1.
Peace Officer (film)
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Peace Officer is a documentary film about police militarization in the United States. It won the 2015 Documentary Feature Competition Grand Jury award at the South by Southwest Film Festival and he was motivated to begin investigating police killings after the same SWAT team he founded killed his son-in-law, Brian Wood, during a 2008 standoff. Much of the focuses on the history of the SWAT teams that were formed in the United States after the 1965 Watts riots in Los Angeles. The film follows Lawrence as he investigates his son-in-laws death as well as several other SWAT team raids, the film was nominated for an AML Award. Official website Peace Officer at the Internet Movie Database Peace Officer at Box Office Mojo Peace Officer at Rotten Tomatoes Peace Officer at Metacritic
2.
Employment
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Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment, benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts, employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers and online. Employers and job seekers also find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees, a more traditional approach is with a Help Wanted sign in the establishment. Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skill to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments, employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of job interview. Training and development refers to the effort to equip a newly hired employee with necessary skills to perform at the job. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve job satisfaction. There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, in sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions, employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets, employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in addition to their wages or salaries. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is a perception and judgement of employers treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the force to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time and this is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include such as notice periods, severance pay. In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some jobs, some employees may have tenure
3.
Law
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Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. Law as a system helps regulate and ensure that a community show respect, private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, the law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. Islamic Sharia law is the worlds most widely used religious law, the adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas referred to as Criminal law and Civil law. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order, Civil law deals with the resolution of lawsuits between individuals or organizations. Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, there is an old saying that all are equal before the law, although Jonathan Swift argued that Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through. In 1894, the author Anatole France said sarcastically, In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets, and steal loaves of bread. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual, mikhail Bakunin said, All law has for its object to confirm and exalt into a system the exploitation of the workers by a ruling class. Cicero said more law, less justice, marxist doctrine asserts that law will not be required once the state has withered away. Regardless of ones view of the law, it today a completely central institution. Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries, at the same time, it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior, for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance. There have been attempts to produce a universally acceptable definition of law. In 1972, one indicated that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question what is law, glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word law depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, early customary law and municipal law were contexts where the law had two different and irreconcilable meanings. Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word law and it is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word law. The history of law links closely to the development of civilization, Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books
4.
Police officer
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A police officer, also known as a policeman, policewoman, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force. In the United States, the officer is typically the formal name of the lowest police rank. In many other countries, officer is a term not specifying a particular rank. In some nations the use of the officer is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a time, along with other duties. Although many police officers wear a uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to dissimulate as ordinary citizens. The word police comes from the Greek politia meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration, Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison wrote If men were angels and these words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer, a sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy, a common nickname for a police officer is cop. The term copper is used in Britain to mean someone who captures. The common myth is that its a term referring to the officers buttons which are made of copper. The word Cop derives from a Gaelic word which has the equivalence of saying, protector, leader, the terms are almost nearly homophonic but have similar meanings. The term County Mountie is used specifically in reference to county police officers or county sheriffs deputies in the United States, as with Canadian Mounties, the term mountie comes from police who serve while mounted on horseback. Responsibilities of an officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, in some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty
5.
Bylaw enforcement officer
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This terminology is commonly used in Canada and some other Commonwealth countries. In the Canadian province of Alberta, municipalities can appoint bylaw enforcements officers under the authority of section 555 and 556 of the Municipal Government Act, there is a common misconception that all bylaw officers are community peace officers. However, an appointed as a community peace officer can only enforce provincial acts. Code enforcement officers in the United States are more like property standards officers in Canada, in the United Kingdom, the word warden is commonly used to describe various classes of non-police enforcement officers, and sometimes the title of inspector is also used in various jurisdictions. An environmental warden in Edinburgh, Scotland has duties very similar to those of an enforcement officer employed by a similar-sized city in Canada. Increasingly, municipalities are opting for this model of bylaw enforcement, incumbents to such positions often require a higher degree of skill and experience than those employed in stratified enforcement roles. Many Police Academies and/or Public Administration schools offer specialized training in bylaw enforcement, specialized trades inspection is still conducted by a skilled trades inspector with experience in the field, such as a Building Inspector or an Electrical or Plumbing Inspector. In this capacity, the general Bylaw Enforcement Officer is frequently asked to conduct added duties to respond to a problem, specialized non uniform services may be added to assist in enforcement duties where a different image is more productive - such as in the enforcement of business regulations. Some cities employ License Inspectors for tasks where the suit is more effective than the badge, stratified or Diversified Bylaw Enforcement - where different tasks within bylaw enforcement are handled by different classes of employees. This model is often inefficient because enforcement is conducted from City Hall or offices, through letters and reports and his mind would be focused on the job at hand, which is only parking enforcement, and nothing else. The Inspector would then draft a letter and have the letter mailed. The Inspector would most likely not issue tickets, and would manage the problem rather than enforce the bylaw and it would then take another period of time before the workorder was filled on a priority sequence. The unified model is often seen as less wasteful, more efficient, more effective. As such, while engaged in the execution of their duties, Bylaw Enforcement Officers are Peace Officers. Furthermore, Justice OConnor highlighted the severity and criminality of obstructing a bylaw officer, obstruction of an animal control officer is a matter of criminal law over which the federal government has legislative jurisdiction. In any event it is not for the council of the City of Whitehorse to determine who is an officer for the purposes of the Criminal Code. That can only be done by Parliament and they were maintaining and preserving the public peace. Mr. Turko was convicted of Obstructing of a Peace Officer and this was further upheld in Woodward v. Capital Regional District et al. where two Bylaw Officers used force, including batons, to arrest a person for obstruction
6.
Special police
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Special police is not a term used in Canada. The closest term used is Special Constables, which exist in forms with various degrees of Peace Officer powers according to their duties. In general Special Constables do not carry firearms, but may employ other equipment for protection, in the Peoples Republic of China, the Special Police Units are the local equivalent of the U. S. SWAT teams. They are tasked with duties that normal patrol officers are not sufficiently equipped to handle, such as riot control, in addition, the Beijing Special Weapons and Tactics and Snow Leopard Commando Unit also fulfill different duties. In Croatia, Special Police serve as special forces trained primarily for anti-terrorism operations. Unlike many western SWAT teams, Croatian Special Police officers are full-time, a total of four Special Police units exist in cities of Osijek, Rijeka, Split and Zagreb covering their respective regions. A fifth and most elite unit, ATJ Lučko is stationed in Zagreb and has jurisdiction over the entire country, eidiki Katastaltiki Antitromokratiki Monada or EKAM, was created in 1978 and became part of the Hellenic Police. ΕΚΑΜ operators take orders only from the General of the Hellenic Police, the unit and its operators protect the Greek citizens from acts of terrorism, including but not limited to bombings, kidnappings and hijackings. They wear dark blue berets and are dragged to the left, GEGANA is an internal special unit of BRIMOB which conducts mainly on bomb disposal. It also specializes in the field of handling of Chemical, Biological, DENSUS88 / Detasmen Khusus 88 translated as is the special counter-terrorism force of the Indonesian National Police. Aside from the New Zealand Police, special powers are derived in legislation for customs officers, Fisheries Officers, the 7th Special Police was a unit of the National Police Agency and later evolved into what is now the Republic of China Coast Guard. There are several such forces, British Transport Police, Responsible for policing the rail network in Great Britain, civil Nuclear Constabulary, Non-military nuclear installations and non-military nuclear material in transit. Ministry of Defence Police, Ministry of Defence property, personnel, other interests, UK nuclear weapons. Royal Air Force Police, The force Responsible for policing Royal Air Force bases around the world, Royal Navy Police, The force Responsible for policing Royal Navy bases and vessels around the world. Royal Military Police, The force Responsible for policing British Army Garrisons in the United Kingdom, the National Crime Agency is not a police force but an agency responsible to a Secretary of State, however, its workforce includes constables drawn from various UK police forces. In United States terminology, special police can mean, Auxiliary Police, members of volunteer, unpaid or paid, part-time civilian police, security units, interns. Special Police Officers can be employed to protect large campuses such as parks, hospital centers. Some states, such as Maryland, New York, and the District of Columbia and they can make traffic stops in their jurisdiction if they have had accredited training
7.
