1.
Downtown Jacksonville
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Downtown Jacksonville is the historic core and central business district of Jacksonville, Florida USA. It comprises the earliest area of the city to be developed and is located in its center along the narrowing point of the St. Johns River. The area features offices for major corporations such as CSX Corporation, Fidelity National Financial, EverBank, Bank of America, Prudential Financial, Wells Fargo, AT&T, histories of the city report that there was once an Indian village at the site called Ossachite. White settlement in the area began during Floridas British period, when the East Florida government built the Kings Road to connect St. Augustine with the British colonies to the north. A ferry and tavern were built, and when Spanish rule resumed in Florida, the settlement that became Jacksonville largely formed from two land grants issued in 1816, one to Maria Taylor, née Suarez, and one to Juan LeMaestre. Hart eventually convinced his neighbors to join him in donating land for the venture, the settlement was named Jacksonville after Andrew Jackson, who had become popular among many Floridians for his actions in the First Seminole War. The town grew in fits and starts, it saw disruption during the Second Seminole War, during the American Civil War, Jacksonville was home to many Union sympathizers, and was occupied for most of the war by Union troops who took the city four separate times. The war devastated Jacksonville and caused half the population to flee. On May 3,1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire started at a fiber factory. Known as the Great Fire of 1901, it was one of the worst disasters in Florida history, in just eight hours, it destroyed the business district and left approximately 10,000 residents homeless. Architect Henry John Klutho was a figure in the reconstruction of the city. Multiple definitions of Downtown Jacksonville are in common use, often, the name Downtown is used exclusively for the historical core. This is bounded roughly by State Street to the north, Hogans Creek to the east, the St. Johns River to the south, and this definition is used, for example, by the Jacksonville Historic Preservation Commission and their book, Jacksonvilles Architectural Heritage. However, the City of Jacksonville and other use a wider definition that includes not only the Downtown Core. In this definition, the boundaries are State Street to the north, the St. Johns River to the east, under the broader definition, Downtown Jacksonville is divided into several districts or neighborhood. In addition to the historical Downtown Core, the most commonly used districts are, the Southbank, also known as the Northbank, is Jacksonvilles traditional city center and what most people associate with Downtown and Jacksonville in general. The Downtown Core is sometimes divided into additional, smaller districts. Downtown Vision, Inc. refers to the blocks to north of Church Street, the City of Jacksonvilles Downtown Master Plan further restricts the Central Civic Core to south of Church Street and east of Main Street, separating the rest of the area into other districts
2.
Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
3.
Great Fire of 1901
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The Great Fire of 1901 was a conflagration that occurred in Jacksonville, Florida, on May 3,1901. It was one of the worst disasters in Florida history and the third largest urban fire in the US, next to the Great Chicago Fire, in 1901, Jacksonville was a city which consisted mainly of wooden buildings with wood shingled roofs. The city itself had been suffering under a drought, leaving the building exteriors across the city dry. At around noon on Friday, May 3,1901, workers at the Cleaveland Fibre Factory, located on the corner of Beaver and Davis Streets, left for lunch. Several minutes later, sparks from the chimney of a nearby building started a fire in a pile of Spanish moss that had laid out to dry. First, factory workers tried to put it out with a few buckets of water, however, the blaze was soon out of control due to the wind picking up out of the east. A brisk northwest wind fanned the flames, which spread from house to house, in eight hours, the fire burned 146 city blocks, destroyed more than 2,368 buildings, and left almost 10,000 residents homeless. It is said the glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah, Georgia, Florida Governor William S. Jennings declared martial law in Jacksonville and dispatched several state militia units to help. Reconstruction began immediately, and the city was returned to authority on May 17. St. Andrews Episcopal Church, built of bricks in 1887, was the major church in the city to withstand the fire. The Duval County Courthouse and all its real estate records were destroyed in the fire and it is the only county in Florida for which that is the case. The only existing real estate records are title abstracts saved by Title and Trust. New York City architect Henry John Klutho helped rebuild the city, the Jacksonville City Hall currently uses the St. James Building. Local charity Fresh Ministries recently restored the Klutho Apartments, in Springfield, Jacksonville has one of the largest collections of Prairie Style buildings outside the Midwest. Information about the fire from the Jacksonville Historical Society 1901 Great Fire Remembered An Artistic Description of a Gloomy Affair
4.
Neoclassicism
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The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th, European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c.1760 in opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Each neo-classicism selects some models among the range of classics that are available to it. They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity, the Rococo art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through engravings in Woods The Ruins of Palmyra. While the movement is described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism. The case of the main champion of late Neoclassicism, Ingres, demonstrates this especially well. The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology, the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. With the advent of the Grand Tour, a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe, Neoclassicism in each art implies a particular canon of a classical model. In English, the term Neoclassicism is used primarily of the arts, the similar movement in English literature. This, which had been dominant for decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in French literature was similar, in music, the period saw the rise of classical music, and Neoclassicism is used of 20th-century developments. Ingress coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival, much Neoclassical painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann. The work of artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style. Unlike Carstens unrealized schemes, the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable and his main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the success of Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of government patronage in art
5.
Florida National Bank
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Florida National Bank, founded in 1905, was the second largest commercial bank in Florida. Florida National Group was acquired in 1990 by First Union Corporation, samuel Hubbards Mercantile Exchange Bank eventually became Florida National Bank after Jacksonvilles Great Fire of 1901. Millionaire Alfred I. du Pont acquired a major interest in the FNB shortly after moving to Jacksonville in the mid-1920s, the FNB stayed solvent throughout the 1930s because du Pont put $15 million of his own money into the institution to cover Bank runs. During the early 1930s, six other Florida National Banks were opened throughout Florida, including Lakeland and Bartow, Alfreds wife, when Alfred du Pont died in 1935, the du Pont Trust, managed by Ed Ball, Jessie du Ponts brother, continued to control the bank. Growth continued with the acquisition of many more Florida banks over the two decades and became known as the Florida National Group, which was one of the strongest banks in the state. In size, the branches eventually numbered 185, second only in Florida to Barnett Bank, Ball built the Florida National Bank building at 214 North Hogan Street in Jacksonville in 1961. The structure was constructed using materials which would appreciate in value, such as floors and granite exteriors. There were no executive washrooms and no hot water faucets in the eleven story edifice. The corporate offices of the group were housed in the upper floors, Ed Ball also kept his personal office there for managing the du Pont Trust. After Balls death, the structure was renamed the Edward Ball Building, congress forced the du Pont Trust to divest itself of banking interests when they withdrew the trusts 15-year exemption from the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The trust sold 34. 7% ownership in Florida National Banks to Charter Company in 1971 for $42M, leaving the du Pont Trust with 24. 9%, the CEO of Charter was Raymond Mason, a protégé of Ed Ball. Additionally, Ed Ball personally owned 6. 4% of FNB and was executor of his sisters estate, Ball was forced to sell the trusts remaining shares and resign as chairman of FNB. However, the du Pont Trust owned a significant block of Charter stock, southeast Banking Corporation, Floridas largest bank holding company, targeted FNB with a takeover bid in 1980, which the FNB board rejected. That same year, a group of investors from Chile, Venezuela, Canada and south Florida sought 40% ownership. FNB filed suit in court and the group was enjoined from acquiring more than 25% of the bank holding companys outstanding shares. However, Florida National revealed in 1981 that it was willing to permit acquisition by Chemical Banking Corporation of New York City after laws preventing interstate banking were lifted. Cavendes Sociedad Financiera, a Venezuelan investment company, announced that it had acquired 24.99 percent of the stock of Florida National. In February,1982, SBC sued to obtain an injunction against the merger in Federal court, Florida National Bank countered with an antitrust suit against SBC
6.
