1.
GBU-10 Paveway II
–
American Paveway-series laser-guided bomb, based on the Mk 84 general-purpose bomb, but with laser seeker and wings for guidance. Used by USAF, US Navy, US Marine Corps, Royal Australian Air Force, the GBU-10 has been built in more than a half-dozen variants with different wing and fuse combinations. Weight depends on the configuration, ranging from 2,055 lb to 2,103 lb. GBU-10 bombs are produced by defense contractors Lockheed Martin. Raytheon began production after purchasing the line from Texas Instruments. Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to compete with Raytheon when there was a break in production caused by transferring manufacturing out of Texas, Raytheon production of the Paveway II is centered in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico. Lockheed Martin production is centered in Pennsylvania, laser-guided bombs are often labeled as smart bombs, despite requiring external input in the form of laser designation of the intended target. On 14 February 1991, a kill was scored by a GBU-10 when an F-15E Strike Eagle of the 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron hit an Iraqi Air Force Mil Mi-24 Hind. 30 seconds after firing, the F-15E crew thought the bomb had missed and was about to fire an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile when the helicopter suddenly exploded, both Lockheed Martin and Raytheon have developed GPS-guided versions of the GBU-10. Lockheed Martin calls its version the DMLGB GPS/INS, and the U. S. Navy issued Lockheed Martin a contract in 2005 for further development of the weapon system, the GPS/INS-equipped version of the GBU-10 produced by Raytheon is the GBU-50/B, also informally also known as the EGBU-10. So far, Raytheon-built Paveway II EGBUs have only produced for export. Raytheons official Paveway fact page Globalsecurity. org Paveway fact page Lockheed Martin Paveway fact page Designation-Systems. net Paveway II fact page
GBU-10 Paveway II
–
GBU-10 Paveway II
2.
Guided bomb
–
A guided bomb is a precision-guided munition designed to achieve a smaller Circular error probable. Therefore, with guided weapons, fewer air crews are put at risk, less ordnance spent, the creation of precision-guided munitions resulted in the retroactive renaming of older bombs as unguided bombs or dumb bombs. A guided bomb of a given weight must carry fewer explosives to accommodate the guidance mechanisms, Guided bombs carry a guidance system which is usually monitored and controlled from an external device. The Germans were first to introduce Precision Guided Munitions in combat, using the 1, in addition, the U. S. tested the rocket-propelled Gargoyle, it never entered service. No Japanese remotely guided PGMs ever saw service in World War II, the United States Army Air Forces used similar techniques with Operation Aphrodite, but had few successes, the German Mistel parasite aircraft was no more effective. The U. S. programs restarted in the Korean War, in the 1960s, the electro-optical bomb was reintroduced. They were equipped with cameras and flare sights, by which the bomb would be steered until the flare superimposed the target. The camera bombs transmitted a bombs eye view of the back to a controlling aircraft. An operator in this aircraft then transmitted control signals to steerable fins fitted to the bomb, in World War II, the U. S. National Defense Research Committee developed the VB-6 Felix, which used infrared to home on ships. While it entered production in 1945, it was never employed operationally, all such bombs work in much the same way, relying on the target being illuminated, or painted, by a laser target designator on the ground or on an aircraft. They have the significant disadvantage of not being usable in poor weather where the target illumination cannot be seen, or where it is not possible to get a target designator near the target. The laser designator sends its beam in a series of encrypted pulses so the bomb cannot be confused by an ordinary laser, laser-guided weapons did not become commonplace until the advent of the microchip. They made their debut in Vietnam, where on 13 May 1972 when they were used in the second successful attack on the Thanh Hoa Bridge. This structure had previously been the target of 800 American sorties and was destroyed in each of two successful attacks, the other being on 27 April 1972 using Walleyes. That first mission also had laser-guided weapons, but bad weather prevented their use and they were used, though not on a large scale, by the British forces during the 1982 Falklands War. The first large-scale use of weapons came in 1991 during Operation Desert Storm when they were used by coalition forces against Iraq. Even so, most of the air-dropped ordnance used in war was dumb. Laser-guided weapons were used in large numbers during the 1999 Kosovo War, there are two basic families of laser-guided bombs in American service, the Paveway II and the Paveway III
Guided bomb
–
BOLT-117, the world's first
laser-guided bomb
Guided bomb
–
An
F-22 releases a
JDAM from its center internal bay while flying at supersonic speed
Guided bomb
–
A laser-guided
GBU-24 (
BLU-109 warhead variant) strikes its target.
