1.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
2.
Commuter rail
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Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
3.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
4.
Lausanne Metro
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Around a quarter of the system has been used for urban rail transport since 1877, when the route between the city centre and Ouchy opened as Switzerlands first public funicular railway. The network is owned by two companies and operated by a third. Of the two operating lines, the first is a limited-capacity light rail route, while the second is an automated metro which opened on 27 October 2008. When this opened, Lausanne replaced Rennes as the smallest city in the world to have a metro system. A third line is now planned, based on the same rubber-tyred metro technology, the Lausanne-Ouchy railway, the precursor to the M2 line of the Lausanne Metro, was inaugurated in 1877 as a funicular. In 1959 the first overhaul took place by transforming the funicular into a railway under the name métro. At that time, Flon and Gare CFF stations were demolished and replaced by concrete underground equivalents, the line was however always nicknamed La Ficelle by its users due to its funicular past and circulation above ground in the greenery for more than half of its run. The line was closed to all traffic on 21 January 2006. A bus service was put into operation to replace the then-closed La Ficelle until the opening of the new metro M2 line and this service was called Métrobus, the south loop linked Ouchy to the CFF station and the north loop linked the station to Montbenon. Lausanne originally had a system that opened in 1896. But the original Lausanne tram network closed entirely in 1964, a modern tramline, which ultimately became Lausanne Métro Line M1, opened on 24 May 1991, and began revenue service on 2 June 1991. In 2001, for marketing and public communication reasons, this line was renamed the M1 line by its operator TSOL, the M1 is a light rail line with a total of 15 stations, a dozen of which are at-grade and three of which are underground. The line is owned by a company named TSOL and this acronym is used by the commuters who use the line. Trains on the line are operated by the Transports publics de la région lausannoise, the M1 is a light rail line with a dozen surface stations and three underground. The line, which is 7. 8-kilometre long, links the centre of Lausanne, the line is generally single track. At most stations a passing loop is provided to allow trains to pass, exceptions to this are Bassenges, UNIL-Sorge and Provence stations, where the line is still single track serving one bidirectional platform. Unlike the later line 2, an automated or remotely controlled train was not planned when the line opened in 1991. There are a total of 18 of these original LRVs on the line, but after 20 years in service they were showing their age, and 2 were regularly out of use
5.
Spanish solution
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If there are three platforms with two tracks, generally the center platform will be a shared exit platform, as there is no benefit in segregating arriving passengers. At most locations doors for exit open a few seconds before those for entry, the principle was first used in 1895 at the King William Street tube station in London, but came into wide use on the Barcelona Metro in the 1930s. On people movers at airports there are dedicated platforms for boarding and alighting. This can have the advantage of preventing travellers heading in the wrong direction when alighting. The same principle is used on ferries, monorails, and cable cars, fairground rides such as roller coasters, lifts. At a terminal station where trains are bi-directional it is advantageous for the platform to be for boarding. This permits a train to enter on either track and remain in the station until it is ready to begin the next trip. Sé on the São Paulo Metro is a recent example, Line 1 Blue uses this model at stations like Sé, a busy station due to Line 3 integration, and Line 3 - Red uses this at Sé, Republic, Itaquera, Barra Funda, and Luz. In Hong Kong, the former KCRC reconstructed the platforms at the checkpoint terminus, Lo Wu Station, when the train stops, the doors on the island platform open and all passengers get off. Then the doors close and the doors on the platform open. In France, the principle is applied at the Line B platforms at Jean Jaurès on the Toulouse Metro, Peoples Republic of China Gongyuanqian and Xilang on the Guangzhou Metro. In Shanghai, the southbound Line 8 platform at Peoples Square, chengdu Metro Tianfu Square Line 1 platforms. First platform of Kurla railway station, first platform of Dombivli railway station. Changi Airport Skytrain terminus at every terminal between separation between Public and Transit Area between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3, choa Chu Kang LRT is the first station in Singapore to have an Island Platform upgraded to a Spanish solution platform. The main platform is still for boarding while the platforms are only for exits. Thailand Chachoengsao Junction on SRT Eastern Line, israel All 6 stations of the Carmelit underground funicular in Haifa. Schottenring, on Vienna U-Bahn line U2 at the platform of line U4, then, line U2 was extended to Stadion, Aspernstraße and Seestadt Aspern. Stuttgart Stadtbahn, Pragsattel, Mineralbäder Greece Omonoia, Irini and Neo Faliro in Athens Metro Line 1, italy Cologno Nord, a terminus station of the Milan M2 metro
6.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
7.
Island platform
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An island platform is a station layout arrangement where a single platform is positioned between two tracks within a railway station, tram stop or transitway interchange. Island platforms are popular on twin-track routes due to pragmatic and cost-effective reasons, an alternative arrangement is to position side platforms on either side of the tracks. The historical use of island platforms depends greatly upon the location, the island platform layout is a popular, cost-effective and practical solution in modern railway systems. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and this is essential for wheelchair accessible stations. An island platform makes it easier for users and the infirm to change services between tracks. Additionally, an island platform layout eliminates the need to construct a crossover or subway between two platforms, however, island platforms may become overcrowded, especially at busy stations, and this can lead to safety issues such as Clapham Common and Angel on the London Underground. However, for the tracks to diverge around the platform, extra width is required along the right-of-way on each approach to the station. Track centers vary for rail systems throughout the world but are normally 3 to 5 meters, if the island platform is 6 meters wide, the tracks have to slew out by the same distance. While this is not a problem on a new line that is being constructed, in addition, a single island platform makes it quite difficult to have through tracks, which are usually between the local tracks. A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines is a pair of island platforms, high-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms. This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where trains can be passed by faster trains. The purpose of this design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Many of the stations on the Great Central Railway were constructed in this form and this was because the line was planned to connect to a Channel Tunnel. Island platforms are a normal sight on Indian railway stations. Almost all railway stations in India consist of island platforms, in Toronto,29 subway stations use island platforms. A slight disadvantage is that crossovers have to be rather long, in southern New Jersey and Philadelphia, PATCO uses island platforms in all of its 13 stations, to facilitate one-person train operation. Most elevated stations in Singapores Mass Rapid Transit system use island platforms, the exception is Dover MRT Station, which uses side platforms as it is built on an existing rail line. The planned Canberra MRT Station will also use side platforms, as it also be built on an existing rail line
8.