Henry John Klutho
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Henry John Klutho was an American architect known for his work in the Prairie School style. He helped in the reconstruction of Jacksonville, Florida after the Great Fire of 1901—the largest-ever urban fire in the Southeast—by designing many of the new buildings built after the disaster and this period lasted until the beginning of World War I. Several Jacksonville architects began their careers in the offices of Kluthos firm, Klutho was born in Breese, Illinois, a small midwest town. He lived there until the age of 16, when he left for St. Louis, when he became interested in architecture, he moved to New York City to learn more, and became an architect. Klutho read about the Great Fire of 1901 in the New York Times and he finished his current projects in New York and quickly moved to Jacksonville. Other projects soon followed, including the new City Hall and private homes, during a business trip to New York City in 1905, Klutho met Frank Lloyd Wright, and the event changed Kluthos life. The new style appealed to Klutho, whose style changed to adopt the fresh ideas, in what is now the Springfield Historic District, he drew plans for the Klutho Apartments, the Claude Nolan Cadillac Building, the Florence Court Apartments and his own home. He also was involved in the design of buildings in the Avondale, in March,1910, Klutho agreed to design a building for Jacob and Morris Cohens department store, to be named the St. James Building. Among the proposals sent to the Cohens was a design for a building with four floors. Klutho proposed a mixed use design that would contain small shops on the first floor exterior with the department store in the interior, the third and fourth floors would contain offices for rent. He convinced the brothers that their structure would become the center of commerce for Jacksonville, Klutho not only designed the building, but acted as construction manager using the fast-track method, whereby work begins prior to design completion. Remarkably, the project was finished in less than a year, the structure was named the St. James Building, and it was Kluthos crowning achievement. When dedicated on October 21,1912, it was the largest structure in Jacksonville, the St. James Building was the featured article in The Western Architect and Kluthos work was highlighted throughout the magazine in June,1914. The most striking feature was a 75 octagonal glass dome. The elevators were open cages, giving passengers a view of the store, the building exterior was decorated with large abstract terra-cotta ornaments. Later generations in Jacksonville did not appreciate the creativity and style of his designs and his contributions to the rebirth of the city were mostly ignored, except by his colleagues. On this, he quoted Desiderius Erasmus, In the land of the blind, Klutho lived to be 91, but had little money, making his later years difficult. Following his death, much of his work was razed or renovated, James Building Thomas V. Porter House Alexander St. Presented by the State Archives of Florida
7.
Chicago school (architecture)
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Chicagos architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. The style is known as Commercial style. In the history of architecture, the Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century, a Second Chicago School later emerged in the 1940s and 1970s which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems such as the tube-frame structure. Contemporary publications used the phrase Commercial Style to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era rather than proposing any sort of unified school, sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers. Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column, the Chicago window originated in this school. It is a window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, the Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation, a single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows, frank Lloyd Wright started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture. The Home Insurance Building, which some regarded as the first skyscraper in the world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931 and its first and purest expression was the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments and their technological achievements. This was supported and enlarged in the 1960s due to the ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan and he introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube, horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the frame must be interrupted. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963. Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco, modern, architecture of Chicago Chicago Landmarks Early Commercial architecture Chicago Seven Palazzo style architecture Condit, Carl W. The Chicago school of architecture, a history of commercial and public building in the Chicago area, 1875-1925
8.
Prairie School
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Prairie School was a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style, most common to the Midwestern United States. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the prairie landscape. The Prairie School developed in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement begun in the late 19th century in England by John Ruskin, William Morris, and others. Many talented and ambitious young architects had been attracted by building opportunities stemming from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 was supposed to be a heralding of the city of Chicagos rebirth. But many of the young Mid-western architects of what would become the Prairie School were offended by the Greek, in reaction, they sought to create new work in and around Chicago that would display a uniquely modern and authentically American style, which came to be called Prairie. The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Louis Sullivan or Frank Lloyd Wright, although the Prairie School originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects moved away spreading the influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes, The Prairie School houses were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement, an alternative to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style. Some firms, like Purcell & Elmslie, however, consciously rejected the term Arts and Crafts for their work, the Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, the Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the Minimalists and Bauhaus, architectural historians have debated the reasons why the Prairie School went out of favor by the mid-1920s. Perhaps a serious consideration of one of its own members would be worth their serious attention. Mahonys and Griffins work in Australia and India, notably the collection of homes at Castlecrag, isabel Roberts Veterans Memorial Library in St. Cloud, Florida, is another. The House at 8 Berkley Drive at Lockport, New York was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, the Oak Circle Historic District is a historic district in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. It primarily consists of fifteen single-family homes representative of the Prairie School, the Oak Circle Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21,2001, it was the first historic district to be designated in Wilmette. Several not-for-profit organizations and on-line communities have formed to educate people about the Prairie School movement
9.
121 Atlantic Place
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121 Atlantic Place, formerly the Atlantic National Bank Building, is a historic skyscraper in Jacksonville, Florida. It was built in 1909 as the headquarters for the Atlantic National Bank and it was the tallest building in Jacksonville and in Florida from 1909 to 1912, and remains an office building today. The building was designed by New York City architects Mowbray and Uffinger, the steel frame structure stands at 10 stories and 135 feet high, and includes a white Sylacauga marble covering on the bottom two floors and white terra cotta on the upper eight. The facade includes ornate detailing, two-story columns around the entrance, the building was constructed amid a three-way race with the Bisbee Building and the Seminole Hotel to become Jacksonvilles first skyscraper. All three buildings were located on Forsyth Street within a block of each other, and all three were ten stories tall, the Atlantic National Bank Building broke ground in August 1908, shortly after the Bisbee Building but before the Seminole Hotel. The Bisbee opened just before the Atlantic National Bank Building the following year, however, at 41 meters the Atlantic Bank Building was taller than the others, making it the tallest building in Jacksonville and the tallest in Florida at the time. It held that position until the Florida Life Building was completed in 1912. The Atlantic National Bank, founded by Edward W. Lane, Thomas P. Denham, in 1926 the bank opened the Atlantic National Bank Annex directly behind the Bank Building on West Adams Street. This building, now known as the Schultz Building, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, in 1985 Atlantic National Bank merged with First Union, which was in turn acquired by Wachovia. The Atlantic National Bank Building changed hands over the years, becoming known as 121 Atlantic Place and it was renovated in the 2000s, with a five-story addition added to the west. One unique feature of the structure is its pedestrian tunnel connecting to the BB&T Bank Building and this tunnel, originally created to facilitate secure travel between buildings, has been home to a small restaurant, Bennys, since 1985
10.
Reinforced concrete
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The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed, so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads. In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress for example. François Coignet was a French industrialist of the century, a pioneer in the development of structural. Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a technique for constructing building structures, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in the suburbs of Paris. Coignets descriptions of reinforcing concrete suggests that he did not do it for means of adding strength to the concrete, in 1854, English builder William B. Wilkinson reinforced the concrete roof and floors in the two-storey house he was constructing. His positioning of the reinforcement demonstrated that, unlike his predecessors, in 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders with iron rods placed in a grid pattern. Though Monier undoubtedly knew reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, before 1877 the use of concrete construction, though dating back to the Roman Empire and reintroduced in the mid to late 1800s, was not yet a proven scientific technology. His work played a role in the evolution of concrete construction as a proven. Without Hyatts work, more dangerous trial and error methods would have largely depended on for the advancement in the technology. G. A. Wayss was a German civil engineer and a pioneer of the iron, in 1879 Wayss bought the German rights to Moniers patents and in 1884 started the first commercial use for reinforced concrete in his firm Wayss & Freytag. Up until the 1890s Wayss and his firm greatly contributed to the advancement of Moniers system of reinforcing, ernest L. Ransome was an English-born engineer and early innovator of the reinforced concrete techniques in the end of the 19th century. With the knowledge of reinforced concrete developed during the previous 50 years, ransomes key innovation was to twist the reinforcing steel bar improving bonding with the concrete. Gaining increasing fame from his concrete constructed buildings Ransome was able to build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges in North America, one of the first concrete buildings constructed in the United States, was a private home, designed by William Ward in 1871. The home was designed to be fireproof for his wife, one of the first skyscrapers made with reinforced concrete was the 16-storey Ingalls Building in Cincinnati, constructed in 1904. Many different types of structures and components of structures can be built using reinforced concrete including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames, Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-in-place concrete. Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key to creating optimal building structures, small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building
11.