Guided bomb
–
HOPE/HOSBO of the
Luftwaffe with a combination of GPS/INS and electro-optical guidance
3.
Laser guidance
–
Laser guidance directs a robotic system to a target position by means of a laser beam. The laser guidance of a robot is accomplished by projecting a light, image processing. The key idea is to show goal positions to the robot by laser light projection instead of communicating them numerically and this intuitive interface simplifies directing the robot while the visual feedback improves the positioning accuracy and allows for implicit localization. The guidance system may serve also as a mediator for cooperative multiple robots, examples of proof-of-concept experiments of directing a robot by a laser pointer are shown on video. Laser guidance spans areas of robotics, computer vision, user interface, video games, communication, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. may have been using this technology in PowerBot robotic vacuum cleaners equipped with Point Cleaning™ function since 2014. According to Samsung. com, PowerBot VR9000 with Point Cleaning™ can be purchased online in the USA since 2015, PowerBot robotic vacuums by Samsung have also been sold on Amazon. com since 2014. Google Inc. applied for a patent with USPTO on using light or laser beam between devices to represent connections and interactions between them. However, no patent was granted to Google on this application, Laser guidance is used by military to guide a missile or other projectile or vehicle to a target by means of a laser beam, e. g. beam riding guidance or semi-active radar homing. This technique is sometimes called SALH, for Semi-Active Laser Homing, with this technique, a laser is kept pointed at the target and the laser radiation bounces off the target and is scattered in all directions. The missile, bomb, etc. is launched or dropped somewhere near the target, while the projectile is in the general area and the laser is kept aimed at the target, the projectile should be guided accurately to the target. However, SALH is not useful against targets that do not reflect much laser energy and this is likely to be widely used by advanced military vehicles in order to make it harder to use laser designators against them and harder to hit them with laser-guided munitions. An obvious circumvention would be to merely aim the laser closer to the target, countermeasures to laser guidance are Laser detection systems, Smoke screen, anti-laser active protection systems. Guidance system Laser rangefinder List of laser articles List of laser applications
Laser guidance
–
Main articles
Laser guidance
–
Mobile robot guidance by laser beam (sketch)
4.
Unguided bomb
–
This described all aircraft bombs in general service until the latter half of World War II, and the vast majority until the late 1980s. Then, with the increased use of precision-guided munitions, a retronym was needed to separate smart bombs from free-fall bombs. Dumb bomb was used for a time, but many military circles felt it sounded too trite, previously, they were also referred to as iron bombs. Unguided bombs typically use a contact fuse for detonation upon impact, one alternative is a fuse with an altimeter, to cause an air burst at the desired altitude. The retarded bomb uses a method of creating increased aerodynamic drag, such as a parachute, ballute. However, these bombs are less accurate than conventional free-fall bombs, generally the high-drag tail replaces the low-drag so that the same bomb can be configured for either mode of attack during weapons preparation. High-drag bombs can also be dropped in low-drag mode if the pilot selects this option in the weapon system
Unguided bomb
–
An unguided 227 kg (500lb)
Mark 82 bomb.
Unguided bomb
–
A
F-111 dropping
Mark 82 bombs with ballute type retardation systems (Mk82AIR / BSU49B)
5.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
Vietnam War
–
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in
Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending
Saigon during the 1968
Tet Offensive, two
Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture
Quảng Trị during the 1972
Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the
1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968
Huế Massacre.
