1.
Pepin County, Wisconsin
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Pepin County is a county in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,469, Pepin County was the birthplace of Laura Ingalls Wilder. Pepin County was formed in 1858 from portions of Dunn County and it was named after the French conquistadors Pierre and Jean Pepin du Chardonnets. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 249 square miles. It is the smallest county in Wisconsin by area, the population density was 31 people per square mile. There were 3,036 housing units at a density of 13 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 90% White,0. 08% Black or African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 21% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 08% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races. 0. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,41. 6% were of German,13. 5% Norwegian,9. 9% Austrian and 6. 8% Swedish ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 2% spoke English and 3. 4% German as their first language,26. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.13. In the county, the population was out with 26. 50% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,25. 90% from 25 to 44,22. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 101.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.20 males, Pepin County has a 12-member board of supervisors. Prior to the election of 2016, the last time Pepin County voted for the Republican candidate was in 1972, note, In 1928, Progressive candidate Robert M. La Follette, Sr. came in second in Pepin County, durand Pepin Stockholm Arkansaw National Register of Historic Places listings in Pepin County, Wisconsin Curtiss-Wedge, Franklyn. History of Buffalo and Pepin Counties, Pepin County Pepin County map from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation
2.
Mansfield, Missouri
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Mansfield is a city in Wright County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,296 at the 2010 census, Mansfield was platted in 1882 by F. M. Mansfield, and named for him. A post office called Mansfield has been in operation since 1882, Mansfield is located at 37°6′23″N 92°34′52″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.90 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,296 people,568 households, the population density was 689.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 646 housing units at a density of 343.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 6% White,0. 6% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 5% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 38. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age in the city was 38.1 years. 27. 2% of residents were under the age of 18, 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 3% were from 25 to 44,24. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 4% male and 52. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,349 people,564 households, and 354 families residing in the city. The population density was 859.0 people per square mile, there were 632 housing units at an average density of 402.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 33% White,0. 15% African American,0. 82% Native American,0. 30% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 59% of the population. 34. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city the population was out with 29. 7% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,25. 7% from 25 to 44,17. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $21,875, and the median income for a family was $27,734. Males had an income of $27,143 versus $15,216 for females
3.
Children's literature
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Childrens literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern childrens literature is classified in two different ways, genre or the age of the reader. Childrens literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of an oral tradition. The development of childrens literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many childrens tales were originally created for adults. Since the 15th century, a quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early centuries became known as the Golden Age of Childrens Literature as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics. There is no single or widely used definition of childrens literature and it can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. The International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature notes that the boundaries of genre. are not fixed but blurred, sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Rowlings Harry Potter series was written and marketed for young adults, the series extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for childrens books. Despite the widespread association of childrens literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, seth Lerer, in the opening of Childrens Literature, A Readers History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, This book presents a history of what children have heard and read. The history I write of is a history of reception, early childrens literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems that were used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of childhood, that a genre of childrens literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations. French historian Philippe Ariès argues in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. Pre-modern childrens literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational, during the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection, the English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and he also suggested that picture books be created for children
4.
Midwestern United States
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It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
5.
Western United States
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The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
6.
Little House on the Prairie (novel)
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Little House on the Prairie is an autobiographical childrens novel by Laura Ingalls Wilder, published in 1935. It was the book in the Little House series but its story continues that of the first book, Little House in the Big Woods. Thus it is called the second book in the series. The book is about the months the Ingalls family spent on the Kansas prairie around the town of Independence, Wilder describes how her father built their one-room log house in Indian Territory, having heard that the government planned to open the territory to white settlers soon. In contrast to Little House in the Big Woods, the Ingalls family faces difficulty and they all fall ill from malaria, which was ascribed to breathing the night air or eating watermelon. By the end of the book, all the work is undone when word comes that U. S. soldiers are being sent to remove white settlers from Indian Territory. Pa decides to move the family away immediately before they can be forced to leave, the Ingalls family moved from the Big Woods of Wisconsin to Kansas in 1868, and lived there between 1869 and 1870. Baby Carrie was born there in August, and a few weeks after her birth, the Ingalls family moved back to Wisconsin, where they lived the next four years. In 1874 they started for Walnut Grove, Minnesota, stopping for a while in Lake City, the Ingalls family had no legal right to occupy their homestead, and once informed of their error, left the territory despite the fact that they had only just begun farming it. Several of their neighbors stayed and fought the decision, as they were preparing to leave, the Ingalls received word from Wisconsin that the man who purchased their farm near Pepin had defaulted on the mortgage. Since they had to leave Kansas, they decided to go back to Wisconsin, so instead of heading to Minnesota as the series relates, they headed to Wisconsin and lived there again for a few years before heading west to Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Virginia Kirkus had handled Ingalls Wilders debut novel Little House in the Big Woods for Harper & Brothers as its childrens book editor from 1926 to 1932, in Kirkus Reviews, her semimonthly bulletin from 1933, she awarded Little House on the Prairie a starred review. Good Americana – and a first rate tale, personally, I liked it certainly as well, perhaps better than the other. In 2012 Little House on the Prairie was ranked number 27 among all-time childrens novels in a survey published by School Library Journal – the second of three Little House books in the Top 100. Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article, Little House on the Prairie Little House Books at HarperCollins Childrens Books The Journeys of Laura Ingalls – web ring
7.
Almanzo Wilder
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Almanzo James Wilder was the husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder and the father of Rose Wilder Lane, both noted U. S. writers. Almanzo Wilder was born the fifth of six children to farmers James and Angeline Day Wilder on their farm near Malone and his siblings include Laura Ann, Royal Gould, Eliza Jane, Alice M. and Perley Day. As part of her Little House series of novels, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote a book titled Farmer Boy about Wilders childhood in upstate New York. He was characterized as a courageous, hardworking man who loved horses. He was also a carpenter and woodworker. Farmer Boy recounts events of Wilders childhood starting when he was eight years old, among other things, he goes to school, learns to drive a team of oxen, attends a county fair, and enjoys a mid-19th century Fourth of July celebration in town. He also learns how to deal with being bossed around by his siblings, particularly his strong-willed sister Eliza Jane. Farmer Boy, by date, was the second book written in the Little House series. Published in 1933, it was followed by Little House on the Prairie in 1935, the original order of publication was changed by the publisher Harper with the release of the newly illustrated 1953 edition. The Wilder family left Malone in 1870 due to crop failures, moving west, they settled in Spring Valley, Minnesota where they established a farm. In 1879, Wilder and his older brother Royal along with sister Eliza Jane moved to the Dakota Territory, taking claims near what would become the town of De Smet. Wilder settled on his homestead with the intent of planting acres of seed wheat which he had cultivated on rented shares in Marshall and it was in De Smet that he first met Laura Ingalls. The Ingalls family had been among the first settlers in the area and they moved to the Dakota Territory from Walnut Grove, Minnesota, when Charles Ingalls took a brief job with the railroad. Ingalls wrote of Wilders character in The Long Winter, along with his future wifes fellow school chum, Ed Cap Garland, Wilder risked his life to save the pioneers of De Smet from starvation during the hard winter of 1881, among them the Ingalls family. They managed to find the farmer and purchase, when Wilder was 25 years old and Ingalls was age 15, the two began courting. Wilder would drive Ingalls back and forth between De Smet and a new settlement 12 miles outside town where she was teaching school, three years later, on August 25,1885, Wilder and Ingalls were married in De Smet by the Reverend Edward Brown. They settled on Wilders claim and began their own farming operations. The Wilders daughter, Rose, was born December 5,1886, Rose Wilder later became known as the author Rose Wilder Lane, a noted political writer and philosopher
8.