St. James Building
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The St. James Building is a historic building in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, currently housing Jacksonville City Hall. It was designed by architect Henry John Klutho and opened in 1912, one of many structures in downtown Jacksonville designed by Klutho after the Great Fire of 1901, it is considered his masterpiece. The building is located at 117 West Duval Street, on the site of the St. James Hotel. It was designed as a building containing the Cohen Bros. The department store closed in 1987, leaving the building empty, in 1993 it was purchased by the City of Jacksonville under the River City Renaissance plan, with the intention of remodeling it as the new City Hall. On April 18,2012, the American Institute of Architectss Florida Chapter placed the building on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years, St. James Hotel The original St. James Building was a hotel constructed and owned by investors from Connecticut following the American Civil War. In addition to lodging for 500 guests, it boasted a passenger elevator, the facility included a laundry, barbershop, wine room, telegraph office and reading rooms. Touring orchestras performed concerts for the guests, who included society people, celebrities, at the peak of Jacksonville’s popularity,65,000 people spent the winter in north Florida. The hotel was so prominent that the square across the street. Jacksonvilles Great Fire of 1901 destroyed most of the city, including the original St. James, the owner of the St. James property, J. R. Campbell, wanted to rebuild, but did not have the resources. Jacob and Morris Cohen purchased the St. James property by from the Windsor after agreeing not to build a hotel, Cohen Brothers Department Store In March 1910, Klutho agreed to design a building for the Cohen Brothers department store. Among the proposals sent to the Cohens was a design for a building with four floors. Klutho proposed a mixed use design that would contain small shops on the first floor exterior with the department store in the interior, the third and fourth floors would contain offices for rent. He convinced the brothers that their structure would become the center of commerce for Jacksonville, Klutho not only designed the building, but acted as construction manager using the fast-track method, whereby work begins prior to design completion. The project was finished in less than a year and a half, the structure was named the St. James Building, and it was Kluthos crowning achievement. When dedicated on October 21,1912, it was the largest structure in Jacksonville, the St. James Building was the featured article in The Western Architect and Kluthos work was highlighted throughout the magazine in June 1914. The most striking feature was a 75 ft octagonal glass dome. The elevators were open cages, giving passengers a view of the store, the building exterior was decorated with large abstract terra-cotta ornaments
12.
American Institute of Architects
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The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
13.
NationsBank
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NationsBank was one of the largest banking corporations in the United States, based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The company named NationsBank was formed through the merger of other banks in 1991. Its oldest predecessor companies had been Commercial National Bank, formed in 1874, in 1998, NationsBank acquired BankAmerica, and modified that better-known name to become Bank of America. NationsBank traced its roots to two banks in Charlotte, Commercial National Bank, the earliest forerunner of NationsBank, was formed in 1874. American Trust Company was founded a few blocks down Tryon Street in 1909, in 1957, American Trust merged with Commercial National to form American Commercial Bank. American Trust was the survivor, and its president, Addison Reese. Only four years later, in 1960, American Commercial merged with Greensboro-based Security National Bank to form North Carolina National Bank, although American Commercial was the nominal survivor, it gave up its North Carolina state charter and took over Securitys national charter. In the early 1970s, it reorganized as the subsidiary of NCNB Corporation. Reese turned over the presidency of NCNB to then 39-year-old Hugh McColl and this was initially a defensive move. At the time, it was feared that the New York City money center banks might devour local Southern banks and it was believed that the only way to prevent this was if the stronger banks in the region became too rich to be taken over. NCNB expanded beyond North Carolina for the first time in 1982, McColl became CEO of NCNB the following year. In 1988, NCNBs assets grew to $60 billion after it bought the failed First RepublicBank Corporation of Dallas, Texas from the FDIC. FirstRepublic, the largest bank in Texas, had entered FDIC receivership after filing bankruptcy in March, by that time, NCNB had become associated with mergers, acquisitions, expansion, integration. From 1989 to 1992, NCNB acquired over 200 thrifts and community banks, favorable terms, with the FDIC assuming most of the loan portfolios and absorbing mark-to-market losses, allowed NCNB to expand profitably, and a cost-cutting culture improved margins. Eventually, NCNB built a network stretching from Virginia to Florida. Partly as a measure, C&S merged with Sovran Financial Corporation of Norfolk. Only two years later, however, C&S/Sovran was nearly brought down by problem loans in the Washington, D. C. /Northern Virginia market and this created the largest bank in the Southeast, with assets of $118 billion. The merger allowed NCNB/NationsBank to enter Tennessee and Maryland for the first time and it also made the bank a major player in Georgia and Virginia, where the bank had only had a minimal presence
14.
Capital (architecture)
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In architecture the capital or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column. It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the supporting surface. The capital, projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus, joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column. The capital may be convex, as in the Doric order, concave, as in the bell of the Corinthian order, or scrolling out. These form the three types on which all capitals are based. The Composite order, established in the 16th century on a hint from the Arch of Titus, from the highly visible position it occupies in all colonnaded monumental buildings, the capital is often selected for ornamentation, and is often the clearest indicator of the architectural order. The treatment of its detail may be an indication of the buildings date, the decoration underneath the bracket capital comes from art and designs from the many cultures that the Persian Empire conquered and assimilated including Egypt, Babylon, and Lydia. But of course these decorations below the bracket capital serve no purpose and are simply there for show. The earliest Aegean capital is shown in the frescoes at Knossos in Crete, it was of the convex type. The Doric capital is the simplest of the five Classical orders, it consists of the abacus above an ovolo molding, the sloping side of the echinus becomes flatter in the later examples, and in the Colosseum at Rome forms a quarter round. In the Ionic capital, spirally coiled volutes are inserted between the abacus and the ovolo. In the Ionic capitals of the archaic Temple of Artemis at Ephesus the width of the abacus is twice that of its depth, a century later, in the temple on the Ilissus, the abacus has become square. It has been suggested that the foliage of the Greek Corinthian capital was based on the Acanthus spinosus, not all architectural foliage is as realistic as Isaac Wares however. The leaves are carved in two ranks or bands, like one leafy cup set within another. The various orders are discussed in Vitruvius books iii and iv, Vitruvius describes Roman practice in a practical fashion. He gives some tales about the invention of each of the Orders, the increasing adoption of composite capitals signalled a trend towards freer, more inventive capitals in Late Antiquity. The top of an anta is often decorated, usually with bands of floral motifs. The designs often respond to an order of columns, but usually with a different set of design principles, in order not to protude excessively from the wall surface, these structures tend to have a rather flat surface, forming brick-shaped capitals, called anta capitals
15.
John Delaney (Florida politician)
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John Adrian Delaney is an American lawyer, politician and university administrator. He currently serves as the president of the University of North Florida, a member of the Republican Party, he served as mayor of Jacksonville, Florida from 1995 to 2003. In addition he served as interim chancellor of the State University System of Florida. Delaney was born in Lansing, Michigan and was raised in Cincinnati and his family moved to Jacksonville when he was sixteen. He graduated from Terry Parker High School in 1974 and attended the University of Florida, where he joined Delta Upsilon fraternity and received a B. A. Delaney and his wife Gena married in 1980 and reside in Neptune Beach. Delaney passed the Florida Bar exam in 1981 and was hired by then State Attorney Ed Austin, when Austin was elected Mayor of Jacksonville in 1991, Delaney became the citys General Counsel for a short time, and then served as Austins chief of staff. Delaney ran for mayor himself in 1995 when Austin declined to seek a second term, in 1995, Delaney defeated former mayor Jake Godbold to become mayor of Jacksonville, Florida, serving two consecutive terms from 1995 to 2003. He was the first Republican elected to the position since 1888 and he was succeeded by John Peyton in July 2003. He was one of the most popular mayors in Jacksonvilles history, enjoying high approval ratings. In 2003, he received the Presidents Conservation Achievement Award from The Nature Conservancy for the Preservation Project, Delaney was appointed President of the University of North Florida in 2003. During his tenure the university has seen a surge of building projects, including a new Student Union, under his leadership, the university launched an initiative to identify and strengthen its top flagship programs. Since 2005, six programs have established as flagships, Nursing, Transportation and Logistics, International Business, Coastal Biology, Nutrition and Dietetics. In October 2008, John Delaney was named chancellor of the State University System of Florida. He took over for Mark B. Rosenberg who had resigned to return to Florida International University and he served for the 2009 legislative session, and was not paid any compensation. In July 2009, Frank T. Brogan was named the new chancellor of the State University System, University of North Florida Presidents Office page
16.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
17.
Barnett National Bank Building
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Barnett National Bank Building is a skyscraper in the downtown area of Jacksonville, Florida, at the southwest corner of Adams and Laura streets. The building was erected in 1926, and was Jacksonvilles tallest building at the time and it was designed by architecture firm Mowbray & Uffinger for Barnett Bank. It remained Jacksonvilles tallest building until the construction of the now known as the Aetna Building in 1954. By the 1990s it had fallen to disrepair, but plans to restore it along with three buildings known as the Laura Street Trio have been proposed. On May 22,2015 Stache Investments Corp. filed a complaint to foreclose on the Barnett Tower Downtown, claiming it is owed almost $3.77 million as of December 5,2014
18.
