1.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
2.
Federal Police of Brazil
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The Federal Police of Brazil, in Portuguese Polícia Federal, is one of Brazils three federal police forces. It is a separate force from Brazils other two federal police forces, the Federal Highway Police and the Federal Railroad/Railway Police. From 1944 to 1967 it was called the Federal Department for Public Security and it is subordinate to the federal Ministry of Justice. The idea was create a police with jurisdiction in the whole country, despite its name change, initially the DFSP only served in the Federal District, but acted at the national level at the maritime police. With the move of the Federal Capital in 1960, the DFSP moved to Brasília, also providing Guanabara State their public security services, due to the shortage of staff, the DFSP had to be restructured, merging its staff with another local security agency from Brasila. From November 16,1964, day edition of the Law No.4483, also in 1967, the new Brazilian Constitution changed the agency name to Departamento de Policia Federal through art.210 of Decree-Law No.200 of February 25,1967. As a federal agency, the mainly government idea, was to mold the Federal Police with the shape. Accordingly, in the year of 1996, all careers of the Federal Police turned to bachelors degree, integration with the other federal and state government agencies on a routine basis occur through formal requests, but eventually there is a high level of coordination. The Director-General provides accounting and technical support agencies in Brasília, entrusted with the tasks of planning, coordination, for the operational activities, the PF has 27 regional superintendents,95 Federal Police offices,12 border outposts,12 maritime bases and 2 bases on inland waterways. The Federal Police Commissioners are who command investigations, request search and arrest warrants, the field investigations and operational services are performed by the Federal Agents. The agency also had Forensic specialists, Notary Agents and fingerprints specialists, a bachelors degree is required for candidates to apply for any position in Federal Police. Commissioners must have a Law degree, No previous police experience is required for any jobs. Candidates applying for a position as Federal Agent, Notary Agent, candidates applying for Forensics specialists should have specific degrees, depending on their area of expertise, such as Civil Engineering, Veterinary, Accounting and Chemistry degrees. Admission tests for the Federal Police have one of the highest candidates per spot ratio in the Country, to do so, its members were trained in technical and tactical units of the Special Armed Forces in Brazil and abroad – in special units in the U. S. Today, this force for armed action plays a large range of operations. To belong to the COT the applicant must be in the ranks of the Federal Police, the headquarters of the COT is in Brasília, in an area of 40 thousand square meters, located in Police Sector South, which sends players on missions to Brazil. The maritime policing has the latest equipment, recently acquired by the Brazilian government in order to meet the country to the ISPS Code standards. In addition to the patrolling, surveillance is carried out in the international traffic in dozens of ships docking
3.
Federal Highway Police
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The title patrolman given to the members was abolished in 1998, replaced by the title police. Members of the PRF are divided into four classes, Third, Second, First, since 2009, entry into the PRF already required a university education degree recognized by the Ministry of Education. Condition now described in Law 9,654, the Federal Highway Police was created in 1928 during the administration of President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, under the name Roadway Police. It is present in all units of the federation and is managed by the Federal Highway Police Department, the states are divided into administrative units known as regions. A region can be a superintendency, in the case of larger states, some regions encompass more than one Brazilian state. Regions are divided into delegations, which coordinate the patrol posts, currently the PRF has over four hundred patrol posts in the most diverse Brazilian municipalities, providing a capillarity to the structure of the agency that few national institutions possess. Despite the uniformed work, the PRF is not a military institution, the entire hierarchy is based on the functions of supervision, which can be occupied by any police officer, for example a special agent may be supervisor of an inspector. The PRF has one of the most innovative systems to combat vehicular theft, after reporting a theft, the vehicles owner, stuck in the bureaucratic system, must wait 24 hours in most cases for the report to be entered into the vehicular theft system. Sometimes this information takes over 24 hours to enter the Integrated Traffic System, therefore, if the thief were to be stopped before this point, there would be no record of a stolen vehicle and the thief would not be prosecuted. To eliminate this deficiency, the Federal Highway Police Department created the Alert System, the theft victim enters his or her vehicles license plate number and all PRF patrol posts will be immediately notified. The system is not well known, as it has had little coverage by the press. The ability to interact with the PRF becomes instantaneous and free of bureaucracy and this Alert System was created by PRF members with informatics degrees, who formed a programs development center to facilitate and improve the interactivity between police officers and vehicle owners. Registry of robbery in Alert System The Federal Highway Police Department makes available a statistical survey updated daily, the press, as well as the public, can access the registry of apprehension of drugs and recovery of stolen vehicles. Through this system, checking the information available on one day and comparing it to what is published on the next day, any federal highway police officer has access to an accident reported in this system, even if it was in another region. This system allows accidents of national relevance to be investigated by the General Command in Brasília in real time, the information is not only instantaneous for commanders, but also for any PRF officer who would like to consult this information. The information in the PRFs data network not only circulates freely among regions and agents, now, not only PRF officers can view and print the BATs, but also vehicle owners, insurance companies, drivers, and victims. Anyone involved in the accident can print the bulletin, free of charge, directly from the PRFs website, the PRF presented sufficient argument to the Brazilian Army for that caliber to be allowed for PRF use. The 38 caliber, lacking in stopping power, was retired by the Federal Highway Police and this means that for every 100 people hit by this caliber,92 will become unable to continue fighting with only one shot of the firearm
4.
