1.
Dinghy sailing
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Dinghy sailing is the activity of sailing small boats by using five essential controls, the sails the foils. The trim side to balance of the dinghy by hiking or movement of the crew. Racing tactics include position your boat at different angles, when racing a sailor should position themselves at the direction in order to get clean air. The RYA, regulating authority for sail training in the UK and Europe, states that With a reliance on nature, is about adventure, exploration, teamwork and fun. There has always been a need for small boats for transporting goods and personnel to. Together with other smaller craft such as fishing and light cargo. Charles II of England had a sailing boat presented to him when he returned from exile to England in the 17th century. In 1887 Thomas Middleton, a Dublin solicitor, considered that yacht racing was becoming an excessively expensive activity and he proposed the One design principle. He wanted yacht racing to be an exercise of skill with all boats being built to the same design and he called the boat The Water Wag. The Water Wag Club still prospers in Dun Laoghaire harbour, with racing each Wednesday evening during the Summer season, towards the end of the 19th century people began to use these small boats for sport and recreational sailing, utilising the opportunities for leisure afforded by the industrial revolution. Larger privately used sailing boats had developed separately, and have resulted in the yachts of today, there has been some crossover, in that the sloop sail plan was adopted as standard and most convenient by early dinghy designers. The development of the dinghy was helped in the early 20th century by Uffa Fox. He developed and contributed to many dinghy classes which are still with us nearly a century later and he also introduced the major advance of hull shapes which can plane, and which can therefore reach beyond the usual speed limits for small sailing boats. In effect, a boat which is planing is skimming along the surface and this results in less friction because of reduced waterline length, reduced displacement, and reduced wetted area. The driving force provided by the sails has to overcome less resistance, in 1928 Uffa Fox introduced planing to the English dinghy racing world in his International 14 boat, the Avenger. He gained 52 first places, two places and three third places out of 57 race starts that year. Another advance in dinghy sailing was introduced in the 1930s, when the technique of trapezing was introduced, as a result, the boat is easier to keep upright, and the sails can deliver maximum power most of the time. While trapezing can be helpful and increase speed, it can also be dangerous if the crew is not wearing a quick release harness or is inexperienced
2.
Sailing at the Summer Olympics
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Sailing has been one of the Olympic sports since the Games of the I Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Despite being scheduled in the first Olympic program, the races were canceled due to weather conditions. Apart from the 1904 Summer Olympics, sailing has been present in every edition of the Olympic Games, initially, the classes were specified in tons, then later in meters, feet or generic names. For the discontinued classes, the Vintage Yachting Games were introduced in 2008, until 1988, sailing was a gender-independent sport. Even in 1900, several women participated at the Olympic sailing regattas, in 1988, the first exclusive womens sailing event was introduced. Most of the Olympic sailing competitions were done in what is called a race format. At some Olympics, however, was also the race format. Great Britain leads the Olympic sailing medal ranking table,1896, A regatta of sailing boats was on the program for 31 March 1896 in Athens. However this event had to be given up since there were no boats available from Greece,1900, Two venues were used to host the 1900 Sailing events. One in Meulan 20 May 1900 till 27 May 1900 for the races on the river Seine. And one in Le Havre 1 August 1900 till 5 August 1900 for the Offshore races on the English Channel, in Meulan six classes were used over several days. About 55 boats and a less than 150 sailors are documented, included the first female gold medalist Hélène de Pourtalès. In Le Havre two classes were used for the offshore event, about 10 boats made the competition. Crewmembers were not documented, just the owners and/or helmsmen,1904, Sailing was not a part of the Olympic program. 1908, At the 1907 The Hague Conference of the IOC Ryde at the Isle of Wight was appointed to host the sailing regattas, for all classes, of the games of the IVth Olympiad. However, when there were only two British entries for the 12 Metre matches, and both yachts were located at the Firth of Clyde, the decision was made to use Hunters Quay as a second venue. In 1906 international meetings were organized to solve the problem of the differences in the performance of the different yachts, finally in Paris, October 1907 the first International Rule was ratified. During the meeting in 1907 the IOC made the decision to use the International Rule classes for the Olympic regattas,1912, When Sweden was assigned to host the 1912 Olympic Games two cities wanted to be the venue for the sailing program
3.
