1.
Utility room
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A utility room is a room within a house where equipment not used in day-to-day activities is kept. Utility refers to an item which is designed for usefulness or practical use, a utility room is generally the area where laundry is done, and is the descendant of the scullery. Utility room is commonly used in British English, while North American and Australian English generally refer to this room as a laundry room. The utility room has several uses but typically functions as an area to do laundry and this room contains laundry equipment such as a washing machine, tumble dryer, ironing boards and clothes iron. The room is used for closet organization and storage. The room would contain a second coat closet which is used to store seasonal clothing such as winter coats or clothing which are no longer used daily. Storage spaces would contain other appliances which would generally be in the if it was in usage daily. Furnaces and the heater are sometime incorporated to the room as well. Shelving and trash may sometimes be seen at this area as not to congest the other parts of the house, the term utility room was mentioned in 1760, when a cottage was built in a rural location in the United Kingdom that was accessible through Penarth and Cardiff. A utility room for general purposes also depicted its use as a guest room in case of an immediate need, an American publication, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, on July 24,1949 reported that utility rooms have become more popular than basements in new constructions. On June 28,1959, a report of a typical American house being built in Moscow, the house was described to have a utility room immediately at the right side after the entrance. The Chicago Tribune reported that the room was then commonly being referred to as the utility room in a September 30,1970 publication
2.
Room
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A room is any distinguishable space within a structure. Usually, a room is separated from other spaces or passageways by interior walls, moreover, it is separated from outdoor areas by an exterior wall, sometimes with a door. Historically the use of rooms dates at least to early Minoan cultures about 2200 BC, in early structures, the different room types could be identified to include bedrooms, kitchens, bathing rooms, reception rooms, and other specialized uses. Ancient Rome manifested very complex building forms with a variety of room types, in the United Kingdom, many houses are built to contain a box-room that is easily identifiable, being smaller than the others. The small size of these rooms limits their use, and they tend to be used as a single bedroom, small childs bedroom. Other box rooms may house a live-in domestic worker, entryway Great hall Room number The Room class room Media related to Rooms at Wikimedia Commons
3.
Clothing
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Clothing is fiber and textile material worn on the body. The wearing of clothing is mostly restricted to human beings and is a feature of all human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on type, social. Some clothing types can be gender-specific, physically, clothing serves many purposes, it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns, Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a barrier, keeping infectious. Clothing also provides protection from ultraviolet radiation, there is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 170 millennia ago, another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 millennia. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42, the most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other layers are normally removed when entering a warm home. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials, Clothing performs a range of social and cultural functions, such as individual, occupational and gender differentiation, and social status. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style. Clothing can and has in history been made from a wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to materials, to elaborate and exotic natural. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing, Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, however, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc. offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport, some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances
4.
Washing machine
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A washing machine is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning or ultrasonic cleaners. Laundry detergent is used to clean clothes, and is sold in either powdered or liquid form. Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles, Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire for washing, then poured into the tub. That made the warm soapy water precious, it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a separate process. First, soap would be rinsed out with clear water, after rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the manual labor spent, providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the clothing. The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, the earliest special-purpose mechanical washing device was the washboard, invented in 1797 by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire. By the mid-1850s steam-driven commercial laundry machinery were on sale in the UK, technological advances in machinery for commercial and institutional washers proceeded faster than domestic washer design for several decades, especially in the UK. In the United States there was emphasis on developing machines for washing at home, though machines for commercial laundry services were widely used in the late 19th. The rotary washing machine was patented by Hamilton Smith in 1858, as electricity was not commonly available until at least 1930, some early washing machines were operated by a low-speed, single-cylinder hit-and-miss gasoline engine. After the items were washed and rinsed, water had to be removed by twisting, to help reduce this labor, the wringer/mangle machine was developed. As implied by the term mangle, these machines were quite dangerous, especially if powered. A users fingers, hand, arm, or hair could become entangled in the laundry being squeezed, resulting in injuries, unwary bystanders, such as children, could also be caught. Safer mechanisms were developed over time, and the more hazardous designs were eventually outlawed, the mangle used two rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of clothing and household linen. Each laundry item would be fed through the wringer separately, the first wringers were hand-cranked, but were eventually included as a powered attachment above the washer tub. The wringer would be swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash water would fall back into the tub to be reused for the next load, the modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electric motors were developed. Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and was originally done in a device known as an extractor
5.
Clothes dryer
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Clothes may also be dried by natural evaporation and, if available, sunlight, on an outdoor or indoor clothes line or clothes horse. Many dryers consist of a drum called a tumbler through which heated air is circulated to evaporate the moisture. Using these machines may cause clothes to shrink or become less soft, a simpler non-rotating machine called a drying cabinet may be used for delicate fabrics and other items not suitable for a tumble dryer. Tumbler dryers continuously draw in the cool, dry, ambient air around them, the resulting hot, humid air is usually vented outside to make room for more dry air to continue the drying process. This design makes no effort to recycle the heat put into the load, nevertheless, it is simple and reliable, and therefore has been widely used. Although this may be beneficial in dry conditions, excess humidity from these devices increases likelihood of mold, mildew. Indoor venting may also be against local regulations, gas dryers must always be vented outdoors, as the products of combustion are mixed with the moist air. Building codes and manufacturers instructions usually recommended that dryers vent outdoors, an indoor lint trap kit poses a similar concern of increased humidity within the dwelling. One notable source of heat to pre-heat dryer air is to install ductwork allowing the device to suck hot air from a dwellings attic and these centrifuge machines simply spin their drums much faster than a typical washer could, in order to extract additional water from the load. They may remove more water in two minutes than a heated tumbler dryer can in twenty, thus saving significant amounts of time and energy. Although spinning alone will not completely dry clothing, this additional step saves a worthwhile amount of time, in some cases, dryers may use spin alone. Larger gyms and swimming pools may have small spin dryers for the convenience of exiting patrons, extracting much of the water from a swimsuit means fewer problems in gym bags and later, laundry hampers. Just as in a dryer, condenser or condensation dryers pass heated air through the load. However, instead of exhausting this air, the uses a heat exchanger to cool the air. The dryer air is run through the loop again, the heat exchanger typically uses ambient air as its coolant, therefore the heat produced by the dryer will go into the immediate surroundings instead of the outside, increasing the room temperature. In some designs, cold water is used in the exchanger, eliminating this heating. In terms of use, condenser dryers typically require slightly more power than conventional dryers. Because the heat exchange process simply cools the air using ambient air, it will not dry the air in the internal loop to as low a level of humidity as typical fresh
6.