Customs
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The movement of people into and out of a country is normally monitored by immigration authorities, under a variety of names and arrangements. Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, the import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden. In most countries, customs are attained through government agreements and international laws, a customs duty is a tariff or tax on the importation or exportation of goods. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are held in an area, often called a bonded store. All authorized ports are recognized customs areas, at airports, customs is the point of no return for all passengers, once a passenger has cleared customs, they cannot go back. In many countries, customs procedures for arriving passengers at many international airports and some road crossings are separated into red, passengers with goods to declare go through the red channel. Passengers with nothing to go through the green channel. Each channel is a point of no return, once a passenger has entered a particular channel, australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States do not officially operate a red and green channel system, however, some airports copy this layout. Airports in EU countries such as Finland, Ireland or the United Kingdom, as the EU is a customs union, travellers between EU countries do not have to pay customs duties. Value-added tax and excise duties may be if the goods are subsequently sold. Passengers arriving from other EU countries go through the blue channel, luggage tickets for checked luggage travelling within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified. In most EU member states, travellers coming from other EU countries can use the green lane. All airports in the United Kingdom operate a system, however some dont have a red channel. Customs is part of one of the three functions of a government, namely, administration, maintenance of law, order, and justice. However, in a bid to mitigate corruption, many countries have partly privatised their customs and this has occurred by way of contracting pre-shipment inspection agencies, which examine the cargo and verify the declared value before importation occurs. The countrys customs is obliged to accept the report for the purpose of assessing duties and taxes at the port of entry. It has been found that evasion of customs duty escalated when pre-shipment agencies took over and it has also been alleged that involvement of such agencies has caused shipping delays. Privatization of customs has been viewed as a fatal remedy, the basic customs law is harmonized across Europe within the European Union Customs Union
8.
State police
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State police or provincial police are a type of sub-national territorial police force, found particularly in North America, South Asia, and Oceania. Some other countries have analogous police forces, such as the police in some Canadian provinces. Each state of Australia has its own police force. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the forces to police all geographic areas within their respective states. Prior to the Federation of Australia, each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, Military Police — they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as State police. They are a branch of the Brazilian armed forces but do not perform regular Military Police duties as they are performed by service police such as the Army Police. Two provinces in Canada have a force with jurisdiction over the entire province. In all other provinces, provincial police services are carried out by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a third police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves several metropolitan areas. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. In Alberta, highway patrol and civic guard duties are performed by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the British Columbia Provincial Police existed from the mid 19th century until 1950 when it was incorporated into the RCMP. The Landespolizei is a used in the Federal Republic of Germany to denote the law enforcement services that perform law enforcement duties in the States of Germany. The German federal constitution leaves the majority of law enforcement responsibilities to the 16 states of the country. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right, the state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas. Each of the 31 states of Mexico maintains a law enforcement agency or Policia Estatal. Each of these forces is tasked with the protection of their citizens, keeping local order and combating insecurity. Certain states including Veracruz and Nuevo León have a new model of police force designated as Civilian Forces, three communities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to State Police or Community Police. Similarly, on 1 April 2013, Scotlands eight regional police forces amalgamated to create a Scottish national police service, Police Scotland, both are local as well as national forces of their respective constituent countries - effectively state-level within the UK. England and Wales, in contrast, typically organise policing on a city or county basis, see also, List of state police agencies
9.
Border guard
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A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border control, i. e. enforces the security of the countrys national borders. Some of the border guard agencies also perform coast guard. In different countries, names of particular border guard services vary significantly, the service may be called police, guard, troops or sentinel and the name would refer to the nations official term for the state border - whether it is frontier or border. Most border guards of the world use dark green-colored elements on their uniform, patrols go out regularly from the Border outposts to patrol the international border to check illegal crossings and track any footprints of those who may have crossed over illegally or attempted to. The Border Guard may also perform delegated customs and immigration control duties, wartime assistance of the Border guard to the Army is essential as they are familiar with the local terrain having patrolled it on a daily basis during peacetime. During wars, Border outposts are reworked into well fortified dug-in positions from where regular Army units can operate to defend the integrity of the country. Border Guards Bangladesh is a border security and anti-smuggling force under the Ministry of Home Affairs of Bangladesh. BGB can trace back its origin to the establishment of the Ramgarh Local Battalion in 1795 and this force is lightly armed and although its primary duty is to protect the border, during national emergencies it can also be called upon to aid the government. Canada Border Services Agency is a law enforcement agency of the Department of Public Safety, created in 2003, it amalgamated the enforcement activities performed by three separate government entities. Traditionally unarmed, the arming of Border Services Officers, Investigators, Officers are found at entry points to Canada in some conflicts such as the Six Day War. Also, many border posts are staffed by Carabinieri, the Immigration and Border Police also performs border police duties. The State Border Guard Service is the charged with controlling and maintaining the Lithuanian Border. The State Border Guard Service falls under authority of the Ministry of the Interior, Border patrol and immigration control in Macau are conducted by Public Security Police Force of Macau at land entries with China and at Macau International Airport. Customs duties are performed by Macau Customs agency, both border guards and customs officers are responsibilities of the Secretariat for Security. Before the establishment of the agency, Malaysian borders was guarded by the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Royal Marechaussee is the fourth organization within the Dutch Royal Army, besides Army, Navy and Air Force. Besides patrolling the border it also has the function of Military Police, sometime thereafter, the Border Security Bureau was enlarged to corps level and renamed the Border Security Command. Previously headquartered in Chagang Province, the Border Security Command was relocated to P’yŏngyang in 2002, the Frontier Corps is a federal paramilitary force recruited mostly by people from the tribal areas and led by officers from the Pakistan Army. The FC is stationed in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan Province, are known as FC NWFP and FC Balochistan, the Pakistan Rangers are a paramilitary force under the control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Pakistani government
10.
