1.
Police of Finland
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The Police of Finland is a government agency responsible for general police and law enforcement matters in Finland. The Police of Finland is subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and consists of the National Police Board, on October 1,2003, the Public Order Act went into effect, standardizing public ordinances throughout the country. The official insignia of the Finnish Police consists of the head of the Finnish Lion placed at the place of the handle of a two-edged sword. The police is divided into departments, which encompass the area of multiple municipalities, municipalities do not have police forces of their own. Local police departments are organized into uniformed patrol police and criminal investigation police, local police also processes licenses and permits such as gun licenses, national ID cards and passports, and furthermore, enforces immigration decisions by the Finnish Immigration Service. Local police must also be notified when organizing public events that may significantly influence local public security, driving licenses have been issued by the local police, but from 2016, driving licenses will be issud by Trafi. Alarm services are operated by Emergency Response Centres managed by the Ministry of the Interior in cooperation with the Ministry of Social Affairs, the National Bureau of Investigation is responsible for major criminal investigations and certain types of specialist services such as fingerprint recognition. The NBI was formed in 1954 to assist the other police elements in efforts against crime. A special concern of the NBI is white-collar crime, to carry out its mission, the force has advanced technical means at its disposal, and it maintains Finlands fingerprint and identification files. The NBI is not apart of the police, but is a separate law enforcement agency which assists local police with investigations. The Police University College in Tampere is responsible for training, research. The Finnish Security Intelligence Service is responsible for security and the investigation of related crimes. The Supo was moved directly under the Ministry of the Interior in 2016, the National Traffic Police was folded into the local police in 2013, thus local police is also responsible for highway patrol. Originally, local districts were very small and had limited resources, so a separate mobile police organization was founded for riot control, alcohol law enforcement. Political reliability and independence from local strongmen was also important because of the threat from fascists, indeed, ståhlberg back to his home after he was kidnapped by the Lapua Movement. The organized later evolved into a highway patrol, however, because of mergers, local police departments had become larger. Police Rapid Response Unit, also known as Bear Group, is an armed response unit. It is officially part of the National Bureau of Investigation, in June 2008, the Finnish police established a Police Incident Response Team tasked with improving the prevention, detection and management of serious information security incidents
2.
Vanity plate
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The owner of the vehicle pays extra money to have his own choice of numbers or letters, usually portrays a recognizable phrase, slogan, or abbreviation on their plate. Sales of vanity plates are often a significant source of revenue for North American provincial, in some jurisdictions, such as the Canadian province of British Columbia, vanity plates have a different color scheme and design. Vanity plates are issued by state and the District of Columbia. Quebec was scheduled to start offering vanity plates in 2015, leaving Newfoundland, however, Quebec was not able to start offering vanity plates, reportedly because of computer issues.7 million vehicles with personalized vanity license plates. The survey ranked jurisdictions by vanity plate penetration rate, which is the percentage of registered vehicles that are vanitized. Virginia has the highest U. S. vanity plate penetration rate, followed by New Hampshire, Illinois, Nevada, Montana, Maine, Connecticut, New Jersey, North Dakota, Texas had the lowest vanity plate penetration rate. Ontario had the highest Canadian vanity plate penetration rate, followed by Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Yukon, British Columbia had the lowest vanity plate penetration rate, Quebec does not issue vanity plates. In some states and provinces, optional plates can also be vanity plates and are a choice of motorists who want a more distinctive personalized plate, however, the maximum number of characters on an optional plate may be lower than on a standard-issue plate. For example, the U. S. state of Virginia allows up to 7.5 characters on a standard-issue plate, in some states, a motorist may also check the availability of a desired combination online. All U. S. states and Canadian provinces that issue vanity plates have a blue list of vanity plates that contains banned words, phrases, or letter/number combinations. The U. S. state of Florida, for example, has banned such plates as PIMPALA, while the state of New York bans any plates with the letters FDNY, NYPD, or GOD, among others. Often the ban is to eliminate confusion with plates used on vehicles or plates used on other classes of vehicles. State DMVs have received complaints about offensive vanity plates, in this case, the DMV can revoke a plate if it is deemed offensive, even if it had been previously approved. The blue list may be limited to genuine vanity plates, not covering computer-generated accidents, for example, Floridas famous A55 RGY license plate looks like ASS ORGY. In some cases, a plate that has already been issued can be recalled and stripped from the owner if the plates message is found to be in violation after it has been issued. Some notable cases are, In 2002, a Florida man was stripped of his plates that read ATHEIST, a Virginia woman lost her plates that read HAISSEM. In 2002, a Washington residents request for the plate GOTMILF was approved, another factor leading to the cancellation was that the applicant gave a misleading meaning of GOTMILF when applying for the plate. In 2007, a South Dakota woman nearly lost her vanity plates that read MPEACHW, in 2008, a Virginia resident had his vanity plate revoked after having held the plates registration for several years
3.
112 (emergency telephone number)
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112 is the common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and, in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services. 112 is a part of the GSM standard and all GSM-compatible telephone handsets are able to dial 112 even when locked or, in some countries, with no SIM card present. It is also the emergency number in all member states of the European Union as well as several other countries of Europe. 112 is often alongside other numbers traditionally used in the given country to access emergency services. In some countries, calls to 112 are not connected directly,112 is not always supported by VoIP operators or on non-GSM networks. Accidental calls to emergency centres from mobile phones, which can dial emergency numbers even with locked keypad, are a problem with same-digit numbers. The same choice also maximised dialling speed, for this reason, Germanys police emergency number was changed from 111 to 110. With numeric keypads, pressing only the first and second button on the keypad is marginally easier in a situation than other keys. Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Georgia Single emergency number in Georgia 112 Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel. g,061 and 112 in Spain,999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK. In the United States, only some carriers, including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 9-1-1,112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state which also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres. The number is also adopted in the candidates for EU accession, the International Telecommunications Union recommends that member states that are selecting a primary or secondary emergency number choose either 911,112 or both. 112 is one of two numbers that can be dialed on most GSM phones even if the phone is locked, E112 is a location-enhanced version of 112. The telecom operator transmits the information to the emergency centre. The EU Directive E112 requires mobile phone networks to provide emergency services with whatever information they have about the location a mobile call was made and this directive is based on the FCCs Enhanced 911 ruling in 2001. The new eCall project for automated emergency calls from cars is based on E1000, since 2009 and a tripartite convention signed by the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU,11 February is the European 112 Day. At this occasion, events take place to promote the existence, the European Emergency Number Association has published some of the actions that were taken in European countries on their website. Getting 112 to work across the EU is a complex task and it requires in particular coordination between civil protection administrations and electronic communications administrations. That is why the Commission decided to act at European level, the objective of the group is to deal with practical issues Member States are facing to provide an efficient and effective 112 service to citizens
4.
Finnish Border Guard
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The Finnish Border guard is the national security agency responsible for enforcing the security of Finlands borders. The Border Guard has police and investigative powers in immigration matters, the Border Guard has search and rescue duties, both maritime and inland. The Guard operates SAR helicopters that are used in inland SAR, in assistance of a local fire. The border guards active duty personnel consists of 3,800 men and women, the Finnish Border Guard has also 500 conscripts who are not used for border control during peace time. The mobilized strength of the Border Guard is 12600 servicemen, the Finnish-Russian border is actively monitored and patrolled by the Border Guard. There is a separate Finnish Customs agency, and immigration is handled also by the local police, PTR cooperation is well-developed and allows the authorities to conduct each others duties as necessary. Main duties of the Finnish Border Guard, Protecting the land borders, passport control at border crossing points, airports and ports. First line of defence against territorial invasions Rescue operations, provide aid to other authorities such as the Fire Department in case of unusual events like wild fires. Investigation of crimes pertaining to border security, aiding Police forces in civil duties such as crowd control and riot control. Military operations pertaining to internal security, Customs control in the minor border crossing points without customs authorities. Training of conscripts for wartime duty, long range patrols and guerrilla tactics behind enemy lines. For the discharge of its duties, the Border Guard has limited powers in the areas where it operates. It can, for example, seize and arrest persons and conduct searches in apartments and cars pursuant to same legislation as the police, when investigating a crime. However, the power to arrest a person has been delegated only to the officers of a border control detachments. Border Guard helicopters have also used to assist police and rescue authorities in various missions. The Border Guard also has the power to keep order in its own facilities. For the execution of its military exercises, any officer with the rank of Captain can close an area temporarily. The Border Guard is responsible for enforcing the 3–5 km border zone towards Russia, administrative units are responsible for the functions of the Border Guard
5.
Finnish Defence Forces
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The Finnish Defence Forces are responsible for the defence of Finland. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all men above 18 years of age serve for 165,255 or 347 days, alternative non-military service and volunteer service by women are possible. Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia, finlands official policy states that a wartime military strength of 230,000 personnel constitutes a sufficient deterrent. The army consists of a mobile field army backed up by local defence units. Finlands defence budget equals approximately 2.8 billion euros or 1.3 percent of GDP, the voluntary overseas service is highly popular and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU missions. Homeland defence willingness against an enemy is at 76%, one of the highest rates in Europe. Fighting between the White Guards and the Red Guards had already broken out about a week before around Viipuri, after winning the Civil War, the Finnish peacetime army was organized as three divisions and a brigade by professional German officers. It became the structure for the next 20 years. The coast was guarded by former czarist coastal fortifications and ships taken as prizes of war, the Air Force had already been formed in March 1918, but remained a part of the Army and did not become a fully independent fighting force until 1928. The new government instituted conscription after the Civil War and also introduced a mobilization system, when the Soviets invaded in November 1939, the Finns defeated the Red Army on numerous occasions, including at the crucial Battle of Suomussalmi. These successes were in part thanks to the application of motti tactics. While the Finns ultimately lost the war and were forced to agree to the Moscow Peace Treaty, during the war the Finns lost 25,904 men, while Soviet losses were 167,976 dead. Finland fought in the Continuation War alongside Germany from 1941 to 1944, thanks to German aid, the army was now much better equipped, and the period of conscription had been increased to two years, making possible the formation of sixteen infantry divisions. The demobilization and regrouping of the Finnish Defense Forces were carried out in late 1944 under the supervision of the Soviet-dominated Allied Control Commission. Following the Treaty of Paris in 1947, which imposed restrictions on the size and equipment of the forces and required disbandment of the Civic Guard. The reorganization resulted in the adoption of the brigade -in place of the division- as the standard formation, for the first two decades after the Second World War, the Finnish Defence Forces relied largely on obsolete wartime material. Defence spending remained minimal until the early 1960s, during the peak of the Cold War, the Finnish government made a conscious effort to increase defence capability. This resulted in the commissioning of new weapons systems and the strengthening of the defence of Finnish Lapland by the establishment of new garrisons in the area
6.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
7.