Sweater
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A sweater is a knitted garment intended to cover the torso and arms. A sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan, distinguished in that open at the front while pullovers do not. In British English, a sweater may also be called a jumper or jersey, there is no hypernym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans. Sweaters are worn by adults and children of all genders, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or other top, sweaters were traditionally made from wool, but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination thereof. Sweaters are maintained by washing or dry cleaning, and the use of a lint roller or pill razor, the term sweater is a catch-all for a variety of knit garments. Although the term refers to a pullover, it can also refer to a cardigan. Within either group, there is a variety of design. Various necklines are found, although the V-neck, turtleneck and the neck are the most popular. The hemline is typically at hip height or slightly longer, just overlapping the waist of ones pants or skirt and it can range from just below the bust in womens garments to mid-thigh in either sex, or even longer in a knitted variation of the poncho shirtdress. The sleeve length is variable, ranging from full-length or three-quarters to short-sleeved. The front seam or opening of a cardigan allows for different styles. All hems may have various types of borders, such as picots, ribbing, even when such shaping is used, it can be knit into the fabric itself, without requiring seams. Another type is a sweater vest, a sweater with an open front fastened by buttons or a zipper is generally called a cardigan, but the nomenclature for other styles in different dialects can be quite confusing. In British English, a sweater may also be called a pullover, jumper or jersey. In the United States however, jumper refers to a style of womens dress, worn over a blouse or shirt. If sleeveless, such a garment may be called a slipover or tank top in British English, while tank top in US English refers to a sleeveless shirt or undershirt. In the U. S. a sleeveless sweater may also be called a sweater vest, especially if it has a V-neck and somewhat formal appearance resembling a formal vest, in British English, vest refers to an undershirt. In South African English, a sweater is always called a jersey. S and it is called a hockey jersey
7.
Ironing
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Ironing is the use of a heated tool to remove wrinkles from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of 180–220 °Celsius, ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibers of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibers are straightened by the weight of the iron, some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics are advertised as needing little or no ironing, permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton. The first known use of heated metal to iron clothes is known to have occurred in China, the electric iron was invented in 1882, by Henry W. Seeley. Seeley patented his electric flatiron on June 6,1882, the iron is the small appliance used to remove wrinkles from fabric. It is also known as an iron, flat iron. The piece at the bottom is called a sole plate, ironing uses heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy. Most ironing is done on a board, a small. Some commercial-grade ironing boards incorporate an element and a pedal-operated vacuum to pull air through the board. On 15 February 1858 W. Vandenburg and J. Harvey patented an ironing table that facilitated pressing sleeves, a truly portable folding ironing board was first patented in Canada in 1875 by John B. Porter. The invention also included a removable press board used for sleeves, in 1892 Sarah Boone obtained a patent in the United States for improvements to the ironing board, allowing for better quality ironing for shirt sleeves. A tailors ham or dressmakers ham is a tightly stuffed pillow in the shape of a ham used as a mold when pressing curves such as sleeves or collars. Commercial dry cleaning and full-service laundry providers usually use a large appliance called a press to do most of the work of ironing clothes. Alternatively, a rotary iron may be used, historically, larger tailors shops included a tailors stove, a stove used by tailors to quickly and efficiently heat multiple irons. In many developing countries a cluster of solid irons, heated alternatively from a heating source, are used for pressing cloths at small commercial outlets. Another source suggests slightly higher temperatures, for example, 180-220 °C for cotton When the fabric is heated, in permanent press pressed clothes, chemical agents such as dimethylol ethylene urea are added as crosslinking agents. Dressman is a robot to iron shirts using hot air
8.
Basement
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A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. However, in cities with high property prices such as London, basements are often fitted out to a high standard, the word cellar or cellars is used to apply to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath, a basement can be used in almost exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground floor of a house or other building. However, the use of basements depends largely on factors specific to a geographical area such as climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology. Basements are much easier to construct in areas with soft soils. Adding a basement can also reduce heating and cooling costs as it is a form of earth sheltering, the housing density of an area may also influence whether or not a basement is considered necessary. Historically, basements have become easier to build since the industrialization of home building. For most of its history, the basement took one of two forms. However, beginning with the development of large, mid-priced suburban homes in the 1950s, a daylight basement or a walk-out basement is contained in a house situated on a slope, so that part of the floor is above ground, with a doorway to the outside. The part of the lower than the ground can be considered the true basement area. From the street, some daylight basement homes appear to be one storey, others appear to be a conventional two storey home from the street. Occupants can walk out at that point without having to use stairs, for example, if the ground slopes downwards towards the back of the house, the basement is at or above grade at the back of the house. It is a modern design because of the complexity of uneven foundations, where the basement is above grade. Full-size windows can be installed in a daylight basement and these can provide exits for bedrooms. Ventilation is improved over fully buried basement homes, with less dampness, daylight basements can be used for several purposes – as a garage, as maintenance rooms, or as living space. The buried portion is used for storage, laundry room, hot water tanks. Daylight basement homes typically appraise higher than standard-basement homes, since they include more viable living spaces, in some parts of the US, however, the appraisal for daylight basement space is half that of ground and above ground level square footage. Designs accommodated include split-foyer and split-level homes, garages on both levels are sometimes possible
9.
Kitchen
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A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment. Many households have an oven, a dishwasher and other electric appliances. The main function of a kitchen is serving as a location for storing, cooking and preparing food, commercial kitchens are found in restaurants, cafeterias, hotels, hospitals, educational and workplace facilities, army barracks, and similar establishments. These kitchens are generally larger and equipped with bigger and more heavy-duty equipment than a residential kitchen, for example, a large restaurant may have a huge walk-in refrigerator and a large commercial dishwasher machine. Commercial kitchens are generally subject to public health laws and they are inspected periodically by public-health officials, and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law. The evolution of the kitchen is linked to the invention of the range or stove. Food was cooked over an open fire, technical advances in heating food in the 18th and 19th centuries changed the architecture of the kitchen. Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from a source such as wells. The houses in Ancient Greece were commonly of the atrium-type, the rooms were arranged around a courtyard for women. In many such homes, a covered but otherwise open patio served as the kitchen, homes of the wealthy had the kitchen as a separate room, usually next to a bathroom, both rooms being accessible from the court. In such houses, there was often a small storage room in the back of the kitchen used for storing food. In the Roman Empire, common folk in cities often had no kitchen of their own, some had small mobile bronze stoves, on which a fire could be lit for cooking. Wealthy Romans had relatively well-equipped kitchens, the fireplace was typically on the floor, placed at a wall—sometimes raised a little bit—such that one had to kneel to cook. Early medieval European longhouses had a fire under the highest point of the building. The kitchen area was between the entrance and the fireplace, in wealthy homes there was typically more than one kitchen. In some homes there were upwards of three kitchens, the kitchens were divided based on the types of food prepared in them. In place of a chimney, these buildings had a hole in the roof through which some of the smoke could escape. Besides cooking, the fire served as a source of heat
10.
Bedroom
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A bedroom is a room of a house, mansion, hotel, dormitory, or apartment where people sleep. A typical western bedroom contains as bedroom furniture one or two beds, a closet, a nightstand, and a dresser. Except in bungalows or one-storey motels, bedrooms are usually on one of the floors of a dwelling that is ground level. Modern bedrooms often have central heating, Older bedrooms in countries with cool or cold climates often had built-in fireplaces and these were not normally lit, but provided for times when a sick person or invalid was occupying the bedroom. In larger Victorian houses it was common to have accessible from the bedroom a boudoir for the lady of the house and a dressing room for the gentleman. Attic bedrooms exist in some houses, since they are separated from the outside air by the roof they are typically cold in winter. The slope of the rafters supporting a pitched roof also makes them inconvenient, in houses where servants were living in they often used attic bedrooms. In the 14th century the lower class slept on mattresses that were stuffed with straw, during the 16th century mattresses stuffed with feathers started to gain popularity, with those who could afford them. The common person was doing if he could buy a mattress after seven years of marriage. In the 18th century cotton and wool started to more common. The first coil spring mattress wasn’t invented until 1871, the most common and most purchased mattress is the innerspring mattress. The variety of choices range from soft to a rather firm mattress. A bedroom may have bunk beds if more than one person share a room, a chamber pot kept under the bed or in a nightstand was usual in the period before modern domestic plumbing and bathrooms in dwellings. Furniture and other items in bedrooms vary greatly, depending on taste, local traditions, for instance, a master bedroom may include a bed of a specific size, one or more dressers, a nightstand, one or more closets, and carpeting. Built-in closets are less common in Europe than in North America, an individual’s bedroom is a reflection of their personality, as well as social class and socioeconomic status, and is unique to each person. The various television series of Come Dine with Me expose to view some of the bedrooms of the hosts of particular programmes both to the guests and to those who choose to watch, however, there are certain items that are common in most bedrooms. Mattresses usually have a bed set to raise the mattress off the floor, there are many different types of mattresses. They are used to put items on, such as an alarm clock or a small lamp
11.