Bailiff
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A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian, a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly, another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the vogt, see Vogt and Vogt. In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann, Bailiff was the term used by the Normans for what the Saxons had called a reeve, the officer responsible for executing the decisions of a court. The duty of the bailiff would thus include serving summonses and orders, the district within which the bailiff operated was called his bailiwick, even to the present day. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, they were not usually from the bailiwick they were responsible for. Throughout Norman England, the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts, and the hundred courts. Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the officer of a barony. With the introduction of Justices of the Peace, magistrates courts acquired their own bailiffs, historically, courts were not always concerned with legal matters, and often decided administrative matters for the area within their jurisdiction. A bailiff of a manor, therefore, would oversee the manors lands and buildings, collect its rents, manage its accounts. In the 19th century, the functions of courts were mostly replaced by the creation of elected local authorities. Nevertheless, the bailiff is retained as a title by the chief officers of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster. In Scotland, bailie now refers to an officer corresponding to an English alderman. The high court acquired the sheriffs, the county court the bailiffs, to avoid confusion with their underlings, the County Courts Act 1888 renamed bailifs as High Bailiffs. This act also formally acknowledged the High Bailiffs right to appoint under-bailiffs as he wished, the High Bailiff gradually became a purely ceremonial role, the courts clerk liaising with under-bailiffs directly. The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 enacts that no person may act as an under-bailiff to levy any distress for rent, unless he is authorized by a county court judge to act as an under-bailiff. The County Courts Act 1888 restricted the hours an under-bailiff could execute a possession warrant and it also limited the ability to bring a legal complaint against a bailiff, six days notice now had to be given. In the Channel Islands the bailiff is the first civil officer in each of the two bailiwicks and he is appointed by the Crown, and holds office until retirement. He presides as a judge in the court, and takes the opinions of the jurats, he also presides over the states
11.
Fire investigation
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Fire investigation, sometimes referred to as cause and origin investigation, is the analysis of fire-related incidents. After firefighters extinguish a fire, an investigation is launched to determine the origin, Investigations of such incidents require a systematic approach and knowledge of basic fire science. In common with many disciplines, one of the early tasks of fire investigation is often to determine whether or not a crime has been committed. The difficulty of determining whether arson has occurred arises because fire often destroys the key evidence of its origin, many fires are caused by defective equipment, such as shorting of faulty electrical circuits. Car fires can be caused by faulty fuel lines, and spontaneous combustion is possible where organic wastes are stored, a fire investigator looks at the fire remains, and obtains information to reconstruct the sequence of events leading up to the fire. One of the aspects of fire investigation is the multi-disciplinary basis of the investigators job. For example, if there is a gas appliance at the origin of the fire, Fire investigators sometimes work with forensic engineers, such as forensic electrical engineers when examining electrical appliances, household wiring, etc. In the United States, fire investigators often refer to NFPA921, Guide for Fire, also, Kirks Fire Investigation by John D. DeHaan and David J. Icove has long been regarded as the primary textbook in the field of fire investigation. It is currently in its seventh edition, the mere act of extinguishing a fire can destroy potential evidence of arson or what is also known as an Incendiary fire. A fire investigation was once compromised by a fire fighter turning off the knobs on a gas stove in the interests of safety after a fire was knocked down. Though there were no criminal issues involved in fire, this incident of spoliation created a lack of closure for the family and feelings of distrust. Principal among these is a 16-point list of areas in which an investigator is required to have education beyond high school level. Both certification programs rely heavily on the content of NFPA1033, both also require an application process detailing the investigators education, training, and experience, and successfully challenging a written examination. NFPA921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, example of an actual Arson Investigation Report
12.
Auxiliary police
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Auxiliary police, also called Special Police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed and they may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. In most jurisdictions, Auxiliary Police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence, the Australian Federal Police can appoint Special Members who do not have full police powers. The Western Australia Police has had auxiliary officers since 2009, the role of Police Auxiliary Officers was inserted into the Police Act 1892 by the Police Amendment Act 2009. They generally perform administrative and other duties which do not require full police powers, the Victoria Police recruited 3,100 auxiliary police to the Victoria Police Auxiliary Force during World War II to assist regular police in the event of emergencies. The Auxiliary Force was disbanded in 1946, a number of retired police were temporarily formed into a Police Reserve to assist with traffic control during the 1956 Summer Olympics. A permanent Retired Police Reserve was established under the Police Regulation Act 1958, the New South Wales Police Force formed a Police Reserve of around 500 special constables during World War I. The Police Reserve was formed again during World War II, in Canada, many police forces utilize the services of auxiliary constables. Auxiliary constables in Canada wear uniforms similar to regular force constables, also, auxiliary constables are usually unarmed, but are trained in firearms. They may, depending on legislation and policies, carry a baton, in the Federal Republic of Germany, auxiliary police forces do solely exist in a few States, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and Saxony. The auxiliary police of Berlin was dissolved in 2002 and their jurisdictions widely vary among the particular states. Still they generally exist for the purpose of prevention through mere presence. Founded in May 1963, the Baden-Württemberg auxiliary police today consists of 1,201 members, the officers are obliged to absolve a training of two weeks after which they are usually in service with a regular police officer. In the eyes of law, they are fully authorized police officers, wear normal police uniforms with a patch and complete police gear, including pepper spray, handcuffs. The Bavarian auxiliary police was founded on 31 December 1996. Its officers possess little authority, apart from a citizens arrest, they may conduct a Terry Stop. Equipped with a radio and pepper spray, they usually patrol on foot or by bicycle and do not wear a full uniform, the auxiliary police in Hesse was introduced in October 2000 and employs around 750 members of which approximately 30% are women. The training of the police officers endures 50 hours and their patrol is limited to beats on foot and serves traffic control, assistance to major events and prevention of crime through mere police presence
13.
Constable
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A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions, a constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other persons may be granted powers of a constable without holding the title of constable, historically, the title comes from the Latin comes stabuli and originated from the Roman Empire, originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch. The title was imported to the monarchies of medieval Europe, and in many developed into a high military rank. However, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level, historically, a constable could also refer to a castellan, the officer charged with the defense of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London, an equivalent position is that of Marshal, which derives from Old High German marah horse and schalh servant, and originally meant stable keeper, which has a similar etymology. The position of constable originated from the Roman Empire, by the 5th century AD the Count of the Stable was responsible for the keeping of horses at the imperial court. The West European term constable itself was adopted, via the Normans, as konostaulos in the Komnenian and Palaiologan periods, in most medieval nations, the constable was the highest-ranking officer of the army, and was responsible for the overseeing of martial law. The Constable of France, under the French monarchy, was the First Officer of the Crown of France and was responsible for commanding the army. His symbol of office was a held by a hand issuing out of a cloud. Some constables were prominent military commanders in the period, such as Bertrand du Guesclin who served from 1370 to 1380. Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office during the reign of King Alfred, the term was also used at the local level within the feudal system however, describing an officer appointed to keep order. He has record as to matters of fact, not matters of judgment, in Bractons time, anyone seeing a misdeed was empowered to make an arrest. The role of the constable in Bractons description was as the eyes and ears of the court, finding evidence, by extension, the constable was also the strong arm of the court, marking the basic role of the constable that continues into the present-day. In 1285, King Edward I of England passed the Statute of Winchester, together these led to all counties having various constabularies of full-time professionals. The lowest rank of the forces and constabularies is constable. Specific legislation for the Royal Parks of London continued the office of Parks Constable. However, the Royal Parks Constabulary was disbanded in 2001, the Kew Constabulary are sworn in under the same legislation and remain as the holders of the office of Parks Constable
14.
