1.
Laurie Anderson
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Laura Phillips Laurie Anderson is an American avant-garde artist, composer, musician and film director whose work spans performance art, pop music, and multimedia projects. Initially trained in violin and sculpting, Anderson pursued a variety of art projects in New York during the 1970s, making particular use of language, technology. She became widely known outside the art world in 1981 when her single O Superman reached number two on the UK pop charts. She also starred in and directed the 1986 concert film Home of the Brave, Anderson is a pioneer in electronic music and has invented several devices that she has used in her recordings and performance art shows. In 1977, she created a violin that uses recorded magnetic tape on the bow instead of horsehair. In the late 1990s, she developed a talking stick, a six-foot long baton-like MIDI controller that can access, Anderson started dating Lou Reed in 1992, and was married to him from 2008 until his death in 2013. Anderson was born in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, on June 5,1947 and she graduated from Glenbard West High School. She attended Mills College in California, and eventually graduated from Barnard College magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, in 1972, she obtained an MFA in sculpture from Columbia University. Her first performance-art piece—a symphony played on automobile horns—was performed in 1969, in 1970, she drew the underground comix Baloney Moccasins, which was published by George DiCaprio. She performed in New York during the 1970s, two early pieces, New York Social Life and Time to Go, are included in the 1977 compilation New Music for Electronic and Recorded Media, along with works by Pauline Oliveros and others. Two other pieces were included on Airwaves, a collection of pieces by various artists. She also recorded a lecture for Vision, a set of artists released by Crown Point Press as a set of 6 LPs. Many of Andersons earliest recordings remain unreleased, or were only issued in limited quantities, such as her first single, among the musicians on these early recordings are Peter Gordon on saxophone, Scott Johnson on guitar, Ken Deifik on harmonica, and Joe Kos on drums. Photographs and descriptions of many of early performances were included in Andersons retrospective book. Among the Giorno-released recordings was Youre the Guy I Want to Share My Money With and she also worked with comedian Andy Kaufman in the late 1970s. In 1980 Anderson was awarded a doctorate from the San Francisco Art Institute. In 1982 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts—Film, Anderson became widely known outside the art world in 1981 with the single O Superman, originally released in a limited quantity by B. Georges One Ten Records, which reached number two in the British charts
Laurie Anderson
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Laurie Anderson, May 1986
Laurie Anderson
–
In 2015 with
Kronos Quartet, after performing LANDFALL in
Chicago 's
Harris Theater
2.
Potsdam (town), New York
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Potsdam is a town located in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The town population was 17,029 at the 2010 census, Potsdam is a cultural and educational hub of Northern New York. When SUNY Potsdam and Clarkson University are both in session, the population increases by approximately 8,000 students, the town is named after the city of Potsdam in Germany. The Town of Potsdam also contains a village named Potsdam, Potsdam is centrally located within the county and is northeast of Canton, the county seat. David Clarkson and Garret van Horn were early investors in the town, the newcomers found Native Americans still residing in the town and in the fur trade. The town was established in 1806 from part of the Town of Madrid, Potsdam is one of the original ten towns of St. Lawrence County. The community of Potsdam set itself apart from the town in 1831 by incorporating as a village, the community of Raquetteville incorporated as the Village of Potsdam Junction in 1871. St. Lawrence Academy, the predecessor of the State University of New York at Potsdam was founded in 1816, in 1896, Clarkson University was founded. The Potsdam area is known for its reddish-orange Potsdam sandstone. A large slab of it is on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, the First Presbyterian Church of Dailey Ridge and French Family Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 103.4 square miles. The Raquette River flows northward through the center of the town, the Grasse River flows through the northwest part of Potsdam. U. S. Route 11 and New York State Route 11B are east-west highways, New York State Route 56 is a north-south highway. New York State Route 345 is a northwest-southeast highway that intersects New York State Route 310 near the northwest town line, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,957 people,5,073 households, and 2,810 families residing in the town. The population density was 157.3 people per square mile, there were 5,431 housing units at an average density of 53.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 21% White,1. 59% Black or African American,0. 42% Native American,2. 53% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 36% from other races, and 0. 88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 25% of the population,31. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.97
Potsdam (town), New York
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Market Street in the village of Potsdam.
3.