Garage (residential)
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A residential garage is a walled, roofed structure for storing a vehicle or vehicles that may be part of or attached to a home, or a separate outbuilding or shed. Residential garages typically have space for one or two cars, although three-car garages are used, when a garage is attached to a house, the garage typically has an entry door into the house. Garages normally have a door which can be raised to permit the entry and exit of a vehicle. A garage protects a vehicle from precipitation, and, if it is equipped with a garage door, it also protects the vehicle from theft. Garages are also used for a variety of projects including painting, woodworking and assembling of projects, some garages have an electrical mechanism to automatically open or close the garage door when the homeowner presses a button on a small remote control. Some garages have enough space, even with cars inside, for the storage of such as bicycles or a lawnmower, in some cases. Garages that are attached to a house may be built with the external materials. Garages that are not connected to the home may use a different style of construction from the house, in some places, the term is used synonymously with carport, though that term normally describes a structure that, while roofed, is not completely enclosed. A carport protects the vehicle to some degree from inclement weather, the word garage, introduced to English in 1902, originates from the French word garer, meaning shelter. In northern climates, temperatures inside an uninsulated attached residential garage can decrease to freezing levels during the winter, temperatures inside an uninsulated attached garage in temperate climates can reach uncomfortable levels during summer months. Extreme temperatures can be a source of waste and discomfort in adjoining living areas. Homes with an attached garage often experience this interface problem, insulating only the outside of the building against the elements without extending the insulation to the garage walls and roof is a costly mistake. Australian homes typically have a two, one and a half or double car garage, with newer houses having a triple garage, with one double door. The most common doors on these garages were either 2 wooden barn style doors with a standard sized access door on the side of the garage, or the B&D Rolla Door, which is described below. The most common garage door to date in Australia is the B&D Rolla Door, having been around since 1956 and they are a corrugated flexible but strong sheet steel door, sliding up tracks and rolling around a drum mounted above the door opening on the inside of the garage. These come in manual and remote controlled electric, with conversion kits available, newer homes feature more American styled tilting panel lift doors which slide up onto a track on the ceiling via a motor and chain drive. Most older unit blocks in Australia have garages on the ground floor accessible through a hallway and access doors. Newer ones now have underground parking, British homes featuring a garage typically have a single or double garage either built into the main building, detached within the grounds, or in a communal area
12.
Scullery (room)
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A scullery is a room in a house traditionally used for washing up dishes and laundering clothes, or as an overflow kitchen when the main kitchen is overloaded. Tasks performed in the scullery include cleaning dishes and cooking utensils, occasional kitchen work, ironing, boiling water for cooking or bathing, and soaking and washing clothes. Sculleries contain hot and cold sinks, sometimes slop sinks, drain pipes, storage shelves, plate racks, a table, various coppers for boiling water, tubs. The term scullery has fallen into disuse in North America, the room being more commonly referred to as a utility room or laundry room. In United States military facilities and most commercial restaurants, a scullery refers to the section of a facility where pots. It is usually near the kitchen and the serving line, in houses built prior to indoor plumbing, scullery sinks were located against an outside wall. Since sculleries were used for washing and great quantities of water had to be carried inside, they were made with solid floors of brick, stone, terracotta tiles, or concrete. Although a drain, known as a pipe, would carry the dirty water outside of the house. The scullery maid, or person washing dishes at the sink, the floor itself was often dug 6 inches or so below the main house floor in case of leaks or flooding. In designing a scullery, architects would take care to place the room adjacent to the kitchen with a door leading directly outside to obtain water. However, for sanitation purposes no doors led from there to the pantry or store rooms, Scullery sinks came in pairs, one for hot water and the other for cold water. They were square or rectangular in shape, shallow, and made of non-absorbent materials, or if the sink is to answer the double purpose of receiver and washer, i. e. if instead of washing the dinner-plates, etc. Grease, which abounded in scullery sink water, could choke up a soil pipe, water from green vegetables also has a peculiarly objectionable smell, thus drainage was of the utmost importance. In the late 19th century, unsanitary conditions in sculleries and privies could lead to chronic illness, by the privy and forming part of it was an open ashpit full of disgusting filth. On the morning of my visit, some potatoes, ready peeled for cooking, were piled up against that part of the wall which was permeated with the moisture from the privy. For maximum sanitation, the 19th century English nurse, Florence Nightingale, the best sink for a scullery is the new white porcelain sink recently introduced with hot and cold water laid on. Care must be taken that the pipe has no direct communication with a closed drain otherwise foul air is certain to find its way into the hospital. House Tour, The Scullery Tatton Park, The Scullery and Kitchen Victorian Scullery or Back Kitchen The 1900 House, The Scullery
13.
Lavoir
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A lavoir is a public place set aside for the washing of clothes. Communal washing places were common in Europe until industrial washing was introduced, the English word is borrowed from the French language. Lavoirs are commonly sited on a spring or beside or set over a river, many lavoirs are provided with roofs for shelter. There are also bateaux-lavoirs in some towns on the banks of rivers such as Paris. The lavoir in Rives is lit in by the March afternoon slanting sun, Lavoirs of France Les lavoirs de France Lavoirs in the department Aube Lavoirs in Champagne-Ardenne Lavoirs in Burgundy and Franche-comté
14.
Laundry
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Laundry is the washing of clothing and linens. Laundry processes are often done in a reserved for that purpose. An apartment building or student hall of residence may have a laundry facility such as a tvättstuga. A stand-alone business is referred to as a laundrette, the material that is being washed, or has been laundered, is also generally referred to as laundry. Laundry was first done in watercourses, letting the water carry away the materials which could cause stains, laundry is still done this way in some less industrialized areas and rural regions. Agitation helps remove the dirt, so the laundry is often rubbed, twisted, wooden bats or clubs could be used to help with beating the dirt out. These were often called washing beetles or bats and could be used by the waterside on a rock, on a block and they were once common across Europe and were also used by settlers in North America. Similar techniques have also identified in Japan. When no watercourses were available, laundry was done in vats or vessels. Sometimes large metal cauldrons were filled with water and heated over a fire. Wooden or stone scrubbing surfaces set up near a water supply or portable washboards, including corrugated metal ones. A posser could be used to agitate clothes in a tub, once clean, the clothes were wrung out — twisted to remove most of the water. Then they were hung up on poles or clotheslines to air dry, before the advent of the washing machine, laundry was often done in a communal setting. In poor parts of the world today, laundry is still done beside a river or lake, villages across Europe that could afford it built a wash-house. Water was channelled from a stream or spring and fed into a building, such facilities were much more comfortable than washing in a watercourse because the launderers could work standing up instead of on their knees, and were protected from inclement weather. Also, they didnt have to go far, as the facilities were usually at hand in the village or at the edge of a town and these facilities were public and available to all families, and usually used by the entire village. Many of these village wash-houses are still standing, historic structures with no modern purpose. This job was reserved for women, who washed all their familys laundry, washerwomen took in the laundry of others, charging by the piece
15.