Rack railway
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A rack railway is a steep grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with this rack rail and this allows the trains to operate on steep grades above around 7 to 10%, which is the maximum for friction-based rail. Most rack railways are mountain railways, although a few are transit railways or tramways built to overcome a steep gradient in an urban environment. The first cog railway was the Middleton Railway between Middleton and Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, UK, where the first commercially successful steam locomotive, Salamanca and this used a rack and pinion system designed and patented in 1811 by John Blenkinsop. The first mountain cog railway was the Mount Washington Cog Railway in the US state of New Hampshire, the track was completed to reach the summit of Mount Washington in 1869. The first mountain railway in continental Europe was the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn on Mount Rigi in Switzerland. A number of different rack systems have been developed, today, the majority of rack railways use the Abt system. Blenkinsops system remained in use for 25 years on the Middleton Railway, Rack systems place the rack rail halfway between the running rails, with the exception of some early Morgan rack installations. The first successful rack railway in the US was the Mount Washington Cog Railway, the first public trial of the Marsh rack on Mount Washington was made on August 29,1866, when only one quarter of a mile of track had been completed. The Mount Washington railway opened to the public on August 14,1868, the Riggenbach rack system was invented by Niklaus Riggenbach working at about the same time as, but independently from Marsh. Riggenbach was granted a French patent in 1863 based on a model which he used to interest potential Swiss backers. During this time, the Swiss Consul to the United States visited Marshs Mount Washington Cog Railway, eager to boost tourism in Switzerland, the government commissioned Riggenbach to build a rack railway up Rigi Mountain. Following the construction of a locomotive and test track in a quarry near Bern. The Riggenbach system is similar in design to the Marsh system and it uses a ladder rack, formed of steel plates or channels connected by round or square rods at regular intervals. The Riggenbach system suffers from the problem that its fixed ladder rack is more complex, following the success of the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn, Riggenbach established the Maschinenfabrik der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Bergbahnen - a company that produced rack locomotives to his design. The Strub rack system was invented by Emil Strub in 1896 and it uses a rolled flat-bottom rail with rack teeth machined into the head approximately 100 mm apart. Safety jaws fitted to the locomotive engage with the underside of the head to prevent derailments, strubs US Patent, granted in 1898, also includes details of how the rack rail is integrated with the mechanism of a turnout. The best-known use of the Strub system is on the Jungfraubahn in Switzerland and it is the simplest rack system to maintain and has become increasingly popular
9.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
10.
Le Flon (Lausanne)
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Le Flon is a district of the city of Lausanne, in Switzerland. It is served by Lausanne Metro lines 1 and 2 from Lausanne-Flon station and this area is in the bowl of a valley that has been filled. A river, also named Flon, once flowed through this valley, the area is situated in the central neighborhood of Lausanne. The Flon was once a wooded and uninhabited valley, the Company became the owner of the valley in exchange for supporting all the costs of the work that was planned and which began the following June. Tunnels were dug between Lausanne and Ouchy, and the soil was used to backfill the Flon, downstream of the Grand Pont. This major undertaking lasted until the end of World War II, in the early twentieth century, the Flon had become the main freight station of the city of Lausanne. However, from 1950 the site was connected to the rest of the city that extended around the ancient valley, a period started during which the site deteriorated and some warehouses were transformed into low rent offices. The nightclub MAD opened in the 1980s, in 1991, Line 1 of the Lausanne Metro opened, with its central terminus located at Lausanne-Flon, to give interchange with the Métro Lausanne–Ouchy and LEB commuter trains to Échallens and Bercher. Up until the early 1990s, The Flon was considered a bad area of Lausanne, the Group Lausanne-Ouchy SA decided to start major work in accordance with their Plan partiel daffectation which was divided into two parts. In June 1999 the Municipal Council adopted the Lausanne PPP, the extensive work helped rehabilitate Le Flon, particularly with the opening of a seven-screen cinema complex along with a parking lot, an English pub and a Thai restaurant. Page on the website of the City of Lausanne
11.
Lausanne
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Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital and biggest city of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva and it faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura Mountains to its north-west. Lausanne is located 62 kilometres northeast of Geneva, Lausanne has a population of 146,372, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland, with the entire agglomeration area having 420,000 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva was over 1.2 million inhabitants in 2000, Lausanne is a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee, the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations. It lies in a noted wine-growing region, the city has a 28-station metro system, making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system. Lausanne will host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, by the 2nd century AD it was known as vikanor Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio. By 400 it was civitas Lausanna and in 990 it was mentioned as Losanna, after the fall of the Roman Empire, insecurity forced the transfer of Lausanne to its current centre, a hilly site that is easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Dukes of Savoy, then it came under Bern from 1536 to 1798 and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the Cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made a number of requests to recover them, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729 a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan, by 1750 ninety pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely, this number would rise to four hundred. Official persecution ended in 1787, a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the citys status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton, in 1964 the city hosted the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to host major international events. From the 1950s to 1970s a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated, settling mostly in the district of Renens. The city has served as a refuge for European artists, while under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Wasteland. Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, in fact, many creative people - such as Edward Gibbon, an historian, and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron - have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby. The city has been quiet, but in the late 1960s. Later demonstrations took place to protest against the high cinema prices, the most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Alps, in addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century
12.