Vietnam War
–
A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.
Vietnam War
–
The
Geneva Conference, 1954
Vietnam War
–
U.S. President
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles greet President
Ngô Đình Diệm of
South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.
6.
United States Air Force
–
The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
United States Air Force
–
First
F-35 Lightning II of the
33rd Fighter Wing arrives at
Eglin AFB
United States Air Force
–
Seal of the Department of the Air Force (
United States Air Force portal)
United States Air Force
–
U.S. Air Force airmen from the 720th STG jumping out of a
C-130J Hercules aircraft during water rescue training in the
Florida panhandle
United States Air Force
–
Combat Controllers participating in
Operation Enduring Freedom provide air traffic control to a
C-130 taking off from a remote airfield.
7.
Paveway
–
Paveway is a series of laser-guided bombs. Pave or PAVE is sometimes used as an acronym for precision avionics vectoring equipment, literally, electronics for controlling the speed, Laser guidance is a form of Pave. The Paveway series of laser-guided bombs was developed by Texas Instruments starting in 1964, the first test weapon, using a M117 bomb as the warhead, took place in April 1965. Prototype weapons were sent to Vietnam for combat testing starting in 1968, there are front control canards and rear wings for stability. The weapon guides on reflected laser energy, the seeker detects the light of the designating laser. Both Paveway I and Paveway II use a simple control system. This had relatively little effect on accuracy, but expends energy quickly, as a consequence, most users release Paveway I and II weapons in a ballistic trajectory, activating the laser designator only late in the weapons flight to refine the impact point. In 1976, the USAF issued a requirement for a new generation, dubbed Paveway III, the Paveway III system used a much more sophisticated seeker with a wider field of view and proportional guidance, minimizing the energy loss of course corrections. Paveway III has a longer glide range and greater accuracy than Paveway II. Although Paveway III kits were developed for the smaller Mk 82 weapons, Paveway III guidance kits were also used on the GBU-28/B penetration bomb fielded at the close of the 1991 Gulf War. The Paveway III system was used during the Indian offensive in the Kargil War of 1999 by the Indian Air Force with the Mirage 2000 as a launch platform. Raytheon, the provider of Paveway III variants, is currently delivering both standard and enhanced versions to the US Government and foreign customers. Existing LGBs in US service can be upgraded to Dual Mode Laser Guided Bombs by adding GPS receivers which enable all weather employment, Raytheons version, the Enhanced Paveway II, has been contracted both within the US and abroad. Raytheons advanced Paveway IV500 lb bomb has been in service since 2008 with Britains RAF, in 2017 the F-35 program office rushed to field the GBU-49 to use its ability to strike moving targets and fill the gap left by the early retirement of the CBU-103. Developed at the time as GBU-24, with some limited export success. The latest warhead used in the GBU-28/B series is the BLU-122/B, Paveway IV –500 lb bomb GBU-48 Enhanced Paveway II – Mk 831,000 lb bomb. Raytheons Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-16, GBU-49 Enhanced Paveway II – BLU-133500 lb bomb. Raytheons Enhanced dual-mode GPS and Laser guided version of the laser-only GBU-12, gBU-50 Enhanced Paveway II – Mk 84 or BLU-1092,000 lb bomb
Paveway
–
A Paveway III seeker head, at the
RAF Museum in
Hendon,
London.
Paveway
–
Paveway III at
ILA airshow 2006
Paveway
–
Top to bottom: A Paveway 2 computer control group, an Enhanced GBU-12, and a Laser-Guided Training Round, at the
Paris Air Show 2007
Paveway
8.