Fabric softener
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A fabric softener is a chemical compound that is typically applied to laundry during the rinse cycle in a washing machine. Fabric softeners are available as solutions and solids, and may also be permeated in dryer sheets used in a clothes dryer, many modern washing machines have a dispenser that adds liquid fabric softener automatically on the final rinse. Users of launderette machines may need to add it manually, some washing powder brands have fabric conditioning mixed in, which manufacturers claim saves money compared to buying separate washing powder and fabric softener. Some manufacturers claim their products make ironing easier or make clothes dry faster, all liquid fabric softeners are added to water—either by adding the product directly to the final rinse water or by 2,1 dilution in an automatic dispenser. Even diluted fabric softener can cause spotting when poured directly onto clothes, dry fabric softeners are typically supplied in the form of dryer sheets added in the clothes dryer to soften the fabric and prevent buildup of static electricity in susceptible fabrics. Many users advocate alternative uses of dryer sheets, such as dusting, fabric softeners coat the surface of a fabric with chemical compounds that are electrically charged, causing threads to stand up from the surface so the fabric feels softer and makes it fluffier. Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the charged groups on the surface of the fibers. The long aliphatic chains then line up towards the outside of the fiber, electrically conductive fabric softener chemicals may also prevent static charge buildup in clothes dryers. Other functions manufacturers claim include less friction during ironing, increased resistance, reduced wrinkling and pilling. Cationic fabric softeners are added during the rinse cycle rather than the wash cycle because they can interfere with detergent cleaning action, early cotton softeners were typically based on a water emulsion of soap and olive oil, corn oil, or tallow oil. Softening compounds differ in affinity to various fabrics, some work better on cellulose-based fibers, others have higher affinity to hydrophobic materials like nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, etc. New silicone-based compounds, such as polydimethylsiloxane, work by lubricating the fibers, manufacturers use derivatives with amine- or amide-containing functional groups as well. These groups improve the binding to fabrics. As softeners are often hydrophobic, they occur in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations, manufactures used soaps as emulsifiers, the emulsions are usually opaque, milky fluids. However, there are also microemulsions, where the droplets of the phase are substantially smaller. Microemulsions provide the advantage of increased ability of particles to penetrate into the fibers. Manufactures often use a mixture of cationic and non-ionic surfactants as an emulsifier, another approach is a polymeric network, an emulsion polymer
16.
Laundry detergent
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While detergent is still sold in powdered form, liquid detergents have been taking major market shares in many countries since their introduction in the 1950s. Laundry detergent pods have also sold within the United States since 2012 when they were introduced by Procter & Gamble as Tide Pods. Earlier instances of laundry detergent pods include Salvo tablets sold in the 1960s and 1970s, from ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate the mechanical washing of clothing with water. The Italians used a mix of sulfur and water with charcoal to clean cloth, egyptians added ashes and silicates to soften water. The detergent effects of certain synthetic surfactants were noted in Germany in 1917, such detergents were mainly used in industry until after World War II. By then, new developments and the conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents. The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in the part of the 1900s by Otto Rohm. Only in the part of the century with the availability of thermally robust bacterial enzymes did this technology become mainstream. Soap is, by weight, relatively ineffective and it is sensitive to deactivation by hard water. By the 1950s, soap had almost been completely replaced by branched alkylbenzenesulfonates, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, however, proved to be both highly effective in cleaning and more biodegradable than the branched relatives. LABs remain the main detergents used domestically, other detergents that have been developed include the linear alkylsulfonates and olefinsulfonates, which also resist deactivation by hard water. Both remain specialty products, for only an estimated 60 million kilograms of the sodium alkylsulfonates are produced annually. Early in the introduction of sulfonate-based detergents, concerns were voiced over the low rates of biodegradation of the branched alkylbenzenesulfonates and this problem was addressed by the introduction of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates. A more profound problem arose from the use of sodium triphosphate. The discharge of soluble phosphates into natural waters has led to problems with eutrophication, or the growth of living things, of lakes and streams, the replacement of sodium triphosphate by zeolites offers some relief to this problem. With respect to the additives, between 1940 and 1970 the amount of phosphates in city wastewater increased from 20,000 to 150,000 tons per year. They can also indirectly cause oxygen depletion at greater depths, through microbial breakdown of dead algal cells, most modern laundry detergents do not contain phosphates, but bring about water softening using zeolites. In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, the formulation is strongly affected by the temperature of the cleaning water and varies from country to country
17.
Combo washer dryer
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A combo washer dryer is a combination in a single cabinet of a washing machine and a clothes dryer. It should not be confused with a combination of a separate washing machine. Additionally, combination washer dryers allow clothes to be washed and dried in one go, saving time, many washer dryer combo units are also designed to be portable so they can be attached to a sink instead of requiring a separate water line. Washer dryer combinations are a type of home appliance that handles the basic laundering duties of washing and drying clothes, many consumers confuse the term washer dryer combo with similar washer and dryer configurations like stackable machines and laundry centers. Stackable machines, on the hand, are defined by two separate machines, a washer and a dryer, stacked on top of one another. These stackable machines are often a choice for large families that still need the full capacity and functionality of a washer and dryer without having to compromise too much regarding space. Most stackable washer and dryer configurations come in the design as opposed to the top-loading design. The laundry center is a compromise between the stackable and the combo configurations, like the washer dryer combo, the laundry center is a one-piece appliance. Like the stackable configuration, the laundry center comprises two separate machines, the washer and the dryer, shortly after the very first completely automatic clothes washer was developed by General Electric in 1947, the same company also invented the first washer dryer combination unit in 1954. Throughout the years, washing machines, drying machines, and combo machines alike have received improvements in technology, making for better functionality, effectiveness. Today, washer dryer combination units have many of the features that would be found on a typical washer and dryer. While these units are far more popular in Europe and some countries in the East, most washer dryer combination units are of the front-loading design. This allows for access, better efficiency, and more effective washes than top-loading designs. Most washer dryer combos are ventless and are designed with drying systems that work differently from the ordinary stand-alone dryer, instead of venting moist hot air to the outside, like a conventional dryer would, the combo unit makes use of condensation similarly to condenser dryers. Hot dry air enters the drum from either the front or the rear and this warm, damp air is then drawn through a condensing chamber, and the extracted water is flushed out the drain hose to the sink or through the plumbing lines. These units are easy to install under cabinets, in closets or anywhere with electricity, typically in separate-condenser dryers, cool air is used to cool down the process air from the inside drum and to condense the vapor. In combined washer dryer units, however, cold water is used instead, the water flows in the opposite direction to the air, allowing the air to cool and to release its moisture, which is pumped out along with the water used to cool the air. This water-fed drying system consumes water for both the washing and drying phases of operation, and may not be suitable for areas where water is scarce, in recent years alternative methods of cooling the condenser have emerged
18.