Picture books
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A picture book combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, most often aimed at young children. The images in picture books use a range of such as oil paints, acrylics, watercolor. Two of the earliest books with something like the picture books still retain now were Heinrich Hoffmanns Struwwelpeter from 1845. Some of the picture books are Robert McCloskeys Make Way for Ducklings, Dr. Seuss The Cat In The Hat. The Caldecott Medal and Kate Greenaway Medal are awarded annually for illustrations in childrens literature, from the mid-1960s several childrens literature awards include a category for picture books. Some picture books are published with content aimed at children or even adults. Tibet, Through the Red Box, by Peter Sis, is one example of a book aimed at an adult audience. There are several subgenres among picture books, including books, concept books, early readers, nursery rhymes. Another category is movable books, such as books, which employ paper engineering to make parts of the page pop up or stand up when pages are opened. The Wheels on the Bus, by Paul O. Zelinsky, is one example of a bestseller pop-up picture book, orbis Pictus from 1658 by John Amos Comenius was the earliest illustrated book specifically for children. It is something of an encyclopedia and is illustrated by woodcuts. A Little Pretty Pocket-Book from 1744 by John Newbery was the earliest illustrated storybook marketed as pleasure reading in English, the German childrens books Struwwelpeter from 1845 by Heinrich Hoffmann, and Max and Moritz from 1865 by Wilhelm Busch, were among the earliest examples of modern picturebook design. Andrew Langs twelve Fairy Books published between 1889 and 1910 were illustrated by among others Henry J. Ford and Lancelot Speed, lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland, illustrated by John Tenniel in 1866 was one of the first highly successful entertainment books for children. Toy books were introduced in the half of the 19th century. These had a proportion of pictures to words than earlier books. Heath Robinson, Howard Pyle, or Charles Robinson, generally, these illustrated books had eight to twelve pages of illustrated pictures or plates accompanying a classic childrens storybook. Beatrix Potters The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1902 to immediate success, Peter Rabbit was Potters first of many The Tale of. Including The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, The Tale of Benjamin Bunny, The Tale of Tom Kitten, swedish author Elsa Beskow wrote and illustrated some 40 childrens stories and picture books between 1897–1952
Picture books
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Peter Rabbit with his family, from
The Tale of Peter Rabbit by
Beatrix Potter, 1902
Picture books
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A reprint of the 1658 illustrated
Orbis Pictus
Picture books
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Cover of
Babes in the Wood, illustrated by
Randolph Caldecott
Picture books
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Title page from
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by
L. Frank Baum from 1900
4.
Speak (Anderson novel)
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Speak, published in 1999, is a young adult novel by Laurie Halse Anderson that tells the story of high school freshman Melinda Sordino. After accidentally busting an end-of-summer party due to an unnamed incident, unable to verbalize what happened, Melinda nearly stops speaking altogether, expressing her voice through the art she produces for Mr. Freemans class. This expression slowly helps Melinda acknowledge what happened, face her problems, Speak is considered a problem novel, or trauma novel. Melindas story is written in a format, consisting of a nonlinear plot. Additionally, Anderson employs intertextual symbolism in the narrative, incorporating fairy tale imagery, Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, since it was published, the novel has won several awards and has been translated into sixteen languages. The book has faced censorship for the mature content explicit in it, in 2004, Jessica Sharzer directed the film adaptation, starring Kristen Stewart as Melinda. The summer before her year of high school, Melinda Sordino meets Andy Evans at a senior party. Outside the woods, Andy rapes her, Melinda calls 9-1-1, but does not know what to say and runs home. The police came and broke up the party, and some people got arrested, Melinda does not tell anyone what happened to her, and nobody asks. She starts high school at Merryweather High School as an outcast since all her old friends left her and she remains silent and sinks into depression. Melinda is befriended by Heather, a new girl, who clings to Melinda only to ditch her for the Marthas, who are the popular girls at Merryweather High. As Melindas depression deepens, she begins to skip school, withdrawing from her already distant parents and other authority figures and she slowly befriends her lab partner, David Petrakis, who encourages her to speak up for herself. Near the end of the book, Melindas ex-best friend Rachel, realizing only one other person couldve told Rachel, Andy attacks her in the abandoned janitors closet, Melindas sanctuary. Melinda fights back against Andy and is able to get help in time, when word spreads about what happened and the truth about that night is revealed, the students no longer treat Melinda as an outcast but as a sort of hero instead. And finally, Melinda tells her story to her art teacher, Mr. Freeman, Speak is written for young adults and high school students. Labeled a problem novel, it centers on a character who gains the strength to overcome her past, through narrative events. The rape troubles Melinda as she struggles with wanting to repress the memory of the event, barbara Tannert-Smith calls Speak a trauma narrative. Janet Alsup specifies it as a rape story, the novel allows readers to identify with Melindas suffering
Speak (Anderson novel)
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Book cover of 1st edition
5.