Rose Wilder Lane
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Rose Wilder Lane was an American journalist, travel writer, novelist, political theorist, and daughter of American writer Laura Ingalls Wilder. Along with Ayn Rand and Isabel Paterson, Lane is noted as one of the founders of the American libertarian movement, Rose was the first child of Laura Ingalls Wilder and Almanzo Wilder, and the only child of her parents to survive into adulthood. Her early years were a time for her parents because of successive crop failures, illnesses. There, her parents would eventually establish a farm and fruit orchards. Rose attended secondary school in Mansfield and Crowley, Louisiana, while living with her aunt Eliza Jane Wilder and her intellect and ambition were demonstrated by her ability to compress three years of Latin into one, and by graduating at the top of her high school class in Crowley. Despite her academic success, Rose was unable to attend college as a result of her parents financial situation, after high school graduation, Lane returned to her parents home in Mansfield and learned telegraphy at the Mansfield railroad station. Not satisfied with the open to young women in Mansfield, by early 1905 she was working for Western Union in Sedalia. By 1906, Lane was working as a telegrapher at the Midland Hotel in Kansas City, over the next five years, Lane worked as a telegrapher in Missouri, Indiana, and California. In 1908, Lane moved to San Francisco, California, where she worked as a telegrapher at the Fairmont Hotel, in March 1909, Lane married salesman, promoter and occasional newspaperman Gillette Lane. Evidence exists that suggests the Lanes had met back in Kansas City, shortly after they wed, Lane quit her job with Western Union and the couple embarked on travels across the US to promote various schemes. Lane soon became pregnant and while staying in Salt Lake City the following November, public records indicate Lane gave birth to a premature, subsequent surgery in Kansas City likely left her unable to bear children. She felt her intellectual interests did not mesh with the life she was living with her husband, one account even had her attempting suicide by drugging herself with chloroform, only to awake with a headache and a renewed sense of purpose in life. Keenly aware of her lack of an education, during these years, Lane read voraciously. Her writing career began around 1908, with occasional freelance jobs that earned much-needed extra cash. In 1913 and 1914, the Lanes sold farm land in what is now the San Jose/Silicon Valley area of northern California, conditions often required them to work separately to earn greater commissions, and Lane turned out to be the better salesperson than her husband. The marriage foundered, there were periods of separation. The stopgap turned into a watershed and she immediately caught the attention of her editors not only through her talents as a writer in her own right, but also as a highly skilled editor for other writers. Before long, her photo and byline were running in the Bulletin daily, Lanes first-hand accounts of the lives of Henry Ford, Charlie Chaplin, Jack London, and Herbert Hoover were published in book form
9.
Charles Ingalls
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Charles Phillip Ingalls was the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder, known for her Little House series of books. Ingalls is depicted as the character Pa in the books and the television series, for information on the relatives, see, List of real-life individuals from Little House on the Prairie. Ingalls was the second of nine children of Lansford Whiting Ingalls and Laura Louise Colby Ingalls, lansfords mother was Margaret Delano, of the famed Delano family, and was a descendant of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. In the 1840s, when Ingalls was a boy, his family moved from New York to the tallgrass prairie of Campton Township, just west of Elgin. Charles grew into a high-spirited, outgoing man, with a love of music and reading, as well as becoming an accomplished hunter-trapper, carpenter, on February 1,1860, Charles Ingalls married a neighbor, the quiet and proper Caroline Lake Quiner. They had five children, Mary, Laura, Carrie, Charles Frederick Freddie, for his entire life, Ingalls had a strong case of wanderlust. He is quoted by Laura in her Little House series of books as saying and he loved travelling and did not like living among big crowds of people so, with his family in the early years of his marriage, he traveled a great deal and often changed homes. From their original home in the woods of Wisconsin, he moved his family to Indian Territory in southeastern Kansas, then back to Wisconsin, then presented with a job opportunity in Dakota Territory, he longed to move yet again, as the family was struggling financially in Minnesota. Caroline agreed, but extracted a promise from her husband that this would be their last move, Ingalls agreed, and the family settled down for good in De Smet, South Dakota. He held various elected positions in the town, including Justice of the Peace and he also operated a retail store in De Smet for a few years and lastly, sold insurance. He died on June 8,1902, of cardiovascular disease and he is buried at De Smet Cemetery. Ingalls helped organize, and was an member of, the Congregational Church in De Smet. He was a Freemason and he was given Masonic rites at his funeral
10.
Caroline Ingalls
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Caroline Ingalls was the mother of Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House books. Her brothers were Joseph, Henry, and Thomas, and her sisters were Martha Jane, when Caroline was five, her father died in an accident, reportedly on Lake Michigan near the Straits of Mackinac. In 1849, her mother married Frederick Holbrook, a farmer who lived nearby and they had one child together, Charlotte Lottie Holbrook. Caroline evidently loved and respected her stepfather, and would later honor his memory by naming her son after him, at the age of 16 1/2, Caroline started working as a teacher. On February 1,1860, she married Charles Ingalls and they had five children, Mary, Laura, Caroline, Charles Frederick, and Grace. Charles Frederick Freddie Ingalls was born on November 1,1875, in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in her autobiography Pioneer Girl, Laura remembers that Little Brother was not well and that one terrible day, he straightened out his little body and was dead. Wilder scholar William Anderson noted, Nearly forty years after Freddies death, Ma mourned him, the Ingalls family traveled by covered wagon from Wisconsin, Kansas, Burr Oak, Iowa, and Minnesota. In 1879, they settled on a homestead near De Smet and he made his living primarily as a carpenter from that time onward until his death of heart disease at age 66. The names, dates and people mentioned in the books are true, the first title in the series is Little House in Brookfield. From the Mouth of Ma, A Search for Caroline Quiner Ingalls, Ma Ingalls describes family life in 1861, letter at the Wisconsin Historical Society Caroline Ingalls at Find a Grave
11.
Mary Ingalls
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Mary Amelia Ingalls was born near the town of Pepin, Wisconsin. She was the first child of Caroline and Charles Ingalls and she was the older sister of author Laura Ingalls Wilder, who is best known for her Little House on the Prairie book series. At the age of 14, Ingalls suffered an illness—thought to be scarlet fever—which caused her to lose her eyesight, between 1881 and 1889, Mary attended the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton, Iowa. The historical record is silent as to why Mary did not attend school during one year in that period and she then returned home to De Smet, South Dakota, and lived with her parents until their deaths. Mary contributed to the income by making fly nets for horses. After her parents death, she lived with her sister, Grace and she died on October 20,1928 at the age of 63, as a result of pneumonia and complications from a stroke. She is buried at De Smet Cemetery, Ingalls was portrayed in the television series Little House on the Prairie by actress Melissa Sue Anderson. Unlike her real-life counterpart, the television Mary became a teacher in a school for the blind and married a fellow teacher, Adam Kendall. Laura - The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Mary Ingalls at Find a Grave Bixler, Jennifer. The Real Reason Mary Ingalls Went Blind
12.