Military Police (Brazil)
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Military Police are a type of preventive state police in every state of Brazil. Deployed solely to act as a deterrent against the commission of crime, detective work, forensics and prosecutions are undertaken by a states Civil Police. In 1999 the National Public Security Force was created to handle any significant security crisis, the unit, which is composed of the most qualified Military Police personnel from all federal states, can only be deployed through the express command of a state governor. All state Military Police and Military Firefighters Corps are classed as reserve troops, in time of war the military police forces can be pressed into federal service. The first militarized police in Portugal was the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon, established in 1801, with the abdication of Emperor Pedro I in 1831, the Regency held reformulations on the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro was extinct, and replaced by the Municipal Guard Corps of Volunteers, the same law allowed each province to establish its own Guard of Volunteers. In 1834 Pedro I died in Portugal and this reduced the fear in Brazil of a reunification of the kingdoms, the Guard of Volunteers were then transformed into Province Police Corps, with professional troops. The Police Corps were created with the structure as the Army. With the Proclamation of the Republic, Brazil adopted a constitution based on the United States one, the Corps of Police began to be administered by the states and became smaller regional armies, with infantry, cavalry, artillery, and later, even with air forces. This dangerous situation to the national security remained until the end of World War II, after World War II, the Military Police assumed the roles of a more traditional police force, similar to a gendarmerie subject to the states. They sought a rapprochement with the society, slowly developing the configuration it currently possesses. The Secretariat for Public Security supervises all state police activities, the SSPs are subordinate to the National Council of Public Security. According to Article 144 of the constitution, the function of the Military Polices is to serve as a conspicuous police force. The Military Police of any state are organized as a force and have a military-based rank structure. Training is weighted more heavily toward police matters, but counterinsurgency training is also included, arms and equipment of state forces include machine guns and armored cars, in addition to other items generally associated with police. Between 1969 and 1985, the Ministry of Army has controlled the Military Police during periods of declared national emergency, before 1930 these forces were under individual state control, and known as the governors armies. They sometimes outnumbered regular troops in many states, in 1932, after Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo, the Federal Army took steps to reverse this situation. In 1964 most Military Police members were on the side of the successful conspirators, the commandant of a states Military Police is usually a Colonel
5.
Civil Police (Brazil)
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In Brazil, the Civil Police is the name of the investigative state police forces. The Civil Polices of Brazil had origin in the General Intendancy of Police, with the transference of the Portuguese Royal Family to Brazil in 1808, the Police started to be regulated, have structure and important social role. The Police General Intendancy of the Court and the State of Brazil was created by charter of D, the first Police General Superintendent was Councilor Paulo Fernandes Viana who organized the police administration in Rio de Janeiro city as it used to be in Lisbon. The Police General Intendancy went through the phase of the Brazilian politic emancipation movement which culminated on September 7,1822. Civil Police had been developing for all country during the governments Imperial. Today, the existence of the Civil Police and its attributions elapse of article 144, IV and 144 § 4°. 27 Civil Polices in Brazil, one for each State of the federacy exist and they are directed by a Head of Police, chosen amongst the Commission agents of Police of career. The services of judiciary police are given through the Police stations of Police, the function of Judiciary Police is exercised through the police inquiry, included in the Brazilian prosecution law in order to investigate the penal infractions and their responsibility. When concluded the inquiry is sent to the criminal judge
6.