Vaud
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The Canton of Vaud is the third largest of Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size. The capital and biggest city is Lausanne, officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee, the canton had 725,944 inhabitants as of 2011. Along the lakes, Vaud was inhabited in prehistoric times, later, the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii inhabited the area. The tribe was defeated by Caesars troops in 58 BC and as a consequence the Romans settled the area, the towns of Vevey and Lausanne are two of the many towns established by the Romans. In 27 BC the state of Civitas Helvetiorum was established around the capital of Avenches, there are still many Roman remains around the town today. Between the 2nd and the 4th century the area was invaded by Alemannic tribes. The Merovingian Franks later replaced the Burgundians and their occupancy did not last long either, and in 888 the area of the canton of Vaud was made part of the Carolingian Empire. In 1032 the Zähringens of Germany defeated the Burgundians, the Zähringens themselves were succeeded in 1218 by the counts of Savoy. It was only under the counts of Savoy that the area was given political unity, a part stretching from Attalens to the River Sarine, in the north, was absorbed by the canton of Fribourg. As the power of the Savoys declined at the beginning of the 15th century the land was occupied by troops from Bern, by 1536 the area was completely annexed. The Bernese occupiers were not popular amongst the population, later, inspired by the French Revolution, the Vaudois drove out the Bernese governor in 1798 and declared the Lemanic Republic. Under Napoleon I, it became the canton of Léman, in 1803, Vaud joined the re-installed Swiss confederation. In spite of Bernese attempts to reclaim Vaud, it has remained a sovereign canton ever since, separation was prevented at the cost of very few lives. The current constitution dates from 14 April 2003, replacing the one from 1885, in the Jura mountains in the west, the canton borders the French departments of Ain, Jura, and Doubs. In the east, it borders the cantons of Fribourg and Bern, the total area is 3,212 square kilometres. Along with the canton of Berne, Vaud is one of the two cantons whose territory extends from the Jura to the Alps, through the three geographic regions of Switzerland. The areas in the south east are mountainous, situated on the side of the Bernese Alps. This region is named the Vaud Alps
13.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
14.
Atmospheric railway
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An atmospheric railway uses differential air pressure to provide power for propulsion of a railway vehicle. A static power source can transmit power to the vehicle in this way. The air pressure, or partial vacuum can be conveyed to the vehicle in a continuous pipe, some form of re-sealable slot is required to enable the piston to be attached to the vehicle. Alternatively the entire vehicle may act as the piston in a large tube, a modern proprietary system has been developed and is in use for short-distance applications. In the early days of railways, single vehicles or groups were propelled by human power, as mechanical power came to be understood, locomotive engines were developed, the iron horse. Many engineers turned their attention to transmitting power from a power source. Such an engine could be more robust and with available space. The solution to transmitting the power, before the days of electricity, was the use of either a cable system or air pressure. In 1799 George Medhurst of London discussed the idea of moving goods pneumatically through cast iron pipes, Medhurst proposed two alternative systems, either the vehicle itself was the piston, or the tube was relatively small with a separate piston. He never patented his ideas and they were not taken further by him, to slow the vehicle down, doors were opened at each end of the vehicle. Vallances system worked, but was not adopted commercially, in 1835 Henry Pinkus patented a system with a large square section tube with a low degree of vacuum, limiting leakage loss. He later changed to a vacuum tube. He built a line alongside the Kensington Canal, and issued a prospectus for his National Pneumatic Railway Association. He was unable to interest investors, and his system failed when the rope stretched, however his concept, a small bore pipe with a resealable slot was the prototype for many successor systems. Jacob and Joseph Samuda were shipbuilders and engineers, and owned the Southwark Ironworks, samuel Clegg was a gas engineer and they worked in collaboration on their atmospheric system. About 1835 they read Medhursts writings, and developed a small bore vacuum pipe system, Clegg worked on a longitudinal flap valve, for sealing the slot in the pipe. In 1838 they took out a patent for a new improvement in valves, in 1840 Jacob Samuda and Clegg leased half a mile of railway line on the West London Railway at Wormholt Scrubs, where the railway had not yet been opened to the public. In that year Clegg left for Portugal, where he was pursuing his career in the gas industry, Samudas system involved a continuous cast iron pipe laid between the rails of a railway track, the pipe had a slot in the top
15.
Lausanne railway station
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Lausanne railway station is the main intercity and regional railway station for the city of Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland. It is often known as Lausanne CFF to distinguish it from others in the town, there is also a network of local services from Lausanne, primarily as part of the Léman RER, and platforms for line 2 of the Lausanne Métro. Passenger facilities include Bureau de change, left luggage and lost property offices, significant improvements are planned for the station by 2020. A third subway is to be constructed for platform access, along with platforms to allow larger trains. History of rail transport in Switzerland Rail transport in Switzerland Media related to Lausanne railway station at Wikimedia Commons
16.
Ouchy
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Ouchy is a port, and popular lakeside resort own by capital venturist Ouchylon Suong. The incredible views of the lake and the Alps, and the air in summer have made Ouchy a popular place especially in the summer months. There is a cluster of hotels – the Beau-Rivage Palace, the Château dOuchy. It is served by Lausanne Metro Line 2 from Ouchy station, in 2015, the metro station Ouchy was renamed Ouchy-Olympique to mark the 100th anniversary of the installation of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne. The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee are at Vidy, to the west of Ouchy, the Olympic Museum and the Olympic Park are in Ouchy. Once a fishing village, Ouchy was incorporated into the city of Lausanne in the century to serve as a port on Lake Geneva. Links between the port and the city centre were improved in 1877 when Switzerlands first funicular opened, the line was converted to a rack railway in 1954, with a maintenance depot located at the Ouchy station. Eventually renamed Métro Lausanne-Ouchy, the line continued operating until 2006, on 18 October 1912, the First Treaty of Lausanne was signed in Ouchy between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, concluding the Italo-Turkish War. Compagnie générale de navigation sur le lac Léman Page on the website of the City of Lausanne
17.