Carrie Ingalls
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Caroline Celestia Carrie Ingalls Swanzey was the third child of Charles and Caroline Ingalls, and was born in Montgomery County, Kansas. She was a sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder, who is known for her Little House books. As a child, Carrie Ingalls Swanzey had been small, thin and frail, Wilder remarks in a later book that Carrie was not recovering from the hard winter as she should. Swanzey was not constantly ill, but she never enjoyed robust physical health during her life and she traveled to several places in her young adulthood seeking a more comfortable climate, but always returned to the harsh winter climate of South Dakota. During her late-teen years Swanzey was a typesetter for the De Smet News and, subsequently, on August 1,1912, at age 41, she married widower David N. Swanzey, who is best-remembered for his part in the naming of Mount Rushmore. She became stepmother to Swanzeys two children, Mary Swanzey and Harold Swanzey, Harold was one of the workers who helped carve Mount Rushmore and his name can be found on the granite walls below the monument. He was later killed in a car accident, David Swanzey died in Keystone, South Dakota on April 9,1938. With her sister Graces help, Carrie took care of their blind sister Mary after their mothers death in 1924, Carrie was enthusiastic about Wilders books and helped her by sharing her childhood memories. Like Grace and Laura, she suffered from diabetes and she died of complications from diabetes in Keystone on June 2,1946, at age 75 and was buried in the De Smet Cemetery. She outlived her youngest sibling, Grace, who died of diabetes, diabetes ran in the Ingalls family and Grace and her sisters all succumbed to complications from the disease. Laura Ingalls Wilder was the longest-lived Ingalls daughter by far, outliving Mary by 29, Carrie by 11, Wilder eventually also succumbed to diabetes at age 90 on February 10,1957
13.
Grace Ingalls
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Grace Pearl Ingalls Dow was the fifth and last child of Caroline and Charles Ingalls. She was the youngest sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder, known for her Little House on the Prairie books. Dow trained as a schoolteacher, and taught in the town of Manchester, South Dakota, seven miles west of De Smet, South Dakota. On October 16,1901, she married Nathan William Dow in the parlor of her parents home in De Smet, aside from being a farm wife, she dabbled in journalism like her older sister Carrie, acting as a stringer for several local newspapers later in her life. After her parents deaths, she took care of her eldest sister Mary, Dow died of complications from diabetes in Manchester, South Dakota, on November 10,1941, aged 64. Diabetes ran in the Ingalls family and Laura, Carrie, Dow was the first of the Ingalls siblings to succumb to the ailment. She was buried at De Smet Cemetery, Grace Ingalls at Find a Grave
14.
Little House on the Prairie
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Little House on the Prairie is a series of American childrens novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder based on her childhood in the northern Midwest during the 1870s and 1880s. Eight were completed by Wilder, and published by Harper & Brothers from 1932 and 1943, of which the last covers her courtship with Almanzo Wilder, the first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the Little House series. The Little House series is based on memories of Laura Ingalls Wilders childhood in the northern Midwest region of the United States late in the 19th century. Wilders daughter Rose Wilder Lane assisted her mother with the editing of the works, the depth of her involvement, and the extent of her influence on the theme and content of the books, has been the subject of some scholarly debate in recent years. The original Little House books have remained continuously in print since their publication in the 1930s and they are considered classics of American childrens literature and remain widely read. The eight childrens novels were originally illustrated primarily by Helen Sewell and those five were all among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up. In 1953 Harper issued a complete set re-illustrated by Garth Williams, modern editions generally retain the Williams illustrations. The books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once, most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie, the last concluded with a note, The end of the Little house books. In 1953, the eight were reissued in an illustrated, uniform edition with cover and interior illustrations by Garth Williams. The nine alone are summarized in the subsections below, other titles include sticker and craft books, cookbooks, diaries, calendars, dishes, and so on. Four series of books expand the Little House series to five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilders family. The Caroline Years series narrates Lauras mother, Caroline Quiners, childhood in Wisconsin, the Rose Years series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco. It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride, in fact, Young Pioneerss main characters are even named Charles and Caroline, the names of Lauras parents. Two volumes of Lauras letters and diaries have also issued under the Little House imprint, On The Way Home and West From Home. In 2011 Wendy McClure published The Wilder Life, My Adventures in The Lost World of Little House on the Prairie, McClure brings her somewhat reluctant boyfriend Chris with her on her journeys. The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Lauras baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the author had only been three during the events of the book
15.
Settler
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A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally from a culture, as opposed to nomads who share. Settlements are often built on land already claimed or owned by another group, many times settlers are backed by governments or large countries. One can witness how settlers very often occupied land previously home to long-established peoples, the word settler was not originally usually used in relation to free labour immigrants, such as slaves, indentured labourers, or convicts. In United States history it refers to people who helped to settle new lands. In this usage, pioneers are usually among the first to an area, whereas settlers can arrive after first settlement and this correlates with the work of military pioneers who were tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops would arrive at the designated campsite. In Imperial Russia, the government invited Russians or foreign nationals to settle in sparsely populated lands, see, e. g. articles Slavo-Serbia, Volga German, Volhynia, Russians in Kazakhstan. In the Middle East, there are a number of references to various squatter, among those, Iraq – the Arabization program of the Baath Party in the late 1970s in North Iraq, which aimed at settling Arab populations instead of Kurds following the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War. Israel – Israelis who moved to areas captured during the Six-Day War in 1967 are termed Israeli settlers, in recent Israeli settlers have been settling in Palestinian territory such as the Gaza Strip and West Bank. However, this has caused political unrest and many settlers are forcibly removed from their settlements by the Israeli government, Syria – In recent times, Arab settlers have also moved in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria. Women and children experience violence in these highly dangerous ares because of the conflict, many natives face displacement when new settlements are established. During 1948 Palestine war, in which Israel was created, over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced from their homes, oftentimes fences or walls are built preventing the natives from traveling back onto the land. Settlements make it difficult for native people to continue their work. For example, if the settlers take part of the land which the trees grow on then the natives no longer have access to those olive trees. Many are met with violence when they try to get the things they need from the land, settlers in hypothetical societies, such as on other planets, often feature in science fiction or fantasy fiction and/or video games. Mascot for Texas Womans University, more specifically called the Pioneer. The colony concerned is sometimes controlled by the government of a home country
16.
American pioneer
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American pioneers are any of the people in American history who migrated west to join in settling and developing new areas. The pioneer concept and ethos greatly predate the migration to parts of the United States now called Western, for example, Daniel Boone, a key figure in American history, settled in Kentucky, when that Dark and Bloody Ground was still undeveloped. One important development in the Western settlement was the Homestead Act, various figures in American folklore and literature typify the pioneer. James Fenimore Coopers The Deerslayer became the most successful of his early series, laura Ingalls Wilders Little House on the Prairie series, published a century later in 1932–1943 but set in the 1870s and 1880s, typified later depictions of pioneer families. Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett became two real-life icons of pioneer history
17.
Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
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The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilders best-selling series of Little House books. Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s and he asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie. Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls, the regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30,1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11,1974, during the 1982–83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House, A New Beginning. In 1997, TV Guide ranked the two-part episode Ill Be Waving As You Drive Away at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list, many episodes concern the maturation of the familys second daughter, Laura. However, episodes focus on other family and community members. Robert Alden, Lars Hanson, the founder and proprietor of the towns mill, and Dr. Hiram Baker. Teacher-turned-lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of four and later weds Mary Ingalls. Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series, a total of 190 of the 204 episodes. Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of one through eight. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev, of the 204 episodes, Michael Landon directed the largest number at 90, producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68, while co-star Victor French helmed 18. Maury Dexter and Leo Penn directed the episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively. Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley. Many other filming locations were used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora. The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written, the ending theme music, also written by Rose, originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later-season episode of Michael Landons previous long-running series, Bonanza. Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption, alcoholism, faith, poverty, blindness, some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction, leukemia, child abuse, and even rape. Although predominantly a drama, the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well, some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza. When Michael Landon decided to leave the show, season nine was renamed, the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo, a new family, the Carters, move into the Ingalls house
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Melissa Gilbert
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Melissa Ellen Gilbert is an American actress and television director. Gilbert began her career as an actress in the late 1960s appearing in numerous commercials. From 1974 to 1984, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie, during the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several popular television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films, Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has done voice work for animation such as Batman, The Animated Series. From 2009 to 2010, Gilbert appeared as Caroline Ma Ingalls in the production of Little House on the Prairie. In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC. Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005, in 2009, her autobiography Prairie Tale, A Memoir, was released. In 2014, she wrote a story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook, Memories. In 2016, Gilbert ran for U. S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigans 8th congressional district and she later dropped out due to health issues. Gilbert was born in Los Angeles, California on May 8,1964 to an engaged couple, David Darlington and Kathy Wood. She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the couple later adopted a son, Jonathan, who co-starred on Little House on the Prairie. Gilberts adoptive parents divorced when she was 8 years old and her mother, Barbara, then married Harold Abeles, and together they had biological daughter Sara Rebecca Abeles, born on January 29,1975. On February 13,1976, Paul Gilbert died, the marriage of Barbara and Harold Abeles later ended in divorce. Per her biography, Gilbert was lightly raised in her adoptive mothers Jewish religion, Gilberts earliest television appearances were in dozens of commercials, including one for Alpo dog food with Lorne Greene. She also attended school with Landons daughter, Leslie Landon and it was Leslie who informed her that she had won the role of Laura Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, beating out over 500 child actresses for the part. The pilot was shot in 1973 and was a ratings success, almost a year later, Gilbert began filming the series. Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her father died. However, a rift developed between Michael Landon and Gilbert after the revelation of Landons affair with Little Houses young makeup artist, Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season
19.
Michael Landon
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Michael Landon was an American actor, writer, director, and producer. He is known for his roles as Little Joe Cartwright in Bonanza, Charles Ingalls in Little House on the Prairie, Landon appeared on the cover of TV Guide 22 times, second only to Lucille Ball. Landon was born Eugene Maurice Orowitz on October 31,1936, in Forest Hills and his parents were Peggy and Eli Maurice Orowitz. Eugene was the Orowitz familys second child, their daughter, Evelyn, was three years earlier. In 1941, when Landon was four years old, he and his moved to the Philadelphia suburb of Collingswood. He attended and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at Temple Beth Shalom and his family recalls that Landon went through a lot of hassle studying for the big event, which included bicycling to a nearby town every day to learn how to read Hebrew and do the praying. During his childhood, Landon was constantly worrying about his mother attempting suicide, once, the family vacationed at a beach. His mother tried to drown herself, but Michael rescued her, shortly after the attempt, his mother acted as if nothing had happened. A few minutes later, Michael vomited and he said that it was the worst experience of his life. His mother put his wet sheets on display outside his window for all to see and he ran home every day and tried to remove them before his classmates could see. These events later inspired Landon to write and direct the 1976 made-for-television movie The Loneliest Runner, in high school Landon was an excellent javelin thrower, his 193′ 4″ toss in 1954 being the longest throw by a high schooler in the United States that year. Landon decided on his surname by choosing it from a phone book and his first starring appearance was on the television series Telephone Time, in the episode The Mystery of Casper Hauser as the title character. S. Landon can be seen in a speaking role as a cavalry trooper in a 1956 episode of the ABC/Warner Bros. television series Cheyenne. Two years later, Landon returned to that series in The White Warrior. He was then cast as White Hawk a. k. a, alan Horn, a young white man who, like Cheyenne Bodie, was raised by Indians after the slaughter of his parents. White Hawk rises to the occasion to help Cheyenne as he heads a wagon train to California amid the threat of the Apaches. In 1957, Candlelight Records released a Michael Landon single, Gimme a Little Kiss / Be Patient With Me during the height of his notoriety for role in the film, some copies show the artist credited as the Teenage Werewolf rather than as Michael Landon. In 1962, both the A- and B-side of the record were re-released on the Fono-Graf label that included a sleeve of Landons then-current work on Bonanza as Little Joe Cartwright
20.
Pepin, Wisconsin
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Pepin is a village in Pepin County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 837 at the 2010 census, the village is located within the Town of Pepin. By the mid-17th century, the French had begun to send expeditions into Wisconsin via the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River. King Louis XIII of France is believed to have granted a piece of land in the Upper Mississippi River Valley to two brothers, Etiene Pepin de la Fond and Guillaume dit Tranchemontagne. Pepin is located at 44°26′33″N 92°8′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.70 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 837 people,399 households, the population density was 1,195.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 490 housing units at a density of 700.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 9% White,0. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 4% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 2% of the population. 38. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.58. The median age in the village was 53.9 years. 14. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 4% were from 25 to 44,33. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 28% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 878 people,381 households, and 241 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,238.1 people per square mile, there were 430 housing units at an average density of 606.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 29% White,0. 11% Black or African American,0. 34% Native American,0. 57% Asian, and 0. 68% from two or more races. 32. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.74. In the village, the population was out with 17. 3% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,21. 9% from 25 to 44,26. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48 years, for every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males, the median income for a household in the village was $36,319, and the median income for a family was $41,250
21.
Big Woods
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Big Woods refers to a type of temperate hardwood forest ecoregion found in western Wisconsin and south-central Minnesota. Big Woods is a translation of the name given to the region by French explorers. The dominant trees are American elm, basswood, sugar maple, the understory is composed of ironwood, green ash, and aspen. The Big Woods would have once covered 5,000 square miles in a diagonal strip 100 miles long and 40 miles wide, today most of this region has been cleared for agriculture and urban development. Remnant and secondary stands of Big Woods remain in parks and other protected areas, most of the Big Woods area in Minnesota are closed forest savannas. Indian de-population 1500-1800 a. d. reduced burnings, which led to the oak savannas succeeding into sugar maple - basswood, the landscape is characterized by round hills and numerous undrained lakes left by melting ice blocks. These hills and lakes suppressed fires that were instrumental forces on the prairie to the west, the Minnesota and Crow Rivers flow through the region, but many of the 100 or so lakes had no inlets or outlets. The Big Woods have a season of about 145–150 days. A fragment of the Big Woods in mostly pristine condition is preserved in Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park near Nerstrand, little House in the Big Woods by American author Laura Ingalls Wilder takes place near her home town of Pepin, Wisconsin. Minnesota DNR, Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park website
22.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
23.
Log cabin
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A log cabin is a dwelling constructed of logs, especially a less finished or architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history in Europe, and in America are often associated with first generation home building by settlers, construction with logs was described by Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio in his architectural treatise De Architectura. He noted that in Pontus, dwellings were constructed by laying logs horizontally overtop of each other and filling in the gaps with chips, historically log cabin construction has its roots in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Although their origin is uncertain, the first log structures were probably being built in Northern Europe by the Bronze Age. C. A. Weslager describes Europeans as having. accomplished in building several forms of log housing, having different methods of corner timbering, Log saunas or bathhouses of this type are still found in rural Finland. By stacking tree trunks one on top of another and overlapping the logs at the corners and they developed interlocking corners by notching the logs at the ends, resulting in strong structures that were easier to make weather-tight by inserting moss or other soft material into the joints. As the original coniferous forest extended over the coldest parts of the world, the insulating properties of the solid wood were a great advantage over a timber frame construction covered with animal skins, felt, boards or shingles. Over the decades, increasingly complex joints were developed to ensure more weather tight joints between the logs, but the profiles were still based on the round log. It was also common to replace individual logs damaged by dry rot as necessary, the Wood Museum in Trondheim, Norway, displays fourteen different traditional profiles, but a basic form of log construction was used all over North Europe and Asia and later imported to America. Log construction was especially suited to Scandinavia, where straight, tall tree trunks are readily available, with suitable tools, a log cabin can be erected from scratch in days by a family. As no chemical reaction is involved, such as hardening of mortar, many older towns in Northern Scandinavia have been built exclusively out of log houses, which have been decorated by board paneling and wood cuttings. Today, construction of log cabins as leisure homes is a fully developed industry in Finland. Modern log cabins often feature fiberglass insulation and are sold as prefabricated kits machined in a factory, Log cabins are mostly constructed without the use of nails and thus derive their stability from simple stacking, with only a few dowel joints for reinforcement. This is because a log cabin tends to compress slightly as it settles, nails would soon be out of alignment and torn out. In the present-day United States, settlers may have first constructed log cabins by 1638, historians believe that the first log cabins built in North America were in the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige in the Delaware River and Brandywine River valleys. Many of its colonists were actually Forest Finns, because Finland was a part of Sweden at that time. New Sweden only briefly existed before it became the Dutch colony of New Netherland, the Swedish-Finnish colonists quick and easy construction techniques not only remained, but spread. Later German and Ukrainian immigrants also used this technique, the Scots and Scots-Irish had no tradition of building with logs, but they quickly adopted the method
24.