United States housing bubble
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The United States housing bubble was a real estate bubble affecting over half of the U. S. states. Housing prices peaked in early 2006, started to decline in 2006 and 2007, on December 30,2008, the Case-Shiller home price index reported its largest price drop in its history. In October 2007, the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury called the bursting housing bubble the most significant risk to our economy, Land prices contributed much more to the price increases than did structures. This can be seen in the building cost index in Fig.1, an estimate of land value for a house can be derived by subtracting the replacement value of the structure, adjusted for depreciation, from the home price. Using this methodology, Davis and Palumbo calculated land values for 46 U. S. metro areas, Housing bubbles may occur in local or global real estate markets. This may be followed by decreases in home prices that result in many owners finding themselves in a position of negative equity—a mortgage debt higher than the value of the property, the underlying causes of the housing bubble are complex. Factors include tax policy, historically low interest rates, tax lending standards, failure of regulators to intervene and this bubble may be related to the stock market or dot-com bubble of the 1990s. This bubble roughly coincides with the real estate bubbles of the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Spain, Poland, Hungary and South Korea. While bubbles may be identifiable in progress, bubbles can be measured only in hindsight after a market correction. In 2001, Alan Greenspan dropped interest rates to a low 1% in order to jump the economy after the. com bubble and it was then bankers and other Wall Street firms started borrowing money due to its inexpensiveness. The mortgage and credit crisis was caused by the inability of a number of home owners to pay their mortgages as their low introductory-rate mortgages reverted to regular interest rates. Greenspan warned of large double digit declines in home values larger than most people expect, the impact of booming home valuations on the U. S. Prior to that, Robert Prechter wrote about it extensively as did Professor Shiller in his publication of Irrational Exuberance in the year 2000. Hunn wrote, e can profit from the collapse of the credit bubble, however, real estate has not yet joined in a decline of prices fed by selling. Unless you have a specific reason to believe that real estate will outperform all other investments for several years. Many contested any suggestion that there could be a bubble, particularly at its peak from 2004 to 2006. Claims that there was no warning of the crisis were further repudiated in an August 2008 article in The New York Times, in his memo, Mr. Andrukonis wrote that these loans would likely pose an enormous financial and reputational risk to the company and the country. The article revealed that more than two-dozen high-ranking executives said that Mr. Syron had simply decided to ignore the warnings, other cautions came as early as 2001, when the late Federal Reserve governor Edward Gramlich warned of the risks posed by subprime mortgages
19.
Tallahassee, Florida
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Tallahassee /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County, Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2015, the population was 189,907, making the city the 126th-largest city in the United States, the population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 377,924 as of 2015. Tallahassee is the largest city in the Northwest Florida region as well as the center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend. Tallahassee is home to Florida State University, ranked the nations thirty-eighth best public university by U. S. News & World Report and it is also home to the Florida A&M University, one of the countrys largest historically black universities by total enrollment. Tallahassee is home to the Florida State Capitol, Supreme Court of Florida, Florida Governors Mansion, the city is also known for its large number of law firms, lobbying organizations, trade associations and professional associations, including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce. It is also a regional center for scientific research. In 2015, Tallahassee was awarded the All-American City Award by the National Civic League for the second time, Tallahassee is currently ranked as the 18th best college town in the nation by Best College Reviews. During the 17th century several Spanish missions were established in the territory of the Apalachee to procure food, the largest, Mission San Luis de Apalachee, has been partially reconstructed by the state of Florida. They found large areas of cleared land previously occupied by the Apalachee tribe, earlier, the Mississippian Indians built mounds near Lake Jackson around AD1200, which survive today in the Lake Jackson Archaeological State Park. The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez encountered the Apalachees, although it did not reach the site of Tallahassee, hernando de Soto and his expedition occupied the Apalachee town of Anhaica in what is now Tallahassee in the winter of 1538–1539. Based on archaeological excavations this site is now known to be located about 0.5 miles east of the present Florida State Capitol, the DeSoto encampment is believed to be the first place Christmas was celebrated in the continental United States. During the First Seminole War, General Andrew Jackson fought two separate skirmishes in and around Tallahassee, the first battle took place on November 12,1817. Chief Neamathla, of the village of Fowltown, just west of present day Tallahassee had refused Jacksons orders to relocate, Jackson responded by entering the village, burning it to the ground, and driving off its occupants. The Indians later retaliated, by killing 50 soldiers and civilians, Jackson reentered Florida in March 1818. According to Jacksons adjutant, Colonel Robert Butler, they advanced on the Indian village called Tallahasse two of the enemy were made prisoner, Tallahassee became the capital of Florida during the second legislative session. It was chosen as it was equidistant from St. Augustine and Pensacola. The first session of Floridas Legislative Council—as a territory of the United States—met on July 22,1822 at Pensacola, the second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight-day trek
20.
Jacksonville Historical Society
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Jacksonville Historical Society is a 501 non-profit organization in Jacksonville, Florida, begun by 231 charter members on May 3,1929 at the Carling Hotel. For its first six decades, the group was content to build an archive, publish booklets, provide research assistance, there was nothing permanent—no building and the work was done by volunteers. This changed in 1988 after Sarah Van Cleve was elected president, the JHS became active in the community, the group secured office space, hired an executive director and began to raise funds for projects. It began publishing a newsletter for members and expanded the Board of Directors to involve more people in the organization. The society began to identify endangered buildings that were being razed without consideration to historical significance, St. Andrews Episcopal Church was constructed in 1887 and was the only major church to survive Jacksonvilles Great Fire of 1901. Residents in the area around the left for the suburbs in the 1950s. It was named St. Andrews and was given the furnishings and memorials of the old St. Andrews, which was deconsecrated, closed and boarded up for decades. The city gave the building to JHS on the condition that it be restored, restoration began in 1996 and was completed on April 18,1998, with the structure becoming the new home of the Jacksonville Historical Society. Less than a later, the society began its second restoration project – the relocation and renovation of the historic James E. Merrill House. The Queen Anne style building was scheduled for demolition in 1999, philip Randolph Boulevard and renovation work began. Funding for the project was secured from private donors in addition to city, the 2002 plans for the Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville placed the structure in left field, so it was moved again, this time next door to the Old St. Andrews Church. The work was completed in late 2005, the Victorian era house is intended to be a museum dedicated to shipbuilding on the St. Johns River. The current Executive Director, Emily Retherford Lisska, was hired in 1996 and she and Society President Jerry Spinks have involved the Jacksonville Historical Society in hundreds of projects. On August 10,2009, the JHS announced the purchase of the Old St. Lukes Hospital and its conversion into a research
21.
University Press of Florida
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The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing arm of the State University System of Florida, representing Floridas twelve state universities. It is located in Gainesville near the University of Florida, one of the major research institutions. It is overseen by the Florida Board of Governors and publishes works from and its predecessor was the University of Florida Press. UPF has published almost 2,500 volumes with a staff of 41, a member of the Association of American University Presses, UPF ranks in the top-third of member presses for sales and new title production. As UPFs predecessor, the University of Florida Press, began to build a publishing program, other public universities in Florida took notice. To avoid replication of efforts among the campuses, the Florida Board of Regents established a decentralized, featuring independent editorial and financial controls on each of the state systems nine campuses, this structure brought all of the states public universities into the publishing process. By the early 1990s a need became apparent for one central authority that could refocus and unify the consortium’s publishing program, throughout the changes in organization, the press has maintained its status as the premier publisher of scholarly and general interest books in the state of Florida. Others have been named to Amazon. com’s best-seller list and chosen for book clubs, in 2006, UPF was hailed as a publishing powerhouse by the Gainesville Sun. Current publications by UPF can be found on the UPF website, UPF also publishes Orange Grove Texts Plus which are Open Access textbooks, and are available in an Open Access repository powered by the SobekCM Open Source software. State University System of Florida Florida Board of Governors University Press of Florida
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
The Florida Times-Union
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The Florida Times-Union is a major daily newspaper in Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Widely known as the oldest newspaper in the state, it began publication as the Florida Union in 1864 and its current incarnation started in 1883, when the Florida Union merged with another Jacksonville paper, the Florida Daily Times. A Southeast Georgia edition, called The Georgia Times-Union, serves the Brunswick area, in 1983, Morris Communications of Augusta, Georgia, purchased Florida Publishing Company. The Times-Union became the largest newspaper of this chain, which owns a number of newspapers around the country, as of 2013, its editor is Frank Denton and the editorial page editor is Michael P. Clark. In 1864 during the American Civil War J. K Stickney, morrill published the first edition of the Florida Union. It was a Northern and Republican paper which at the time was when Jacksonville was occupied by the Union Army, by 1867 Stickney sold the Florida Union to Edward M. Cheney of Boston. Cheney unsuccessfully tried to make the paper into a daily publication but was unable to do so. The Florida Union was later sold to Walton, Fowle & Co. in 1873, stockholder C. F. Mawbey assumed control and was able to turn the Florida Union into a daily publication. Cheney returned to the Florida Union as an editor, in 1876 the Florida Union was in decline and abandoned daily publications. Financially doomed it was sold to H. B, McCallum who then returned it to daily publications as well as converting it from an afternoon to a morning paper. Charles H. Jones wanted to buy the Florida Union but was refused by McCallum, Jones became annoyed at McCallum so he decided to start a rival paper called the Florida Daily Times in November 1881. By 1883 the Florida Daily Times was dominating the Florida Union, McCallum became ill and finally decided to sell the paper to the Florida Daily Times. The acquisition of the Florida Union then combined with the Florida Daily Times to form the Florida Times-Union, the first publication under the name of Florida Times-Union was February 4,1883. The Florida Times-Union was previously owned by Florida Publishing Company which was a subsidiary of Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, in 1983 Morris Communications of Augusta, Georgia acquired the Florida Publishing Company. Since 1983 the Florida Times-Union has been owned by Morris Communications, media in Jacksonville, Florida List of newspapers in Florida Official website
24.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
25.