Corrections
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These functions commonly include imprisonment, parole and probation. A typical correctional institution is a prison, a correctional system, also known as a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that administer a jurisdictions prisons and community-based programs like parole and probation boards. This system is part of the criminal justice system, which additionally includes police, prosecution. Jurisdictions throughout Canada and the US have ministries or departments, respectively, of corrections, correctional services, Corrections is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process. Stohr and colleagues write that Earlier scholars were more honest, calling what we now call corrections by the name penology, the idea of corrective labor in Soviet Russia dates back as far as December 1917. From 1929 the USSR started using the terminology corrective-labor camps and corrective labor colonies, the terminology change in US academia from penology to corrections occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, driven by a new philosophy emphasizing rehabilitation. It was accompanied by changes in some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates. At least nominally, most prisons became correctional institutions, and guards became correctional officers, whipping of female offenders was not allowed. The whipping could be inflicted using a strap, cat-o-nine-tails, or a paddle unless specified by the court, the move to abolish corporal punishment in the Canadian penal system coincided with several reforms and a change from the Reform Institutions label to Corrections or Correctional. The use of sanctions, which can be positive or negative is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control. Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories, although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote Supervision and the more contemporary direct supervision model, in the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e. g. towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions prison officers within the inmate population, Juvenile delinquency Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Mary Stohr, Anthony Walsh, Craig Hemmens. Todd R. Clear, George F. Cole, Michael D. Reisig
15.
Marshal
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Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, during the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated offices, such as in military rank and civilian law enforcement. Marshal is an ancient loanword from Old French, which in turn is borrowed from Old Frankish *marhskalk, being still evident in Middle Dutch maerscalc, marscal and it is cognate with Old High German mar-scalc id. modern German Marschall. It originally and literally meant horse servant, from Germanic *marha- horse and this horse servant origin is retained in the current French name for farrier, maréchal-ferrant. The late Roman and Byzantine title of comes stabuli was adopted as a Latin analogue, which has become the French connétable and, derived from the French, finally, in Byzantium a marshal with elevated authority, notably a borderlands military command, is also known as an Exarch. In many countries, the rank of marshal, cf. field marshal, is the highest army rank, the equivalent navy rank is often admiral of the fleet. Marshals are typically, but not exclusively, appointed only in wartime, in many countries, especially in Europe, the special symbol of a marshal is a baton, and their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the marshal is used instead of general in the higher air force ranks. The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are marshal of the Royal Air Force, air marshal, air marshal. The five-star rank of marshal of the Air Force is used by some Commonwealth, in the French Army and most National Armies modeled upon the French system, maréchal des logis is a cavalry term equivalent to sergeant. Some historical rulers have used special marshal titles to reward certain subjects, though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous grand marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre. Most famous are the Marshals of France, not least under Napoléon I, in England during the First Barons War the title Marshal of the Army of God was bestowed upon Robert Fitzwalter by election. Both the Soviet Union and Russia have army general as well as marshal in their rank system, the relationships between them is unresolved. Marshal of the Soviet Union Chief marshal of an arm was used in five Soviet military branches – the air force, artillery, armoured troops, engineer troops. Marshal of an arm was used in five Soviet military branches – the air force, artillery, armoured troops, engineer troops. Marshal of an arm is considered equivalent to the rank general of the army, which was used in the infantry. The function of the Marshal of the Court varies according to national tradition, often, the charge includes also the honorary privilege as chief of the protocol to announce formally the arrival of VIP guests at audiences, state dinners, and conferences in the monarchs premises. This office was made hereditary in the high nobility, e. g. the English Earl Marshal
16.
Deputy sheriff
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In the United States, a sheriff is an official in a county who is responsible for keeping the peace and enforcing the law. Elected sheriffs are accountable directly to the constitution of their state, the United States Constitution, statutes, the law enforcement agency headed by a sheriff is commonly referred to as a sheriffs office not sheriffs department. According to the National Sheriffs Association, an American sheriffs advocacy group, of the 50 U. S. states,48 have sheriffs. The two exceptions are Alaska, which not have counties, and Connecticut, which has no county governments. Sheriffs are elected to terms in 42 states, two-year terms in Arkansas and New Hampshire, three-year terms in New Jersey. In many rural areas of the United States, particularly in the South, in some states a sheriff may not be a sworn peace officer, but merely an elected civilian official lacking police powers who oversees the offices and its sworn peace officers. Law enforcement officers working for such offices may be subdivided, sometimes titled general deputy, the second-in-command of a sheriffs office is sometimes called an undersheriff or chief deputy, akin to the deputy chief of police position of a municipal police department. In some counties, the undersheriff is the warden of the county jail, most sheriffs offices have a law enforcement duty and roles. Some states extend this authority to adjacent counties or to the entire state, larger departments may perform other criminal investigations or engage in other specialized law enforcement activities. Some larger sheriffs departments may have aviation, motorcycle unit, canine units, mounted details, many sheriffs departments enlist the aid of local neighborhoods, using a community policing strategy, in working to prevent crime. The National Neighborhood Watch Program, sponsored by the National Sheriffs Association, allows civilians, Sheriffs offices may coexist with other county level law enforcement agencies such as county police, county park police, etc. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, an example is the Philadelphia Sheriffs Office in Pennsylvania. Limited service – along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as investigations and this may be limited to security police duties on county properties to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract. Full service – The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including countywide patrol, note, There are two federal equivalents of the sheriff, the first is the United States Marshals Service, an agency of the Department of Justice. There are 94 United States Marshals, one for each judicial district. Marshal and his or her Deputy Marshals are responsible for the transport of prisoners and security for the United States district courts, the other is the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who performs all court related duties for the Supreme Court of the United States. In Alabama, a sheriff is an official and the chief law enforcement officer in any given county
17.