Little House Wayside
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The Little House Wayside is a 3-acre rest area located in Pepin County, Wisconsin. It is approximately seven miles northwest of Pepin, Wisconsin located in the town of Stockholm, the Wayside is located on the plot where Laura Ingalls Wilder was born on February 7,1867. The site contains a replica of the house that was described in the book, the unfurnished cabin contains a fireplace, two bedrooms, a loft, and information about Wilder and her family. The site is now surrounded by farmland, although it was a dense hardwood forest when Laura was born. The site is maintained by the Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society, the house is closed for the winter after the snow gets deep
25.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
26.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
27.
Plymouth Colony
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Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, the settlement served as the capital of the colony, and is the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the portion of the modern state of Massachusetts. Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of Separatists initially known as the Brownist Emigration and Anglicans, who came to be known as the Pilgrims. The colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success, in this, they were aided by Squanto and it played a central role in King Philips War, one of the earliest of the Indian Wars. Ultimately, the colony was merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, despite the colonys relatively short existence, Plymouth holds a special role in American history. The social and legal systems of the colony became closely tied to their religious beliefs, many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore, including the North American tradition known as Thanksgiving and the monument known as Plymouth Rock. Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of English separatists who later came to be known as the Pilgrims, the core group was part of a Congregationalist congregation led by William Bradford. The congregation began to feel the pressures of religious persecution while still in the English village of Scrooby, near East Retford, in 1607, Archbishop Tobias Matthew raided homes and imprisoned several members of the congregation. The congregation then left England in 1609 and emigrated to the Netherlands, first to Amsterdam, in Leiden, the congregation gained the freedom to worship as they chose, but Dutch society was unfamiliar to them. Scrooby had been a community, whereas Leiden was a thriving industrial center. The community remained close-knit, but their children began adopting Dutch language and customs, the Separatists were also still not free from the persecutions of the English Crown. English authorities came to Leiden to arrest William Brewster in 1618, after he published comments critical of the King of England. Brewster escaped arrest, but the events spurred the congregation to move farther from England. This land patent allowed them to settle at the mouth of the Hudson River and they then sought financing through the Merchant Adventurers, a group of businessmen who principally viewed the colony as a means of making a profit. Upon arriving in America, the Pilgrims began working to repay their debts, using the financing secured from the Merchant Adventurers, the Colonists bought provisions and obtained passage on two ships, the Mayflower and the Speedwell. The Congregation and the colonists finally boarded the Speedwell in July 1620 in the Dutch port of Delfshaven. Speedwell was re-rigged with larger masts before leaving Holland and setting out to meet Mayflower in Southampton, the Mayflower was purchased in London
28.
Edmund Rice (colonist)
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Edmund Rice, was an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony born in Suffolk, England. He lived in Stanstead, Suffolk and Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire before sailing with his family to America and he landed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in summer or fall of 1638, thought to be first living in the town of Watertown, Massachusetts. Shortly thereafter he was a founder of Sudbury in 1638, and he was a Deacon in the Puritan Church, and served in town politics as a selectman and judge. He also served five years as a member of the Great and General Court, Edmund Rices rough birth date of 1594 is reckoned from a 3 April 1656 court deposition in Massachusetts in which he stated that he was 62 years old. His likely birthplace, somewhere in Suffolk in East Anglia, is found through the town of his marriage, many of the church records from 1594 in Suffolk are lost, so any record of his birth or the names of his parents or any of his forebears is unknown. Edmund Rice had a brother, Henry, who married Elizabeth Frost on 12 November 1605 at St. James Church, Stanstead. He moved from Stanstead to Berkhamsted sometime in 1626, based upon the baptismal dates of his children Thomas, under the incumbency of Rev. Newman, Rice served as a churchwarden at St. Peters Church and acted as overseer of the poor for eight years. While living in Berkhamsted, Rice acquired and was taxed on 3 acres of land in 1627, there is no record in Berkhamsted of Rice paying taxes on his land in 1638, possibly due to its sale to finance his trip to America. However, the 1638 petition to the General Court to found Sudbury did not explicitly mention Rices name, the first documented record of his presence in Massachusetts is in the Township Book of Sudbury prior to 4 April 1639 in which he was already serving as a selectman. Between 1638 and 1657, Rice resided in Sudbury where he became a leader in the community, on 3 April 1640, Rice was granted 20 acres in southeastern Sudbury near the Old Connecticut Path. He served as a selectman in Sudbury in 1639 and 1640 and he was designated a freeman on 13 May 1640, and was first elected as a deputy of the Great and General Court in October 1640. He was later appointed by the General Court on 2 June 1641 as a Judge of Small Causes for Sudbury, then from 1648 until 1654 he was elected and reelected locally in Sudbury as one of the municipal judges. He was reelected for another term as a deputy of the General Court in 1643. On 18 June 1645, Rice and his colleagues reported to the General Court on their survey, in 1648, Rice was ordained as a Deacon in the Puritan Church at Sudbury. Stone erected a gristmill on his property of Stones End in 1656 that would become the village of Saxonville. Edmund Rice was particularly successful in his own real estate transactions, within a year, Philemon Whale and Thomas Axtell, former town mates and kin from Berkhamstead, England established their homesteads on adjacent lots nearby. In October 1643 Rice sold Philemon Whale 9 acres of land, on 8 April 1657, Rice purchased the 200 acres Jennison Farm in the southeastern part of Sudbury. The General Court made grants of land to Rice in what is now Framingham,50 acres in 1652 and 80 acres in 1659 and these lands in Framingham were passed on to Rices son Henry in 1659, and became to be known as Rices End
29.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
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Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean. The earlier Dutch colony of New Netherlands disputed many of these claims, arguing that they held rights to lands beyond Rhode Island up to the side of Cape Cod. The Massachusetts Bay Colony began in 1628 and was the second attempt at colonization. The colony was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s, the population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views, as a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies. The colonists initially had decent relationships with the local Indian populations and these led first to the Pequot War and then to King Philips War, after which most of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists. The colony was successful, engaging in trade with England. A shortage of currency in the colony prompted it to establish a mint in 1652. Political differences with England after the English Restoration led to the revocation of the charter in 1684. King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1686 to bring all of the New England colonies under firmer crown control, Sir William Phips arrived in 1692 bearing the charter and formally took charge of the new province. The political and economic dominance of New England by the state of Massachusetts was made possible in part by the early dominance in these spheres by the Massachusetts Bay colonists. The total Indian population in 1620 has been estimated to be 7,000 with the population of New England at 15–18,000, the land-use patterns of the natives included plots cleared for agricultural purposes, and woodland territories for the hunting of game. Land divisions between the tribes were well understood, during the early 17th century, several European explorers charted the area, including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith. Plans began in 1606 for the first permanent British settlements on the east coast of North America, on April 10,1606, King James I of England granted a charter forming two joint-stock companies. Under this charter, the first Colony and the second Colony were to be ruled by a Council composed of 13 individuals in each colony, the charter provided for an additional council of 13 persons to have overarching responsibility for the combined enterprise. No name was given to either the company or council governing the respective colonies, the first Colony ranged from the 34th- to 41st-degree latitude north, the second Colony ranged from the 38th- to 45th-degree latitude. The London Company proceeded to establish Jamestown, the Plymouth Company under the guidance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges covered the more northern area, including present-day New England, and established the Sagadahoc Colony in 1607 in present-day Maine. The experience proved exceptionally difficult for the 120 settlers, however, Gorges noted that there was no more speech of settling plantations in those parts for a number of years
30.