Dry cleaning
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Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a chemical solvent other than water. It is used to clean fabrics that degrade in water, and delicate fabrics that cannot withstand the rough and tumble of a washing machine and it can eliminate labor-intensive hand washing. Unlike what its name implies, dry cleaning is not actually a dry process, clothes are soaked in a solvent other than water. The solvent used is typically toxic tetrachloroethylene, which the industry calls perc, perc is the most widely used solvent across the world, although new solvents have become more popular in the United States and Europe. Modern dry cleanings use of non-water-based solvents to remove soil and stains from clothes was reported as early as 1855. e, flammability concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, after World War I, dry cleaners began using chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power, on March 3,1821, Thomas L. Jennings became the first African-American to be granted a United States patent. The patent was for his invention of a process called dry scouring. By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene, or PCE for short and it has excellent cleaning power and is stable, nonflammable, and gentle to most garments. PCE, however, was incidentally the first chemical to be classified as a carcinogen by the U. S, tetrachloroethylene is currently considered a potential carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In 1993, the California Air Resources Board adopted regulations to reduce PCE emissions from dry cleaning operations, the same year, the U. S. EPA updated its regulation in 2006 to reflect the availability of improved emission controls. The replacement of PCE with other remains of interest as it will ultimately disappear from the market. Traditionally, the process was carried out at centralized factories. High street cleaners shops received garments from customers, sent them to the factory, and then had returned to the shop. This was due mainly to the risk of fire or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process, at this time, dry cleaning was carried out in two different machines—one for the cleaning process, and the second to dry the garments. Machines of this era were described as vented, their drying exhausts were expelled to the atmosphere and this not only contributed to environmental contamination but also much potentially reusable PCE was lost to the atmosphere. Much stricter controls on solvent emissions have ensured that all dry cleaning machines in the Western world are now fully enclosed, in enclosed machines, solvent recovered during the drying process is returned condensed and distilled, so it can be reused to clean further loads or safely disposed of. The majority of modern enclosed machines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sensor and this system ensures that only small amounts of PCE fumes are released at the end of the cycle
19.
Tunnel washer
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A tunnel washer, also called a continuous batch washer, is an industrial laundry machine designed specifically to handle heavy loads. The screw is made of perforated metal, so laundry can progress through the washer in one direction, while water, thus, the linen moves through pockets of progressively cleaner water and fresher chemicals. Soiled linen can be fed into one end of the tunnel while clean linen emerges from the other. At the start, one of the major drawbacks was the necessity of using one wash formula for all items. Modern computerized tunnel washers can monitor and adjust the levels in individual pockets
20.
Wet cleaning
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Wet cleaning refers to methods of professional cleaning that, in contrast to traditional dry cleaning, avoids the use of chemical solvents, the most common of which is tetrachloroethylene. It is not the use of water that makes wet cleaning a safest method for cleaning clothes, computer-controlled wet cleaning machines, special dryers, safe detergents and non-toxic spot removers are what make wet cleaning an environmentally sound method. Wet cleaning machines have controls that allow them to safely and efficiently clean a variety of garments in water. Detergents and spot removers are made of ingredients that are safer for workers, equipment, detergents and skill all contribute to successful wet cleaning. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, wet cleaning is the most environmentally sensitive professional method of garment cleaning and it does not use hazardous chemicals, it does not generate hazardous waste, nor does the process create air pollution and it reduces the potential for water and soil contamination. The specialized detergents and conditioner used in the wet process are milder than home laundry products. All of the products are disposed of down the drain and easily handled by the waste water treatment facility. Some clothing manufacturers may mislabel their clothing Dry Clean Only, even there is no reasonable basis for making the claim that the garment will be harmed if it is not dry cleaned. List of laundry topics US EPA, garment and textile care publications
21.
Washboard (laundry)
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A washboard is a tool designed for hand washing clothing. With mechanized cleaning of clothing becoming more common by the end of the 20th century, the traditional washboard is usually constructed with a rectangular wooden frame in which are mounted a series of ridges or corrugations for the clothing to be rubbed upon. For 19th-century washboards, the ridges were often of wood, by the 20th century, a fluted metal washboard was patented in the United States by Stephen Rust in 1833. Zinc washboards were manufactured in the United States from the middle of the 19th century, in the late 20th century and early 21st century, ridges of galvanized steel are most common, but some modern boards are made of glass. Washboards with brass ridges are still made, many parts of the world still use washboards for washing clothes. Clothes are soaked in hot water in a washtub or sink. Washboards may also be used for washing in a river, with or without soap, the rubbing has a similar effect to beating the clothes and household linen on rocks, an ancient method, but is less abrasive. Military personnel often use washboards to do their laundry when no local laundry facilities exist, some experts emphasize that using a washboard is superior to using modern laundry machines because it saves water and electricity and is not so hard on the clothing
22.
Clothes horse
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The frame is usually made of wood, metal or plastic. There are many types of drying racks, including large, stationary outdoor racks, smaller, folding portable racks, a drying rack is similar in usage and function to a clothes line, and used as an alternative to the powered clothes dryer. It comprises two iron frames positioned as far apart as desired to provide a suitable length, with wooden laths, typically four or six, the frames are suspended from the ceiling by a system of rope and pulleys. The result is a rack with several parallel bars on which clothes can be draped out of the way, or hung, extending further down. The racks are used in kitchens, to hang utensils out of the way. Used figuratively, the single-word term clotheshorse describes men and women who are passionate about clothing, from 1850 the term referred to a male fop or female quaintrelle, a person whose main function is, or appears to be, to wear or show off clothes. In this context, the term is similar to fashion plate, which originally referred to a lithograph illustration of fashionable clothing in a book or magazine
23.
Clothes line
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A clothes line or washing line is any type of rope, cord, or twine that has been stretched between two points, outside or indoors, above the level of the ground. Clothing that has recently been washed is hung along the line to dry, washing lines are attached either from a post or a wall, and are frequently located in back gardens, or on balconies. Longer washing lines often have props holding up sections in the due to the weight of the usually wet clothing. More elaborate rotary washing lines save space and are typically retractable and square or triangular in shape, some can be folded up when not in use. For a simple line drying arrangement the repair and replacement costs are about $20.00 per 1,000 loads of laundry or 2 cents per load. For non-commercial mechanical clothes drying the repair and replacement costs are about $200.00 per 1,000 loads of laundry or 20 cents per load, putting laundry on a line usually takes more time than putting it into a mechanical dryer. Laundry items need to be hung indoors during rainy weather, or may get wet if the weather changes, neighbours may find it aesthetically unpleasant Exposing dirty laundry can lessen privacy, showing information about inhabitants living habits. Clothespins can leave imprints on the clothes, a drying rack or clotheshorse can help save space in an apartment, or clothes lines can be strung in the basement during the winter. Small loads can simply be draped over furniture or a curtain pole. The drying time indoors will typically be longer than outdoor drying because of the lack of solar radiation. The evaporation of the moisture from the clothes will cool the air and increase the humidity level. In cold, dry weather, moderate increases in humidity make most people feel more comfortable, in warm weather, increased humidity makes most people feel even hotter. Increased humidity can also increase growth of fungi, which can cause health problems, an average-sized wash load will convert approximately 4965 kilojoules of ambient heat into latent heat that is stored in the evaporated water, as follows. A typical 4 kg load of laundry can contain 2.2 kg of water, after being spun in a laundry machine. To determine how much heat has been converted in drying a load of laundry, weigh the clothes when they are wet, the difference is the weight of the water that was evaporated from them. To obtain an approximation of the effect this would have in a particular situation. Cloth thickness Laundry may be dried outdoors when the temperature is well below the freezing point, first, the moisture in the laundry items will freeze and the clothing will become stiff. Then the frost on the clothes will sublimate into the air and it takes a long time and it is usually much quicker to dry them indoors, however, indoor drying removes heat from the air so it is a trade-off between speed and energy efficiency
24.