United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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The United States, represented by the United States Olympic Committee, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. U. S. athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games in the era, except the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The USOC sent a total of 596 athletes to Beijing, the USOC selected San Jose State University in San Jose, California, as the primary processing center for all Team USA members headed for Beijing 2008. The U. S. did not win the most gold medals for the first time in a Summer Games since 1992, losing to China, and United States never led the medal table during the games. However, the U. S. won its most medals ever in a games, the total medal count. This games also marked the 8-gold medal record for U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps, who surpassed Mark Spitzs record of 7 golds in a single Olympic event in 1972. Phelps also surpassed Spitz, Larisa Latynina of the USSR, Paavo Nurmi of Finland, the United States also saw milestones in womens swimming. Natalie Coughlin won 6 medals in Beijing, the most for a female Olympic swimmer, dara Torres, who won 3 silver medals after her eight-year absence, became the oldest Olympic swimmer to win a medal, at age 41. Gymnast Nastia Liukin became the third U. S. female to win a medal in individual all-around event. It was also a successful Olympics for U. S, the following U. S. competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists names are bolded, the womens team finished in eleventh place, not qualifying the team. Jennifer Nichols earned a spot via individual qualification in that tournament, karen Scavotto earned the United States another womens spot by finishing second in the Pan American championship. The United States announced its Olympic team on May 5,2008, the womens roster included 2004 Olympian Jennifer Nichols and three-time Olympian Khatuna Lorig, who previously represented the Unified Team and Georgia at the Olympics. On the mens side, first-time Olympian Brady Ellison joined four-time Olympian Butch Johnson, Men Women The 2008 U. S. Olympic Track & Field Trials were held in Eugene, Oregon, at the University of Oregons Hayward Field from June 27 through July 6,2008. Hayward Field had previously hosted the U. S. Olympic Trials in 1972,1976 and 1980, on August 22, Blonska was stripped of her medal and Hyleas Fountain was upgraded to silver. The United States was represented in four out of the five events, mens singles, mens doubles, womens singles. The U. S. had qualified a mixed doubles team, no American has ever medaled in badminton since it became an Olympic sport in 1992, although Howard Bach and Bob Malaythong became the first Americans to reach the quarter-finals. The United States earned a spot in baseball by placing in the top two at the 2006 Americas Olympic Qualifying Event
4.
Hull (watercraft)
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The hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present, the line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline. The structure of the hull varies depending on the vessel type, the uppermost continuous deck may be called the upper deck, weather deck, spar deck, main deck, or simply deck. The particular name given depends on the type of ship or boat. In a typical wooden sailboat, the hull is constructed of wooden planking, supported by transverse frames and bulkheads, often but not always there is a centerline longitudinal member called a keel. In fiberglass or composite hulls, the structure may resemble wooden or steel vessels to some extent, in many cases, composite hulls are built by sandwiching thin fiber-reinforced skins over a lightweight but reasonably rigid core of foam, balsa wood, impregnated paper honeycomb or other material. The shape of the hull is entirely dependent upon the needs of the design, shapes range from a nearly perfect box in the case of scow barges, to a needle-sharp surface of revolution in the case of a racing multihull sailboat. Hulls come in varieties and can have composite shape, but are grouped primarily as follows. Examples are the flat-bottom, v-bottom, and multi-bottom hull and these types have at least one pronounced knuckle throughout all or most of their length. These hull shapes all have smooth curves, examples are the round bilge, semi-round bilge, and s-bottom hull. After this they can be categorized as, Displacement The hull is supported exclusively or predominantly by buoyancy, vessels that have this type of hull travel through the water at a limited rate that is defined by the waterline length. They are often, though not always, heavier than planing types, planing The planing hull form is configured to develop positive dynamic pressure so that its draft decreases with increasing speed. The dynamic lift reduces the surface and therefore also the drag. They are sometimes flat-bottomed, sometimes V-bottomed and more rarely, round-bilged, the most common form is to have at least one chine, which makes for more efficient planing and can throw spray down. Planing hulls are more efficient at speeds, although they still require more energy to achieve these speeds. An effective planing hull must be as light as possible with flat surfaces that are consistent with sea keeping. Sail boats that plane must also sail efficiently in displacement mode in light winds, semi-displacement, or semi-planing The hull form is capable of developing a moderate amount of dynamic lift, however, most of the vessels weight is still supported through buoyancy. At present, the most widely used form is the round bilge hull, in the inverted bell shape of the hull, with a smaller payload the waterline cross-section is less, hence the resistance is less and the speed is higher
5.