Skirbeck
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Skirbeck is a suburb and former civil parish in the Borough of Boston in the county of Lincolnshire, England. Skirbeck is a long v-shaped formation wrapped around the south and east side of Boston parish and it has been incorporated into the Borough of Boston since 1932. It is in the Pilgrim ward of the Boston Borough Council, Skirbeck includes the hamlet and former civil parish of Skirbeck Quarter which was on the west side of the River Witham and was a separate parish from 1866 to 1932. That name originates from the words skirn and bekkr meaning clear stream, Skirbeck appears in two entries in the Domesday Book of 1086, when it was recorded as consisting of a total of 42 households and had two churches and two fisheries. St Leonards Hospital for ten people, was founded around 1220 and was held by the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem from about 1230. It was later united with the Preceptory at Maltby, in 1542 it was granted to Charles Duke of Suffolk, and may have continued as an almshouse. It appears to have located on the west side of the Maud Foster Drain. The parish church is set by the bank of the River Witham, dedicated to Saint Nicholas it is a Grade II* listed building dating from the 13th century. It was restored between 1869 and 1875 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and in 1899 a restoration of the tower took place. Between 1933 and 1935 a chancel by LT Moore was added, the Grade II* listed Hussey Tower was a 14- and 15th-century brick tower with an octagonal turret, originally known as Benyington Tower. It was sold to Boston Corporation and dismantled after 1545 when it was forfeited by Lord Hussey, Boston Workhouse was built in 1837 by George Gilbert Scott. It was built near the site of the hospital of St John. The Grade II listed front range of the still exists. Boston House of correction was in Skirbeck Quarter and was erected in 1809, from 1826 it was only used to hold prisoners for trial, and after 1837 Boston borough gaol became available and Skirbeck House of correction closed. In 1849 it was converted into a lock-up, holy Trinity Grade II listed church in Skirbeck Quarter, which was a chapel of ease to Skirbeck, was built 1846–48 by Sir George Gilbert Scott. In 1988 it was added to by John Webster of Leeds, Saint Thomas Church in Skirbeck Quarter started as a classroom of the original school building in 1866, and in 1885 became a tin tabernacle. Need for a permanent brick building was recognised and the church was begun in 1909 and it was built by Temple Moore and is a Grade II listed building. Media related to Skirbeck at Wikimedia Commons
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Lincolnshire
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Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, Englands shortest county boundary, the county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the county of Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use, the county is fifth largest of the two-tier counties, as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including, Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough of Stamford. For some time the county was called Lindsey, and it is recorded as such in the 11th-century Domesday Book. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and these survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire. A local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the south of the Humber was allocated to the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire. These two areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial such as the Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police and are in the Yorkshire. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, North Kesteven, South Holland, South Kesteven and they are part of the East Midlands region. Lincolnshire is home to Woolsthorpe Manor, birthplace and home of Sir Isaac Newton and he attended The Kings School, Grantham and its library has preserved his signature, applied to a window sill when he was a teenager. Lincolnshire is an area, growing large amounts of wheat, barley, sugar beet. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers. Most such companies are long gone, and Lincolnshire is no longer an engineering centre, however, as a result of the current economic climate some food production facilities have closed down, this has caused some reduction in the levels of migrant workers. The large number of people from Portugal is still obvious in the town of Boston. A coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents currently controls Lincolnshire County Council, the Conservative Party comfortably controlled the County Council following the 2009 local elections, in which they increased their majority to 43 seats. The Labour Party lost a total of 15 seats including 7 in Lincoln, the Lincolnshire Independents gained a total of four seats, although one of their number moved to the Conservative group during 2010, increasing the number of Conservative seats to 61
32.
Thirteen Colonies
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The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States. The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems and they were part of Britains possessions in the New World, which also included colonies in present-day Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida. However, the Thirteen Colonies had a degree of self-government and active local elections. In the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with each other instead of dealing directly with Britain, Colonial decisions were subject to approval by the governor and the home government. There were also substantial populations of African slaves in some of the colonies, especially Virginia, the Carolinas, the names of the colonies were chosen by the founders and proprietors, subject to royal approval, and given in the founding charters. Nine of the thirteen chose to include in their names the term Province of, later residents tended to drop the ambiguous terminology, as in the map shown in the article Province of New Jersey, which is labeled simply East Jersey and West Jersey. In July 1776, they formed a new nation called the United States of America, the new nation achieved that goal by winning the American Revolutionary War with the aid of France, the Netherlands, and Spain. The American flag features thirteen horizontal stripes which represent these original thirteen colonies, besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war. The British crown had recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec. Contemporary documents usually list the thirteen colonies of British North America in geographical order, the consolidation collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, and the nine former colonies re-established their separate identities in 1689. Massachusetts Bay Colony Settled in 1630 by Puritans from England, the colonial charter was revoked in 1684, and a new charter was issued in 1691 establishing an enlarged Province of Massachusetts Bay. Province of Maine Settled in 1622, the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed the Maine territory in the 1650s, then limited to present-day southernmost Maine. Parts of Maine east of the Kennebec River were also part of New York in the half of the 17th century. These areas were made part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Plymouth Colony Settled in 1620 by the Pilgrims, plymouth was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Saybrook Colony Founded in 1635 and merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644, New Haven Colony Settled in late 1637. New Netherland Extensive region centered about New Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan Island
33.
