1.
Budapest
–
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
2.
European Union
–
The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
3.
European Border and Coast Guard Agency
–
Frontex was established in 2004 as the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, and primarily responsible for coordinating border control efforts. The staff of the agency would gradually increase from 402 members in 2016 to 1,000 by 2020, Frontex, then officially the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, was established by Council of Regulation 2007/2004. It began work on 3 October 2005 and was the first EU agency to be based in one of the new EU member states from 2004. Frontex mission is to help European Union member states implement EU rules on external border controls, while it remains the task of each member state to control its own borders, Frontex is vested to ensure that they all do so with the same high standard of efficiency. The agencys main tasks according to the Council Regulation are, coordinate cooperation between states in external border management. Assisting member states in training of national border guards, following research relevant for the control and surveillance of external borders. Helping member states requiring technical and operational assistance at external borders, providing member states with the necessary support in organising joint return operations. The institution was centrally and hierarchically organised with a management board, the member states representatives are operational heads of national security services concerned with border guard management. Frontex also has representatives from and works closely with Europol and Interpol, the Management Board is the leading component of the agency, controlling the personal, financial, and organisational structure, as well as initiating operative tasks in annual work programmes. Additionally, the Board appoints the Executive Director, the first Director was Ilkka Laitinen. The agency initially struggled to recruit due to its location in Warsaw, which offered lower pay than some other cities. According to its third amended Budget 2015, the agency had in that year 336 employees, additionally it could make use of 78 employees which had been seconded from the member states. Frontexs European Patron Network began work in the Canary Islands in May 2007, the Commission was prompted to take swift action due to the immigration crisis of 2015, which brought to the forefront the need to improve the security of the external borders of the union. The new Agency was proposed by the European Commission on 15 December 2015 to strengthen Frontex, support for the proposal has come from France and Germany, with Poland and Hungary expressing opposition to the plan, concerned by the perceived loss of sovereignty. The enhanced Agency will be strengthened and reinforced to address all these issues, the legal grounds for the proposal are article 77, paragraph 2 and, and article 79, paragraph 2, of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. On 18 December 2015, the European Council roundly supported the proposal, the Border and Coast Guard was officially launched on 6 October 2016 at the Bulgarian external border with Turkey. Securing and patrolling of the borders of the European Union is a shared responsibility of the Agency. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency is not a new body and it does not replace Frontex and it retains the same legal personality
4.
Border guard
–
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border control, i. e. enforces the security of the countrys national borders. Some of the border guard agencies also perform coast guard. In different countries, names of particular border guard services vary significantly, the service may be called police, guard, troops or sentinel and the name would refer to the nations official term for the state border - whether it is frontier or border. Most border guards of the world use dark green-colored elements on their uniform, patrols go out regularly from the Border outposts to patrol the international border to check illegal crossings and track any footprints of those who may have crossed over illegally or attempted to. The Border Guard may also perform delegated customs and immigration control duties, wartime assistance of the Border guard to the Army is essential as they are familiar with the local terrain having patrolled it on a daily basis during peacetime. During wars, Border outposts are reworked into well fortified dug-in positions from where regular Army units can operate to defend the integrity of the country. Border Guards Bangladesh is a border security and anti-smuggling force under the Ministry of Home Affairs of Bangladesh. BGB can trace back its origin to the establishment of the Ramgarh Local Battalion in 1795 and this force is lightly armed and although its primary duty is to protect the border, during national emergencies it can also be called upon to aid the government. Canada Border Services Agency is a law enforcement agency of the Department of Public Safety, created in 2003, it amalgamated the enforcement activities performed by three separate government entities. Traditionally unarmed, the arming of Border Services Officers, Investigators, Officers are found at entry points to Canada in some conflicts such as the Six Day War. Also, many border posts are staffed by Carabinieri, the Immigration and Border Police also performs border police duties. The State Border Guard Service is the charged with controlling and maintaining the Lithuanian Border. The State Border Guard Service falls under authority of the Ministry of the Interior, Border patrol and immigration control in Macau are conducted by Public Security Police Force of Macau at land entries with China and at Macau International Airport. Customs duties are performed by Macau Customs agency, both border guards and customs officers are responsibilities of the Secretariat for Security. Before the establishment of the agency, Malaysian borders was guarded by the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Royal Marechaussee is the fourth organization within the Dutch Royal Army, besides Army, Navy and Air Force. Besides patrolling the border it also has the function of Military Police, sometime thereafter, the Border Security Bureau was enlarged to corps level and renamed the Border Security Command. Previously headquartered in Chagang Province, the Border Security Command was relocated to P’yŏngyang in 2002, the Frontier Corps is a federal paramilitary force recruited mostly by people from the tribal areas and led by officers from the Pakistan Army. The FC is stationed in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan Province, are known as FC NWFP and FC Balochistan, the Pakistan Rangers are a paramilitary force under the control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Pakistani government
5.