Air-to-ground missile
–
An air-to-surface missile or air-to-ground missile is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land or sea. There are also unpowered guided glide bombs not considered missiles, the two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surface missiles are rocket motors, usually with shorter range, and slower, longer-range jet engines. Some Soviet-designed air-to-surface missiles are powered by ramjets, giving them both long range and high speed, guidance for air-to-surface missiles is typically via laser guidance, infrared guidance, optical guidance or via satellite guidance signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target, ships, for example, may be detected via passive radar or active radar homing, less effective against multiple, small, fast-moving land targets. There is some cross-over between air-to-surface missiles and surface-to-surface missiles, for example, there was an air-launched version of the Tomahawk missile, superseded by the AGM-86 ALCM. Other missiles used in both roles include the Penguin and AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, most air-to-surface missiles are fire-and-forget from a standoff distance, allowing the attacker to withdraw without approaching further after launch. Some missiles have long range to be launched over the horizon. For long-range missiles this difference can be small, but short-range missiles have a much longer range when launched at altitude. There have been examples of air-launched ballistic missiles, but they are rare, sometimes air-to-surface missiles are divided into the categories of tactical and strategic. Typically missiles with chemical explosive or small nuclear warheads are classed as tactical, mP-1000 Martín Pescador AS-25K MAR-1 Anti-radiation missile FOG-MPM Fiber Optics Guided Multiple Purpose Missile. - Air-to-Ground Ammunition Kongsberg Gruppen Lockheed Martin - JASSM MBDA missile systems - solutions NTI
Air-to-ground missile
–
A pilot inspects an
AGM-65 Maverick missile on his
A-10 Thunderbolt II.
Air-to-ground missile
–
The
RAF 's
Brimstone missile is a
fire and forget anti-tank missile.
Air-to-ground missile
–
A
Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile of the
German Luftwaffe.
9.
AGM-12 Bullpup
–
The AGM-12 Bullpup is an air-to-ground missile which was used on the A-4 Skyhawk, A-6 Intruder, F-105 Thunderchief and F-4 Phantom among others. It has been superseded by more advanced weapons, notably the AGM-62 Walleye, the Bullpup was the first mass-produced air-surface command guided missile, first deployed by the United States Navy in 1959 as the ASM-N-7, until it was redesignated the AGM-12B in 1962. Although they could hit targets fairly accurately, pilots found that the warhead of the AGM-12 was not very effective against the concrete structures of large bridges in North Vietnam. However, in at least one instance, the Bullpup proved its value when a pilot guided one into the cave entrance of a large ammunition storage facility dug into a mountain. The Bullpup had a Manual Command Line Of Sight guidance system with roll-stabilization, in flight the pilot or weapons operator tracked the Bullpup by watching a flare on the back of the missile and used a control joystick to steer it toward the target using radio signals. It was initially powered by a fuel rocket motor. Thus, to try to protect their own aircraft, the pilot would jig slightly off of the missiles path, the weapon was phased out of US service in the 1970s but was still used by other countries much later. Some militaries currently still use some as inert practice weapons. Net website Federation of American Scientists webpage
AGM-12 Bullpup
–
AGM-12D Bullpup B Missile at the
Air Force Armament Museum
AGM-12 Bullpup
–
A US Navy
A-4E of VA-164 from
USS Oriskany (CVA-34) over North Vietnam in November 1967. The Bullpup missile is clearly visible under the port wing
AGM-12 Bullpup
–
An AGM-12C at the
National Museum of the United States Air Force
10.