Drying cabinet
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A drying cabinet is an electrical machine designed to expedite the drying of items - usually clothing - that are unsuitable for a traditional clothes dryer. Such items may include delicate clothing designated as hang dry, dry flat or do not tumble dry on their instructions, as well as items such as comforters. Since the 1980s, drying cabinets have been common in European laundromats, with the large size of the drying cabinets and relatively small size of European homes, drying cabinets have been almost exclusively found in self-service laundry facilities. With the steadily increasing size of American homes over the past decades, a typical residential drying cabinet is approximately the size of a narrow refrigerator, and is used to supplement traditional tumble dryers. Drying cabinets are useful in industrial applications for the quick drying of wet weather clothing such as that worn by emergency services like fire fighters. Clothing can be dried in one hour, a boot rack can also be fitted. Behind the Ever-Expanding American Dream House by Margot Adler, july 4,2006 Electronic Clothes Drying Cabinet Offers Alternative to Traditional Drying April 18,2008
25.
Hills Hoist
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A Hills Hoist is a height-adjustable rotary clothes line, designed to permit the compact hanging of wet clothes and their maximum area to be exposed to drying by wind rotation. The Hills Hoist has been manufactured in Adelaide, South Australia by Lance Hill since 1945, the Hills Hoist and similar rotary clothes hoists remain a common fixture in many backyards in Australia and New Zealand. They are considered one of Australias most recognisable icons, and are used frequently by artists as a metaphor for Australian suburbia in the 1950s and 1960s, although originally a product name, the term Hills Hoist became synonymous with rotary clothes hoists in general, throughout Australia. As early as 1895 Colin Stewart and Allan Harley of Sun Foundry in Adelaide applied for a patent for an Improved Rotary, in their design the upper clothes line frame tilted to allow access to the hanging lines. Gilbert Toyne of Geelong patented four rotary clothes hoists designs between 1911 and 1946, Toynes first patented clothes hoist was sold though the Aeroplane Clothes Hoist Company established in 1911. It was Toynes 1925 all-metal model with its enclosed crown wheel-and-pinion winding mechanism that defined clothes hoist designs for decades to follow, Lance Hill began to manufacture the Hills rotary clothes hoist in his backyard in 1945. His wife apparently wanted a replacement to the line and prop she had for drying clothes. Lance Hills brother-in-law Harold Ling returned from the war and joined him to form a partnership in 1946, Ling became the key figure in expanding the production and marketing of the Hills Hoists. In 1947 Hills Hoists began manufacturing a wind-up clothes hoist which was identical to Gilbert Toynes expired 1925 patent with the crown wheel-and-pinion winding mechanism, initially the clothes hoists were constructed and sold from Lance Hills home on Bevington Road, Glenunga. Soon production moved to a site on Glen Osmond Road. The company Hills Hoists became Hills Industries in 1958, a Darwin family reported that the only thing left standing after Cyclone Tracy was their Hills Hoist. The Hills Hoist is listed as a National Treasure by the National Library of Australia, in January 2017, Hills Industries sold the manufacturing and sale rights of its Hills Home Living brands to AMES Australasia, a subsidiary of the American Griffon Corporation
26.
Mangle (machine)
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A mangle or wringer is a mechanical laundry aid consisting of two rollers in a sturdy frame, connected by cogs and, in its home version, powered by a hand crank or electrically. While the appliance was originally used to wring water from wet laundry, today mangles are used to press or flatten sheets, tablecloths, kitchen towels, or clothing and other laundry. The word comes from the Dutch mangel, from mangelen to mangle, the oldest known model is a Norwegian mangle board, found near Bergen and dated 1444. In the second half of the 19th century, commercial laundries began using steam-powered mangles or ironers, gradually, the electric washing machines spin cycle rendered this use of a mangle obsolete, and with it the need to wring out water from clothes mechanically. Box mangles were large and primarily intended for pressing laundry smooth, they were used by households, large commercial laundries. Middle-class households and independent washerwomen used upright mangles for wringing water out of laundry, the rollers were typically made of wood, or sometimes rubber. The Steel Roll Mangle Co. of 108 Franklin Street, Chicago, in the 1930s electric mangles were developed and are still a feature of many laundry rooms. They consist of a rotating padded drum which revolves against an element which can be stationary. Laundry is fed into the turning mangle and emerges flat and pressed on the other side and this process takes much less time than ironing with the usual iron and ironing board. There were many electric rotary ironers on the American market including Solent, Thor, Ironrite, by the 1940s the list had grown to include Bendix, General Electric, Kenmore and Maytag. By the 1950s home ironers or mangles as they came to be called were becoming popular time savers for the homemaker, when home washing machines were first invented, they were just for washing, a tub on legs or wheels. A hand-cranked mangle appeared on top after 1843 when John E. Turnbull of Saint John, the first geared wringer mangle in the UK is thought to date to about 1850, when one was invented by Robert Tasker of Lancashire. It was a smaller, upright version of the box mangle, small domestic pressing mangles may be more common in some countries than in others. They are typically not sold in North American home appliance stores or departments, in contrast to their use in homes, mangles have become an essential feature of commercial or large-scale laundries. They are typically used to press flat items such as sheets or tablecloths, skilled operators can also press shirts and pants on a mangle. With some modification, they make an alternative to an etching/relief printing press. A significant benefit of mangling is reduced dust, when washing, the ends of the surface fibers tend to loosen and stick out when dried. The clothes are much more sensitive to trap dust, dirt and grease
27.
Box mangle
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The box mangle is said to have been invented in the 17th century. It consisted of a frame containing a large box filled with rocks. Damp laundry could be laid flat under rollers, or wound round the rollers, when the rollers were filled, one or two people pulled on levers or turned cranks to move the heavy box back and forth over the rollers. The mangles primary purpose was to press household linen and clothing smooth and this was a mechanical version of the hand-held mangle boards and rollers/pins used in many parts of northern Europe. Flat items, like sheets and tablecloths, usually needed no further ironing, the box mangle was a large and expensive affair and required a fair bit of labor to operate it. It was often used by very large households, commercial laundries or by self-employed mangle women who served their local area. In the 19th century new designs made it easier to operate, in the late 19th century the commercial steam laundry replaced the box mangle with the steam mangle, turned by steam power
28.