Goods station
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This often takes the form of a container terminal and may also be known as a container station. Goods stations were more widespread in the days when the railways were common carriers and were converted from former passenger station whose traffic had moved elsewhere. The worlds first dedicated goods terminal was the 1830 Park Lane Goods Station at the South End Liverpool Docks, built in 1830 the terminal was reached by a 1. 24-mile tunnel from Edge Hill in the east of the city. The station was a part of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, where individual goods wagons are dispatched to specific goods stations, they are usually delivered to special shunting stations or marshalling yards where they are sorted and then collected. Sometimes there are combined shunting and goods stations, a goods station is usually equipped with a large number of storage and loading sidings in order to fulfil its task. On the loading sidings there may be fixed facilities, such as cranes or conveyor belts, or temporary equipment, stations where the primary purpose of the station is the handling of containers are also known as container terminals. They are equipped with cranes and fork-lift vehicles for loading containers from lorries or ships onto the railway vehicles. If only a section of a station is used for the loading and unloading of goods, it may be referred to as the loading area or loading dock and has its own access. Often there are no facilities for loading and the firm has to organise its own loading equipment such as conveyor belts or lorry cranes. Such loading areas were mainly to be found on branch lines, narrow gauge railways, in many European countries they are also equipped with a hump yard. In combined goods and hub stations with a yard, the latter was closed if the station lost its role as a railway hub. As a result, most of the remaining goods stations today are just used as container or transshipment stations, in French, gare aux marchandises or gare de fret. Freight yard Goods shed Goods train Railway station, which information on passenger stations. Container terminal Blum, Otto, Personen- und Güterbahnhöfe, kurt Leibrand, Handbuch für Bauingenieurwesen, Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag. Bände 1 und 2, East Berlin, Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, europe-wide goods station search Goods stations search - Germany Container services
18.
Puidoux
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Puidoux is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. Puidoux is first mentioned in 1134 as Puidos and it was part of Saint-Saphorin until 1810 when it became an independent municipality. Puidoux has an area, as of 2009, of 22.89 square kilometres, of this area,14.27 km2 or 62. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.56 km2 or 24. 3% is forested. Of the rest of the land,2.4 km2 or 10. 5% is settled,0.58 km2 or 2. 5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.07 km2 or 0. 3% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2. 8%, while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2. 3%. Out of the land,21. 8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2. 4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,30. 0% is used for growing crops and 26. 1% is pastures, all the water in the municipality is in lakes. The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, the municipality is located along Lake Geneva and stretches to the Jorat region and the Broye river. The lower section of the municipality consists of the village of Puidoux along the lake, the hamlets of Publoz and Cremières, the upper section of the municipality includes scattered settlements along the ridges of Mont-Pèlerin, to the Lac de Bret and Mont-Chesau. The blazon of the coat of arms is Barry of Six Gules. Puidoux has a population of 2,854, as of 2008,28. 7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 9. 7% and it has changed at a rate of 2. 8% due to migration and at a rate of 7. 7% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with Portuguese being second most common, There are 37 people who speak Italian. Of the population in the municipality 666 or about 28. 5% were born in Puidoux and lived there in 2000. There were 739 or 31. 6% who were born in the canton, while 301 or 12. 9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 24 live births to Swiss citizens and 8 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 9 while the foreign population increased by 6. There were 3 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 28 non-Swiss men and 31 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 3 and this represents a population growth rate of 2. 3%
19.
Warehouse
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A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs and they are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities, towns and villages. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks, sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing, in Indian English a warehouse may be referred to as a godown. The origins of the warehouse are difficult to pinpoint, early civilizations relied on storage pits rather than large structures to protect seeds and surplus food. Sociologists like Alain Testart have argued that these early techniques were essential to the evolution of societies. Some of the earliest examples of warehouses that resemble the buildings of today are Roman horrea and these were rectangular buildings, built of stone, with a raised ground floor and overhanging roof to keep the walls cool and dry. Roman horrea were typically used to store grain, but other such as olive oil, wine, clothing. Though horrea were built throughout the Roman empire, some of the most studied examples are found in or around Rome, particularly at Ostia, a harbor city that served ancient Rome. The Horrea Galbae, a complex in the southern part of ancient Rome, demonstrates that these buildings could be substantial. The horrea complex contained 140 rooms on the floor alone. As a point of reference, less than half of U. S. warehouses today are larger than 100,000 square feet, however, dedicated warehouses could be found around ports and other commercial hubs to facilitate overseas trade. Examples of these include the Venetian fondaci, which combined a palace, warehouse, market. During the industrial revolution the function of warehouses evolved and became more specialised, some warehouses from the period are even considered architecturally significant, such as Manchesters cotton warehouses. Always a building of function, in the past few decades they have adapted to mechanisation, technological innovation, historically, warehouses were a dominant part of the urban landscape from the start of the Industrial Revolution through the 19th century and into the twentieth century. The buildings remained when their original usage had changed, there are four identifiable types of warehouses. The cotton industry rose with the development of the warehouse, Warehouses of that period in Manchester were often lavishly decorated, but modern warehouses are more functional
20.