Security guard
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A security guard, security officer, or protective agent is a private person who is hired to protect an organizations assets from a variety of hazards by using preventative measures. Security officers are generally uniformed to represent their lawful authority to protect private property, Security guards are generally governed by legal regulations, which set out the requirements for eligibility and the permitted authorities of a security guard in a given jurisdiction. The authorities permitted to security guards vary by country and subnational jurisdiction, Security officers are hired by a range of organizations, including businesses, government departments and agencies and not-for-profit organizations. Until the 1980s, the watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles, Security officers are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function. Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice the detect, deter, observe, a private security officers primary duty is the prevention and deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and can act to protect lives and property, all security officers are also required to go through additional training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as batons, firearms, and pepper spray. Some officers are required to complete certification for special duties. The number of jobs is expected to grow in the U. S. with 175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016, one major economic justification for security personnel is that insurance companies will give substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence. For a high risk or high value property, the discount can often exceed the money being spent on its security program. Discounts are offered because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will be noticed and reported to the fire department before a total loss occurs. Also, the presence of security officers tends to diminish shrinkage, theft, employee misconduct and safety violations, property damage. Many casinos hire security officers to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the casinos bank, armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene. Patrolling is usually a part of a security officers duties. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard tour patrol system, until recently the most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper inside with the time pre-printed on it. But recently, electronic systems have risen in popularity due to their weight, ease of use. Regular patrols are, however, becoming accepted as an industry standard, as it provides predictability for the would-be criminal. Random patrols are easily programmed into electronic systems, allowing freedom of movement
18.
Civilian
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In general, a civilian is a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force, as defined by Merriam Websters Dictionary. From the perspective of the U. S, in military and law enforcement slang, the term Civies or Civvies are often used to refer civilian population or civilian clothing. Under the laws of war, a civilian is one not being a member of the services and does not take a direct part of hostilities in times of armed conflict. The term civilian is slightly different from a non-combatant under the laws of war, the privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one or an international one. The word civilian goes back to the late 14th century and is from Old French civilien, Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to non-combatants as early as 1829. The term non-combatant now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities, there is no intermediate status, nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, the ICRC has expressed the opinion that If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered unlawful or unprivileged combatants or belligerents. They may be prosecuted under the law of the detaining state for such action. According to Article 50 of the 1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions,1, a civilian is any person who does not belong to one of the categories of persons referred to in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of this Protocol. In case of whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a civilian. The civilian population comprises all persons who are civilians, the presence within the civilian population of individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians does not deprive the population of its civilian character. The definition is negative and defines civilians as persons who do not belong to definite categories, the categories of persons mentioned in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of the Protocol I are combatants. Therefore, the Commentary to the Protocol pointed that, any one who is not a member of the forces is a civilian. Civilians cannot take part in armed conflict, civilians are given protection under the Geneva Conventions and Protocols thereto. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population, chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. The actual position of the civilian in modern war remains problematical, starting in the 1980s, it was often claimed that 90 percent of the victims of modern wars were civilians. The claim was repeated on Wikipedias Did You Know on 14 December 2010 and these claims, though widely believed, are not supported by detailed examination of the evidence, particularly that relating to wars that are central to the claims. It has lost none of its political, legal and moral salience, although it is often assumed that civilians are essentially passive onlookers of war, sometimes they have active roles in conflicts
19.
Community safety accreditation scheme
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Community Safety Accreditation Schemes were created under section 40 of the Police Reform Act 2002. Individuals who have been granted these powers are known under the Act as Accredited Persons, the Act also makes it a criminal offence to assault, resist or obstruct an Accredited Person in the execution of their duty, or impersonate an Accredited Person. The Act also requires that the organisation employing a person must be fit and proper. An accredited person remains under the control of their normal employer and these officers carry police Airwave radios and are dispatched to incidents by the force control room. Accredited Persons must wear an approved by the police when exercising their powers. Some forces print the powers on the back of the ID card,19 of the employing organisations were private companies. Essex Police had accredited the most people,291 individuals in 25 organisations, Community Safety Accreditation Schemes Good Practice Guidance, Home Office website Guidance on Community Safety Accreditation Schemes, Association of Chief Police Officers website
20.
Prosecutor
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The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognized as legal professionals by the court in which they intend to represent society and they usually only become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are typically employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Often, multiple offices exist in a country, especially those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way. Since prosecutors are backed by the power of the state, they are subject to special professional responsibility rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires prosecutors to make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information and that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense. Not all U. S. states adopt the rules, however, U. S. Supreme Court cases. Typical sources of requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the Attorney General, in Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. More recent constitutions, such as South Africas, tend to guarantee the independence, in Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called Crown Attorney or Crown Counsel. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General, though Scots law is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by Procurators Fiscal and Advocates Depute on behalf of the Lord Advocate, in very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute or even the Lord Advocate, may take charge of a police investigation. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including fines and non-court based interventions, such as rehabilitation. All prosecutions are handled within the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to Childrens Hearings, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child. In the United States, the director of an office may be known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction. Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the work of the office. United States Attorneys, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, represent the government in federal court
21.
Justice of the peace
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A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
22.
Correctional Service of Canada
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The system has its headquarters in Ottawa. The Commissioner of the Correctional Service of Canada is recommended for appointment by the Prime Minister and this appointed position reports directly to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada and is accountable to the public via the Parliament. The current Commissioner of Corrections is Don Head, who has held this post since June 27,2008, Head previously served as Senior Deputy Commissioner from 2002 until June 2008. In addition to using generic identifiers imposed by the Federal Identity Program, the badge was officially granted by the Canadian Heraldic Authority on October 15,2009. The torch symbolizes learning, knowledge and hope, while the key represents the eventual unlocking of the door upon completion of a prison sentence, the motto means “to grasp the future”. The CSC was granted a flag in 2009, it consists of the badge on a white field. Senior officials have also been granted distinctive badges by the Canadian Heraldic Authority, the Kingston Penitentiary, based on the Auburn System, was built in 1835. Initially operated as a jail, the penitentiary came under federal jurisdiction following the passage of the British North America Act in 1867. In 1868, the first Penitentiary Act brought prisons in Saint John, New Brunswick and Halifax, along with Kingston, the regime of these prisons included productive labour during the day, solitary confinement during leisure hours and the rule of silence at all times. While there was no parole, prisoners with good conduct could have three days per month remitted from their sentence, the Royal Commission to Investigate the Penal System of Canada was formed in response to a series of riots and strikes in the 1930s. The Archambault report, published in 1938, proposed sweeping changes for Canadian penitentiaries, with emphasis on crime prevention, the Commission recommended a complete revision of penitentiary regulations to provide strict but humane discipline and the reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners. While the commissions recommendations were not immediately implemented due to the advent of World War II, after the Second World War, prison populations dropped, causing undercrowding and prison disturbances. This led to the creation of the Fauteaux Committee in 1953 and this meant prisons had to change to support such programs and provide opportunities for vocational training, pre-release and after-care programs. The Fauteux Report recommended hiring more, and better-trained, personnel, including those with professional qualifications in social work, psychology, psychiatry, criminology and law. An important legacy of the Committee was the creation of the National Parole Board in 1959 and it is a transitional step between close confinement in an institution and absolute freedom in society. The Penitentiary Act was amended in 1961 and a plan enacted to build ten new penitentiaries across Canada to implement the Fauteaux Committees recommendations, in the 1970s there was a movement to combine the then Penitentiary Service and the National Parole Service. This resulted in a Report to Parliament by the Sub-Committee on the Penitentiary System in Canada, the move toward consolidation was recognized by Commissioner Donald Yeomans, who referred to. Our efforts to come up with a title for our Service which will give us a proper identity and project the image of the merger of the Penitentiary Service, and announced that the name would be The Correctional Service of Canada
23.