Hanoi
–
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the countrys second largest city by population. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts and 7 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction, the population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam and it was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn Dynasty, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam, the city lies on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City and 120 km west of Hai Phong city, October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city. The Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural is a 4 km ceramic mosaic mural created to mark the occasion, Hanoi has had many official and unofficial names throughout history. During the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, it was known first as Long Biên, then Tống Bình, in 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La. This gives it the nickname La Thành, when Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long. During the Hồ dynasty, it was called Đông Đô, during the Ming Chinese occupation, it was called Đông Quan. During the Lê dynasty, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh and this gave the name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin. Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội in 1831 and this has remained its official name until modern time. Several unofficial names of Hanoi include, Kẻ Chợ, Tràng An, Hà Thành, Thủ Đô In modern tourism, it is sometimes nicknamed Paris of the Orient, Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. The Cổ Loa Citadel in Dong Anh district served as the capital of the Âu Lạc kingdom founded by the Shu emigrant Thục Phán after his 258 BC conquest of the native Văn Lang. In 197 BC, Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue, by the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the regions name into Annan, with Songping as its capital. In order to defeat the people’s uprisings, in the half of the 8th century, Zhang Boyi. In the earlier half of the 9th century, it was built up. In 866, Gao Pian, the Chinese Jiedushi, consolidated and named it Daluocheng, in 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý Dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long - a name still used poetically to this day
Hanoi
–
(from left) top:
Long Biên Bridge, river near
Perfume Pagoda; middle:
Turtle Tower, bottom:
Temple of Literature,
Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum,
Hanoi Opera House
Hanoi
–
People in Ha Noi, 1884
Hanoi
–
Ha Noi, New Year 1973
Hanoi
–
Hanoi seen from Spot Satellite
11.
Red River (Vietnam)
–
The Red River, also known as the Hồng Hà and Sông Cái in Vietnamese and the Yuan River in Chinese, is a river that flows from Yunnan in Southwest China through northern Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin. According to C. Michael Hogan, the associated Red River Fault was instrumental in forming the entire South China Sea at least as early as 37 million years before present, the Red River begins in Chinas Yunnan province in the mountains south of Dali. It flows generally southeastward, passing through Dai ethnic minority areas before leaving China through Yunnans Honghe Autonomous Prefecture and it enters Vietnam at Lào Cai Province. It forms a portion of the border between China and Vietnam. The river, known as Thao River for this upper stretch and its main tributaries, the Black River and Lô River join in to form the very broad Hồng near Việt Trì, Phu Tho Province. Downstream from Việt Trì, the river and its many distributaries spread out to form the Red River Delta, the Red River flows past the Vietnamese capital Hanoi before emptying into the Gulf of Tonkin. The reddish-brown heavily silt-laden water gives the river its name, the red river has a reddish-brown tint to the river because of the silt. The Red River is notorious for its violent floods with its seasonally wide volume fluctuations, the delta is a major agricultural area of Vietnam with vast area devoted to rice. The land is protected by a network of dikes and levees. The Black River and Lô River are the Red Rivers two chief tributaries, in the 19th century, the Red River was thought to be a lucrative trade route to China. The late 19th-century French explorers were able to travel up the Red River until Manhao in South Yunnan, the Red River remained the main commercial travel route between the French Indochina and Yunnan until the opening of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway in 1910. Thanks to the river, Hai Phong was in the early 20th century the sea port most easily accessible from Kunming, one of the earliest of them is the Thác Bà Dam in Vietnam, constructed in 1972, which forms the Thác Bà Lake. Michael Hogan South China Sea Topic ed. P. Saundry, national Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC earthtrends. wri. org, Water Resources eAtlas, Hong Media related to Red River at Wikimedia Commons song ma- Song Ma tinh Son La
Red River (Vietnam)
–
The Red River, view from
Long Biên Bridge,
Hanoi,
Vietnam.
Red River (Vietnam)
–
The reddish-brown heavily silt-laden water gives the river its name. View from bridge in Hanoi, Vietnam
Red River (Vietnam)
–
Sunset over Red River, view from Long Bien Bridge, Hanoi, Vietnam
Red River (Vietnam)
–
Historical sites Public buildings and places
12.
Sudarshan laser-guided bomb
–
Laser guided bombs were first developed by USA in 1960s. Later, Russia, France, and Britain also developed them, laser-guided bombs are called smart bombs because they can follow a non-ballistic trajectory when laser designation of the intended target is done. A laser-guided bomb can hit its target with greater accuracy that ordinary dumb bombs, lGBs are manoeuvrable, free-fall weapons requiring no electronic interconnection to the aircraft. The bomb, once released by the aircraft, will seek the target, the Sudarshan is Indias first indigenous laser-guided bomb kit. It is designed to improve the accuracy of bombing by the IAF. All the necessary on-board components have been developed by Indian industries for this weapon package, the development of technology for producing laser guided bombs is part of the ongoing research in India towards achieving self-sufficiency in defense production. The ADE won the project for developing an LGB in 2006, the project aimed to develop an advanced laser guidance kit for 450 kg class dumb bombs to improve their accuracy. The Sudarshan kit incorporates laser guidance developed by ADE for 450 kg bombs to improve the accuracy of a conventional bomb. The guidance consists of a control group, canards attached to the front of the warhead for steering. The guidance kits for beam riding and providing an accurate flight path have been fitted at the front and rear ends of the bomb. The laser-guidance seeker, fitted on the nose of the LGB is a critical component. A laser designator is used to mark a target, the on-board seeker detects the laser light reflected from the target and signals the kits control surfaces to guide it towards the designated target. The seeker provides information on the deviation of the sport from the centre line of the detector. Sudarshan has an on-board flight-control computer with microelectronic-mechanical systems-based rate gyros and it also has high-precision linear ball-lead-screw actuators. The ADE had successfully designed, developed and carried out the trials of laser-guided bomb kits with the participation of the IAF. The on-board systems in both the trials worked satisfactorily and had met the mission objectives, the test was conducted by pilots of the Indian Air Force, who flew the aircraft and released the bombs as per prescribed standard operating procedures. On June 9,2010, user trials of the laser-guided bomb kits were carried out at Pokhran test range with the participation of the IAF, flight tests have demonstrated the accuracy, reliability and performance of these precision air-launched bombs. The tests were conducted after extensive simulation, design validation and ground experiments followed by series of flight evaluations, the kit can guide a bomb within 10 m CEP from its otherwise 400 m to 1000 m fall off the target
Sudarshan laser-guided bomb
–
Sudarshan laser-guided bomb
13.
DRDO
–
The Defence Research and Development Organisation is an agency of the Republic of India, charged with the militarys research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and it is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the Defence Research & Development Service and about 25,000 other scientific, technical, Defence Research and Development Organisation was established in 1958 by amalgamating the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO, most of the time the Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. If they could get a MiG-21 from the market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO. DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles known as Project Indigo in 1960s, Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM, Project Devil itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme in the 1980s. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the minister as its chairman. The programmes which were managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft, the LCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the Vetrivel programme, Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDOs radar computers, manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s, the DRDO is part of the Indian Air Forces upgrade programmes for its MiG-27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the design and integration of these upgrades. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation, HAL AMCA, Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the design and development of the fifth generation aircraft. In 2015,700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO, avatar Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36, over a hundred LRU s in the HJT-36 have come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and these include both mandatory as well as other items. The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles - the Nishant tactical UAV and the Lakshya Pilotless Target Aircraft, the Lakshya PTA has been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements
DRDO
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DRDO Bhawan,
New Delhi, The Headquarters of DRDO
DRDO
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Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम् "Strength's Origin is in Science"
DRDO
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105 mm light field gun prototype being shown by
Gen Jetley to then Defence Minister
Jagjivan Ram.
DRDO
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A scaled down model of the Rustom-1 MALE UAV
14.
GPS
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The Global Positioning System is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. The GPS system operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, the GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, however, the US government can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War. The U. S. Department of Defense developed the system and it became fully operational in 1995. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A, getting of The Aerospace Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics Laboratory are credited with inventing it. Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes, in 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a denial of access. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system and Chinas BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, special and general relativity predict that the clocks on the GPS satellites would be seen by the Earths observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day than the clocks on the Earth. The GPS calculated positions would quickly drift into error, accumulating to 10 kilometers per day, the relativistic time effect of the GPS clocks running faster than the clocks on earth was corrected for in the design of GPS. The Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkinss Applied Physics Laboratory, decided to monitor Sputniks radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the Doppler effect, the Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required. The next spring, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem — pinpointing the users location and this led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system. In 1959, ARPA also played a role in TRANSIT, the first satellite navigation system, TRANSIT, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour, in 1967, the U. S. Navy developed the Timation satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based OMEGA navigation system, based on comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy, during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded and it is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time
GPS
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Artist's conception of GPS Block II-F satellite in Earth orbit.
GPS
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Geodesy
GPS
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Civilian GPS receivers ("
GPS navigation device ") in a marine application.
GPS
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Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.
15.
Inertial navigation system
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It is used on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial instrument, inertial measurement units, older INS systems generally used an inertial platform as their mounting point to the vehicle, and the terms are sometimes considered synonymous. Inertial measurement units typically contain three orthogonal rate-gyroscopes and three accelerometers, measuring angular velocity and linear acceleration respectively. By processing signals from these devices it is possible to track the position and orientation of a device, Inertial navigation is used in a wide range of applications including the navigation of aircraft, tactical and strategic missiles, spacecraft, submarines and ships. Recent advances in the construction of systems have made it possible to manufacture small. These advances have widened the range of applications to include areas such as human. An inertial navigation system includes at least a computer and a platform or module containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, the advantage of an INS is that it requires no external references in order to determine its position, orientation, or velocity once it has been initialized. An INS can detect a change in its position, a change in its velocity. It does this by measuring the acceleration and angular velocity applied to the system. Since it requires no external reference, it is immune to jamming, Inertial navigation systems are used in many different moving objects, including vehicles—such as aircraft, submarines, spacecraft—and guided missiles. However, their cost and complexity place constraints on the environments in which they are practical for use, Gyroscopes measure the angular velocity of the sensor frame with respect to the inertial reference frame. By using the orientation of the system in the inertial reference frame as the initial condition and integrating the angular velocity. This can be thought of as the ability of a passenger in a car to feel the car turn left and right or tilt up. Based on this alone, the passenger knows what direction the car is facing but not how fast or slow it is moving. Accelerometers measure the acceleration of the moving vehicle in the sensor or body frame. Performing integration on the inertial accelerations using the correct kinematic equations yields the inertial velocities of the system, therefore, the position must be periodically corrected by input from some other type of navigation system. The inaccuracy of a good-quality navigational system is less than 0.6 nautical miles per hour in position and on the order of tenths of a degree per hour in orientation. Accordingly, inertial navigation is used to supplement other navigation systems
Inertial navigation system
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Inertial navigation unit of French
IRBM S3.
Inertial navigation system
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This article includes a
list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient
inline citations. Please help to
improve this article by
introducing more precise citations. (June 2009)
Inertial navigation system
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The quartz rate sensor inside an E-Sky model helicopter
Inertial navigation system
16.
Joint Direct Attack Munition
–
The Joint Direct Attack Munition is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or dumb bombs, into all-weather smart munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System receiver. JDAM-equipped bombs range from 500 pounds to 2,000 pounds, when installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU nomenclature, superseding the Mark 80 or BLU nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached. The JDAM is not a weapon, rather it is a bolt-on guidance package that converts unguided gravity bombs into Precision-Guided Munitions. The key components of the system consist of a section with aerodynamic control surfaces, a strake kit. The JDAM was meant to improve upon laser-guided bomb and imaging infrared technology, Laser seekers are now being fitted to some JDAMs. From 1998 to November 2016, Boeing completed over 300,000 JDAM guidance kits, the U. S. Research, development, testing and evaluation of an adverse weather precision guided munition began in 1992. Several proposals were considered, including a concept that used GPS. At the time, there were few GPS satellites and the idea of using satellite navigation for real-time weapon guidance was untested and controversial. Honeywell, Interstate Electronics Corporation, Sverdrup Technology, and McDonnell Douglas were hired to help the USAF 46th Test Wing demonstrate the feasibility of a GPS weapon within one year. The OCD program fitted a GBU-15 guided bomb with an INS/GPS guidance kit and on 10 February 1993, five more tests were run in various weather conditions, altitudes, and ranges. The OCD program demonstrated an 11-meter Circular Error Probable, the first JDAM kits were delivered in 1997, with operational testing conducted in 1998 and 1999. During testing, over 450 JDAMs were dropped achieving a system reliability in excess of 95% with an accuracy under 10 metres CEP. In addition, there have been tests involving multiple weapon drops with each weapon being individually targeted, JDAM and the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber made their combat debuts during Operation Allied Force. The B-2s, flying 30-hour, nonstop, round-trip flights from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, an article published in a military acquisition journal in 2002 cites that during Operation Allied Force. B-2s launched 651 JDAMs with 96% reliability and hit 87% of intended targets, due to the operational success of the original JDAM, the program expanded to the 500 pounds Mark 82 and 1,000 pounds Mark 83, beginning development in late 1999. JDAM bombs are inexpensive compared to such as cruise missiles. The original cost estimate was $40,000 each for the kits, however, after competitive bidding
Joint Direct Attack Munition
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GBU-31: A Mk84 bomb fitted with JDAM kit
Joint Direct Attack Munition
–
U.S. Navy sailors attach a JDAM kit aboard the
USS Constellation (CV-64), in March 2003.
Joint Direct Attack Munition
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OCD First Flight Test of the first GPS-guided weapon, a direct hit on the target, Eglin Air Force Base, on February 10, 1993.
Joint Direct Attack Munition
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JDAMs loaded under the left wing of a
F-16 Fighting Falcon with a
LITENING II Targeting Pod visible beneath the fuselage
17.
Missile guidance
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Missile guidance refers to a variety of methods of guiding a missile or a guided bomb to its intended target. The missiles target accuracy is a factor for its effectiveness. Guidance systems improve missile accuracy by improving its Single Shot Kill Probability and these guidance technologies can generally be divided up into a number of categories, with the broadest categories being active, passive and preset guidance. The concept of missile guidance originated at least as early as World War I, in World War II, guided missiles were first developed, as part of the German V-weapons program. Project Pigeon was American behaviorist B. F. Skinners attempt to develop a pigeon-guided missile, Guidance systems are divided into different categories according to what type of target they are designed for - either fixed targets or moving targets. The weapons can be divided into two categories, Go-Onto-Target and Go-Onto-Location-in-Space guidance systems. A GOT missile can target either a moving or fixed target, the trajectory that a missile takes while attacking a moving target is dependent upon the movement of the target. Also, a target can be an immediate threat to the sender of the missile. The target needs to be eliminated in a fashion in order to preserve the integrity of the sender. In GOLIS systems the problem is simpler because the target is not moving, the target tracker is also placed on the launching platform. Homing Guidance, The guidance computers are in the missile and in the target tracker and these systems include, Command guidance - The missile tracker is on the launching platform. These missiles are controlled by the launching platform that sends all control orders to the missile. The 2 variants are Command to Line-Of-Sight Command Off Line-Of-Sight Line-Of-Sight Beam Riding Guidance - The target tracker is on board the missile, the missile already has some orientation capability meant for flying inside the beam that the launching platform is using to illuminate the target. It can be manual or automatic, the CLOS system uses only the angular coordinates between the missile and the target to ensure the collision. The missile is made to be in the line of sight between the launcher and the target, and any deviation of the missile from this line is corrected. That is, the missile is controlled to stay as close as possible on the LOS to the target after missile capture. is used to transmit signals from a ground controller to the missile. More specifically, if the acceleration is taken into account and added to the nominal acceleration generated by the beam-rider equations. Thus, the beam rider acceleration command is modified to include an extra term, the beam-riding performance described above can thus be significantly improved by taking the beam motion into account
Missile guidance
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A guided bomb strikes a practice target
Missile guidance
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Inspection of MM III missile guidance system
18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