Clothes hanger
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Clamp for the hanging of trousers, skirts, or kilts. Both types can be combined in a single hanger, there are three basic types of clothes hangers. The first is the hanger, which has a simple loop of wire, most often steel. Some wooden hangers have a bar from tip to tip. This bar is designed to hang the trousers belonging to the jacket, the third kind and most used in todays world are plastic coat hangers, which mostly mimic the shape of either a wire or wooden hanger. Plastic coat hangers are also produced in sizes to accommodate the shapes of childrens clothes. Some hangers have clips along the bottom for suspending skirts, dedicated skirt and trousers hangers may not use the triangular shape at all, instead using just a rod with clips. Other hangers have little rings coming from the top two bars to hang straps from tank-tops on, specialized pant hanger racks may accommodate many pairs of trousers. They have been patented over 200 times in the U. S. alone, patent 0586456, awarded in 1897 to George E. Hideout. Some historians believe President Thomas Jefferson invented a forerunner of the clothes hanger. However, todays most-used hanger, the wire hanger, was inspired by a coat hook that was invented in 1869 by O. A. An employee of the Timberlake Wire and Novelty Company, Albert J. Parkhouse of Jackson, the story goes that one morning in 1903, Parkhouse arrived to work to find that all coat hooks were taken. Annoyed, he took a piece of wire, bent it into the shape we would recognize today, also credited is Christopher Cann in 1876 as an engineering student at Boston University. In 1906 Meyer May, a clothier of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Some of these original hangers can be seen at the Frank Lloyd Wright designed Meyer May House in Grand Rapids, hangers can be made in wood, wire, plastic, rarely from rubber substance and other materials. Some are padded with fine materials, such as satin, for expensive clothes, lingerie, the soft, plush padding is intended to protect garments from shoulder dents that wire hangers may make. A caped hanger is an inexpensive wire clothing hanger covered in paper, caped hangers are used by dry cleaners to protect garments after cleaning. Used wire hangers may be recycled, or returned to the dry cleaner and she then becomes enraged upon discovering that Christina has used a wire hanger, instead of the expensive padded hangers Joan provided and instructed her to use
29.
Colour fastness
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Color fastness is a term—used in the dyeing of textile materials—that characterizes a materials colors resistance to fading or running. The term is used in the context of clothes. The first known use of the word colorfast was in 1916, in general, clothing should be tested for colorfastness before using bleach or other cleaning products. Light fastness, wash fastness, and rub fastness are the forms of color fastness that are standardized. The light fastness of textile dye is categorized from one to eight and the wash fastness from one to five, with a higher the number indicating better fastness
30.
Fulling
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Fulling, also known as tucking or walking, is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of cloth to eliminate oils, dirt, and other impurities, and making it thicker. The worker who does the job is a fuller, tucker, or walker, the Welsh word for a fulling mill is pandy, which appears in many place-names, for example Tonypandy. Fulling involves two processes, scouring and milling, originally, fulling was carried out by pounding the woollen cloth with the fullers feet, or hands, or a club. In Scottish Gaelic tradition, this process was accompanied by waulking songs, from the medieval period, however, fulling was often carried out in a water mill. These processes are followed by stretching the cloth on great frames known as tenters and it is from this process that the phrase being on tenterhooks is derived, as meaning to be held in suspense. The area where the tenters were erected was known as a tenterground, in Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the cloth while ankle deep in tubs of human urine. Urine was so important to the business that it was taxed. Stale urine, known as wash, was a source of ammonium salts, by the medieval period, fullers earth had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure hydrous aluminium silicate and it was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used, the second function of fulling was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing. This was vital in the case of woollens, made from carding wool, after this stage, water was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because the barbs on the surface of wool fibres hook together. From the medieval period, the fulling of cloth often was undertaken in a mill, known as a fulling mill, a walk mill, or a tuck mill, and in Wales. In these, the cloth was beaten with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers, Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks that were used only for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by cams on the shaft of a waterwheel or on a tappet wheel, driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot struck the cloth almost horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth and this was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled evenly. However, the cloth was taken out every two hours to undo plaits and wrinkles. The foot was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the cloth, there are several Biblical references to fulling
31.
Shrinkage (fabric)
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Shrinkage is the process in which a fabric becomes smaller than its original size, usually through the process of laundry. Novice users of modern laundry machines sometimes experience accidental shrinkage of garments, others may intentionally shrink a garment to their size. Some may purchase a garment one or more sizes larger in anticipation of shrinkage, for wool garments, shrinkage is due to scales on the fibers which heat, water and agitation cause to stick together. Other fabrics are stretched by mechanical forces during production, and can shrink slightly when heated, some clothes are pre-shrunk to avoid this problem
32.
Stain
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A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials, staining is used for biochemical research, metal staining, and art. There can be intentional stains, indicative stains, natural stains, different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering. The material that is trapped coats the underlying material, and the stain reflects back light according to its own color, applying paint, spilled food, and wood stains are of this nature. A secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between the material and the staining material, many types of natural stains fall into this category. Finally, there can also be molecular attraction between the material and the material, involving being held in a covalent bond and showing the color of the bound substance. In many cases, stains are affected by heat and may become reactive enough to bond with the underlying material. Extreme heat, such as from ironing or dry cleaning, can cause a reaction on an otherwise removable stain. Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, some stand-alone stain removers also exist. If the wrong technique is used to remove the stain or stain mark on the clothing it could cause permanent damage to the clothing. Bleach Dye Foxing Stain & Spot Removal Handbook, Consumer guide, by the editors of Consumer Guide. London, Hamlyn,2005. Distributed in the U. S. the A-Z Guide to Removing Smudges, Spots & Other Spills By good Housekeeping Institute
33.
Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
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An openly left-wing organization, the CHLA used various means — including the slogans To Save China, To Save Ourselves and Resist Japan and Save China” — to oppose the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Racial discrimination, lack of English language skills, and a deficit of economic capital kept most Chinese Americans out of more desirable careers, around the turn of the 20th century, one in four ethnic Chinese men in the United States worked in a laundry. Conditions were hard and a typical launderer worked for ten to sixteen hours a day, workers in laundries and groceries received the going wage of twenty-five dollars per month, and despite long hours the work-week was seven days. For the majority of the Chinese, then, the routine was almost solely working, eating. There were few other occupations available to Chinese, at the beginning of the Great Depression, New York City had approximately 3,550 Chinese laundries. According to a first hand account, Chinese laundrymen relied on their hands, on the door of every Chinese laundry were these two big words in red paint, Hand Laundry, meaning all ironing was done by hand. In New York, perhaps seven out of ten Chinese survived by working in Chinese Hand Laundries, at the end of almost every residential block or alley, there was always a Chinese laundry. A Chinese laundry was usually small — about the size of five dining tables, equipped only with an ironing board and a shelf to put cleaned, ironed clothes that were packaged and ready to go. With the support of people in that same industry, in 1933 the New York City Board of Aldermen passed a law intended to drive the Chinese out of the business. Among other things, it limited ownership of laundries to United States citizens, in the wake of that success, the Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance continued to advocate for the civil rights of Chinese in North America. For both members and non-members, the cost to engage the aid of the organization was twenty five cents, the Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance also strongly opposed the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The CHLA sent letters and telegrams to American politicians urging them to support Chinese resistance, immediately following the Marco Polo Bridge incident, the HLA began to organize a campaign to raise funds for China. It also contributed significantly by distributing English-language publicity material that called for the boycott of Japanese goods, in response to this situation, the Alliance decided last month to broaden its fund-raising activities. It has recently made ready the first 5,000 donation boxes, the Mayor of New York has been eagerly assisting the work of the Alliance, and will be sending as his representative to the conference the President of the City Council, Mr. Esser. Undoubtedly, Mr. Esser will be offering an eloquent speech to celebrate the patriotism of Chinese living in America and it is said that the Alliance will especially welcome the participation in the conference of Chinese active in all sectors of Chinese-American society. At the same times, the Alliance distributed English-language leaflets calling on westerners to aid China, the HLA used the money it collected to buy ambulances. What is the significance of mass gatherings. First, most Americans sympathize with our country and are willing to help us, the sight of the ambulances reminded Americans of the bestial acts committed by Japanese thieves who cruelly murdered our women and children, and these Americans reacted in anger against such acts
34.
French laundries of California
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French hand laundries in California utilize the art of washing and ironing by hand, to launder fine linens and garments. As far back as 19th century, French women starched linen except vests, the ironing was performed using irons that were heated directly over a charcoal fire. All work was done by hand, in the beginning of the 20th century, mechanized washing systems had been added to most commercial laundries. However, in the tradition of art of hand laundries in France and it was the hand finishing method that differentiate them from other commercial laundries. In the 21st century, the French method of finishing of fine linens. In the mid-19th century, French people immigrated to California in larger numbers, by 1853, there were an estimated 28,000 French in California. In 1860, about 9% of the Los Angeles population was French, one type of business these immigrants started was the French hand laundries. Many were established in such as San Francisco, Turlock, Santa Ana. His parents being in limited circumstances, he was set to work. When seventeen years of age, he entered the employ of a nobleman for three years, when he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment of Artillery in the French Army from Tarbes, serving for two years. Having served the time, he was honorably discharged and free to leave his country for other shores. In 1911, Mr. Etcheto migrated to California, choosing San Francisco as his location and he purchased an interest in the Pleasant French Laundry, which he ran for four and one-half years. Another such entrepreneur was Pierre Regla from Oleron-St and he arrived at Ellis Island, New York’s port of entry on March 25,1906 on board the steam ship City of New York. He was single,25 years old, and his contact was his cousin, Pierre Barbe at 1231 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, California. The following year,1907, Pierre Regla appears in the San Francisco City Directory residing at 332, 3rd Avenue, his occupation is listed as “laundryman. ”On May 15,1909, he married Jeanne Lagrave of Eysus, Basses Pyrenees, France at Notre Dame des Victoires. She arrived at Ellis Island on October 7,1907, by 1910, he owned a laundry, P. Regla and Company, and resided at 1528 Church. San Francisco City directories show him at 1528 Church in 1911 and 1913, by 1914, the Reglas had moved to south to Santa Ana, California and started the Ideal French Laundry. In 1926, the Laundrys name was changed to Lace House French Laundry to take advantage of the French Heritage of hand finishing of linens, French Americans French people History of California History of immigration to the United States
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Worshipful Company of Launderers
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The Worshipful Company of Launderers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The organisation, founded in 1960, became a Livery Company in 1977, the Company promotes the profession of the launderers by awarding scholarships to laundry students. The Launderers Company ranks eighty-ninth in the order of precedence for Livery Companies
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Dhobi
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Dhobi is a caste group of India and a tribe in Pakistan. Their traditional occupation was washing clothes, the word dhobi is derived from the Hindi word dhona, which means to wash. They are found throughout North India, Gujarat, Maharashtra as well as the Punjab province of Pakistan, most Dhobis follow the customs and traditions of the region they live, so for example those in North India speak Hindi, while those in Maharashtra speak Marathi. The Dhobi rank themselves highest among the Scheduled Castes, the Census of 2001 returned Dhobis representing six per cent of the total Scheduled Caste population. In Andhra Pradesh, the Rajakas form 12% of the total population, the Dhobi Community in Bihar is about 6% of total population. Dhobi have maximum concentration in Purnia and East Champaran districts respectively, the Dhobi community in bihar is in Scheduled Caste Status. Among the numerically larger castes of SC, Dhobi have registered the highest over all literacy rate, the Dhobi of Haryana are said to have originated from Punjab and Rajasthan. They are scattered throughout the state, like other Hindu communities, they are divided into clans called gotras. Some of the major gotras are the hathwal~ Chauhan, Shukravar, Rajoria, Tonwar, Panwar, Badera, Satmase, Akhasriya, Mahavar and these clan names are also used as surnames. Their main occupation remains washing of and drying of clothes. A small number of Dhobi are marginal farmers. They are classified as OBCs, in Karnataka, there are Muslim Dhobis, they are also called as Agasa, Dhobi, Pakzade & Parit. Their population is spread over Karnataka, mainly in Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwar, Haveri, Davangere & Gadag Kumta, Sirsi, Ankola, Karwar, Mysore Banglore Gulbarga Ramnagar Districts. And their secondary language is Kannada & Urdu, there are also Hindu dhobis, called Madivala and their population is concentrated mainly in Davanagere, Chitradurga, Raichur and Shimoga districts. In Maharashtra, the Dhobi are found throughout the state, and are known as Parit. They claim to have belonged to the Rajput community. The Dhobi have been listed as Other Backward Class and they speak Marathi among themselves, and Hindi with outsiders. The community are endogamous, and practice clan exogamy, marriage within the clan is prohibited. The Dhobi of Mumbai wash their linen in the Mahalaxmi area known as Dhobi Ghat and this area is strangely popular with foreign tourists looking for a piece of quintessential Indian-ness. Another region in South Mumbai, Dhobitalao, used to be a lake where British soldiers used to have their uniforms washed about 120 years ago
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Housekeeping
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Housekeeping refers to the management of duties and chores involved in the running of a household, such as cleaning, cooking, home maintenance, shopping, laundry and bill pay. These tasks may be performed by any of the household members, the term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use. By extension, an office or organization, as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems, a housekeeper is a person employed to manage a household, and the domestic staff. It includes activities such as housecleaning, that is, disposing of rubbish, cleaning dirty surfaces and it may also involve some outdoor chores, such as removing leaves from rain gutters, washing windows and sweeping doormats. The term housecleaning is often used figuratively in politics and business, for the removal of unwanted personnel. Housecleaning is done to make the look and smell better. Tools used in housecleaning include vacuums, brooms, mops and sponges, together with cleaning products such as detergents, disinfectants, disposal of rubbish is an important aspect of house cleaning. Plastic bags are designed and manufactured specifically for the collection of litter, many are sized to fit common waste baskets and trash cans. Paper bags are made to carry aluminum cans, glass jars and other things although most people use plastic bins for glass since it could break, recycling is possible with some kinds of litter. Over time dust accumulates on household surfaces, as well as making the surfaces dirty, when dust is disturbed it can become suspended in the air, causing sneezing and breathing trouble. It can also transfer from furniture to clothing, making it unclean, vacuum cleaners often have a variety of tools to enable them to remove dirt not just from carpets and rugs, but from hard surfaces and upholstery. Examples of dirt or soil are detritus and common spills and stains that exists in the home, equipment used with a cleaner might be a bucket and sponge or a rag. A modern tool is the bottle, but the principle is the same. Various household cleaning products have been developed to facilitate the removal of dust and dirt, for surface maintenance, Products are available in powder, liquid or spray form. The basic ingredients determine the type of cleaning tasks for which they are suitable, some are packaged as general purpose cleaning materials while others are targeted at specific cleaning tasks such as drain clearing, oven cleaning, lime scale removal and polishing furniture. Household cleaning products provide aesthetic and hygiene benefits but are associated with health risks for the users. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the public access to the Household Products Database and this database provides consumer information for over 4,000 products based on information provided by the manufacturer through the material safety data sheet. Surfactants lower the tension of water, making it able to flow into smaller tiny cracks
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