Chains (novel)
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The story sets in New York in the years 1776 to 1777, when slavery was something that was legal and common in the colonies. Though the novel is fictional, the events in the story are actual events occurred back then in the colonies. The novel contains 45 chapters with the numbers in Roman Numerals. This opening of each chapter gives a perspective of what Isabel might face in the chapter or something relating to the events of the chapter and he then sold them to a Loyalist couple who brings them to New York away from their previous hometown, Newport, Rhode Island. Protagonist and narrator of the novel, she is always striving her best to do anything she can to get her and her out of slavery and back to Rhode Island. Though at a very young age—thirteen-years-old—she has a tough character and is devoted to anything she does. Her cleverness helps her in her various tasks on spying the Loyalists and she is very nurturing towards her younger sister Ruth, knowing that she is the only person who can take care of her. On the night of the Queens Ball she makes her move on her way to freedom, Isabels five-year-old sister and also a slave. Ruth, who is suffering from epilepsy, often encounters fits from this sickness. As a young child, she is stubborn, for example she asks for her baby doll every night before going to bed even though she knows that Mr. Robert Finch has taken away all their belongings. Her innocent and vulnerable nature makes her very dependable on Isabel, a Loyalist who is very self-centered and untrustworthy. This attempt, however, was discovered thanks to Isabels report on her spying tasks. He also had a plan to assassinate President George Washington along with a group of Loyalists, at home, he is very abusive towards his wife, and he demands to be obeyed by everybody in the house. Wife of Elihu Lockton, she is also a Loyalist though not as committed as Elihu. Very abusive towards Isabel, both physically and mentally, she not call her by name and instead calls her Sal. Her harsh and brutal character is shown in her branding Isabel as a punishment for standing up to her and she strongly dislikes Isabel, as opposed to her liking Ruth because she is considered easier to order around. When her husbands aunt falls sick, she hopes that her condition will cause her to die soon, whenever Lady Seymours condition improves, Ms. Lockton seems to be saddened. Previous owner of Isabel and Ruth before she died and they were sold to the Locktons and she promised Isabel that she and her sister would be free when she dies, as a part of her will. Isabel views her as one of the slaveowners, describing her as being polite to her slaves by saying please
Chains (novel)
–
Chains
6.
American Library Association
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The American Library Association is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world, founded by Justin Winsor, Charles Ammi Cutter, Samuel S. Green, James L. Whitney, Melvil Dewey, Fred B. Perkins, Charles Evans, and Thomas W. Bicknell in 1876 in Philadelphia, in attendance were 90 men and 13 women, among them Justin Winsor, William Frederick Poole, Charles Ammi Cutter, Melvil Dewey, and Richard Rogers Bowker. Attendees came from as far west as Chicago and from England, the aim of the Association, in that resolution, was to enable librarians to do their present work more easily and at less expense. The Association has worked throughout its history to define, extend, protect, during this period, the first Library Bill of Rights was drafted by Forrest Spaulding to set a standard against censorship and was adopted by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognized as the moment defining modern librarianship as a committed to intellectual freedom. The ALA formed the Staff Organizations Round Table in 1936 and the Library Unions Round Table in 1940, the ALA appointed a committee to study censorship and recommend policy after the banning of The Grapes of Wrath and the implementation of the LBR. The committee reported in 1940 that intellectual freedom and professionalism were linked and recommended a permanent committee – Committee on Intellectual Freedom, in 1961, the ALA took a stand regarding service to African Americans and others, advocating for equal library service for all. An amendment was passed to the LBR in 1961 that made clear that an individuals library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate. In 1963, the ALA commissioned a study, Access to Public Libraries, in 1967 some librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam War speech given by General Maxwell D. This group called themselves the Organizing Committee for the ALA Round Table on Social Responsibilities of Libraries and this group drew in many other under-represented groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the Congress for Change in 1969. This formation of the committee was approved in 1969 and would change its name to the Social Responsibilities Round Table in 1971). After its inception, the Round Table of Social Responsibilities began to press ALA leadership to address such as library unions, working conditions, wages. The Freedom to Read Foundation was created by ALAs Executive Board in 1969, the Black Caucus of the ALA and the Office for Literacy and Outreach were set up in 1970. His comments were inappropriate and fell far short of the commitment to diversity. Handlers remarks come at a time when the world has little diversity. Works from authors and illustrators of color make up less than 8 percent of children’s titles produced in 2013, the ALA hopes this regrettable incident will be used to open a dialogue on the need for diversity in the publishing industry, particularly in regards to books for young people. The ALA Archives, including documents, non-current records
American Library Association
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ALA Logo
American Library Association
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Camila Alire, 2009–2010 President of the ALA
American Library Association
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American Library Association conference, New Monterey Hotel,
Asbury Park, New Jersey, June 25, 1919 (
Library of Congress)
7.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won twenty Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The paper's May 2, 2011 front page
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Inquirer Building, formerly the Elverson Building, the home of the newspaper from 1924-2011
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The sign above the entrance to The Inquirer Building
The Philadelphia Inquirer
–
The former
Strawbridge & Clothier Building at 801 Market Street, where the Inquirer and Daily News offices are now located.
8.
Speak (film)
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Speak is a 2004 American independent drama based on the award-winning novel of the same name by Laurie Halse Anderson. It stars Kristen Stewart as Melinda Sordino, a school freshman who practically stops talking after being raped by a senior student. The film is told through Melindas eyes and is wrought with her sardonic humor and it was broadcast on Showtime and Lifetime in 2005 after premiering at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004. 15-year-old Melinda Sordino starts out her year in high school. She doesnt have any friends to hang out with and appears awkward, throughout the day, she is made fun of by several students, repeatedly called a squealer. A series of flashbacks reveal that she called the police at a party during the previous summer. The party was crashed, causing mayhem and everyone to flee from the police, when her parents see her report card, they prompt her to see Mr. Neck, who tells her to write an essay on any history topic. After refusing to read her paper aloud to her class, she sent to the office of the school principal. Melinda is nice to a new student named Heather Billings, who claims to be Melindas friend, the only other student with whom Melinda has a positive experience is her lab partner, Dave Petrakis, who has successfully managed to avoid affiliating himself with a clique. As the year progresses, Melinda begins a painfully slow recapture of her confidence, with help from Dave and her art teacher. Her former best friend, Rachel Bruin, starts dating Andy, Melinda finds Rachel at the library and tells her the truth about what happened at the party by writing it on paper. At first, Rachel refuses to believe her, thinking that Melinda is lying out of jealousy, and calls her sick, after Rachel begins to tell other people what happened, Andy threatens and begins to attack Melinda. He corners her in the art room and tries to force her to everybody at school that the incident is false. They are found by one of her old friends and a group of girls who help Melinda, Mr. Neck sees Melinda walking away from the scene and asks what was going on, but Melinda doesnt respond. On the way back from the hospital after being treated for her injuries, Melinda rolls down the window of the car and she finally finds the strength to tell her mother the truth about what happened at the party. Although it is clear that Melinda will still need time to recover from her ordeals. Kristen Stewart as Melinda Sordino Michael Angarano as David Petrakis Robert John Burke as Mr. Neck Hallee Hirsh as Rachel Bruin Eric Lively as Andy Evans Elizabeth Perkins as Joyce Sordino D. B. Sweeney as Jack Sordino Steve Zahn as Mr. Production took place in Columbus, Ohio because a production partner, Film production took only 21 days in August 2003
Speak (film)
–
Film poster
9.
Kristen Stewart
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Kristen Jaymes Stewart is an American actress and model. Born in Los Angeles to parents working in business, Stewart began her acting career in 1997 with uncredited roles. She gained notice in 2002 for playing Jodie Fosters daughter in the thriller Panic Room and she went on to star in Speak, Catch That Kid, Zathura, and Into The Wild, for which she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. She received widespread recognition in 2008 for playing Bella Swan in The Twilight Saga film series, Stewart has appeared in a wide variety of films, including Adventureland, The Runaways, Snow White and the Huntsman, On the Road, Camp X-Ray, Still Alice and Equals. She won the BAFTA Rising Star Award in 2010 and was awarded the Milan International Film Festival Award for Best Actress in 2011 for Welcome to the Rileys. She starred in Personal Shopper, written for her by director Olivier Assayras, Stewart was listed as the highest-earning female actress in the Vanity Fair Hollywood Top Earners List of 2010, with an estimated earning of $28.5 million. In 2011, she was named number one on Forbes list of Hollywoods Best Actors for the Buck, Forbes also named her as the highest paid actress in 2012, with total earnings of $34.5 million. She is the face of Chanel and Balenciaga fashion brands, Stewart was born and raised in Los Angeles. Both of her parents work in the entertainment industry and her father, John Stewart, is a stage manager and television producer who has worked for Fox and currently works on Comedy Central show @midnight. Her mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is originally from Maroochydore, Queensland and she is a script supervisor and has also directed a film, the 2012 prison drama K-11. She has a brother, Cameron B. Stewart, and two adopted brothers, Dana and Taylor, Stewart attended local schools until the seventh grade. As she became involved in acting, she continued her education by correspondence until completing high school. As she grew up with a family who worked behind the camera, Stewart thought she would become a screenwriter/director and she recalled, I never wanted to be the center of attention — I wasnt that I want to be famous, I want to be an actor kid. I never sought out acting, but I always practiced my autograph because I love pens, Id write my name on everything. She began acting at 8, after an agent saw her perform in her elementary schools Christmas play, after auditioning for a year, Stewart gained her first role with a small, nonspeaking part in the Disney Channel TV-movie The Thirteenth Year. Her next film was The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, where she played the ring toss girl and she also appeared in the independent film The Safety of Objects, as the tomboy daughter of a troubled single mother. Stewart also played a tomboy, diabetic daughter of a mother in the film Panic Room
Kristen Stewart
–
Stewart at the
2014 Cannes Film Festival
Kristen Stewart
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Stewart at the 2007 Breakthrough Awards of Hollywood Life Magazine.
Kristen Stewart
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Stewart at the Australian premiere of
Snow White and the Huntsman in June 2012
Kristen Stewart
–
Stewart at the UK premiere of
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 in November 2012
10.
Melinda Sordino
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Melinda Sordino is the main character and narrator of Laurie Halse Andersons 1999 novel Speak. Her last name, Sordino, is an Italian word that can be translated as mute, going into ninth grade at Merryweather High School, Melinda Mel Sordino goes to a party with three other friends and is raped by a senior, Andy Evans. This abuse forces her silence and drastically changes her life and social structure, in fact, for most of the novel. She finds solace in her art class and teacher, Mr. Freeman, throughout the year she slowly creates a hidden room for herself in an old janitors closet, which acts as her safe haven, and is the setting for the climactic ending of the novel. Throughout the year, several minor events led up to her coming forward about her rape, for the majority of the novel, she refuses to admit to herself that she was raped, a fact that makes it hard for Melinda to heal and continue with her life. Melinda attempts to confide in her ex-best friend Rachel, but she doesnt believe her, only when Andy angrily confronts her about talking to Rachel and attempts to rape her again, Melinda fights back and finally break her silence, which sets her free from her isolation and terror. Melinda is the first person narrator of Speak and she is very observant and notices every small detail. Her abuse has made her cynical, though she is very secretive about it, the cliques and social groups at her school disgust her, a fact which she makes well known through her narration. At times her voice seems to be just a stream of consciousness, the sentence structure is often short and choppy, representing how Melinda is feeling at the moment. Melindas physical appearance is described, except in the context of what clothing she is wearing. It is also mentioned she has black eyebrows and muddy brown eyes and her mother buys her clothing, which she dislikes, and her lips are always bloody and dry from the fact that she bites them when she sees Andy Evans, or when something bad happens to her. It is mentioned in Winter Break that she is not extremely pretty, in the chapter Hall of Mirrors, it is told that Melinda wears a size ten pants. It also mentions she has hair in chapter thirteen. In Andersons 2002 novel Catalyst, Melinda Sordino appears for a few pages, when a fellow student has a mental breakdown, she counsels her and helps her through the rough patch. It is stated that Melindas rapist, Andy, is guilty but does not go to jail, instead. The character is portrayed by Kristen Stewart in the 2004 film adaptation
Melinda Sordino
–
Kristen Stewart as Melinda Sordino.
11.
Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
Revolutionary War
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Clockwise from top left:
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the
Siege of Yorktown,
Battle of Trenton,
The Death of General Warren at the
Battle of Bunker Hill,
Battle of Long Island,
Battle of Guilford Court House
Revolutionary War
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Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper
Revolutionary War
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This iconic 1846 lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians.
Revolutionary War
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The British marching to
Concord in April 1775
12.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
13.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
14.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
15.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
Library of Congress
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Construction of the
Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888, to May 15, 1894.
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
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The West façade of the Library of Congress in 1898
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress inside the
U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890
16.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
17.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