Supreme Federal Court
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The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues, on questions involving exclusively non-constitutional issues, regarding federal laws, the highest court is, by rule, the Superior Court of Justice. There are also other mechanisms for reaching the Court directly, such as the Declaratory Action of Constitutionality, the eleven judges of the court are called Ministers, although having no similarity with the government body of ministers. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, there is a mandatory retirement age of 75. All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court have been broadcast live on television since 2002, the Court is open for the public to watch the meetings. The result was a court that is overstretched to the point of mutiny, the Supreme Court received 100,781 cases last year. The court was inaugurated during the era in 1808, the year that the royal family of Portugal arrived in Rio de Janeiro. It was originally called the House of Appeals of Brazil, the proclamation of the Brazilian Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Imperial Constitution in 1824 preceded the establishment of the Supreme Court of Justice in 1829. With the first Constitution of the Republic, the current Court was established, two hundred members have served on the Court. The Constitution of 1891 decided that the Court would have 15 members, when Getúlio Vargas came into power, the number of members was reduced to 11. The number was changed to 16 in 1965, but returned to 11 in 1969 and has not changed since, of all Presidents of Brazil, only one never nominated a minister. The President and Vice-president of the Court are elected by their peers for a term of two years by secret ballot, the currently serving President is Carmen Lúcia. Re-election for a term is not allowed. By tradition, the members of the Court always elect as president the most senior minister of the Court that has not yet served as President, to avoid politicization of the Court. Therefore, it is known beforehand that the next Presidents of the Court, after Carmen Lúcia, will be, in order, Dias Toffoli and Luiz Fux. According to the convention, the Court selects as vice-president for a certain term the minister who, according to that tradition. Notes M. ^ Names in bold are the used in social denomination. Brazil federal courts Tribunal de Justiça List of Ministers of the Supreme Federal Court Official website Photo 360° of Supreme Federal Court - GUIABSB
7.
Law of Brazil
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Brazilian law derives from Portuguese, French, Italian and German Civil law and is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, súmula vinculante. The Federal Constitution, in force since October 21,1988, is the law of the country and is characterized by its rigid written form. The Constitution organizes the country as a Federative Republic, formed by the union of the states and municipalities. The 26 federate states have powers to adopt their own Constitutions and their autonomy, however, is limited by the principles established in the Federal Constitution. The powers of the Union, as defined within the Constitution, are the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary, which are independent and harmonious amongst themselves. The head of the Executive is the President of the Republic, the Judicial powers are vested upon the Federal Supreme Court, the Superior Court of Justice, the Regional Federal Courts and Federal Judges. There are also specialized courts to deal with electoral, labor, the Judiciary is organized into federal and state branches. Municipalities do not have their own systems, and must, therefore, resort to state or federal justice systems. The judicial system consists of several courts, the apex is the Federal Supreme Court and is the guardian of the Constitution. The Superior Court of Justice is responsible for upholding federal legislation, state-level justice in Brazil consists of state courts and judges. The legislative process begins, in terms, with a bill of law in one of the Congress Houses, either the Chamber of Deputies or the Federal Senate. Once the bill is voted on, it can either be rejected or forwarded to the other house, there the bill can be rejected, approved or amended to be then returned to the Originating House. Depending on the object of the bill, it is forwarded for the sanction or veto. If the bill is vetoed, the members of the National Congress of Brazil can override such veto, for centuries, as a Portuguese colony, Law enforced in Brazil was the Law of Portugal. Famous students of Brazilian colonial era, among them many revolutionaries, graduated from the important Portuguese University of Coimbra, located in Central Portugal. With the Independence of Brazil and the rise of the Empire, it was necessary to create a independent judiciary, in 1827, the first law schools in Brazil were founded, the Academies of Law and Social Sciences in São Paulo and Olinda. Brazilian law is derived from Portuguese civil law and is related to the Roman-Germanic legal tradition. This means that the system is based on statutes, although a recent constitutional reform has introduced a mechanism similar to the stare decisis
8.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
9.