National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)
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The National Bureau of Investigation, headquartered in the city of Vantaa since 1994, is a nationwide law enforcement agency in Finland. The NBI is also responsible for taking measures provided in the Act on Detecting and Preventing Money Laundering, when necessary, the NBI supports the local police in the first steps of homicide investigations and in coordination of preliminary actions of major cybercrime investigations. The NBI takes part in major disaster investigations through the Finnish Disaster Victim Identification Team, the NBI is in charge of cooperation in the field of PCB criminal intelligence in line with the cooperation agreement made between the Police, Customs and the Border Guard. The activities are organised around the National PCB Criminal Intelligence Centre supported by the PCB Intelligence Units specialised in air traffic, sea traffic, the NBI serves as the national authority in international police cooperation and hosts the national centres of Interpol, Europol and Schengen cooperation. The NBI makes forensic analyses, develops and harmonises analytical methods, the Bureau also develops, tests and approves forensic investigation methods, equipment, devices and materials introduced to the police force. The organisation is divided into Administration, Criminal Investigation, Criminal Intelligence, the NBI also has field offices in Tampere, Turku, Maarianhamina, Joensuu, Oulu and Rovaniemi. Most of the Bureaus personnel serve as law enforcement agents, agents serve mainly in investigative and intelligence duties. Civilian staff include experts like chemists, laboratory assistants, clerks, engineers, the NBI headquarters also houses the Crime Museum. The Museum holds about 6000 pieces of history including tools used in crimes, objects related to punishment, documents. Most of the collections are from the 20th century, the Museum is not open to the public. The investigation was being conducted by a joint investigation team consisting of among others Austrian, Belgian, in April 2015 a new unit targeting cyber crime was established at the Bureaus headquarters. The unit has a staff of 45 and will work in cooperation with Europol. United States law enforcement will also be an important partner since companies like Google, the units chief named focused cyber attacks as Finlands greatest threat. During 2014 the NBI received 23062 reports of money laundering of which 11 were reported to be connected to terrorism, in continuative investigations the Bureau confiscated 11,5 million euros of criminal origin and exposed 44 criminal activity sets. On 17 December 2015 the Deputy Chief Tero Kurenmaa commented that NBI is browsing through large amount of details in relation the presumed war crimes conducted outside of Finland, earlier NBI sued two asylum seekers for 11 cases of murder, and he did not exclude further cases to surface. He noted, that there are so many different groups of people, referring to Shia, Sunni, furthermore he noted, that essential motive is to collect findings into a decision support system, to form daily situational picture. They have been noted to have led to White Russian developers as origin for the software to combine public Facebook data to other sources. However they did not critically reflect their own functions doing similar reporting, NBI became under heavy public pressure after it was found that it had collected largely unauthentic and irrelevant information into an internal EPRI database
8.
Finnish Security Intelligence Service
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Finnish Security Intelligence Service is the intelligence agency of Finland in charge of national security. The service formerly used the English title Finnish Security Police, the agencys staff is composed of 220 law enforcement agents with advanced training. It specialises in preventing security threats and participates in protecting the parliamentary democracy as well as protecting the security interests. The English title Finnish Security Police, was changed on August 27,2010 and this was done to mark the continuing change of the agencys mission away from the area of traditional police responsibilities, towards international security intelligence duties. Supo was formed in 1949 to replace its predecessor, Valtiollinen poliisi, valpos predecessor was Etsivä keskuspoliisi, which was very effective in counter-intelligence and infiltration of communist organisations. It was formed from the bureau of the General Staff in 1919. The bureaus central duties include counter-terrorism, counter-intelligence, preventing internal security threats within the nation, pre-emptive security work and it also participates in cracking down on international crime and provides expert services for industrial counter-intelligence and personal background checks. The most directly relevant function to a civilian is that Supo conducts background checks. The clearance is required for government jobs and some private-sector jobs. However, the military conducts its own checks, Supo does not have special tactical units. These duties are handled by the Karhu Team, the special unit of the Finnish police. The right to arrest and investigate was granted in 1989, armas Alhava 1949–1972 Arvo Pentti 1972–1978 Seppo Tiitinen 1978–1990 Eero Kekomäki 1990–1996 Seppo Nevala 1996–2007 Ilkka Salmi 2007–2011 Antti Pelttari 2011–2015