Laser (dinghy)
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The International Laser Class sailboat, also called Laser Standard and the Laser One is a popular one-design class of small sailing dinghy. According to the Laser Class Rules the boat may be sailed by one or two people, though it is rarely sailed by two. The design, by Bruce Kirby, emphasizes simplicity and performance, the dinghy is manufactured by independent companies in different parts of the world, including LaserPerformance Europe, Performance Sailcraft Australia and Performance Sailcraft Japan. The Laser is one of the most popular single-handed dinghies in the world, as of 2012, there are more than 200,000 boats worldwide. A commonly cited reason for its popularity is that it is robust and simple to rig, the Laser also provides very competitive racing due to the very tight class association controls which eliminate differences in hull, sails and equipment. The term Laser is often used to refer to the Laser Standard, however, there are two other sail plan rigs available for the Laser Standard hull and a series of other Laser-branded boats which are of completely different hull designs. Examples include the Laser 2 and Laser Pico, the Laser Standard, Laser Radial and Laser 4.7 are three types of Laser administered by the International Laser Class Association. The lasers hull is made out of GRP, Glass Reinforced Plastics, the deck has a foam layer underneath for strength. The boats history began with a call between Canadians Bruce Kirby and Ian Bruce. While discussing the possibility of a car-topped dinghy for a line of camping equipment, the plans stayed with Kirby until 1970 when One Design and Offshore Yachtsman magazine held a regatta for boats under $1000, called Americas Teacup. After a few modifications, the Laser easily won its class. The prototype was named the Weekender, the sail held the letters TGIF. In December 1970 Dave Balfour, a McGill engineering student, suggested the name Laser, the Laser sailboat was officially unveiled at the New York Boat Show in 1971. The first world championship was held in 1974 in Bermuda, entrants came from 24 countries, and first place was won by Peter Commette from the United States. The Laser became a mens Olympic-class boat at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, a version with a smaller sail, the Laser Radial, was first sailed as a womens Olympic-class boat at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Arguably the greatest champion of the Laser Class is Robert Scheidt from Brazil, he won the championship eight times. The Laser is manufactured by different companies in different regions and they include LaserPerformance in Europe and the Americas, Performance Sailcraft Australia in Oceania and Performance Sailcraft. As a one-design class of sailboat, all Lasers are built to the same specifications, the hull is 4.19 metres long, with a waterline length of 3.81 m
6.
Netherlands at the 2012 Summer Olympics
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The Netherlands competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The Netherlands National Olympic Committee sent the nations smallest delegation to the Games since 1988, a total of 175 athletes,95 men and 80 women, competed in 18 sports. The Netherlands left London with a total of 20 Olympic medals, four of these medals were awarded to the team in swimming and equestrian, and three each in cycling and sailing. Four Dutch athletes won more than a single Olympic medal in London, for the first time in its history, Netherlands won an Olympic medal in BMX cycling. Anky van Grunsven, who won bronze in London, emerged as the greatest equestrian rider in Olympic history, meanwhile, Ranomi Kromowidjojo became one of the most successful Dutch swimmers in history, with a total of four Olympic medals, and three Olympic records. NOC*NSF selected a team of 175 athletes,95 men and 80 women, to compete in 18 sports, it was the nations eighth-largest team sent to the Olympics, field hockey was the only team-based sport in which the Netherlands had its representation in these Olympic games. There was only a single competitor in archery, badminton, fencing, shooting, the Dutch team featured three defending Olympic champions. Van Grunsven, eight-time medalist and the oldest member of the team, at age 44, beach volleyballer Richard Schuil was at his fifth appearance, having participated in the Olympics since the sports introduction in 1996. Meanwhile, gymnast Céline van Gerner, at age 17, was the youngest athlete of the team, windsurfer Dorian van Rijsselberghe, who claimed seven World cup titles and a single world championship title for his event, became the Netherlands flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Among the Dutch athletes in the team, several of them were born outside the Netherlands, sprinter Churandy Martina played for two of his previous Olympics under the Netherlands Antilles, which was dissolved in 2010. The following is the list of number of participating in the Games. Field events Combined events – Decathlon Women Track & road events * Esther Akihary and Marit Dopheide were reserves for the 4 ×100 m relay, field events Combined events – Heptathlon Netherlands has so far qualified cyclists for the following events. Men Women Sprint Team sprint Pursuit Keirin Omnium Netherlands has qualified 1 fencer, men The following is the Netherlands roster in the mens field hockey tournament of the 2012 Summer Olympics. ‹See Tfd› Head Coach, Maximiliano Caldas Reserves, Floortje Engels Marieke Veenhoven-Mattheussens ^ Willemijn Bos injured her cruciate ligament during a friendly match, Netherlands has qualified the following athletes. The Holland Heineken House in Alexandra Palace was the Dutch meeting place for supporters, athletes, the Holland Heineken House opened their doors at the day of the opening ceremony on 27 July 2012 and closed on the day of the closing ceremony,12 August 2012. All Dutch medalists, including the road cycling squad and the belonging coaches, were honoured in Holland Heineken House. Due to the numbers of visitors, tickets had to be bought in advance. With about six thousand visitors per day, over hundred thousand visitors visited the Dutch national home during the Games, suitsupply was the official supplier of the 2012 Dutch Olympic team
7.
Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad. With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program, the Sailing program of 2008 consisted of a total of nine sailing classes. Of the 11 races,10 are scheduled as opening races, the sailing was done on four different types of courses. According to the IOC statutes the contests in all disciplines must be held either in. Among others, an exception is made for the Olympic yachting events, on account of this principle, Qingdao was selected for the honor to carry out the Olympic yachting regattas. For that purpose the Qingdao International Sailing Centre was constructed, the offshore part of the complex included, The main seawall The secondary seawall The jetty wharf The Olympic wharf A total of five race areas were set on the Yellow Sea of the coast of Qingdao. Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume I Bid Documents and Analysis, official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume III Preparation for the Games, New Beijing Great Olympics. Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games • Volume II Ceremonies and Competitions, Sailing at the 2008 Beijing Summer Games
8.
Draft (hull)
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Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the displacement of water. A table made by the shows the water displacement for each draft. The density of the water and the content of the bunkers has to be taken into account. The closely related term trim is defined as the difference between the forward and aft drafts, the draft aft is measured in the perpendicular of the stern. The draft forward is measured in the perpendicular of the bow, the scale may use traditional English units or metric units. If the English system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet, in metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high. Larger ships try to maintain a water draft when they are light, in order to make a better sea crossing. In order to achieve this they use sailing ballasts to stabilize the ship, the water draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends solely on the respective positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. It is also however, that a light ship has quite high stability which can lead to implying too much rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship can have either a strong or weak stability, the draft of ships can be increased when the ship is in motion in shallow water, a phenomenon known as squat. Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels, of course this includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes. Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal—do have a limit but are usually limited by beam, or sometimes length overall. However, in the much wider Suez Canal, the factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship has the deepest draft able to transit the very busy, there are only a few ships of this size. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water and this makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to beach the boat. A large draft ensures a level of stability in strong wind
9.
China at the 2012 Summer Olympics
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The Peoples Republic of China competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, between 27 July and 12 August 2012. This was the ninth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1952. A total of 396 Chinese athletes,171 men and 225 women, were selected by the Chinese Olympic Committee to compete in 23 sports, for the fourth time in its Olympic history, China was represented by more female than male athletes. China left London with a total of 88 medals –38 gold,29 silver, Chinese athletes dominated in badminton and table tennis, where they each won gold medals in all sporting events. Eleven Chinese athletes managed to defend their titles from the 2008 Olympics, China also won its first ever Olympic medal in modern pentathlon. Sun also dominated the nations Olympic medal standings, winning four medals, gymnast Zou Kai, who won two golds and one bronze in London, became the most successful Chinese athlete in history with a total of six Olympic medals. Springboard diver Wu Minxia became the first Chinese athlete to win a medal in a single event at three consecutive Olympic Games. Meanwhile, Chen Ruolin became the second diver in Chinese history to defend two Olympic titles at a games, after Guo Jingjing did so in two springboard events in 2008. Successful defending champions are marked in bold, equestrian, football, and handball were the only sports in which China had no representation in 2012. Pistol shooter and former Olympic medalist Tan Zongliang, the oldest male member of the contingent, aged 41, meanwhile, fencer Li Na and basketball player Wang Zhizhi each made their fourth Olympic appearance. Trap shooter Liu Yingzi was the oldest athlete of the team, aged 41, while relay swimmer Qiu Yuhan was the youngest, basketballer Yi Jianlian, who had previously played for the NBAs Dallas Mavericks, was the nations flag bearer at the opening ceremony. The following table lists the number of Chinese competitors who participated in each Olympic sport, note that swimming, synchronized swimming, diving and water polo are technically considered as one sport, aquatics. However, due to their significant practical differences, they are listed separately by tradition, China qualified 3 archers for the mens individual event,3 archers for the womens individual event, a team for the mens team event and a team for the womens team event. Chinas Li Yanfeng was elevated to silver, China won 12 quotas with 17 athletes for the 2012 Olympics. Men Women Mixed Chinas male and female basketball teams qualified for the 2012 Olympic Games. Mens team event –1 team of 12 players Womens team event –1 team of 12 players Roster The following is the China roster in the basketball tournament of the 2012 Summer Olympics. Group play Roster The following is the China roster in the basketball tournament of the 2012 Summer Olympics. Men Women China qualified 13 fencers for nine events at the 2012 Olympics, men Women The Chinese womens hockey team qualified a team of 16 players for the 2012 Olympics, by virtue of winning the 2010 Asian Games hockey title
10.