Minas Gerais
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Minas Gerais is a state in the north of Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product, Minas Gerais is the state with the largest number of Brazilian presidents. With an area of 586,528 square kilometres —larger than Metropolitan France—it is the fourth most extensive state in Brazil. In the south, the tourist points are the mineral spas, such as Caxambu, Lambari, São Lourenço, Poços de Caldas, São Thomé das Letras, Monte Verde. The landscape of the State is marked by mountains, valleys, in the Serra do Cipó, Sete Lagoas, Cordisburgo and Lagoa Santa, the caves and waterfalls are the attractions. Some of Brazils most famous caverns are located there, in recent years, the state has emerged as one of the largest economic forces of Brazil, exploring its great economic potential. Two interpretations are given for the origin of the name Minas Gerais and it comes from Minas dos Matos Gerais, the former name of the colonial province. Another explanation is that this ignores the two large geographical spaces which conformed the state in its history, the region of the mines, and these corresponded to the areas of Sertão which were farther and hard to access from the mining spots. The confusion comes from the fact that the term Gerais is taken as an adjective to Minas in the first version, Minas Gerais is in the north of the southeastern subdivision of Brasil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. It borders on Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and it also shares a short boundary with the Distrito Federal. Minas Gerais is situated between 14°1358 and 22°5400 S latitude and between 39°5132 and 51°0235 W longitude and it is larger in area than Metropolitan France or Spain. Minas Gerais features some of the longest rivers in Brazil, most notably the São Francisco, the Paraná and to a lesser extent, the state also holds many hydroelectric power plants, including Furnas. The most notable one is the Pico da Bandeira, the third highest mountain in Brazil at 2890 m, the state also has huge reserves of iron and sizeable reserves of gold and gemstones, including emerald, topaz and aquamarine mines. Emeralds found in location are comparable to the best Colombia-origin emeralds. Each region of the state has a character, geographically. The central and eastern area of the state is hilly and rocky, around Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas a typical Karst topography with caves and lakes is found. Some of the mountains are almost entirely iron ore, which led to extensive mining, recent advances in environmental policy helped to put limits to mining. Vale do Aços largest cities are Ipatinga, Coronel Fabriciano and Timóteo, now that mining is restricted large areas of forest are being removed for timber, charcoal and to clear land for cattle ranching
10.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
11.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
12.
John VI of Portugal
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John VI, nicknamed the Clement, was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves from 1816 to 1822. Although the United Kingdom over which he ruled ceased to exist de facto beginning in 1822, after the recognition of Brazilian independence under the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro of 1825, he continued as King of Portugal and the Algarves until his death in 1826. Under the same treaty, he became titular Emperor of Brazil for life, while his son. Born in Lisbon in 1767, the son of Maria I and Peter III of Portugal and he only became heir to the throne when his older brother José, Prince of Brazil, died of smallpox in 1788 at the age of 27. Before his accession to the Portuguese throne, John VI bore the titles Duke of Braganza and Duke of Beja, from 1799, he served as prince regent of Portugal, due to the mental illness of his mother, Queen Maria I. In 1816, he succeeded his mother as monarch of the Portuguese Empire, with no change in his authority. One of the last representatives of absolute monarchy in Europe, he lived during a turbulent period, throughout his period of rule, major powers, such as Spain, France and Great Britain, continually intervened in Portuguese affairs. His marriage was no less conflictual, as his wife, Carlota Joaquina of Spain and he lost Brazil when his son Pedro declared independence, and his other son Miguel led a rebellion that sought to depose him. According to recent scholarly research, his death may well have been caused by arsenic poisoning, João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos Rafael was born 13 May 1767, during the reign of his grandfather, Joseph I of Portugal. He was the son of the future Queen Maria I, Josephs daughter, and her husband. At the time of Johns birth they were, respectively, Princess of Brazil and he was ten years old when his grandfather died and his mother ascended to the throne. His childhood and youth were lived quietly, as he was a mere infante in the shadow of his elder brother José, Prince of Brazil and 14th Duke of Braganza, the heir-apparent to the throne. Folklore has John as a rather uncultured youth, but according to Jorge Pedreira e Costa, still, a French ambassador of the time painted him in unfavorable colors, seeing him as hesitant and dim. The record of this period of his life is too vague for historians to form any definitive picture, little is known of the substance of his education. He surely received instruction in religion, law, French, and etiquette, and would presumably have learned history through reading the works of Duarte Nunes de Leão and João de Barros. In 1785, Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal, arranged a marriage between John and the Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain, daughter of King Charles IV of Spain, like her betrothed, Carlota was a junior member of a royal family. Fearing a new Iberian Union, some in the Portuguese court viewed the marriage to a Spanish infanta unfavorably and she endured four days of testing by the Portuguese ambassadors before the marriage pact was confirmed. Because John and Carlota were related, and because of the brides youth, after being confirmed, the marriage capitulation was signed in the throne room of the Spanish court with great pomp and with the participation of both kingdoms