Tourist attraction
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Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are also landmarks, tourist attractions are also created to capitalise on legends such as a supposed UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico and the alleged Loch Ness monster sightings in Scotland. Ghost sightings also make tourist attractions, ethnic communities may become tourist attractions, such as Chinatowns in the United States and the black British neighbourhood of Brixton in London, England. In the US, owners and marketers of attractions advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways, tourist attractions often provide free promotional brochures and flyers in information centres, fast food restaurants, hotel and motel rooms or lobbies, and rest area. Such places are known as tourist traps. Within cities such transport tourist attractions as rides by boats and buses are very popular, novelty attractions are not limited to the American Midwest, but are part of Midwestern culture. It may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some tourist traps, siem Reap town for example is a popular tourist destination in Cambodia, mainly owed to its proximity to Angkor temples. A tropical island resort is an island or archipelago that also depends on tourism as its source of revenue, according to the World Tourism Organization, •698 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2000, spending more US$478 billion. Lists of tourist attractions Attractions at DMOZ
26.
Acosta Bridge
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The St. Elmo W. Acosta Bridge Bridge spans the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida on a fixed span. It was named for City Councilman St. Elmo W. Acosta and it carries SR13 with the two-track Jacksonville Skyway in the median. Prior to its replacement in 1991, the bridge, originally called St. Tolls were charged until 1940, at some time in 1991, the original bridge was closed to allow construction of the new one to proceed. Despite being a freeway, bicycles are permitted on the lanes of the bridge. The Acosta Bridge is also notable because of the neon lights that illuminate it at night. Although as of 2/11/2015, the Jacksonville Transportation Authority has announced that theyll be off indefinitely with no date on the books citing a lack of funding for repairs. The original north approach was a T-shaped viaduct, with the ending at Riverside Avenue. Just southwest of the Acosta Bridge, Riverside Avenue passed over the adjacent Florida East Coast Railway bridge approach, when the bridge was rebuilt, the intersection was rebuilt as a semi-directional T interchange. Direct high-speed connections were provided between the bridge and both directions on Riverside Avenue, as well as a ramp from the bridge to the intersection of Broad Street. The bridge originally emptied out on Miami Road just west of San Marco Boulevard, with a continuation, at least southbound, SR13 went south on San Marco Boulevard, and was later changed to go east on Miami Road. Around 1958, a system of freeways was built in Jacksonville, the old approach became southbound only, and northbound access was provided at Mary Street, two blocks north of Miami Road. A northbound exit was provided at Mary Street for traffic coming from the south. No southbound entrance was provided, but the adjacent Main Street Bridge approach provided access in that direction, when the bridge was rebuilt, the south approach was kept almost identical. The only real difference was a new onramp from Museum Circle. The popular Diamond Head Lobster House was in its path and had to be demolished
27.
Buckman Bridge
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The Henry Holland Buckman Bridge carries I-295 West Beltway traffic over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. It was named for Henry Holland Buckman, a prominent legislator, prior to 1970, travel across the St. Johns River from Orange Park to Mandarin was a journey. One route involved driving north to downtown Jacksonville, crossing the Fuller Warren Bridge, then driving south, a distance of nearly 30 miles and an hour of travel time. The alternative was to drive south to Green Cove Springs and across the planks of the Shands Bridge. Construction began, but the first concrete pilings exploded days after they were poured, investigation revealed that the heat generated from the curing concrete increased Anaerobic digestion by bacteria in the brackish water and generated methane gas. The engineers were forced to change their construction method, the bridge is of beam-type construction, approximately 3.1 miles in length, and travels roughly east-west. The eastbound and westbound lanes are built on separate bridge structures, average daily traffic in 1996 was estimated at 78,000 vehicles. In 1995, the bridge was expanded from two lanes in each direction with partial breakdown lanes to four lanes in each direction with full breakdown lanes, a Florida Department of Transportation study in September,1997 counted 110,743 vehicles. With busy exits within a mile of either end of the bridge. Downtown Jacksonville and Naval Air Station Jacksonville are visible from the bridge to the north, on a clear day, the Seminole Electric power plant in Palatka can be seen to the south of the bridge. While rarely closed for weather, two situations have made necessary, Tropical Storm Fay and prolonged freezing conditions. During tropical storms or hurricanes, sustained winds of over 40 miles per hour are considered hazardous, on December 23,1989 the temperature dropped to 26° and precipitation changed from rain to sleet to snow, which lasted for several days. All the bridges in Jacksonville were impassable and closed for more than 24 hours, except for the original St. Elmo W. Acosta Bridge, bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. Johns River Nautical Chart
28.
Dames Point Bridge
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The Dames Point Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida on the Interstate 295 East Beltway. Construction began in 1985 and was completed in 1989, the main span is 1,300 feet, and is 175 feet high. The bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation and RS&H, Inc, the Massman Construction Company built the bridge. The bridges cables are arranged on multiple vertical planes in a modification to the harp stay arrangement. Until the 2003 completion of the Sidney Lanier Bridge in Brunswick and it remains is one of the largest cable-stayed bridges built in the United States having 21 miles of cable. Rescuers rappelled down the side of the bridge to the workers, the story of this rescue effort was aired on Rescue 911 on September 12 of the same year. Bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. com
29.
Fuller Warren Bridge
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The Fuller Warren Bridge is a prestressed concrete girder bridge that carries Interstate 95 across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. The current bridge was completed in October 2002, replacing the bascule bridge span completed in 1954. The current bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation in 1990 and built by Balfour Beatty Construction, the entire bridge is over 7,500 ft. long, with a main span of 250 feet, and a vertical clearance of 75 ft. The bridge now carries eight lanes across the span, the bridge is named after former Florida governor Fuller Warren, former member and eventual denouncer of the KKK, who held the office from 1949 to 1953. He had previously served as a member of the Jacksonville City Council from 1931 to 1937, the original bascule bridge was tolled until 1988, when the city of Jacksonville abolished toll collections. Increasing wear from heavy traffic, including a 1993 incident in which a 3 square feet fragment of concrete broke loose and it was permanently closed June 13,2001, when all traffic was moved to the new Fuller Warren Bridge. After delays in removal because of legal and environmental concerns, the Florida Department of Transportation used explosives to complete demolition of the old bridge on February 17,2007. Conversion from the old Fuller Warren Bridge to the new one began with one lane of southbound I-95 traffic on April 16,2000. The new bridge, built at a cost of approximately $100 million, was opened to all eight lanes in late 2002 and formally dedicated on January 13,2003
30.
Hart Bridge
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The Isaiah David Hart Bridge is a truss bridge that spans the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. It carries U. S. Route 1 Alternate and State Road 228 and it is named after Isaiah Hart, the founder of Jacksonville. It was designed by Sverdrup & Parcel, the bridge has traditionally been painted green and is often referred to as The Green Monster by locals. The westbound end of the bridge delivers drivers to downtown Jacksonville or Martin Luther King Expressway, the stretch of highway between downtown and Beach Blvd. is known as the Commodore Point Expressway, but more commonly referred to by locals as the Hart Bridge Expressway. The bridge is a cantilever bridge which is a type of continuous truss bridge. The bridges main span is uncommon for a bridge in that the truss over the main channel tapers upward. Bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. Johns River Isaiah D. Hart Bridge at Structurae City of Jacksonville article about the bridges
31.