Canada Border Services Agency
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The Canada Border Services Agency is a federal agency that is responsible for border enforcement, immigration enforcement and customs services. The Agencys creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, since the September 11 attacks against the United States, Canadas border operations have placed an enhanced emphasis on national security and public safety. The CBSA oversees approximately 1,200 service locations across Canada and it employs over 12,000 public servants, and offers around-the-clock service at 119 land border crossings and thirteen international airports. The Agency oversees operations at three major sea ports and three centres, and operates detention facilities in Laval, Toronto, Kingston and Vancouver. The CBSA operates an Inland Enforcement branch, which tracks down, Inland Enforcement Officers are plain-clothes units, and are armed with the same sidearm pistol as port of entry Border Services Officers. The coat of arms was granted on June 15,2010 and presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on July 6,2010, also in attendance were Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Use of the coat of arms is reserved for special occasions, the Heraldic Badge was approved for use at the same time as the coat of arms. It portrays a gold tressure which symbolizes the agencys security focus, the portcullis represents Her Majesty’s agents responsible for border services. The motto Protectio, Servitium, Integritas, translates “Protection, Service, the badge figures prominently in the television series Border Security, Canadas Front Line. A flag was approved for use on December 20,2012 and it is meant to resemble Canadas Blue Ensign, which was flown on government vessels prior to 1965. Not only has the structure of the organization changed, but the range of duties, substantial changes began before the 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. These new responsibilities led to the implementation of use of force policies, Border Services Officers across Canada started to carry collapsible batons, OC spray and handcuffs. The 2006 Canadian federal budget introduced $101 million to equip CBSA officers with side arms, in August 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that arming BSOs would begin in early 2007 and would continue through 2016. Some of the first officers to be armed were those working at the Windsor, Ontario port of entry, arming at the other Ports of Entry across Canada is being conducted systematically with those Ports considered the busiest and/or most dangerous to be completed first. Ports of Entry for all modes now have armed officers, including those at airports, Border Services Officers are equipped with handcuffs, oleoresin capsicum spray, batons, and are currently armed with Beretta PX4 Storm pistols. The arming initiative began in 2007 and officially concluded in 2016, Border Services Officers are trained at the CBSA College, located in Rigaud, Quebec. The attacker was an American man who shot the CBSA officer then killed himself, the CBSA officer, Lori Bowcock, was shot in the neck but she survived. This is the first time since CBSAs inception that an officer was shot on duty, in March 2015, Alain Philippon, a man from Ste-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec, was referred to secondary inspection after returning from a trip to the Dominican Republic
24.
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
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The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S. C. 27, is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, passed in 2001, the IRPA came into force on June 28,2002. Controversially, the government failed to implement a component of the legislation that would have implemented a Refugee Appeal Division as part of Canadas immigration system, IRPA creates a high-level framework detailing the goals and guidelines the Canadian government has set with regards to immigration into Canada by foreign residents. The Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations contain the laws created to fit within the IRPA in order to specify how the IRPA is to be applied, portions of IRPA are administered by the Canada Border Services Agency. In the case of Charkaoui v and she concluded that some of the time limits in the provisions for continuing detention of a foreign national violate ss.9 and 10 because they are arbitrary. The bill to amend the IRPA was passed by Parliament with support from the Conservative and Liberal caucuses, Canadian immigration and refugee law Protecting Canadas Immigration System Act Temporary foreign worker program in Canada
25.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
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The stated vision of the department is Excellence in service to Canadians to ensure the sustainable development and safe use of Canadian waters. The federal government is mandated for conservation and protection of fisheries resources in all Canadian fisheries waters. However, the department is focused on the conservation and allotment of harvests of salt water fisheries on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts of Canada. The department works toward conservation and protection of freshwater fisheries, such as on the Great Lakes. Provincial governments have enacted provincial fisheries legislation, for the licensing of their fisheries, with the exception of Saskatchewan, conservation rules for freshwater fisheries are enacted under the Fisheries Act, six provinces administer these regulations in their own fisheries. To address the need for conservation, the department has an extensive science branch, typically the science branch provides evidence for the need of conservation of various species, which are then regulated by the department. DFO also maintains a large enforcement branch with peace officers used to combat poaching, DFO is responsible for several organizations, including the Canadian Coast Guard and the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The Department of Marine and Fisheries was created on July 1,1867, the departments political representative in Parliament was the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, with the first minister having been the Hon. Peter Mitchell. There are 3 designations under the Fisheries Act - Fishery Officers, Fishery Guardians, Fishery Officers are designated under section 5 of the Act and as peace officers employed to educate and enforce all provisions of the Act and other related acts and regulations. They carry firearms and other such as pepper spray while conducting patrols. Fishery Guardians are also designated under section 5 of the Act, for example, a provincial conservation officer may be designated as a fishery guardian for the purpose of enforcing the Act. In general, fishery guardians cannot conduct a search authorized by a warrant or conditions are met under warrantless search of the Criminal Code. Under the Aboriginal Guardian Program, certain first nations may submit to the Minister to designate certain band members as guardians, Fishery Inspectors are designated under section 38 of the Act, specifically to enforce the pollution prevention sections of Fisheries Act. They are not peace officers and have limited powers vis-a-vis the other two designations, DFO is organized into six administrative regions which collectively cover all provinces and territories of Canada. The resolution was not successful, however, on January 12,1910, after third reading, the bill received royal assent on May 4,1910, and became the Naval Service Act, administered by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries at the time. The Naval Service of Canada changed its name to Royal Canadian Navy on January 30,1911, since Confederation, the responsibilities of the original Department of Marine and Fisheries, namely the Fisheries Service and the Marine Service, have transferred among several departments. The formal name of the department is the Department of Fisheries and it is also referred to as Fisheries and Oceans Canada under the Federal Identity Program. Text of each law and its regulations can be found by entering the name of the law at the Canadian Legal Information Institute, archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
26.
Canadian Armed Forces
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This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence, the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, during the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s, Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as members of French and British forces. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation and these forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, the first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, the Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world and its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies, a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. After the 1980s, the use of the Canadian Armed Forces name gave way to Canadian Forces, land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve and they have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force, at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20, the number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition,5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving, if this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queens Regulations and Orders, the 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called core capabilities, in addition, new systems have also been acquired for the Armed Forces
27.