Lynn, Massachusetts
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Lynn is the largest city in Essex County, Massachusetts. Situated on the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 10 miles north of downtown Boston, an early colonial settlement and industrial center, Lynn was long colloquially referred to as the City of Sin, owing to its historic reputation for crime and vice. The city also is home to the southernmost portion of the Essex Coastal Scenic Byway, Lynn Heritage State Park, prior to European colonization, the area today known as Lynn was inhabited by the Naumkeag people. European settlement of the area was begun in 1629 by Edmund Ingalls, the English settled Lynn not long after the 1607 establishment of Jamestown, Virginia--the first successful English colony in North America--and the 1620 arrival of the Mayflower at Plymouth. The area today encompassing Lynn was originally incorporated in 1631 as Saugus, a noteworthy early Lynn colonist, Thomas Halsey, left Lynn to settle the East End of Long Island, where he founded the Town of Southampton, New York. The resulting Halsey House—the oldest extant frame house in New York State --is now open to the public, under the aegis of the Southampton Colonial Society. Further European settlement of Lynn led to several independent towns being formed, with Reading created in 1644, Lynnfield in 1782, Saugus in 1815, Swampscott in 1852, and Nahant in 1853. The City of Lynn was incorporated in 1850, taking its name from Kings Lynn, Norfolk, England, Colonial Lynn was an early center of tannery and shoe-making, which began in 1635. The boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War were made in Lynn, and this legacy is reflected in the citys seal, which features a colonial boot. In 1816, a stage coach was operating through Lynn. By 1836,23 stage coaches left the Lynn Hotel for Boston each day, the Eastern Railroad Line between Salem and East Boston opened on August 28,1838. This was later merged with the Boston and Maine Railroad and called the Eastern Division, in 1847 telegraph wires passed through Lynn, but no telegraph service station was built until 1858. During the middle of the century, estates and beach cottages were constructed along Lynns shoreline. Many of the structures built during this period are situated within the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District. Further inland, industrial activity contemporaneously expanded in Lynn, shoe manufacturers, led by Charles A. Coffin and Silas Abbott Barton, invested in the early electric industry, specifically in 1883 with Elihu Thomson and his Thomson-Houston Electric Company. That company merged with Edison Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, forming General Electric in 1892, Coffin served as the first president of General Electric. Initially the General Electric plant specialized in arc lights, electric motors, later it specialized in aircraft electrical systems and components, and aircraft engines were built in Lynn during WWII. That engine plant evolved into the current jet engine plant during WWII because of contacts at MIT in Cambridge
34.
Rothville, Missouri
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Rothville is a village in Chariton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 99 at the 2010 census, Rothville is located at 39°39′17″N 93°3′40″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.20 square miles. Rothville was laid out in 1883, the community derives its name from John Roth, a local merchant. A post office was established at Rothville in 1868, as of the census of 2010, there were 99 people,37 households, and 29 families residing in the village. The population density was 495.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 47 housing units at an average density of 235.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 99. 0% White and 1. 0% from two or more races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 21. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 2. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age in the village was 33.2 years. 31. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,0. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,35. 4% were from 25 to 44,27. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 6. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50. 5% male and 49. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 93 people,39 households, and 23 families residing in the village. The population density was 370.3 people per square mile, there were 48 housing units at an average density of 191.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 98. 92% White,35. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.13. In the village, the population was out with 24. 7% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,34. 4% from 25 to 44,16. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males, the median income for a household in the village was $26,786, and the median income for a family was $27,917. Males had an income of $26,563 versus $18,125 for females
35.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
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Indian country
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Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American communities throughout the United States. This legal classification defines American Indian tribal and individual land holdings as part of a reservation, all federal trust lands held for Native American tribes is Indian country. Federal, state, and local governments use this category in their legal processes, Today, however, according to the U. S. Census of 2010, over 78% of all Native Americans live off reservations. Indian country now spans thousands of rural areas, towns and cities where Indian people live and this convention is followed generally in colloquial speech and is reflected in publications such as the Native American newspaper Indian Country Today. Historically, Indian country was considered the areas, regions, or territories beyond the frontier of settlement that were inhabited primarily by Native Americans. The first grants of land in what is now the United States made by the King of England left it to the grantee to make arrangements as they were able with the Indians living on the granted land. These areas were defined generally by boundaries set by treaties and it was understood that the law of the United States and the laws of individual states were unenforceable in Indian country, and tribes that lived on those lands had full sovereignty in those areas. N. Bruce Duthu, American Indians and the Law David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, 4th Ed. The Political Geography of Indian Country, American Indian Culture and Research Journal,151991 http, //www. census. gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10. pdf
37.
Independence, Kansas
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Independence is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 9,483 and it was named in commemoration of the Declaration of Independence. Independence was settled on land that was purchased from the Osage Indians in September 1869 by George A. Brown for the price of $50 and he originally called the townsite Colfax after Schuyler Colfax, Vice-president under President Ulysses S. Grant. On August 21,1869 a group of Oswego, Kansas men led by R. W. Wright settled there with the intent to make Independence the county seat, Irwin opened the first store in October 1869, Wilson & Irwin Groceries. Independence was designated county seat in 1870, Miss Able, a rhesus monkey, was born at Ralph Mitchell Zoo. Miss Able along with Miss Baker, a monkey, became the first monkeys to fly in space. Independence is located along the Verdigris River just south of its confluence with the Elk River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.75 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,483 people,3,950 households, the population density was 1,225.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,528 housing units at a density of 585.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 2% White,6. 5% African American,1. 6% Native American,0. 9% Asian,2. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 5% of the population. 33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the city was 36.9 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 5% were from 25 to 44,24. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,846 people,4,149 households, and 2,609 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,979.4 people per square mile, there were 4,747 housing units at an average density of 954.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 00% White,7. 17% African American,1. 16% Native American,0. 62% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 10% from other races, and 2. 95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 84% of the population,32. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
38.
Osage Nation
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The Osage Nation is a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains who historically dominated much of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma. The tribe developed in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys around 700 BC among other groups in its language family. It migrated west of the Mississippi after the 16th century due to wars with Iroquois invading the Ohio Valley from New York, the term Osage is a French version of the tribes name, which can be roughly translated as warlike. The Osage people refer to themselves in their indigenous Dhegihan Siouan language as Wazhazhe, at the height of their power in the early 19th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region, feared by neighboring tribes. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red rivers]], the Ozarks to the east and the foothills of the Wichita Mountains to the south and they depended on nomadic buffalo hunting and agriculture. The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as a fierce, courageous, warlike nation. In the Ohio Valley, the Osage originally lived among speakers of the same Dhegihan language stock, such as the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, researchers believe that the tribes likely became differentiated in languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in what is now Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, the Osage were forced to remove to Indian Territory in the 19th century and the majority of their descendants live in Oklahoma. There are 10,000 persons who are members of the federally recognized Osage Nation,6,780 of whom reside in the jurisdictional area, members also live outside the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country, including Kansas. The Osage are descendants of cultures of peoples who had been in North America for thousands of years. Studies of their traditions and language show that they were part of a group of Dhegian-Siouan speaking people who lived in the Ohio River valley area, according to their own stories, they migrated west as a result of war with the Iroquois and/or to reach more game. Scholars are divided in whether they think the Osage and other groups left before the Beaver Wars of the Iroquois, some believe that the Osage started migrating west as early as 1200 CE. They attribute their style of government to effects of the years of war with invading Iroquois. Eventually the Osage and other Dhegian-Siouan peoples reached their historic lands, by 1673, when they were recorded by the French, many of the Osage had settled near the Osage River in the western part of present-day Missouri. They were recorded in 1690 as having adopted the horse The desire to acquire more horses contributed to their trading with the French and they lived near the Missouri River. Together with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, they dominated western Oklahoma and they also lived near the Quapaw and Caddo in Arkansas. The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains, from their traditional homes in the woodlands of present-day Missouri and Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west. They also hunted deer, rabbit, and other game in the central
39.