Main Street Bridge (Jacksonville)
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The Main Street Bridge, officially the John T. Alsop Jr. Bridge, is a bridge crossing the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. It was the bridge built across the river. It carries four lanes of traffic, and is signed as US 1/US90, a lift bridge, it opened in July 1941 at a cost of $1.5 million. In 1957 it was named after Mayor John T. Alsop, Jr. but continues to be known, even on road signs and it remains one of the most recognizable features of the Downtown Jacksonville skyline. When the bridge was first built, its end was at the intersection of Main Street. Traffic continued north on Main Street, with a pair being made at some point, after that, northbound traffic turned right on Water Street. In 1978, several bridges and ramps were built. Main Street now goes over Water Street, and a ramp now carries all traffic from the bridge diagonally into Ocean Street, ramps provide access to and from Water Street. The bridge originally ended at Miami Road, in 1968, a flyover was built between the ramps to I-95 and the bridge, with frontage roads continuing to serve Miami Road and several other cross streets. Thus there is now uninterrupted traffic flow from I-95 to the Main Street Bridge, the bridge opens at half past the hour. Media related to Main Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
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Mathews Bridge
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The Mathews Bridge is a cantilever bridge in Jacksonville, Florida, which spans the St. Johns River. Constructed in 1953, the bridge brings traffic along the Arlington Expressway between downtown Jacksonville and the Arlington neighborhood and it was named after John E. Mathews, a Florida state legislator and Chief Justice of the 1955 Florida Supreme Court who helped gather funding for the bridges construction. Originally silver in color, the bridge was painted maroon in 1984 in celebration of Jacksonvilles United States Football League franchise and this 12.9 million dollar project replaced the existing open grate bridge deck previously on Mathews Bridge with an Exodermic Deck resulting in a concrete riding surface. The bridge had a notoriously problematic grating in the center span, after the previous grating wore out, a new one was installed, causing drivers to complain that the replacement was slippery and difficult to cross. That grating was replaced with a new, state of the art grating and this initially only resulted in reducing the speed limit and roughing up the grating. In 2007, the bridge underwent construction to replace the open grating over the span with a concrete riding surface. In the early afternoon on September 26,2013, the Military Sealift Command ship USNS 1st, lt. Harry L. Martin allided with the center span of the Mathews Bridge. The damage caused to the bridge was sufficient that it was closed indefinitely until it could be inspected and repaired, following repairs, the Mathews Bridge reopened in the early morning of October 29,2013. Part of the reason of the accident was because the height of the bridge was incorrect. The bridge owners notified the Coast Guard that the bridge was surveyed and this new measurement is 6 feet lower than the previously published height. The bridge is mentioned in the Limp Bizkit song My Generation, in the vocalist Fred Dursts opening monologue, he invites drummer John Otto to Take em to the Mathews Bridge, preceding the latters drum solo. Also, This bridge was seen in Need for Speed, Carbon except. Bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. Johns River Local news articles on the Mathews Bridge
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Sun-Ray Cinema
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The Sun-Ray Cinema at 5 Points, formerly known as Riverside Theater and 5 Points Theatre, is a historic two-screen movie theater in Jacksonville, Florida. The first theater in Florida equipped to show talking pictures, it opened in March 1927 in the Five Points district of the Riverside, the Riverside Theater opened in March 1927, when the Five Points area was emerging as a commercial center for Riverside and Avondale. It was the first in the state, and third in the country, the architect was Roy Benjamin, whose architectural firm eventually became KBJ Architects. The theater is part of a much larger Italian Renaissance revival building, Benjamin went on to design more than 200 theaters throughout Florida and the southeastern United States, including Downtown Jacksonvilles Florida Theatre. The first talkie shown in the theater was Don Juan, starring John Barrymore, admission was $1.10, an expensive ticket considering the prevailing wage was less than a quarter per hour. The building was remodeled in 1949 and renamed the Five Points Theater when the marquee was added, in 1977 the theater closed for several years and an attempt was made to modernize the building in 1978 with the application of stucco. In the early 1980s the movie theater shut down, and the acting group River City Playhouse moved into the space in 1984, in 1991 the building was remodeled into a nightclub, Club 5, which closed in 2004. A four-year, $4.5 million historic restoration was begun in 2004 after local car dealer Mike Shad purchased the property, midway through the renovations, the facility was opened for private events like reunions and wedding receptions, but work was not completed until 2008. Although the marquee was not original, it was restored because it is considered a historic component. In 2010 the Theatre shifted to an art format, with foreign, independent and classic films, late night movies. The Theatre was a venue for the 2009 and 2010 Jacksonville Film Festivals, the 2009 and 2010 Citrus Cel Animation Festival, in 2014, it served as screening home for the Jacksonville edition of the 48 Hour Film Project. During 2011, co-owners Tim Massett and his wife Shana David-Massett raised funds to take over, Massett, a Jacksonville native who managed a movie theater in Minnesota, raised $102,450 via online crowdsourcing and private loans. Their improvements include a screen, sound dampening, and tiered theater seats. The venue was renamed the Sun-Ray Cinema at 5 Points, the show schedule features new releases, lesser-known movies and cult films. In addition to traditional movie fare plus beer and wine, they serve sandwiches, hummus, site-made pizza with unusual toppings. The theatre expanded its capacity, adding a second auditorium in 2014, in 2016, PETA ranked Sun-Ray Cinema as the number one theater for people who do not eat animal products, since the menu includes multiple vegan, vegetarian and gluten-free options
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Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville
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The Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville is a baseball park in Jacksonville, Florida. It is the stadium of the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp baseball team, who play in the Class Double-A Southern League. The facility is known as Community First Park for Jacksonville Armada games, the Baseball Grounds were proposed as part of the city planning program known as the Better Jacksonville Plan. It was designed to replace the aging Wolfson Park, the Jumbo Shrimps previous home, the facility cost $34 million and broke ground in 2002, with construction being completed the following year. The ballpark was the first completed project of the Better Jacksonville Plan, the Atlantic Coast Conference baseball championship was held at the venue from 2005–2008. The Baseball Grounds hosts a game between the Florida Gators and the Florida State Seminoles. The most recent game was on March 25,2014 when Florida defeated Florida State 4–1 in front of 10,125 fans, on July 17,2013 the Baseball Grounds hosted the Southern League All-Star Game. The South Division defeated the North Division 6–0 in front of a crowd of 9,373. It also features 12 luxury skyboxes, four skydecks, a scoreboard and videoboard, a playground, and the knuckle. The park has a video broadcast of games provided by The Schelldorf Television Network. The ballpark is located in downtown Jacksonville, situated between Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena and EverBank Field. The largest crowd for a game at the ballpark was 17,860. Official Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville website Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville Views - Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues
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Hodges Stadium
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Hodges Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium at the University of North Florida, and the home field for the North Florida Ospreys soccer, track and field, and cross country teams. It is located on the campus in Jacksonville, Florida. It is named for George and Kernan Hodges, who donated $2 million to upgrade the facility in 2006, the stadium opened in 2004 and underwent renovations in 2006 and 2008 that installed additional seating, a press box, and a 9-lane Olympic quality running track. The facility additionally includes classrooms, offices, and the Browning Athletic Training, the University of North Floridas field was first opened in 2004 in order to serve the North Florida Ospreys mens and womens soccer, cross country running, and track and field teams. In 2006 Jacksonville philanthropists George and Kernan Hodges issued a $2 million donation to UNF to improve the facility, the donation funded the construction of seats for 10,000, an eight-lane 400-meter track, a press box, lighting, and classrooms and offices. The nameless field was renamed Hodges Stadium after them, other additions included the Browning Athletic Training and Education Center and a strength and conditioning center. In 2008 the stadium underwent another renovation to install a new state-of-the art running track, the university spent another $3 million to complete the 9-lane Olympic-quality track. It was designed by the Italian company Mondo and was the facility in the world to feature the companys Mondotrack SX rubber surface. It is the third largest stadium in the United States dedicated to track & field, the stadium has also held three international rugby league football matches, and has hosted training camp for several international teams. Academy Award-winning actor Russell Crowe visited UNF to organize preparations for a club rugby league played at UNF. Crowes South Sydney Rabbitohs played against the Leeds Rhinos on January 26,2008, in 2009, the Leeds Rhinos returned to UNF to play the Salford City Reds in an exhibition game. February 2005- Practice for the Philadelphia Eagles before Super Bowl XXXIX, January 26,2008 - Australian rugby league club South Sydney Rabbitohs vs. English Super League club Leeds Rhinos for the Australia Day Challenge. January 19,2009 - English Rugby league match between Salford City Reds and Leeds Rhinos, april 2009- UNF Rugby Football Club hosted their annual Alumni Game for the first time in the stadium. November 14,2009 - International rugby match between the United States and Jamaica,2009 Atlantic Sun Conference Track and Field Championships December 19,2009 - North America Bowl between Jacksonville Knights and Team Canada a traveling all-star team. November 2010 - Hosted the 2010 Atlantic Cup rugby league tournament, july 23–26,2015 - Hosted the USATF Masters Outdoor Track & Field Championships. July 27-August 2,2015 - Hosted the USATF National Junior Olympic Track & Field Championships, December 4 and 12,2015 - Hosted 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifying matches Official Website