Canadian Forces Military Police
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CFMP serve the CF community, which includes, Regular and Reserve Force members, DND civilian employees, cadets, and family members residing on military establishments in Canada and abroad. Whether at home on CF bases or abroad on missions, CFMP, in conjunction with civilian and allied military police forces, protect. The international scope of the CF requires that CFMP provide services in Canada, CFMP routinely function within the civilian criminal and military justice systems. They have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, CFMP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. CFMP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Act on all military bases in Canada contrary to the Government Property Traffic Regulations. The Canadian Military Police Branch can trace its roots to the formation of the Canadian Military Police Corps, the initial establishment was set at 30 Officers and 820 Warrant Officers and NCOs within 13 detachments, designated No.1 through No.13. Only trained soldiers were to be selected and they were required to serve a probationary period before being transferred. Applicants were required to have exemplary service records, the CMPC School was formed at CFB Rockcliffe near Ottawa in June 1918. The first commanding officer of the school was Major Baron Osborne, the basic course was of three weeks duration. Upon successful completion of the course, Privates were promoted to Lance Corporal, the CMPC was disbanded on December 1,1920. The Canadian Provost Corps was formed on June 15,1940 and it originally consisted of No.1 Company and No.2 Provost Company which was formed in early 1940 as part of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. The Royal Air Force, Canada was formed in 1918 and an Assistant Provost Marshal was appointed in Toronto on February 1 of that year, initially, there were approximately 30 Royal Air Force NCOs and airmen on his staff. This number was increased to 50, and two officers were appointed as Deputy Assistant Provost Marshals. The Royal Canadian Air Force Police had its beginnings in March 1940 when Group Captain M. M, sisley was appointed as the first Provost Marshal of the RCAF. Originally called the Guards and Discipline Branch, the name was changed a year later to the Directorate of Provost, the DPSS was subdivided into two branches, Police and Security. These branches supplied gate and perimeter security for airfields and installations, during the Second World War, RCAF Police were known as RCAF Service Police
28.
Sri Lanka Police
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The Sri Lanka Police is the civilian national police force of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The police force has a manpower of approximately 85,000 and it is responsible for enforcing criminal and traffic law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping the peace throughout Sri Lanka. The professional head of the police is the Inspector General of Police who reports to the Minister of Public Order, the current Inspector General of Police is Pujith Jayasundara. In recent years with the Sri Lankan civil war, the service has become an integral part of maintaining of the nations security. Many police officers have been killed in the line of duty due to terrorist attacks. Specially trained commando/counter-terrorist units named Special Task Force are regularly deployed in joint operations with the forces for counter-terrorism operations. The police command structure in Northern and Eastern provinces is closely integrated with the security organizations under the authority of the Joint Operations Command. In case of emergency, any civilian in Sri Lanka can reach the police by dialing 119 from any telephone or sending e-mail to telligppolice. lk, fredric Barron Mylius was appointed as Fiscal of Colombo and entrusted with responsibility of policing the City of Colombo. 1806, The regulation No.6 of 1806 appointed a Vidane Arachchi to each village,1832, A committee appointed by the governor was instructed to form a police force. It was decided by this committee that the new force was to be funded by a tax to be paid by the public. It consisted of one Superintendent, one Chief Constable, five Constables and they were responsible for maintaining law and order in the capital city of Colombo. 1844, As the police force was restricted to coastal areas only,1858, The police force in the coastal area and the police force in the hill country were unified. 1864, The first death of a police officer whilst on duty occurred when he attempted to apprehend a brigand by the name of Saradiel,1865, The Police Ordinance was enacted to stipulate the powers and responsibilities of policemen. 1866, William Robert Campbell, then the chief of police in the Indian province of Rathnageri, was appointed as Chief Superintendent of Police in Ceylon on 3 September 1866 and this date is considered as the beginning of the Sri Lanka Police Service. 1867, The Chief of Police was designated as the Inspector General of Police, William Robert Campbell became the first Inspector General of Police. The Police Headquarters was founded at Maradana, in the City of Colombo,1870, Muslim rioters attacked the Police Headquarters. The police were successful in repulsing the attack, but the building was damaged and this year, the Criminal Investigations Department was formed. 1879, The strength of the force had tripled from 585 when IGP Campbell was appointed
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Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka
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The districts of Sri Lanka are divided into administrative sub-units known as divisional secretariats. These were originally based on the counties, the korales. They were formerly known as D. R. O, Divisions after the Divisional Revenue Officer. Later the D. R. O. s became Assistant Government Agents, currently, the Divisions are administered by a Divisional Secretary, and are known as D. S. Divisions. The 331 divisions are listed below, by district, Provinces of Sri Lanka Districts of Sri Lanka Divisional Secretariats Portal Statoids, Divisions of Sri Lanka
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Magistrate
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The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, in other parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is an officer who hears cases in a lower court. In other jurisdictions, magistrates may be volunteers without formal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters. In ancient Rome, the word referred to one of the highest offices of state. Analogous offices in the authorities, such as municipium, were subordinate only to the legislature of which they generally were members. Ex officio, often a combination of judicial and executive power, in Rome itself, the highest magistrates were members of the so-called cursus honorum -career of honors. They held both judicial and executive power within their sphere of responsibility, and also had the power to issue ius honorarium, the Consul was the highest Roman magistrate. Roman magistrates were not lawyers, but were advised by jurists who were experts in the law, the term was maintained in most feudal successor states to the western Roman Empire. The term chief magistrate applied to the highest official, in sovereign entities the head of state and/or head of government and these were referred as administrative magistrates to distinguish them from the judiciary magistrates. The President of Portugal is considered the Supreme Magistrate of the Nation, in Mexicos Federal Law System, a magistrado is a superior judge, hierarchically beneath the Supreme Court Justices. The magistrado reviews the cases seen by a judge in a term if any of the parties disputes the verdict. For special cases, there are magistrados superiores who review the verdicts of special court, magistrates/JPs are limited to issuing sentences of no longer than six months for one offence and up to twelve months consecutively for multiple offences. A wide range of legal matters is within the remit of magistrates. However, commission areas were replaced with Local Justice Areas by the Courts Act 2003, meaning no longer need to live within 15 miles, although, in practice. Thus, every magistrate in England and Wales may act as a magistrate anywhere in England or Wales, there are two types of magistrates in England and Wales, justices of the peace and district judges who hold office as members of the professional judiciary. According to requirements, around 50% of magistrates are women, over 41% of magistrates are retired from employment while others may be self-employed or able to arrange leave from their employment. No formal qualifications are required, but magistrates require intelligence, common sense, integrity, membership is widely spread throughout the area covered and drawn from all walks of life
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British Ceylon
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British Ceylon, known contemporaneously as Ceylon, was a British Crown colony between 1802 and 1948. The island attracted the attention of the newly formed Dutch Republic when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese, Dutch rule over much of the island was soon imposed. In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against Great Britain, were conquered by Napoleonic France, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, although the previous Dutch administration had not been powerful enough to threaten the reign of the Kandyan Kings, the British were much more powerful. The Kandyan refusal to accept a protectorate led eventually to war, the rule of the king Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was not favoured by his chieftains. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains, a successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the British Crown as their new sovereign. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinhe was taken as a prisoner, the Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the Kandyan Convention and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by the Crown, the Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory. It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the British government was a different one to that of the Nayakkar dynasty. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war, müller, the British rulers killed everyone from the Uva-Wellassa region. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, Sivasundaram argues that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the center of Ceylon. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island and this made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control. The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of Sir Henry Ward, unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by coffee rust, Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia, the British also brought a million Tamils from British India and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces. Thus the seed of discord was sown in the British era. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon, Censuses in Ceylon began in 1871 and continued every ten years
