Lateran Treaty
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The Lateran Treaty was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III and Duce Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the l
Holy See and Italian delegations prior to signing the treaty
Francesco Pacelli was the right-hand man to Pius XI's Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri during the Lateran Treaty negotiations
The territory of Vatican City State, established by the Lateran Accords
Capture of Rome
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The capture of Rome occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the Kingdom of Italy took control of the city and of the Papal States. After a plebiscite held on 2 October 1870, Rome was officially ma
Barricades at Porta San Giovanni, photographed on 21 September 1870, after the breach of the Aurelian Walls
Pope Pius IX blesses his troops for the last time, at St. Peter's Square, 25 April 1870
Porta Pia on 21 September 1870, following the breach of the Aurelian Walls
The breach in the Aurelian Walls (right), near Porta Pia (left), opened by Italian artillery fire during the Capture of Rome, in a contemporary photograph