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Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena
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The Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena is a 15, 000-seat multi-purpose arena in Jacksonville, Florida. It was built in 2003 as part of Mayor John Delaneys Better Jacksonville Plan to replace the outdated Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Coliseum, the field is titled Sea Best Field. The Memorial Arena also serves as an entertainment venue. Since that time, dozens of groups, including country, rap, rock, in 2006, a scheduled Dixie Chicks concert was cancelled, due to lack of ticket sales, which was seen as part of the general backlash against the groups comments on the Iraq War. The arena found huge success when the became the home of the Jacksonville Sharks in 2010 when they were introduced as an expansion team of the Arena Football League. The team was founded by former Orlando Predators executive Jeff Bouchy who is also the brother of former Orlando Predators owner Brett Bouchy, the Sharks have recently generated the highest attendance for a tenant in the arenas history. It was the host for the Davis Cup first round tie between the US and Brazil on the weekend of February 1–3,2013, JVMA will host an NBA game between the Atlanta Hawks and New Orleans Pelicans on October 9. Currently, the arena is home to the Jacksonville Sharks of the National Arena League and it also hosted the 2011 ABA All-Star Game, which took place on February 26,2011. Starting in 2012, it became home to the Jacksonville Bullies of the Professional Lacrosse League, in 2017, it became the home the Jacksonville IceMen of the ECHL. The Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena was home to the Jacksonville Barracudas ice hockey franchise from 2003 to 2007 when they relocated to a hockey arena in the area. It has also hosted PBR Built Ford Tough Series events in the past
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TPC at Sawgrass
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The Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass is a golf course in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, a suburb of Jacksonville, United States. Opened 37 years ago in 1980, it was the first of several Tournament Players Clubs to be built and it is home to the PGA Tour headquarters and annually hosts The Players Championship, a golf tournament on the PGA Tour. Paul and Jerome Fletcher negotiated a deal with the PGA tour, TPC Sawgrass Stadium Course, the golf stadium of the course, has a capacity of 36,000. The TPC at Sawgrass is situated in Ponte Vedra Beachs Sawgrass development and it has two individual courses, the Stadium Course and the Valley Course. The Stadium Course was designed in 1980 by noted golf course architects Pete and Alice Dye, constructed specifically to host The Players Championship, it employs a distinctive stadium concept, like in other sports, fans at the TPC sit in stands made of raised mounds of grass. It is known for its signature hole, the par-3, 137-yard 17th, known as the Island Green, one of golfs most recognizable, the course has been featured for many years on the best-selling Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games. Meanwhile, the Dye’s Valley Course hosts the Web. com Tour Championship since 2013 and its Star Wars golf, designed by Darth Vader, Ben Crenshaw pronounced. When asked if the TPC suited his style, Jack Nicklaus replied, No. Snead called the course 90 percent horse manure and 10 percent luck, over the following year, Dye tweaked the course, making the greens less severe and replacing several bunkers. After the changes, the course became far more playable, now its a darn good golf course, Crenshaw said of the improvements. The course was the site of the U. S. Amateur in August 1994 and this was the first of his three consecutive victories. TPC Sawgrass signature hole is the Stadium Courses 17th, known simply as the Island Green and it measures only 132 yards from tee to green, but it consists of nothing but a 78-foot -long green with a tiny bunker in front of it. Save a small path to the green, the green is surrounded by water. Club selection in the conditions at the hole is a huge consideration, as there is nowhere to land the ball but on the green, in the small bunker. It is estimated more than 100,000 balls are retrieved from the surrounding water every year, courtesy of professionals. The Island Green design came by accident, the design for the 17th was to be a simple par-3 green only partially surrounded by a lake. Alice Dye suggested the Island Green concept, remembering another course with a similar green, Pete was not thrilled at the idea but went ahead with it, in the process creating one of golfs most recognizable holes. Because of its popularity among fans, The Golf Channel devotes 11 cameras to it during the tournament, probably the most famous incident that has occurred on the Island Green involved Steve Lowery in the 1998 Players Championship
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UNF Arena
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UNF Arena is a multi-purpose arena located on the campus of the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, Florida. It is home to the North Florida Ospreys mens and womens basketball and it is also used for other events, such as concerts and graduation ceremonies, and has served as the site of the Orlando Magic franchises training camp. It opened in 1993 and has a capacity of up to 6,300, in 2004 the Arena was used by the U. S. Mens and Womens Olympic teams. On September 2,2008, the University announced plans for UNF Varsity Village, upgrades will be on the existing locker rooms, athletics offices, scoreboard, and seating. Planned additions will include a room, academic support area. On March 8,2015, the UNF Arena attendance record was set as 6,155 fans watched North Florida defeat USC Upstate in the 2015 Atlantic Sun Mens Basketball Tournament championship game. In the first round of the 2016 National Invitation Tournament,6,011 fans saw the Ospreys fall to Florida, official website UNF Arena at UNFOspreys. com
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World Golf Village
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The World Golf Village is a golf resort in St. Johns County, Florida, United States, located between Jacksonville and St. Augustine. It was created by the PGA Tour and showcases the World Golf Hall of Fame, in addition to the resort the World Golf Village features residential and commercial developments. The 6, 300-acre parcel was approved in the 1990s as a Development of Regional Impact under Section 380.06 of the Florida Statutes, and eventually have 18,000 residents. A new interchange on Interstate 95 in Florida was constructed to direct access to the site. A large building on the west side houses the hall of fame, theater, cafe, the Shops of World Golf Village are situated on the north and east sides, and the Renaissance Hotel and convention center are to the south. The Ladies Professional Golf Association created a hall of fame in 1951 and it was inactive until 1967, when it moved into a physical location in Augusta, Georgia and was renamed the LPGA Tour Hall of Fame. In the early 1990s, the PGA Tour was contemplating a Hall of Fame close to their north Florida headquarters, deane Beman asked LPGA commissioner Charlie Mechem if there was interest in a joint Golf Hall of Fame. When they responded in the affirmative, the United States Golf Association was contacted, as was The Royal, both agreed to collaborate, and PGA of America closed the Pinehurst World Golf Hall of Fame, while the LPGA decided to merge their HOF into the new facility. An independent entity, the World Golf Foundation, was formed in 1994 to promote and honor the game, the Board of Directors included representatives from the worlds major golf organizations. The WGF owns and controls the World Golf Hall of Fame, the first and foremost attraction at World Golf Village is the World Golf Hall of Fame, which superseded the PGA of America facility at Pinehurst, North Carolina in May 1998. The Hall of Fame has a permanent display with information for every individual inducted. There are also devoted to the history of golf, heritage, organizations, course design, equipment, attire. The Trophy Tower contains a collection of all the major tournament trophies, many of the displays are interactive and give the visitor a hands on experience. Featured exhibits change yearly, and a round on the 18-hole putting course is included with museum admission, additionally, there is a Challenge Hole with an island green similar to the signature hole at TPC Sawgrass, the par 3, 17th. The resort features two golf courses, the King & Bear, designed jointly by Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus, and the Slammer & Squire. Both courses consistently receive 4.5 stars rating by Golf Digest, the PGA TOUR Golf Academy opened at WGV in 2000 as a one-stop facility to help players improve all facets of their golf game. Their instructors are experienced PGA and LPGA professionals who provide clinics, schools, private lessons, development programs and camps for juniors using the latest technology. Based on the success of the program, branches have been established at TPC Sawgrass, TPC Scottsdale, TPC Las Vegas, TPC San Antonio, the academy at World Golf Village trains and certifies all instructors at TOUR academies
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Alhambra Dinner Theatre