On the Banks of Plum Creek
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On the Banks of Plum Creek is an autobiographical childrens novel written by Laura Ingalls Wilder and published in 1937, the fourth of nine books in her Little House series. It is based on a few years of her childhood when the Ingalls family lived at Plum Creek near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, the original dustjacket proclaimed, The true story of an American pioneer family by the author of Little House in the Big Woods. Plum Creek was a Newbery Honor book in 1938, as were the next four Little House books through 1944, having left their little house on the Kansas prairie, the Ingalls family travels by covered wagon to Minnesota and settles in a dugout on the banks of Plum Creek. Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner for the land and he later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family, which Laura and her sister Mary name Sam and David. Pa soon builds a new, above-ground, wooden house for the family, trusting that their first crop of wheat will pay for the lumber, now that they live near a town, Laura and Mary go to school for the first time. There they make friends, but also meet the town storekeepers daughter, Nellie Oleson, Laura and Mary attend a party at the Olesons home, and Ma has Laura and Mary invite all the girls to a party at their house to reciprocate. The family goes through hard times when grasshoppers decimate the much-anticipated wheat crop. For two harvest seasons, Pa is forced to walk three hundred miles east to work on farms that escaped the grasshopper plague. The book ends with Lauras father returning safely to the house after becoming lost near their home during a severe four-day blizzard, Laura is portrayed in this book as being seven to nine years old. Although Plum Creek is near the town of Walnut Grove, the name of the town is not mentioned in the book, virginia Kirkus had handled Ingalls Wilders debut novel Little House in the Big Woods for Harper & Brothers as its childrens book editor from 1926 to 1932. In Kirkus Reviews, her semi-monthly bulletin from 1933, she awarded On the Banks of Plum Creek a starred review, if anything, it is better than her enchanting Little House in the Big Woods. Laura is always in trouble, but a young person when brought to the text. On the Banks of Plum Creek was the first of five Newbery Honor books for Ingalls Wilder, the word Indian, referring to Native Americans, appears 12 times in the book, most of them dealing with the Ingalls familys time in Indian Territory. However, at one point Mary tells Laura to keep her sunbonnet on or Youll be as brown as an Indian, Laura also says, I wish I was an Indian and never had to wear clothes. After failing at farming in the Dakotas in the 1890s—drought, illness, and fire contributing—Laura moved with her husband, Almanzo, Wilder wrote Pioneer Girl, an adult version of her autobiography, before she wrote her children’s books. When Pioneer Girl proved unsellable to publishers, Wilder’s daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, suggested they rethink it, some of the real-life events were either softened or taken out entirely for a younger audience. Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article, On the Banks of Plum Creek Little House Books at HarperCollins Childrens Books
40.
Walnut Grove, Minnesota
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Walnut Grove is a city in Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 871 at the 2010 census and its former name is Walnut Station. Walnut Grove was platted in 1874 and it was named for a grove of black walnut trees near the original town site. The town was incorporated in 1879, Walnut Grove is the home of the Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, dedicated to the author of the Little House on the Prairie books. Charles Frederic Freddy Ingalls, the brother of Laura Ingalls Wilder, was born in Walnut Grove. Walnut Grove gained more than 250 new residents between 2001 and 2006, the new residents are Hmong immigrants and their families. The influx of people has increased the population to nearly 900, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.06 square miles, all of it land. Walnut Grove lies along U. S. Route 14, which connects it with Tracy to the west, as of the census of 2010, there were 871 people,313 households, and 210 families residing in the city. The population density was 821.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 367 housing units at an average density of 346.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 63. 4% White,0. 5% Native American,35. 0% Asian,1. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population. 30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.53. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 31. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 3% were from 25 to 44,23. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 3% male and 49. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 599 people,291 households, and 178 families residing in the city. The population density was 577.7 people per square mile, there were 341 housing units at an average density of 328.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 66% White,0. 67% African American,0. 17% Native American,0. 17% Asian,1. 17% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 17% of the population. 36. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.67. In the city, the population was out with 19. 4% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,22. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 7% from 45 to 64
41.
Dugout (shelter)
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A dugout or dug-out, also known as a pit-house, earth lodge, is a shelter for humans or domesticated animals and livestock based on a hole or depression dug into the ground. Dugouts can be recessed into the earth, with a flat roof covered by ground. They can also be semi-recessed, with a wood or sod roof standing out. These structures are one of the most ancient types of housing known to archeologists. Dugouts may also be temporary shelters constructed as an aid to specific activities, e. g. concealment, first driven underground by enemies who invaded their country, the Berbers of Matmâta found underground homes the best defense against summer heat. Burra in South Australias Mid-North region was the site of the famous Monster Mine, census data from 1851 shows that nearly 80 percent of the workers living in the dugouts were miners, with probably the majority being Cornish. Floods and the Victorian gold rush ended the large scale use of dugouts in Burra. Coober Pedy is a small town in northern South Australia,846 kilometres north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway. Most residents live in caves excavated into the hillsides to avoid the summer temperatures. White Cliffs, New South Wales is similar, in terms of climate, housing, in north China, especially on the Loess Plateau, caves called yaodongs dug into hillsides have been the traditional dwellings from early times. The advantage of a yaodong over a house is that it needs little heating in winter. An estimated 40 million people in northern China live in a yaodong, many people live in semi-recessed dugout houses in north-western China where hot summer and cold winters prevail. In the Early Jōmon period of Japanese pre-history complex pit houses were the most commonly used method of housing at the time, the well-preserved cave towns of Crimea are Mangup-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Inkerman and Chufut-Kale. The settlement of Mangup-Kale dates back to the 3rd century AD and was fortified by Justinian I in the mid 6th century and it was inhabited and governed primarily by Crimean Goths, and became the center of their autonomous principality. The last inhabitants, a community of Karaims, abandoned the site in the 1790s. In Iceland, since time immemorial and well into the 20th century, most houses were dug down, with turf or sod walls built up and roofs made of timber. Turf was used because timber was scarce and expensive, and stone not practical before the advent of concrete, Matera has gained international fame for its ancient town, the Sassi di Matera, which is UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993. The Sassi are houses dug into the rock itself, known locally as Tufo
42.
Plum Creek (Cottonwood River)
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Plum Creek is a 35. 4-mile-long stream near the city of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. It passes to the northwest of the town, flowing northeasterly to the Cottonwood River, with its waters flowing to the Minnesota River. Plum Creek lends its name to a library network. Plum Creek was so named on account of the plum trees along its course. It is known for being close to the homestead of the Ingalls family of Little House on the Prairie fame and it is also mentioned in the sixth Little House on the Prairie book. Frontier Girl Trail - Plum Creek
43.
Lake City, Minnesota
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Lake City is a city in Goodhue and Wabasha counties in the U. S. state of Minnesota. It lies along Lake Pepin, a portion of the Mississippi River. The population was 5,063 at the 2010 census, most of Lake City is located within Wabasha County with only a small portion in Goodhue County. The city of Lake City is located 65 miles southeast of the Twin Cities at the intersection of U. S, highways 61 and 63 on the Mississippi River at Lake Pepin. Lac de Pleurs was the given to Lake Pepin by Father Louis Hennepin. He christened the large body of water Lac de Pleurs after observing his Sioux captors weeping near the lake over the death of a chiefs son, the first known settler was Jacob Boody, who arrived in 1853. In the years to follow, several explorers passed through this area, the town was platted in 1855. The town supervisors were given powers by the State Legislature in 1864 to create a port market for grain. At Lake City the waters of Lake Pepin were deep enough to allow for such a port, soon the town became noted as a profitable market with the volume of trade for the year 1866 bringing in a little over a million and a half dollars. The city of Lake City became incorporated in 1872 and since has continued to thrive in its location on beautiful Lake Pepin and it is widely known for its attractive surroundings and bountiful fishing for every fresh water species. Lake City was the home of the inventor of waterskiing, Ralph Samuelson, the Sea Wing disaster occurred on July 13,1890 when a strong squall line overturned the excursion vessel Sea Wing on Lake Pepin near Lake City. Over 200 people were aboard the vessel when it was overturned, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.56 square miles,4.50 square miles is land and 0.06 square miles is water. Highways 61 and 63 are two of the routes in the community. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,063 people,2,238 households, the population density was 1,125.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,687 housing units at a density of 597.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 3% White,0. 5% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 8% Asian,1. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 2% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age in the city was 46.2 years
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