Ben Ainslie
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Sir Charles Benedict Ben Ainslie, CBE is an English competitive sailor. The most successful sailor in Olympic history, Ainslie won medals at five consecutive Olympics from 1996 onwards, Ainslie was born in Macclesfield, England to Roderick and Sue Ainslie. Roderick captained a boat took part in the first Whitbread Round The World Race in 1973. Bens elder sister, Fleur, is married to Jerome Pels, Ainslie learned to sail at Restronguet Creek near Falmouth, Cornwall. He started sailing at the age of eight and first competed at the age of ten and his first international competition was aged twelve at the 1989 Optimist world championships held in Japan where he placed 73rd. Ainslie won silver at the 1996 Olympic Games and gold in the 2000 Summer Olympics in the Laser class. He gained some 18 kilograms and moved to the larger Finn class for the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he won gold, both his gold medal winning Laser and Finn dinghies are currently displayed at the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. On 19 May 2012, Ainslie became the first person to carry the Olympic torch in the UK, starting the 70-day tour of the United Kingdom at Lands End, he was the first of 8,000 torch carriers. His gold medal at the 2012 Olympics was presented by two Royal former Olympians, Princess Anne and King Constantine of Greece and he was selected on 11 August 2012 to carry the flag for the Great Britain team at the London 2012 Olympics closing ceremony. 1st 1993 Laser Radial World Championships 1st 1995 IYRU Youth Sailing World Championships in Hamilton, Ainslie felt the photographers boats wake had prevented him from passing a competitor. Team Origin – Royal Thames Yacht Club Ainslie figureheaded a British challenge for the Cup alongside Sir Keith Mills the team was named Team Origin, however this challenge withdrew without competing following a period of discussion regarding the future format of the event. On 12 September, the day, he replaced Kostecki going into race six of the 2013 Americas Cup. His Oracle Team USA beat Team New Zealand in the Americas Cup decider in San Francisco on 25 September. Ben Ainslie Racing – Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd In January 2012, Ben Ainslie announced the formation of a team to compete in the Americas Cup, called Ben Ainslie Racing. His team competed in the AC45 class of the 2011–13 Americas Cup World Series,2014 Extreme Sailing Series, the team won the 2015–16 Americas Cup World Series and is preparing for the 2017 Americas Cup. In December 2010, Ainslie finished in first place in the World Match Racing Tour, in January 2014, it was announced that Ainslie would compete in the 2014 Extreme Sailing Series as part of his preparation for the Americas Cup. The eight-race event will see him compete in a 40 feet multi-hull boat, Ainslie lives in Lymington, and belongs to the Royal Lymington Yacht Club. He is coached by David Howlett, who raced a Finn dinghy at the 1976 Summer Olympics, on 20 December 2014, Ainslie married former Sky Sports News presenter Georgie Thompson
Anna Tunnicliffe (USA)
Gintarė Volungevičiūtė (LTU)
Xu Lijia (CHN)
Marit Bouwmeester (NED)
Evi Van Acker (BEL)
Annalise Murphy (IRL)
Anne-Marie Rindom (DEN)
Keerati Bualong (THA)
Aleksander Arian (POL)
Giovanni COCCOLUTO (ITA)
Elliot HANSON (GBR)
Eliot MERCERON (FRA)
Juan Carlos PERDOMO (PUR)
Mitchell KENNEDY (AUS)
Philip DORAN (IRL)
Nevin SNOW (USA)
Kaarle TAPPER (FIN)
Thomas Saunders (NZL)
Keerati Bualong (MAS)
San-Luka Zelko (SLO)
Hermann Tomasgaard (NOR)
Joel Rodríguez (ESP)
Sébastien Schneiter (SUI)
Ryan Lo (SIN)
Maor Ben Hrosh (ISR)
Daniil Krutskikh (RUS)
Juan Cardozo (ARG)
Michelle Broekhuizen (NED)
Julia Carlsson (SWE)
Mária Érdi (HUN)
Hannah Andersohn (GER)
Dolores Moreira (URU)
Sandra Luli (CRO)
Manami DOI (JPN)
Celine CARLSEN (DEN)
Joao RAMOS (BRA)