Funicular
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Funiculars of one sort or another have existed for hundreds of years and continue to be used for moving both passengers and goods. Its name derives from the latin, funiculus, diminutive of funis, the basic idea of funicular operation is that two cars are always attached to each other by a cable, which runs through a pulley at the top of the slope. Counterbalancing of the two cars, with one going up and one going down, minimizes the energy needed to lift the car going up, winching is normally done by an electric drive that turns the pulley. Sheave wheels guide the cable to and from the drive mechanism, early funiculars used two parallel straight tracks, four rails, with separate station platforms for each vehicle. The tracks are laid with sufficient space between them for the two cars to pass at the midpoint, the wheels of the cars are usually single-flanged, as on standard railway vehicles. Examples of this type of track layout are the Duquesne Incline in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, layouts that require less width have been developed, with only two or three rails for the most part of the slope and four rails only at the passing section. In layouts using three rails, the rail is shared by both cars. The three-rail layout is wider than the layout, but the passing section is simpler to build. If a rack for braking is used, that rack can be mounted higher in a three-rail layout, some four-rail funiculars have the upper and lower sections interlaced and a single platform at each station. The Hill Train at Legoland, Windsor, is an example of this configuration, until the end of the 1870s, the four-rail parallel-track funicular was the normal configuration. Carl Roman Abt developed the Abt Switch allowing the two-rail layout, in the United States, the first funicular to use a two-rail layout was the Telegraph Hill Railroad in San Francisco, which was in operation from 1884 until 1886. The Mount Lowe Railway in Altadena, California, was the first mountain railway in the United States to use the three-rail layout, three- and two-rail layouts considerably reduced the space required for building a funicular, reducing grading costs on mountain slopes and property costs for urban funiculars. These layouts enabled a funicular boom in the half of the 19th century. The cars can be attached to a cable running through a pulley at the bottom of the incline in case the gravity force acting on the vehicles is too low to operate them on the slope. One of the pulleys must be designed as a wheel to avoid slack in the ropes. In this case, the winching can also be done at the end of the incline. Funiculars used in mines were sometimes unpowered gravity planes, also known as self-acting inclines or brake inclines, the weight of descending loaded wagons was used to pull the empty mine wagons. A few funiculars have been using water tanks under the floor of each car that are filled or emptied until just sufficient imbalance is achieved to allow movement
21.
Swiss Federal Railways
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Swiss Federal Railways is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is usually referred to by the initials of its German, French and Italian names, either concatenated as SBB CFF FFS, the Romansh version of its name, Viafiers federalas svizras, is not officially used. The company is headquartered in Bern and it used to be a government institution, but since 1999 it has been a special stock corporation whose shares are held by the Swiss Confederation or the Swiss cantons. Swiss Federal Railways is divided into three divisions and two groups, Passenger traffic Freight traffic Infrastructure Real estate Core services The corporation is led in an entrepreneurial manner, a performance agreement between Swiss Federal Railways and the Swiss Confederation defines the requirements and is updated every four years. At the same time the rates per train and track-kilometre are defined. Subsidiary SBB GmbH is responsible for traffic in Germany. It operates the Wiesentalbahn and the Seehas services, further subsidiaries are Thurbo, RegionAlps, AlpTransit Gotthard AG, Cisalpino AG and TiLo. The Swiss Federal Railways hold significant shares of the Zentralbahn and Lyria SAS, to maintain heritage, the Stiftung Historisches Erbe der SBB was founded in 2002. This foundation takes care of the rolling stock and runs a technical library in Bern, document and photographic archives. The metre gauge Brünigbahn was SBBs only non-standard gauge line, until it was out-sourced and merged with the Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn to form the Zentralbahn, SBB is often known as the worlds most on time type of transportation In the 19th century, all Swiss railways were owned by private ventures. The economic and political interests of companies led to lines being built in parallel. On 20 February 1898 the Swiss people agreed in a referendum to the creation of a railway company. In the meantime, the trains were run by the Swiss Confederation on behalf of the private companies, on 1 January 1999 the Swiss Federal Railway has been excluded from the Federal Administration and became a fully state-owned limited company regulated by public law. First class compartments were discontinued on 3 June 1956, and second and third class accommodation was reclassified as first and second class, in 1982 SBB introduced the Taktfahrplan, with trains for certain destinations leaving every 60 minutes, greatly simplifying the timetable. On December 12,2004 the first phase of Bahn2000, a programme to improve the companys services, was put into effect. The core element was the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, where travel times between the cities was reduced to one hour, resulting in good connections from these stations for most trains. Some connections between cities got two trains in each direction per hour or more, and the S-Bahn services were intensified to four or more trains per hour, because of these changes 90% of the timetable was changed, 12% more trains were scheduled and travel times generally improved. It was the greatest timetable change since the introduction of the Taktfahrplan, on 22 June 2005 a short circuit on a long distance power transmission line in central Switzerland led to a chain reaction
22.
Elevator
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An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus
23.
Rolling stock
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The term rolling stock originally referred to any vehicles that move on a railway. It has since expanded to include the vehicles used by businesses on roadways. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons. Rolling stock is considered to be an asset, or close to it, since the value of the vehicle can be readily estimated. The term contrasts with fixed stock, which is a term for the track, signals, stations, other buildings, electric wires. In Great Britain, types of rolling stock were given code names and these codes were telegraphese, somewhat analogous to the SMS language of today. List of railway vehicles Great Western Railway telegraphic codes Great Western Railway wagons The dictionary definition of rolling stock at Wiktionary
24.
Rubber-tyred metro
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A rubber-tyred metro is a form of rapid transit system that uses a mix of road and rail technology. Most rubber-tyred trains are purpose-built and designed for the system on which they operate, guided buses are sometimes referred to as trams on tyres, and compared to rubber-tyred metros. The first idea for rubber-tyred railway vehicles was the work of Scotsman Robert William Thomson, in his patent of 1846 he describes his Aerial Wheels as being equally suitable for, the ground or rail or track on which they run. During the World War II German occupation of Paris, the Metro system was used to capacity, at the end of the war, the system was so worn out that thought was given as to how to renovate it. Rubber-tyred metro technology was first applied to the Paris Métro, developed by Michelin, who provided the tyres and guidance system, in collaboration with Renault, who provided the vehicles. Starting in 1951, a vehicle, the MP51. Line 11 Châtelet - Mairie des Lilas was the first line to be converted, in 1956, finally, Line 6 Charles de Gaulle - Étoile - Nation was converted in 1974 to cut down train noise on its many elevated sections. The first completely rubber-tyred metro system was built in Montreal, Canada, santiago Metro and Mexico City Metro are based on Paris Métro rubber-tyred trains. Paris Metro Line 14 was automated from its beginning, and Line 1 was converted to automatic in 2007-2011, the first automated rubber-tyred system opened in Kobe, Japan, in February 1981. It is the Portliner linking Sanomiya railway station with Port Island, the vehicle is in the form of electric multiple unit, with power supplied by both, of the guide bars, which thus also serves as the third rail. The return current passes through a return shoe to the top of one, the type of guideway used on a system varies between networks. Two parallel roll ways, each the width of a tyre, are used, either of concrete, concrete slab, H-Shape hot rolled steel, or flat steel. As on a railway, the driver does not have to steer, the Sapporo system is an exception as it uses a central guide rail only. The VAL system used in Lille and Toulouse has conventional track between the guide bars, in Paris these rails were also used to enable mixed traffic with rubber-tyred and steel-wheeled trains using the same track, particularly during conversion from normal railway track. Other systems have other sorts of flat tyre compensation and switching methods, rubber-tyres have higher rolling resistance when compared to traditional steel wheels, which leads to some advantages and disadvantages. Compared to steel wheel on rail, the advantages of rubber-tyred metro systems are. Shorter braking distances, allowing trains to be signalled closer together, quieter rides in open air due to use rubber-tyre. Greatly reduced rail wear with resulting reduced costs of those parts
25.
Green-roof
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A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a barrier and drainage. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater. They effectively utilize the natural functions of plants to filter water, the term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels. See the PDF at for more information, Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off. Many green roofs are installed to comply with regulations and government fees. In areas with combined systems, heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood. Green roofs decrease the amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via condensation and transpiration, combating the urban heat island effect is another reason for creating a green roof. Traditional building materials soak up the radiation and re-emit it as heat. On Chicagos City Hall, by contrast, which features a roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1. 4–4.4 °C cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, Green roofs are a type of low impact development. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. Following this and other studies, it has now estimated that if all the roofs in a major city were greened. Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited space in cities. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds. Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds, an additional environmental benefit of greens roofs is the ability to sequester carbon. Carbon is the component of plant matter and is naturally absorbed by plant tissue
26.
Public transport in the Lausanne Region
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Public transport in the Lausanne region Transports publics de la région lausannoise, often abbreviated simply to TL, are the main operator of public transport in Lausanne and the wider agglomeration. As of 2012, TL operates a network of 10 trolleybus routes,25 conventional bus routes, TL operate weekend night services and demand responsive transport. The history of the company is linked to the local railways, the origins can be traced back to the Lausanne–Ouchy Railway - a former funicular, which operated with several changes until 2006. That route was closed to make way for the new Métro line, Lausanne was reached by the railway in 1858, but Lausanne railway station was built neither in the town centre nor in the port of Ouchy. Lausanne city authorities moved to connect the station to both districts, and the Federal Council granted a concession to run a railway line between Lausanne and Ouchy in 1871. The line was built by the Lausanne-Ouchy Railway Company, established in 1874, plans were laid for a tram network in 1894, and Lausanne Corporation tramways, or Société des tramways lausannois, as the current transport network was called. The electricity used to power the network was produced by the Couvaloup plant, built in 1895. The first rails were laid on 1 March 1896 and the network was inaugurated by 29 August, regular operations started on 1 December 1896, except the Pontaise line whose opening was delayed until 25 December due to additional safety tests. The tram network grew, several lines were created and others extended, the first depot-workshop was built at Prélaz between 1898 and 1900 to accommodate the new cars. In 1929, TL began their first bus service, followed in 1931 by the first modern trolleybus in Switzerland, on a route between Lausanne railway station and Ouchy. It led to the closure of the line between Closelet and Epinettes, which was not as suitable due to higher costs and the steep slope, meaning low speed. The pioneering trolleybus is now preserved by the Trolleybus Association Rétrobus in Geneva, the tram network began to decline from 1933, when it was at its largest extent of 66 km. The success of the Ouchy trolleybus experiment meant a further 32 vehicles were ordered, in 1962,60 years after the Jorat network started, the majority of routes closed and were replaced by buses. The last Lausanne tram ran in 1964 between Renens and Rosiaz, but additional trolleybus vehicles are in service for the 1964 National Exhibition, for details of the bus lines, see List of Bus Lines in Lausanne. In 1984, the City of Lausanne took over the 110-year-old Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Lausanne-Ouchy, shortly afterwards, in 1991, the Tramway du Sud-Ouest lausannois was opened, with TL operating the light rail services. This was later branded Métro M1, by the end of the decade, a plan for the future of the Lausanne-Ouchy route was put together. The idea, to replace the railway with a fully-fledged metro. Work started to land for a new line north from the centre of Lausanne on 12 February 2004
27.
Cross-platform interchange
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A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines at a metro station. The term originates with the London Underground, such layouts exist in other networks but are not commonly so named, in the United States, it is often referred to as a cross-platform transfer. The benefit of this design is that passengers do not need to use stairs to platform level for transfer. A cross-platform interchange arrangement may be due to the complexity of railtrack alignment. Common cross-platform interchanges allow passengers to change trains without changing to another platform and this applies at places where trains of different directions meet in minor and major hubs, but this arrangement is only found at some interchange stations in metro and other rail networks worldwide. Some railway lines, usually in more congested areas, also offer cross-platform interchanges between different categories of trains, for example between express and stopping trains. However, local–express interchanges are found in only a few networks, such as Chicago, Chengdu, London, New York City. In some, but not all, cases, the trains are coordinated in the timetable, in the case, the cross-platform infrastructure offers the possibility of easily changing trains, independently from the waiting time for the second train. This concept is used in Dutch, German, and Swiss railway networks. Most advanced are coordinated cross-platform interchanges wherein interconnected trains also wait for other to guarantee scheduled interchanges. In practice, most railways coordinating cross-platform interchanges define a certain waiting time window for each guaranteed interchange, some railway operators will briefly delay train departure signals to allow imminently arriving passengers time to interchange. For example, the Vienna U-Bahn metro signals train drivers to wait briefly, in most cases, only cross-platform interchanges used for both directions of travel are listed, with some exceptions. Further, cross-platform connections are offered at Amstel station between metro lines 51,53,54 and suburban services of Netherlands Railways, at Newmarket Station, there are three lines serving two island platforms. Western Line services use the line allowing cross-platform interchange with Southern Line services which use the outer lines. Guogongzhuang station offers cross-platform interchange between Line 9 and Fangshan Line, national Library Station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 9 and 4. In addition Nanluoguxiang station, Zhuxinzhuang Station and Beijing West Railway Station offer cross-platform interchange, Berlin metro services offer cross-platform connections at Mehringdamm, Nollendorfplatz and Wittenbergplatz metro stations. Additionally, Wuhletal station offers cross-platform interchanges between lines S5 of Berlin suburban rail and U5 of Berlin metro, a part of one of the U5 tunnels is used by Berlin firefighters for fire and rescue training in a metro tunnel with an original train taken out-of-service. Similar provisions were made at Schloßstraße metro station for cross-platform interchanges between line U9 and a never realised line U10
28.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
29.
Montbenon
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The Esplanade of Montbenon is an area of the city of Lausanne. It is located in the centre of the city, to the south of Flon, the Casino de Montbenon was built in 1908. It hosted the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee from 1915 to 1922, the Casino de Montbenon currently hosts the Swiss Film Archive, assembly halls and a restaurant. The Palais de justice de Montbenon was built between 1881 and 1886 to host the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, in the 1920s, the Federal Supreme Court moved to the Parc de Mon Repos and the building currently hosts the Tribunal darrondissement de Lausanne. List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland, Vaud Page on the website of the City of Lausanne
30.
Beau-Rivage Palace
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The Beau-Rivage Palace is a historical luxury hotel in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is located in Ouchy, on the shores of Lake Léman, the hotel opened in 1861 and the current main building was constructed in Art Déco and neo-baroque style in 1908. It is registered in the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance, the Beau-Rivage Palace is owned by the well known Swiss Sandoz family, founders of Sandoz AG, now Novartis. On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed at the Beau-Rivage Palace, the final press conference, on 2 April 2015, was held at the EPFL Learning Centre. List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland, Vaud Lausanne Palace Official website
31.
Lausanne Cathedral
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The Cathedral of Notre Dame of Lausanne is a church situated in the city of Lausanne, in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It belongs to the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Vaud, construction of the Cathedral began as early as 1170 by an original unknown master mason. Twenty years later another master mason restarted construction until 1215, finally a third engineer, Jean Cotereel, completed the majority of the existing cathedral including a porch, and two towers, one of which is the current day belfry. The other tower was never completed, the cathedral was consecrated and dedicated to Our Lady in 1275 by Pope Gregory X, Rudolph of Habsburg, and the bishop of Lausanne at the time, Guillaume of Champvent. The medieval architect Villard de Honnecourt drew the rose window of the transept in his sketchbook in 1270. The Protestant Reformation, a movement which came from Zurich, significantly affected the Cathedral, in 1536 a new liturgical area was added to the nave and the colourful decorations inside the Cathedral were covered over. Other major restorations occurred later in the 18th and 19th century which were directed by the great French architect, during the 20th century major restorations occurred to restore the painted interior decorations as well as to restore a painted portal on the South side of the Cathedral. New organs were installed in 2003, the great pipe organ of the Cathedral of Notre Dame of Lausanne was inaugurated in December 2003. It is an instrument in the world. It took ten years to design it and it is composed of 7000 pipes and it is the first organ in the world to be designed by a designer. It is the first organ to contain all four of the principal organ styles and it is also the first organ manufactured by an American company for a European Cathedral. It cost a total of 6 million Swiss francs, took 150,000 man-hours to build and it was preceded by a Kuhn Organ from 1955 which has since been relocated to the Polish Baltic Philharmonic in Gdańsk, Poland. Guided tours of the organ are available in English, French. The Cathedral has a total of seven bells that are suspended on two floors of the belfry, the two biggest bells are located on the lower level while all the other bells are on the top level. The oldest bell dates back to 1493 while the most recent bells date back 1898, the bells are still in use today to mark the hours. Since 1405 until the present day without interruption, the city of Lausanne has maintained a lookout in the Cathedral bell tower, the lookout announces the time by yelling the hour from 10 pm to 2 am,365 days a year. The lookout cries the hour to each cardinal direction « Cest le guet, the original purpose of the lookout was to provide a warning in case of fire though it has now become a traditional function. Since 2002, the lookout is Renato Häusler
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Rolex Learning Center