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Village head
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The village headman or village chief is a local government or tribal post. The village headman is the appointed to administer an area that is often a single village. The headman has several duties in the village, and is sometimes seen as a mediator in disputes. Examples of headmanship have been observed among the Zuni. Kung, nearby tribal leaders recognized or appointed by the Chinese were known as tusi, although they could command larger areas than a single village. Dibao or headman, a Qing-era village official Opperhoofd
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Bureau of Diplomatic Security
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Diplomatic Security Service The Bureau of Diplomatic Security, more commonly known as Diplomatic Security, or DS, is the security and law enforcement arm of the United States Department of State. DS is a leader in international investigations, threat analysis, cyber security, counterterrorism, security technology, and protection of people, property. DSs mission is to provide a safe and secure environment for officials to carry out U. S. foreign policy, the Bureau of Diplomatic Security - DS is the political face and parent organization of the U. S. The DSS consists of the 2,000 Special Agents that are responsible for protecting visiting foreign dignitaries, the DSS is the primary conduit utilized by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security and the Department of State for the majority of all security and law enforcement matters. Both terms DS and DSS are used interchangeably within the State Department, recently multi-agency press releases from the U. S. Attorney’s offices use the technically correct Diplomatic Security Service. As mentioned earlier DSS is structured as a law enforcement agency, the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security is in charge of the Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Under the Assistant Secretary of State are several Deputy Assistant Secretaries, the DSS is an organization within the Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Special Agents are sometimes referred to as DS Agents or DSS Agents, both terms are used interchangeably within the agency and other organizations. For people who do not work for the Department of State, even within Department of State there is still some confusion regarding the difference between DS and the DSS. The DSS was structured as a law enforcement agency, primarily made up of Federal Agents, the DSS is an organization within DS. Overseas, DS develops and implements security programs to all personnel who work in every U. S. diplomatic mission around the world. In the United States, DS protects the Secretary of State, the U. S. Ambassador to the United Nations, DS has protected Yasser Arafat, the Dalai Lama and Prince Charles. The agency develops and implements security programs to protect the more than 100 domestic State Department facilities as well as the residence of the Secretary of State, in addition to investigating crimes involving passport and visa fraud, DSS agents are engaged in other types of investigation. In cooperation with appropriate U. S. agencies such as the FBI, at the request of other law enforcement agencies, DSS assists in apprehending fugitives who have fled the United States. Personnel security background investigations are conducted on all employees, applicants, Intelligence investigations look into terrorist incidents and threats made against State Department employees and facilities throughout the world. Through 2001, $62 million had been paid to over forty people in this effort, Diplomatic Security Service was formally established in 1916 under Secretary of State Robert Lansing. The office was headed by a special agent, who also carried the title of special assistant to the secretary. A handful of agents worked out of two locations, Washington, D. C. and New York City, operating on confidential funds from the secretarys office and they conducted sensitive investigations, especially on the operations of foreign agents and their activities in the United States
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U.S. Customs and Border Protection
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U. S. Customs and Border Protection is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is charged with regulating and facilitating trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U. S. regulations, including trade, customs. CBP is the largest law enforcement agency in the United States and it has a workforce of more than 45,600 sworn federal agents and officers. It has its headquarters in Washington, D. C, more than 21,180 CBP Officers inspect and examine passengers and cargo at over 300 ports of entry. Over 2,200 CBP Agriculture Specialists work to curtail the spread of pests and plant and animal diseases that may harm America’s farms and food supply or cause bio-. Over 21,370 Border Patrol Agents protect and patrol 1,900 miles of border with Mexico and 5,000 miles of border with Canada. Nearly 1,050 Air and Marine Interdiction Agents prevent people, weapons, narcotics, nearly 2,500 employees in CBP revenue positions collect over $30 billion annually in entry duties and taxes through the enforcement of trade and tariff laws. In addition, these employees fulfill the trade mission by appraising and classifying imported merchandise. These employees serve in such as import specialist, auditor, international trade specialist. The primary goal of the CBP Canine Program is terrorist detection and apprehension, the CBP Canine Program is critical to the mission of the Department of Homeland Security, To Protect the Homeland. The program conducts the largest number of working dogs of any U. S. federal law enforcement agency, k-9 teams are assigned to 73 commercial ports and 74 Border Patrol stations throughout the nation. There are 327 officially designated ports of entry and an additional 14 pre-clearance locations in Canada, Ireland, the Middle East, Bermuda and the Caribbean. CBP is also in charge of the Container Security Initiative, which identifies, CBP assess all passengers flying into the U. S. CBP also works with the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to screen high-risk imported food shipments in order to prevent bio-terrorism/agro-terrorism. S. CSI is implemented in 20 of the largest ports in terms of shipments to the U. S. The Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection program allows pre-screened, NEXUS is a similar program on the countrys northern border with Canada. An agreement with Canada allows CBP to target, screen, under Section 596 of the Tariff Act, CBP is required to seize and forfeit all merchandise that is stolen, smuggled, or clandestinely imported or introduced. CBP is also required to seize and forfeit controlled substances, certain contraband articles, in conjunction with the Department of State and the Bureau of the Census, CBP has put in place regulations that require submission of electronic export information on U. S. Munitions List and for technology for the Commerce Control List, CBP uses advance information from the Automated Targeting System and the Automated Export System to identify cargo that may pose a threat
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United States Attorney
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United States Attorneys represent the United States federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. There are 93 U. S. Attorneys located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U. S. Attorney is assigned to each of the districts, with the exception of Guam. Each U. S. Attorney is the federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U. S. Attorneys, an Assistant U. S. Attorney, or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U. S. Attorney in criminal prosecutions. U. S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice, U. S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Departments Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U. S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney Generals Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys, the Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, thus, the office of U. S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each district of a Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States. The U. S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years, a U. S. Attorney continues in office, beyond the appointed term, until a successor is appointed and qualified. By law, each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President, the Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U. S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy. If an appointment expires under subsection, the court for such district may appoint a United States attorney to serve until the vacancy is filled. The order of appointment by the court shall be filed with the clerk of the court, on March 9,2007, President George W. This, in effect, extinguished the 120-day limit on interim U. S. Attorneys, and their appointment had an indefinite term. Related to the dismissal of U. S. attorneys controversy, in March 2007 the Senate, the bill was signed by President George W. Bush, and became law in June 2007. Senator Dianne Feinstein, summarized the history of interim United States Attorney appointments, the U. S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U. S. Attorney for the district. The U. S. Attorneys Office is the prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases. However, they are not the one that can represent the United States in Court. These responsibilities include certain legal, budgetary, administrative, and personnel services, the EOUSA was created on April 6,1953, by Attorney General Order No
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum