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The Alhambra was built by Jacksonville businessman Leon Simon in 1967 and purchased by Tod Booth, Sr. in 1984. Booth moved to Jacksonville from Chicago, where he worked as director for the Drury Lane Theaters. As with other theaters of the 1970s, Alhambra initially relied on the appeal of former stars of film, television. Alhambras first such headliner was in Barefoot in the Park in 1969, stars earned weekly pay between $1,500 and $5,000 for six to eight weeks as well as being able to enjoy the weather and amenities in Florida. According to Booth, When their careers cooled, a star could learn a show and that one show could be a meal ticket for a year or two. Other celebrities, including soap opera cast members, hosts from TV game shows, in the early 1980s, however, it became difficult to hire former big names to act in dinner theatre. Booth explained, They could make more in a day doing a commercial than they could make during the run of dinner theater show. Plus, a lot of the stars just started dying off, as a result, few of the performers had familiar names, but all were professionals, most with extensive experience on stage, in movies and TV. The show itself was promoted, rather than the headliner, since the 1970s, over 100 stars have graced the Alhambra stage, The Alhambras performers are members of the Actors Equity Association, the union that represents professional stage and film actors. The theatre features buffet dinners and a bar service. The bar itself seats 75 for patrons who arrive early for happy hour, the facility uses a Thrust stage to give all 408 seats an excellent view. Several staff members have been at the venue for over 25 years, during 1997, plans were drawn up to reconfigure the Alhambra into separate theatre and dining sections. A24,800 sq ft new building would be constructed for a restaurant seating 600, the present structure would be converted into auditorium seating for 600 and triple the size of the stage. Construction was projected to start in the fall of 1998, pending financing approval, in 2000, plans for a $10 million,50,000 sq ft project were submitted to the city for approval. Three buildings would be constructed surrounding the structure, which would eventually be razed. However, Jacksonvilles Concurrency Management Office determined that there was insufficient traffic capacity, on August 31,2009 the Alhambra Dinner Theatre suspended operations, citing the effect of the Late-2000s recession on attendance and expenses. The sale of the theatre to Theatre Partners, a group of investors, was announced on October 28,2009. The group stated that operations would resume December 1,2009 with A Christmas Carol, former owner Tod Booth agreed to direct the shows, which were the primary attraction
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Florida Theatre
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The Florida Theatre is an historic American movie theater located at 128 East Forsyth Street in Jacksonville, Florida. The theatre is one of four remaining high-style movie palaces built in Florida during the Mediterranean Revival architectural boom of the 1920s. Opened on April 8,1927, it was added to the U. S. National Register of Historic Places on November 4,1982, on April 18,2012, the AIAs Florida Chapter placed the building on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years. The Florida Theatre began construction in summer of 1926 by Southern Enterprises, Inc. with R. E. Hall & Co. the theatre was established as a seven-story concrete fireproof building with a roof garden and with an emphasis on showing movies and live performances. R. E. Hall and Roy A. Benjamin designed the Florida Theatre in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, the site of the Florida Theatre was previously occupied by a police station and jail but was demolished. Construction of the theatre took only one year and was opened to the public on April 8,1927, at the time of the opening the Florida Theatre was the largest theatre in Florida. The opening night had several programs featuring fanfare of the American Legion Bugle Corps, a stage show. The Florida Theatre was open from 11,00 AM to 11,00 PM showing a variety of films, news reels, in 1938 the roof garden was closed and replaced with offices to be rented out. On August 10-11,1956 Elvis Presley played two shows at the Florida Theatre to the dislikes of Jacksonvilles city leadership, a committee was formed and Judge Marion Gooding prepared arrest warrants due to Presleys bodily movements and influence on the local youth. Gooding and Elvis had a meeting where Gooding threatened to execute the warrants if Elvis disobeyed his orders. Elvis performed the show with no action from the police or Gooding, by the 1970s the Florida Theatre was in decline and on May 8,1980 it was forced to closed. On October 31,1981 the Florida Theatre was purchased by the Arts Assembly of Jacksonville for $1 million, the Arts Assembly immediately began restoring the dilapidated building with $5 million. The Florida Theatre was also at the time placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 28,1982, one year later on August 26,1983 the newly renovated Florida Theatre was reopened to the public. On October 1,1987 the Florida Theatre separated from the Arts Assembly as an independent entity governed by its own board of directors, the Florida Theatre today is the permanent home of the Florida Ballet, Theatreworks, and the annual Community Nutcracker
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Ritz Theatre (Jacksonville)
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The Ritz Theatre is an African-American oriented theatre in the LaVilla neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida. The theater, which seats 426, is used for a variety of music, dance and theatrical productions, the spacious lobby is also used for private functions. Just off the lobby is the LaVilla Museum which holds 11,000 square feet of exhibits, LaVilla is considered the mecca for African American culture and heritage in Florida. The Ritz Theater was designed in the Art Deco style by local architect Jefferson Powell, LaVilla had a thriving, vibrant culture from 1921 to 1971, when it was known as the Harlem of the South. From the 1970s, the entertainment district of LaVilla went into decline and crime increased, the groundbreaking for the project was in 1998, and the pair were reopened on September 30,1999. The sign and northwest corner are all that remain of the original building
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Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts
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The Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located in Jacksonville, Florida. Situated along the Riverbank, the venue is known as the First Coast’s premiere riverfront entertainment facility, originally opening in 1962, the facility was renovated beginning in 1995 until 1997, with a grand re-opening on February 8,1997. The center consists of three venues, a theatre, concert hall and recital hall and it is home to the FSCJ Artist Series, Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra, Jacksonville Symphony Youth Orchestra and showcase, Extravaganza. Commissioned in 1955, the City of Jacksonville approved a new civic auditorium, in 1957, the site was purchased from the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. At the same time, Mayor W. Haydon Burns successfully lobbied the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to move its headquarters from North Carolina to Jacksonville, thus, construction began on the auditorium and the Atlantic Coastline Building both began in 1957. On December 7,1957, the Seaboard Docks were demolished to make way for the forthcoming auditorium, the site was prepared via bulk heading the shoreline of the St. Johns River. This involved walling out the shoreline and adding fill dirt, the original site of the municipal coliseum was moved further along the riverbank and opened in 1960 along with the Atlantic Coastline Building. The Civic Auditorium was opened on September 16,1962, with a performance by the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra, the center served as a replacement for the aging Duval County Armory and became the preferred mid-sized concert venue alongside the Florida Theatre. The civic auditorium consisted of the auditorium, Exhibition Hall. By the 1990s, the auditorium developed a bad reputation amongst music acts, like the coliseum, the venue was known for its poor acoustics. This caused many concerts to be moved to Tallahassee or Gainesville, in 1993, Mayor Ed Austin proposed the River City Renaissance Plan. A portion of the $235 million bond was allocated to the renovation of the facility and it was headed by KBJ Architects, Rothman, Rothman & Heineman, Kirkegaard Associates and Jones & Phillips Associates, Inc. The original auditorium was gutted and divided into three facilities, in 1994, local newspaper, The Florida Times-Union, purchased naming rights for $3 million. The renovated facility also included a lounge, art gallery and lobby, the lobby areas included marble column from the Barnett National Bank Building and art from the Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville. The center reopened on February 8,1997, with a performance by the FSCJ Artist Series, the Jim & Jan Moran Theater is a theatre and main performance venue of the center. The theater was designed for theatrical and musical performances. All genres from rock to gospel have performed at the theater, since 2006, the Jim & Jan Moran Theatre has been the home of Extraganza, an annual talent showcase by the students of Douglas Anderson School of the Arts. The theater can seat nearly 3,000, the Robert E. Jacoby Symphony Hall is a concert hall primarily used for orchestral performances
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Theatre Jacksonville
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Theatre Jacksonville is a community theatre based in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. One of the oldest continually producing community theatres in the United States, its building, Theatre Jacksonville is based in the neighborhood of San Marco. It puts on numerous productions throughout the year and runs a camp called Camp Theatre Jacksonville every summer. The Little Theatre company was founded at Jacksonville, Florida in 1919, cigar magnate Carl Swisher was the benefactor for a new building in the San Marco neighborhood, which was started in 1927. However, It was more than ten years before the first performance was staged at the new facility, on January 4,1938, Boy meets Girl opened in what is now a historic U. S. theater located at 2032 San Marco Boulevard. In early 1969, the name of the company was changed to Theatre Jacksonville, Inc. mayor Hans Tanzler issued a proclamation naming Theatre Jacksonville as Jacksonvilles Official Theatre in 1972, a distinction reconfirmed by all succeeding mayors. On July 12,1991, the Little Theatre building was added to the U. S. National Register of Historic Places, the $500,000 Harold K. Smith Playhouse Endowment for facility maintenance was established in June,1997. In October,2000 the theatre Facade renovation was completed and the facility was dedicated as the Harold K. Smith Playhouse. Official Theatre Jacksonville Website Duval County listings, Floridas Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