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The Rolex Learning Centre is the campus hub and library for the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland. Designed by the winners of 2010 Pritzker Prize, Japanese-duo SANAA, kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, partners of the Tokyo-based design firm SANAA, were selected as the lead architects in EPFLs international competition of December 2004. The team was selected among famous architects and even some Pritzker Prize Laureates such as Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Jean Nouvel, Herzog & de Meuron, the construction took place between 2007 and 2009. It cost 110 million Swiss francs and was funded by the Swiss government as well as by private sponsors, the building opened on 22 February 2010 and was inaugurated on 27 May 2010. Part of the 2014 film Love Is the Perfect Crime was filmed at the EPFL Learning Centre, cantonal and University Library of Lausanne Lausanne campus Official website EPFL Library Learning Centre construction blog Photo documentation of the construction EPFL Learning Centre on YouTube
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Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
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The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland is the supreme court of the Swiss Confederation. As part of the judiciary, it is one of the three branches of government in Switzerlands political system and it is headquartered in the Federal Courthouse in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud. The two social security departments of the Federal Court, are located in Lucerne, the United Federal Assembly elects 38 federal judges to the Federal Supreme Court. The current president of the court is Gilbert Kolly, the Federal Supreme Court is the final arbiter on disputes in the field of civil law, the public arena, as well as in disputes between cantons or between cantons and the Confederation. Decisions in the field of human rights violation can be resolved through the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, as a state agency, the Federal Court examines the uniform application of federal law by the cantonal and federal courts. It protects the rights that the citizen has according to the Federal Court, during a dispute, the Federal Supreme Court examines the application of the law and the facts of the other courts below, unless particularly flawed. The supervisory bodies are the Court Assembly, the Administrative Commission, the Court Assembly consists of all ordinary judges and is mainly responsible for the Court’s internal organisation. It designates the divisions, appoints their presidents and issues the procedural rules for the Court, the Administrative Commission is responsible for managing the Court’s administration. It is composed of the President of the Federal Supreme Court, the Conference of Presidents consists of the presidents of the various divisions and is responsible for the coordination of judicial decision-making among the divisions. The President of the Federal Supreme Court acts in an advisory capacity, the Secretary- General participates in meetings held by the Court Assembly, the Administrative Commission and the Conference of Presidents in an advisory capacity. A total of 38 judges sit on the bench of the Federal Supreme Court, currently 13 women and 25 men serve as federal judges. Of the federal judges currently serving on the bench, three have Italian,12 French and 23 German as their native language, the judges are forbidden from engaging in any gainful occupation outside of their work as federal judges. The federal judges have the status of government officials, the federal judges are proposed by the Judicial Committee and elected by the United Federal Assembly for a term of office of six years. They can be re-elected an unlimited number of times until the age of 68, anyone who has the right to vote at the federal level may be elected a federal judge, the law does not prescribe any legal training. In practice, however, only proven jurists from the judiciary, practicing legal profession, the Federal Supreme Court numbers 19 deputy judges, who are also elected by the Federal Assembly. Of the deputy judges currently sitting on the bench, three have Italian, five French and 11 German as their native language, eight of the deputy judges are women. The deputy federal judges serve in a capacity, otherwise they are professors. As a general rule, they serve as replacements for judges who have recused themselves or have taken ill, in the proceedings on which they sit they have the same rights and obligations as the ordinary federal judges
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Palais de Beaulieu
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Palais de Beaulieu is the historical and emblematic building of the Lausanne Convention and Exhibition Center, located in Lausanne, in the Vaud Canton, Switzerland. The Palais is a Convention Center that welcomes mainly conventions and events, the center includes the Théâtre de Beaulieu concert, dance and theatre hall which hosted the 1989 Eurovision Song Contest. With 1,844 seats, the Théâtre de Beaulieu is the biggest theatre in Switzerland, the Prix de Lausanne, an international ballet competition, is also hosted at the Palais de Beaulieu. La Télé, a regional TV-channel, has its studio and its offices at Beaulieu, located in the Beaulieu area in Lausanne, the Convention and Exhibition Center lies in more than 6 hectares of ground. It boasts of 11,000 sq. m. of floor and 12,000 sq. m. of public gardens, the Convention Center uses around 20 modular rooms and halls. Beaulieu Lausanne, part of MCH Group, also some of Switzerlands major fairs. This kind of event was a novelty in Switzerland but was to be generalized afterwards, the first Comptoir suisse took place in September,1920. Since then, only one edition never happened, the one of 1939, note that the first official event of the NASA in Europe took place during the 1962 Comptoir suisse. The great hall - later to be known as Beaulieus main building - was built in 1921 and it is called the Palais de Beaulieu since 1957. During the Second World War, it hosted prisoners of war, talks about creating a new theater began in 1949, and involved the Lausanne Municipality and the Société Coopérative du Comptoir Suisse. In 1954, the Théâtre de Beaulieu was inaugurated, nowadays, the Theater is used, among others, by well-known local institutions such as the Béjart Ballet Lausanne, the Orchestre de la Suisse romande and the Paternelle. On the western side of Beaulieu, buildings were added between 1920 and 1940, then, between 1950 and 1954, development moved to the South and East of the site. The North Halls were built in 1960 and many renovations followed, thus, as well as the Comptoir suisse, Beaulieu gradually hosted conventions, artistic activities and economic events. Since 2000, the belong to a public law foundation named the Beaulieu Foundation, created by the Vaud Canton. The Foundation is in charge of maintenance, renovations and logistics and it manages the Convention Center and, along with Opus One SA, the Beaulieu Theater. As a tenant, MCH Beaulieu Lausanne SA, that took over from the Société Coopérative du Comptoir Suisse, organizes fairs and exhibitions, since 2006, Beaulieu Restauration SA, a branch of the Eldora SA Group, is in charge of the catering. The Beaulieu Foundation launched a program named Beaulieu 2020, that encompasses years 2000 to 2020. Under the Beaulieu 2020 flag, the Palais de Beaulieu has undergone renovations since 2001
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Palais de Rumine
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The Palais de Rumine is a late 19th-century building in Florentine Renaissance style in Lausanne, Switzerland. On his death, Gabriel de Rumine, son of Russian nobility, building began in 1892 according to the design of the Lyonnais architect Gaspard André. The building was inaugurated on the 3 November 1902, although building work continued until 1904 and it housed facilities such as the library of the University of Lausanne, and scientific and artistic collections belonging to the Canton of Vaud. In the 1980s, the university moved to its current location by Lake Geneva due to lack of space, the building currently hosts one of the three sites of the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne. Dossier des latinistes - Lausanne, quelques exemples darchitecture néo-classique, list of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland, Vaud University of Lausanne Page on the website of the City of Lausanne