Finnish Border Guard
–
The Finnish Border guard is the national security agency responsible for enforcing the security of Finlands borders. The Border Guard has police and investigative powers in immigration matters, the Border Guard has search and rescue duties, both maritime and inland. The Guard operates SAR helicopters that are used in inland SAR, in assistance of a local fire. The border guards active duty personnel consists of 3,800 men and women, the Finnish Border Guard has also 500 conscripts who are not used for border control during peace time. The mobilized strength of the Border Guard is 12600 servicemen, the Finnish-Russian border is actively monitored and patrolled by the Border Guard. There is a separate Finnish Customs agency, and immigration is handled also by the local police, PTR cooperation is well-developed and allows the authorities to conduct each others duties as necessary. Main duties of the Finnish Border Guard, Protecting the land borders, passport control at border crossing points, airports and ports. First line of defence against territorial invasions Rescue operations, provide aid to other authorities such as the Fire Department in case of unusual events like wild fires. Investigation of crimes pertaining to border security, aiding Police forces in civil duties such as crowd control and riot control. Military operations pertaining to internal security, Customs control in the minor border crossing points without customs authorities. Training of conscripts for wartime duty, long range patrols and guerrilla tactics behind enemy lines. For the discharge of its duties, the Border Guard has limited powers in the areas where it operates. It can, for example, seize and arrest persons and conduct searches in apartments and cars pursuant to same legislation as the police, when investigating a crime. However, the power to arrest a person has been delegated only to the officers of a border control detachments. Border Guard helicopters have also used to assist police and rescue authorities in various missions. The Border Guard also has the power to keep order in its own facilities. For the execution of its military exercises, any officer with the rank of Captain can close an area temporarily. The Border Guard is responsible for enforcing the 3–5 km border zone towards Russia, administrative units are responsible for the functions of the Border Guard
6.
Hellenic Police
–
The Hellenic Police is the national police service of Greece. It is a large agency with its responsibilities ranging from road traffic control to counter-terrorism. Its current chief is Police Lieutenant General Nikos Papagiannopoulos, the Hellenic Police force was established in 1984 under Law 1481/1-10-1984 as the result of the fusion of the Gendarmerie and the Cities Police forces. The Hellenic Police is constituted along central and regional lines, the force takes direction from the Minister for Citizen Protection. The force consists of officers, civilians, border guards. Equal in rank to the Head of Staff are the General Inspectors of Southern and Northern Greece, the Security and Order Branch is by far the most important, and includes the General Police Division, the Public Security Division and the State Security Division, among others. Greece is divided into two sectors for policing, both headed by an Inspector General and these sectors both contain several regions, headed by an Inspector General. It was at that time part of the army and under the authority of the Defence Ministry. The main task of the force under the army as a whole during this period was firstly to combat theft. The armys links to the police and the nature of the structure of the police force, largely the socio-political unrest that characterized the period including disproportionate poverty, governmental oppression, sporadic rebellions and political instability. In 1906 the Greek police force underwent its first major restructuring at an administrative level and it acquired its own educational and training facilities independent of those of the army. However, modernization of the force was stunted by the successive periods of political instability. The dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas, compounded with both the Second World War and the Greek Civil War led to a retardation of reform throughout the late 1930s, after the fall of the Colonels the Greek Military Police was eventually disbanded and Greece became a Republic. Today the Greek Police assist in training various emerging Eastern European and African police forces, since 2012, the Hellenic Police is operating a website that it is providing useful informations to kids and parents using the Internet. A significant part of the training for officers of all posts, is the protection and safeguarding of the well-being of children, illegal immigration is also a problem as Greece remains both a destination and transit point for illegal immigrants, particularly from Albania. There has been an effort in recent years to step up the security procedures along Greeces borders, the issue of the recruitment of immigrants has also been brought up by opposition PASOK MPs in Parliament several times. Greece is also one of the few EU countries where there is a crime rate. Hellenic Police is a well structured agency with every unit that such an organisation can have
7.
Norwegian Police Service
–
The Norwegian Police Service is the Norwegian civilian police agency. It consists of a central National Police Directorate, seven specialty agencies, the government agency is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security and has 13,000 employees, of which 8,000 are police officers. The police service dates to the 13th century when the first sheriffs were appointed, as the first city in Norway to do so, Trondheim had a chief of police appointed in 1686, and Oslo established a uniformed police corps in 1859. The directorate is led by National Police Commissioner Odd Reidar Humlegård, Police districts were introduced in 1894, with the current structure dating from 2003. Each police district is led by a chief of police and is subdivided into several police stations in towns and cities, the Governor of Svalbard acts as chief of police for Svalbard. Norwegian police officers do not carry firearms, but keep their Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns, the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority is partially integrated with the police. Several other national responsibilities are under the command of Oslo Police District, such as the Emergency Response Unit, the Police Security Service is separate from the National Police Directorate. The police force in Norway was established during the 13th century, originally the 60 to 80 sheriffs were predominantly used for writ of execution and to a less degree police power. In the cities the duties were taken care of by a gjaldker. The sheriffs were originally subordinate to the sysselmann, but from the 14th century they became subordinate to the bailiff. In the cities the police authority was transferred directly to the bailiff, by the mid-17th century there were between 300 and 350 sheriffs. With the introduction of the monarchy in 1660 and subsequent strengthening of the civil service. The bailiffs as such part of the police structure, with their superiors. The first titled chief of police was hired in Trondheim in 1686, thus creating the first police district, chiefs of police were hired in Bergen in 1692, Christiania in 1744 and Christianssand in 1776. From the 19th century, deputies were hired in larger areas to assist the sheriffs, following the democratization in 1814, the Ministry of Justice was created in 1818 and has since had the primary responsibility for organizing the police force. The 19th century saw an increase in the number of chiefs of police. Christiania established the countrys first uniformed corps of constables in 1859, similar structures were soon introduced in many other cities. From 1859 the municipalities would finance the wages of the deputies and constables, the first organized education of police officers started in Christiania in 1889
8.
Border Guard (Poland)
–
The Polish Border Guard is a state security agency tasked with patrolling the Polish border. It existed in the Second Republic era from 1928 to 1939 and was reestablished in the modern-day Third Republic in 1990, during the communist era lasting from 1945 to 1989, the role of the border guard was carried out by the Border Guard Army. The Straż Graniczna was founded in 1928, during the times of the Second Polish Republic, it was responsible for northern, western and southern border of Poland. Eastern border, often raided by military bands supported by Soviet Union was under the jurisdiction of a separate and it was controlled by the Ministry of Treasury, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and Ministry of Military Affairs. The highest level of structure of the agency was Main Headquarters. It was followed by Regional Inspectorates, Border Inspectorates, stations and it carried out actions through patrols, manning border checkpoints, tracking, rouses and intelligence work. It had its own river and sea flotilla, intelligence academy, and the Main School of Border Guard, the school had a department of training of guard dogs, also located in Rawa Ruska. Each station of the agency was responsible for some 20 to 25 kilometers of the borderline, the stations oversaw posts of the first line and posts of the second line. In 1938, there were 129 stations of the Border Guard,419 posts of the first line, agency of the Customs Inspectorate of the Free City of Gdańsk. Furthermore, every station of the Border Guard was strengthened with a platoon of the Polish Army, members of Straż Graniczna, under General Walerian Czuma, participated in the Second World War, fighting in the Polish Army during the Invasion of Poland. Straż Graniczna has been reestablished in the Third Polish Republic as a civil, police-type service, with the act of 12 October 1990 and began operations on 16 May 1991. From 1 May 2004, the day Poland became a member of the European Union, Straż Graniczna performs its responsibility to guard, Walerian Czuma (1938 Border Protection Corps Straż Graniczna Homepage in Polish
9.
Law enforcement in Slovakia
–
Law enforcement in Slovakia is divided among various agencies under the Slovak ministries of Interior, Justice, Traffic, Defense, Finance and local governments within the Republic. Civil policing responsibilities are shared between the state and local level, in addition to the Slovak police Force, various police forces exist. Other forces include the police, railway police, finance police. In 2010, the Slovak police established for the first time plans for different criminal areas, in October 2011, police President Jaroslav Spišiak and Minister of Interior Daniel Lipšic announced that Slovak police are satisfied with the plans at 104. 93%. Armed men protecting the railways were established in 1935, their functioning was regulated by the Law No, 86/1937 Zb from the year 1937, which also established the Armed guards units of the railways. Later, in the 1950s, Public Security at the Railways was created, 51/1964 Zb. established the Units of Armed and Fire protection of the Railways in 1964. In 1967, under the OPOŽ units, an independent investigation service was established by Law No, after the fall of communism in 1989, federal power ceased over the protection of the railway system in 1992. Z from the year 1993 created a separate Slovak Railway Police by transforming part of the Federal Railway Police, in 1998 the National Council of the Slovak Republic approved Law No. 57/1998 Z. z. by which the Railway Police was governed, on 14 February 2008 the former law was amended with Law No. 86/2008 Z. z. this change established the structures of the Toll Police within the Railway Police, in 2010, the National Council of the Slovak Republic amended the Railway Police Law again by approving Law No. 60/2010 Z. z. moving the structures of the Toll Police within the Slovak Police Force, previously administered by the Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunications, since 2009 the Railway Police is administered by the Ministry of Interior. Some of the unique Railway Police competences were absorbed by the Police Force as well, Slovakia features numerous special forces units, universally referred to as kukláči by the Slovak media and the public. In communist Czechoslovakia the URN units were responsible for counter-terrorism and apprehending dangerous criminals, URN members were picked from across the country. After the creation of independent Slovakia in 1993, Slovak members of URN were relocated into newly created special forces in Slovakia
10.
Civil Guard (Spain)
–
The Guardia Civil is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain. It is organised as a military force charged with police duties under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence, the corps is colloquially known as the benemérita. In annual surveys, it ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies. It has both a national role and undertakes specific foreign peace-keeping missions. As part of its duties, the Guardia Civil patrols rural areas and investigates crimes there. Most cities also have a Policia Municipal, the three forces are nationally coordinated by the Ministry of the Interior. The Guardia Civil is usually stationed at casas cuartel, which are both minor residential garrisons and fully equipped police stations, formerly, law enforcement had been the responsibility of the Holy Brotherhood, an organization of municipal leagues. Corruption was pervasive in the Brotherhood, where officials were subject to local political influence. Criminals could often escape justice by moving from one district to another. The first Guardia police academy was established in the town of Valdemoro, south of Madrid, graduates were given the Guardias now famous tricorne or Cavaliers hat as part of their duty dress uniform. Banditry in this region was so endemic that the Guardia found it difficult to completely eradicate, should he resist, he is instantly disembowelled with the dexterous thrust of a knife. Wears a profusion of amulets and charms. all of undoubted efficacy against the dagger of an adversary or the rifle of a Civil Guard. During the Spanish Civil War, the Guardia Civil forces split almost evenly between those who remained loyal to the Republic, 53% of the members and the rebel forces, however, the highest authority of the corps, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas, remained loyal to the republican government. After being court-martialed General José Aranguren was given the penalty and was summarily executed on 22 April in the same year. Today, the Guardia Civil is a police force subject to the checks and it is the largest police force in Spain, in terms of area served. They also served with the Spanish armed forces contingent in the war in Iraq, mainly as military police but also in intelligence gathering, in addition to el instituto armado, the Guardia Civil is known as la benemérita. They served in the Spanish colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Guardia Civil has a sister force in Costa Rica also called the Guardia Civil. The Costa Rican guardias often train at the academy as regular Spanish officers
11.
Customs Surveillance Service
–
The origin of the service goes back to the creation of a paramilitary organization to protect the monopoly of tobacco of the Tabacalera, a Spanish tobacco monopoly which was established in 1636. Recent history of the service begins in 1944 with the creation of the Servicio Especial de Vigilancia Marítima y Terrestre de Tabacalera S. A. charged of preventing the tobacco contraband. The most common duties of the SVA are regulated by the Royal Decree 319/1982 and those are the investigation, discovery and prosecution of contraband violations throughout the nation, territorial waters and airspace. The SVA cooperates with international and European organizations such as the European Anti-Fraud Office, the Deputy Directorate of Customs Surveillance is integrated into the Department of Customs and Special Taxes of the Internal Revenue Agency of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The customs headquarters is in Madrid, the maritime component of the Customs Surveillance Service is one of the largest employed by the Spanish Government with approximately 90 vessels in service. The maritime units of the service are classed as Spanish Navy Auxiliary vessels, Special Operations ships,2 Ships for Special Operations and counterdrug patrols. These ships have both a helicopter deck, Long Range Interceptors and Deployable Pursuit Boats, detention cells. High Endurance ships,18 of different classes, medium Endurance ships and High Speed Interception boats,24 different classes. Depending of which class they are they carry Deployable Pursuit Boats, others, including Rigid Inflatable Boats, boats seized from smugglers and used by the service, etc. Most of the vehicles used are unmarked while some of them are marked and they also are equipped with mobile scanners for non-intrusive inspections. Investigation units have special equipment to accomplish their missions like thermal cameras, interceptions devices, Spanish Customs Agents are armed with the 9mm Heckler & Koch USP Compact pistols and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns. Also 7. 62mm MG3 and.50 caliber M2 machine guns are mounted on vessels, crime in Spain Official web site of the Spanish internal revenue agency Official EU web site dedicated to the European Customs Naval World On-Line web Customs Surveillance Service equipment
.svg){kind=small}
