was devastated, and he was to describe the next few months as his sick year. The hurt caused to Jessie by this and finally by her portrayal in the novel caused the end of their friendship and after it was published they never spoke to each other again. In 1911 Lawrence was introduced to Edward Garnett, a reader, who acted as a mentor, provided further encouragement
21.
Frank Capra
–
Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, during World War II, Capra served in the U. S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series. After World War II, Capras career declined as his films such as Its a Wonderful Life. In succeeding decades, however, these films have been favorably reassessed, outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social issues. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Screenwriters Guild, Capra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, a village near Palermo. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a grower. The name Capra, notes Capras biographer Joseph McBride, represents his familys closeness to the land, and means goat. For Capra, the journey, which took 13 days, remained in his mind for the rest of his life as one of his worst experiences, very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag, theres no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. Its the most degrading place you could ever be, Capra remembers the ships arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter. He recalls his fathers exclamation at the sight, Ciccio, look, thats the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem. The family settled in Los Angeless East Side which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian ghetto, Capras father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college and he studied chemical engineering and graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his education had changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person. Soon after graduating college, Capra was commissioned in the US Army as a second lieutenant, in the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point, San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident, in the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1920, living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed. After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains
22.
Lost Horizon (1973 film)
–
The film is a remake of Frank Capras film of the same name, with a screenplay by Larry Kramer. Both the 1937 version and this one adapted their story from James Hiltons novel Lost Horizon, Lost Horizon was not a critical or commercial success at the time of release, nor has its reputation improved since. This was the film produced by Ross Hunter. This version is closer to the 1937 film than to the original James Hilton novel. It tells the story of a group of travellers whose aeroplane is hijacked while fleeing a bloody revolution, the aeroplane crash lands in an unexplored area of the Himalayas, where the party is rescued and taken to the lamasery of Shangri-La. Miraculously, Shangri-La, sheltered by mountains on all sides, is a temperate paradise amid the land of snows, perfect health is the norm, and inhabitants live to very old age while maintaining a youthful appearance. The newcomers quickly adjust, especially Richard Conway, the groups leader and he falls in love with Catherine, a school teacher. Sally Hughes, a drug-addicted Newsweek photographer, is suicidal at first, sam Cornelius discovers gold, but Sally convinces him to use his engineering skills to bring better irrigation to the farmers of Shangri-La instead of attempting to smuggle out the gold. Harry Lovett is a comic and song and dance man who has a flair for working with the children of Shangri-La. Everyone is content to stay except Conways younger brother, George, George has fallen in love with Maria, a dancer, and wants to take her along when he leaves. Chang warns Richard that Maria came to Shangri-La over eighty years before, If she were to leave the valley, she would revert to her actual age. Richard is summoned to meet the High Lama, who informs him that he was there for a reason. However, on the night that the High Lama dies, George and Maria insist to Richard that everything the High Lama and they convince him to leave immediately. Still in shock from the High Lamas death, Richard leaves without saying goodbye to Catherine. Not long after their departure, Maria suddenly ages and dies, Richard struggles on alone, ending up in a hospital bed in the Himalayan foothills. He runs away, back to the mountains, and miraculously finds the portal to Shangri-La once more, Lost Horizon is considered one of the last in a string of box office musical failures which came in the wake of the success of The Sound of Music. Attempts to update the idea of Shangri-La with its racial inequalities intact and she noted that Shangri-La was depicted as, a middle-class geriatric utopia. You can live indefinitely, lounging and puttering about for hundreds of years, the Orientals are kept in their places, and no blacks
23.
Lost Horizon (1937 film)
–
Lost Horizon is a 1937 American drama-fantasy film directed by Frank Capra. The screenplay by Robert Riskin is based on the 1933 novel of the name by James Hilton. The film exceeded its budget by more than $776,000. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Before returning to England to become the new Foreign Secretary, writer, soldier and he flies out with the last few evacuees, just ahead of armed revolutionaries. Unbeknownst to the passengers, the pilot has been replaced and their aircraft hijacked and it eventually runs out of fuel and crashes deep in the Himalayan Mountains, killing their abductor. The group is rescued by Chang and his men and taken to Shangri-La, the contented inhabitants are led by the mysterious High Lama. Conway is particularly enchanted, especially when he meets Sondra, who has grown up in Shangri-La, however, Conways younger brother George, and Maria, another beautiful young woman they find there, are determined to leave. Conway eventually has an audience with the High Lama and learns that his arrival was no accident, having read Conways writings, Sondra believed he was the one, the Lama had agreed with her and arranged for Conways abduction. The old man names Conway as his successor and then passes away. George refuses to believe the Lamas fantastic story and is supported by Maria, uncertain and torn between love and loyalty, Conway reluctantly gives in to his brother and they leave, taking Maria with them, despite being warned that she is much older than she appears. After several days of grueling travel, she becomes exhausted and falls face down in the snow, when they turn Maria over, they discover that she had become extremely old and died, as her departure from Shangri-La had restored her to her true age. Horrified, George loses his sanity and jumps to his death, the Sherpa porters accompanying them were earlier swept away by an avalanche, triggered by one of them who carelessly fires a handgun. Conway continues on and eventually meets up with a party sent to find him. On the voyage back to England, he remembers everything, he tells his story, the searchers track him back to the Himalayas, but are unable to follow him any further. Conway manages to return to Shangri-La, Frank Capra had read the James Hilton novel while filming It Happened One Night, and he intended to make Lost Horizon his next project. When Ronald Colman, his first and only choice for the role of Robert Conway, proved to be unavailable, Capra decided to wait and made Mr. Deeds Goes to Town instead. Harry Cohn authorized a budget of $1.25 million for the film, according to a 1986 Variety interview with Frank Capra, Jr
24.
YMCA
–
The Young Mens Christian Association is a worldwide organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 57 million beneficiaries from 125 national associations. It was founded on 6 June 1844 by George Williams in London and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a body, mind. These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the triangle—part of all YMCA logos, from its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of Muscular Christianity. YMCAs continue to be religious organisations, many national or local organisations de-emphasise this aspect, the different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organisations. The national organisations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs, the World Alliances main motto is empowering young people. It was associated with industrialisation and the movement of people to cities to work. The YMCA combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry, philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship. The YMCA was founded by George Williams, a London draper and he and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities, the options available were usually taverns and brothels. By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. In 1855,99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs and they discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs, the conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs. Its motto was taken from the Bible, That they all may be one, in 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in body, mind, and spirit. The concept of work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognised as part of this muscular Christianity. Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise, in 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centres to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1885, Camp Baldhead, the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, by 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSAs first director, the Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference centre
25.
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
–
Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. While the avenue has different names at different points in Manhattan, north of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive, the New York City Subway IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue, the northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. The southernmost section is solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6,1954, in fact, New York Citys annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the edge of Central Park. It also forms the boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle to Frederick Douglass Circle, Central Park Wests expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late 19th century hotels with the same names, some, including The Century, The San Remo, and The Majestic, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society, the area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous Spook Central from the movie Ghostbusters, the famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off of Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue from where they would be if Central Park West used the Eighth Avenue numbering system. Formerly described as being like Detroit in its urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route and this gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent, median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Notes New York Songlines, Eighth Avenue, a walking tour
26.
Playwrights Horizons
–
Playwrights Horizons was founded in 1971 at the Clark Center Y by Robert Moss, before moving to 42nd Street where it has been instrumental in the revitalization of Theater Row. The current building was built on the site of a former burlesque, andré Bishop served as Artistic Director from 1981 to 1991, followed by Don Scardino who served through 1995. In its 43 years, Playwrights Horizons has worked with over 375 writers and is the recipient of numerous awards, in Trousers, March of the Falsettos, and Falsettoland – William Finn The Dining Room – A. R. Official website Playwrights Horizons Mainstage Theatre at the Internet off-Broadway Database Peter Jay Sharp Theatre at the Internet off-Broadway Database
27.
Sadomasochism
–
Sadomasochism is the giving or receiving pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual gratification from their acts, while the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one who enjoys giving or receiving pain, practitioners of sadomasochism may switch between activity and passivity. The abbreviation S&M is often used for sadomasochism, although practitioners themselves normally remove the ampersand, Sadomasochism is not considered a clinical paraphilia unless such practices lead to clinically significant distress or impairment for a diagnosis. Similarly, sexual sadism within the context of mutual consent, generally known under the heading BDSM, is distinguished from acts of sexual violence or aggression. The term sadomasochism is used in a variety of different ways and it can refer to cruel individuals or those who brought misfortunes onto themselves and psychiatrists define it as pathological. The two words incorporated into this compound, sadism and masochism, were derived from the names of two authors. The term Sadism has its origin in the name of the Marquis de Sade, who not only practiced sexual sadism, Masochism is named after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who wrote novels expressing his masochistic fantasies. These terms were first selected to identifying human behavioural phenomena and for the classification of psychological illnesses or deviant behaviour, the German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing introduced the terms Sadism and Masochism into medical terminology in his work Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis in 1890. In 1905, Sigmund Freud described sadism and masochism in his Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie as stemming from aberrant psychological development from early childhood and he also laid the groundwork for the widely accepted medical perspective on the subject in the following decades. This led to the first compound usage of the terminology in Sado-Masochism by the Viennese Psychoanalyst Isidor Isaak Sadger in his work Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex in 1913, however, the term BDSM also includes, B&D, D/s, and S&M. The terms bondage and discipline usually refer to the use of physical or psychological restraint or punishment. Both terms were introduced to the field by German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his 1886 compilation of case studies Psychopathia Sexualis. Pain and physical violence are not essential in Krafft-Ebings conception, and this observation is commonly verified in both literature and practice, many sadists and masochists define themselves as switchable—capable of taking pleasure in either role. However it has also argued that the concurrence of sadism and masochism in Freuds model should not be taken for granted. Freud introduced the terms primary and secondary masochism and this complete rejection is related to the death drive in Freuds psychoanalysis. In a secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection, secondary masochism, in other words, is the relatively casual version, more akin to a charade, and most commentators are quick to point out its contrivedness. In Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, René Girard attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freuds distinction of primary and secondary masochism, both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, Freud doubted that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism
28.
Fire Island
–
Fire Island is the large center island of the outer barrier islands parallel to the south shore of Long Island, New York. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy once again divided Fire Island into two islands, Together, these two islands are approximately 31 miles long and vary between 520 and 1,310 feet wide. Fire Island is part of Suffolk County and it lies within the towns of Babylon, Islip, and Brookhaven, containing two villages and a number of hamlets. The land area of Fire Island is 9.6 square miles, Fire Island lies an average of 3.9 miles off the south shore of Long Island, but nearly touches it along the east end. It is separated from Long Island by Great South Bay, which spans interconnected bays along Long Island, Patchogue Bay, Bellport Bay, Narrow Bay, and Moriches Bay. The island is accessible by automobile near each end, via Robert Moses Causeway on its western end, cross-bay ferries connect to over 10 points in between. Motor vehicles are not permitted on the rest of the island, except for utility, construction and emergency access, the island and its resort towns are accessible by boat, seaplane and a number of ferries, which depart from Bay Shore, Sayville, and Patchogue. Fire Island is located at 40°3935 north, 73°523 west, according to the United States Census Bureau, Fire Island has a land area of 9.6 square miles. The physical attributes of the island have changed over time and they continue to change, at one point it stretched more than 60 miles from Jones Beach Island to Southampton. Around 1683, Fire Island Inlet broke through, separating it from Jones Beach Island, the Fire Island Inlet grew to 9 miles in width before receding. The Fire Island Lighthouse was built in 1858, right on the inlet, Fire Island separated from Southampton in a 1931 Noreaster when Moriches Inlet broke through. The inlet widened on September 21,1938, between these major breaks there have been reports over the years of at least six inlets that broke through the island but have since disappeared. The origin of Fire Islands name is not certain and it is believed its Native American name was Sictem Hackey, which translated to Land of the Secatogues. The Secatogues were a tribe in the area of the current town of Islip and it was part of what was also called the Seal Islands. The name of Fire Island first appeared on a deed in 1789, at times histories have referred to it in the plural, as Fire Islands, because of the inlet breaks. Other versions say the island derived its name from fires built on the edge by Native Americans or by pirates to lure unsuspecting ships into the sandbars. Some say it is how portions of the look to be on fire from sea in autumn. Yet another version says it comes from the rash caused by poison ivy on the island, William Tangier Smith held title to the entire island in the 17th century, under a royal patent from Thomas Dongan
29.
Oscar Wilde Bookshop
–
The Oscar Wilde Bookshop was the first bookstore devoted to gay and lesbian authors. It was founded by Craig Rodwell in 1967 as the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop, initially located at 291 Mercer Street, it moved in 1973 to Christopher Street and Gay Street in New York Citys Greenwich Village neighborhood. It is named after author Oscar Wilde, the bookstore closed on March 29,2009 citing the Great Recession and challenges from online bookstores. Despite a limited selection of materials when the bookstore was first established, Rodwell refused to stock pornography and instead favored literature by gay, in March 1968 Rodwell began publishing a monthly newsletter from the bookshop, calling it HYMNAL. Early organizing meetings for the first Pride Parade in New York City were held at the bookshop in 1970, the store was managed by Calivin M. Lowery in the 1980s, who moved to San Francisco in 1987 to open his own bookstore there, The Love That Dares. Rodwell sold the bookshop in March 1993 to Bill Offenbaker, three months before Rodwells death of stomach cancer, in June 1996 Offenbaker sold the store to Larry Lingle. In January 2003 Lingle announced that the bookshop would close due to financial difficulties, deacon Maccubbin, owner of Lambda Rising bookstores, purchased the bookstore to prevent the historically significant bookstore from closing. In 2006, the bookstore was purchased by manager, Kim Brinster. The bookstore closed on March 29,2009, due to declines in sales caused by the economic crisis amid extreme competition with online book sellers. It was part of a spate of LGBT brick and mortar bookstores closures in the early 21st century, including Lambda Risings Washington store and A Different Light in Los Angeles, Rodwell had been brought up in the Church of Christ, Scientist
30.
Reynolds Price
–
Edward Reynolds Price was an American poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist and James B. Duke Professor of English at Duke University, apart from English literature, Price had a lifelong interest in Biblical scholarship. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Price was born Edward Reynolds Price in Macon, North Carolina on February 1,1933, the first of two sons of William Solomon and Elizabeth Price. Rather than joining other boys his age in sports and outdoor activities, Price developed a fondness for the arts – reading, writing, painting. After graduating in 1955, Price received a Rhodes Scholarship and attended Merton College, while at Oxford, Price formed important friendships with the poet W. H. Auden, as well as the biographer Lord David Cecil. He devoted a significant portion of his studies, as well as his thesis. In the spring of 1984, a medical event occurred when Price reported difficulty walking. James Schiff describes, “He soon learned of a ‘pencil-thick and gray-colored’ tumor, ten inches long and cancerous, which was ‘intricately braided in the core of spinal cord’. ”Although surgery and radiation managed to remove the tumor from his spine, Price became a paraplegic and required a wheelchair for the rest of his life. After enduring these initial years, Price emerged from this trying period “a more patient and watchful person and he wrote about his experience as a cancer survivor in his memoir A Whole New Life. Regarding his life after this tragedy, Price explains, Id have to say that, despite an enjoyable fifty-year start, theyve brought more in and sent more out – more love and care, more knowledge and patience, more work in less time. In 1987, Duke University gave Price its highest honor when it awarded him the University Medal for Distinguished Meritorious Service, Price died at the age of 77 on January 20,2011, as a result of complications from a heart attack. Over his career, Price produced 38 total novels, short stories, Price is classified as a Southern writer, as his works are often especially associated with his lifelong home of North Carolina. Prices first ever published story, called A Chain of Love and he wrote his first novel, A Long and Happy Life, and witnessed its publication in 1962. The work received the William Faulkner Foundation Award and has sold over a million copies and his 1986 novel Kate Vaiden also gained immense popularity and received the National Books Critics Circle Award. Price composed a memoir entitled Clear Pictures in 1989 which directly led to the production of a Charles Guggenheim documentary about the author’s lifetime and he completed another memoir called A Whole New Life in 1994 which chronicled his journey after the discovery of cancer in his spine. The Collected Poems, containing four volumes of poetry – Vital Provisions, The Laws of Ice, The Use of Fire, Price entered the realm of pop culture with the release and Top-40 status of James Taylor’s song “Copperline, ” which he and Taylor wrote together. Bill Clinton characterized Price as one of his favorite authors, on the cover of the December 1999 issue of Time magazine, Prices name appeared. Victor Strandberg explains, Prices name was next to a Renaissance portrait of Jesus alongside a headline reads, ‘Novelist Reynolds Price offers a new Gospel based on archeology
31.
Andrew Sullivan
–
Andrew Michael Sullivan is an English-born American author, editor, and blogger. Sullivan is a political commentator, a former editor of The New Republic. He was a pioneer of the blog, starting his in 2000. He eventually moved his blog to various publishing platforms, including Time, The Atlantic, The Daily Beast and he announced his retirement from blogging in 2015. Born and raised in England, he has lived in the United States since 1984 and currently resides in Washington, D. C. and Provincetown and he is openly gay and a practising Roman Catholic. Sullivan was born in South Godstone, Surrey, into a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent and he was educated at Reigate Grammar School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was awarded a first-class Bachelor of Arts in modern history and modern languages. In his second year, he was elected President of the Oxford Union for Trinity term 1983 and his dissertation was titled Intimations Pursued, The Voice of Practice in the Conversation of Michael Oakeshott. In 2001, it came to light that Sullivan had posted anonymous online advertisements for unprotected anal sex and he was widely criticised in the media for this, with some critics noting that he had condemned President Bill Clintons incautious behavior, though others wrote in his defence. In 2003, Sullivan wrote a Salon article identifying himself as a member of the gay bear community, on 27 August 2007, he married Aaron Tone in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Sullivan was barred for many years from applying for United States citizenship because of his HIV-positive status, on The Chris Matthews Show on 16 April 2011, Sullivan confirmed that he had become a permanent resident, showing his green card. On 1 December 2016, Sullivan became a naturalized American citizen, in 1986, Sullivan began his career with The New Republic magazine, serving as its editor from 1991 to 1996. In that position, he expanded the magazine from its roots in political coverage to cultural issues. During this time, the magazine generated several high-profile controversies, author Thomas Schaeper notes that ronically, Sullivan had first gone to the United States on a Harkness Fellowship, one of many scholarships spawned in emulation of the Rhodes program. Almost the entire staff of the magazine threatened to resign if material that they considered racist was published. To appease them, Sullivan included lengthy rebuttals from 19 writers and contributors and he has continued to speak approvingly of the research and arguments presented in The Bell Curve, writing, The book. Still holds up as one of the most insightful and careful of the last decade, the fact of human inequality and the subtle and complex differences between various manifestations of being human—gay, straight, male, female, black, Asian—is a subject worth exploring, period. According to Sullivan, this incident was a point in his relationship with the magazines staff and management. He left the magazine in 1996, Sullivan began writing for The New York Times Magazine in 1998, but was fired by editor Adam Moss in 2002
32.
Ed Koch
–
Edward Irving Ed Koch was an American lawyer, politician, political commentator, movie critic and reality television arbitrator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977, Koch was a lifelong Democrat who described himself as a liberal with sanity. The author of a public housing renewal program in his later years as mayor, he began by cutting spending and taxes. As a congressman and after his terms as mayor he was a fervent supporter of the State of Israel and he crossed party lines to endorse Rudy Giuliani for mayor in 1993, Michael Bloomberg in 2001, and President George W. Bush in 2004. A popular figure, he rode the New York City Subway and he won re-election in 1981 with 75 percent, the first New York City mayor to win endorsement on both the Democratic and Republican party tickets. He won his second re-election with 78 percent of the vote, Koch was born in Crotona Park East section of The Bronx borough of New York City, the son of Yetta and Louis Koch, immigrants from Uscieczko in Eastern Galicia. He came from a family of Conservative Jews who resided in Newark, New Jersey, as a child, he worked as a hatcheck boy in a Newark dance hall. He graduated from South Side High School in Newark in 1941 and he was drafted into the United States Army in 1943, where he served as an infantryman with the 104th Infantry Division, landing in Cherbourg, France, in September 1944. He earned a European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two stars, a World War II Victory Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge for service in the European Theater of Operations. After V-E Day, because he could speak German, Koch was sent to Bavaria to help remove Nazi public officials from their jobs and he was honorably discharged with the rank of Sergeant in 1946. Koch returned to New York City to attend City College of New York, graduating in 1945, Koch was a sole practitioner from 1949 to 1964, and a partner with Koch, Lankenau, Schwartz & Kovner from 1965 to 1968. A Democrat, he became active in New York City politics as a reformer and opponent of Carmine DeSapio, in 1962 Koch ran for office for the first time, unsuccessfully opposing incumbent William Passannante, a DeSapio ally, for the Democratic nomination for the State Assembly. In 1963, Koch defeated DeSapio for the position of Democratic Party leader for the district which included Greenwich Village, Koch served on the New York City Council from 1967 to 1969. Koch was the Democratic U. S. Koch said he began his career as just a plain liberal, with positions including opposing the Vietnam War. In April 1973, Koch coined the term Watergate Seven when, congressman Koch met with residents of the community, most of whom were against the proposal. He was convinced by their arguments, and spoke out against the plan, Koch was active in advocating for a greater U. S. role in advancing human rights, within the context of fighting a perceived threat of communism. He had particular influence in the aid budget, as he sat on the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations. In 1976, Koch proposed that the U. S. cut off military aid, after this assassination, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush informed Koch by phone of the threat
33.
New York Native
–
The New York Native was a biweekly gay newspaper published by Charles Ortleb in New York City from December 1980 until January 13,1997. It was the only gay paper in New York City during the part of the AIDS epidemic. The paper subsequently became known for attacking the scientific understanding of HIV as the cause of AIDS, on May 18,1981, the New York Native, then Americas most influential gay newspaper, published the first newspaper report on the disease that became known as AIDS. He then wrote a story headlined, Disease Rumors Largely Unfounded, mass wrote, “Last week there were rumors that an exotic new disease had hit the gay community in New York. From the New York City Department of Health, Dr. Steve Phillips explained that the rumors are for the most part unfounded, each year, approximately 12 to 24 cases of infection with a protozoa-like organism, Pneumocystis Carinii, are reported in New York City area. The organism is not exotic, in fact, its ubiquitous, but most of us have a natural or easily acquired immunity. ”Next month, on June 5,1981, the CDC published the worlds first clinical report on what became AIDS in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. On that same date, the CDC report was picked up, the New York Times followed suit on July 3,1981. Although the Native covered the story almost three weeks prior, the June 5th date is used as the first report of AIDS. In 1983, Larry Kramer wrote a famous impassioned front page piece for the Native, entitled 1,112 and Counting, from a profile on Larry Kramer in the New Yorker, published in 2002. In his piece, Kramer said, If this article doesnt rouse you to anger, fury, rage and action, the gay activist group ACT UP boycotted the publication in the mid 1980s. The cultural critic and AIDS activist Douglas Crimp wrote in 1987 that, P.101 The papers circulation consequently fell from 20,000 in 1985 to 8,000 in 1996. Those that have come and gone include Gaysweek, the New York City News QW, OutWeek, the New York Blade, the Voice still publishes an annual Gay Pride issue in June
34.
Michael Specter
–
Michael Specter is an American journalist who has been a staff writer, focusing on science and technology, and global public health at The New Yorker since September 1998. He has also written for The Washington Post and The New York Times, Specter initially covered local news at The Washington Post in 1985 but then became a national science reporter for the Post and finally the New York City bureau chief. In 1991, Specter transferred to the Times, there, from 1994 to 1998, he was based in Moscow. In 1995, he was appointed co-chief of the Moscow bureau of the Times, while in Russia, he covered stories such as the war in Chechnya, the 1996 Russian presidential elections, and the declining state of Russian health care. In 1998, he became a correspondent based in Rome covering topics as varied as Europes demographic crisis, Michelangelos Florentine Pietà. They instead are embracing what often seem to be more comfortable fictions about issues such as the value of food, vaccine safety. He recently delivered a talk titled The danger of science denial at TED2010 and he has also written profiles of many people, including Lance Armstrong, Richard Branson, the ethicist Peter Singer, P. Diddy, Manolo Blahnik, AIDS activist Larry Kramer, and Ingrid Newkirk. In 1996, Specter was awarded the Overseas Press Club Citation for Excellence for his coverage of the War in Chechnya, in 2002, he won the A. A. A. S. In 2009, Specter received the Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking for his book Denialism, the yearly award is given by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry to the author of the published work that best exemplifies healthy skepticism, logical analysis, or empirical science. Specter is a son of Howard and Eileen Specter and he was previously married to Alessandra Stanley, now a television critic for The New York Times. Specter is a 1977 graduate of Vassar College, where he majored in English, Denialism, how irrational thinking hinders scientific progress, harms the planet, and threatens our lives. Archived from the original on December 14,2006, archived from the original on December 12,2006. The operator, is the most trusted doctor in America doing more harm than good, the Lyme wars, the Lyme-disease infection rate is growing. So is the battle over how to treat it
35.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
–
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered near Atlanta and its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and internationally. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control, the Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1,1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities. Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations, the Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control, sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency. The new agency was a branch of the U. S, Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946, Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. Among its 369 employees, the jobs at CDC were originally entomology. In CDCs initial years, more than six and a million homes were sprayed. In 1946, there were only seven officers on duty. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for health issues. In 1947, the CDC made a payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase, the benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, the mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U. S. Public Health Service was transferred to the CDC in 1957, shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established. It became the National Communicable Disease Center effective July 1,1967, the organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control on June 24,1970, and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14,1980. An act of the United States Congress appended the words and Prevention to the name effective October 27,1992, however, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition. Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness
Media related to Larry Kramer at Wikimedia Commons