1.
Peace Officer (film)
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Peace Officer is a documentary film about police militarization in the United States. It won the 2015 Documentary Feature Competition Grand Jury award at the South by Southwest Film Festival and he was motivated to begin investigating police killings after the same SWAT team he founded killed his son-in-law, Brian Wood, during a 2008 standoff. Much of the focuses on the history of the SWAT teams that were formed in the United States after the 1965 Watts riots in Los Angeles. The film follows Lawrence as he investigates his son-in-laws death as well as several other SWAT team raids, the film was nominated for an AML Award. Official website Peace Officer at the Internet Movie Database Peace Officer at Box Office Mojo Peace Officer at Rotten Tomatoes Peace Officer at Metacritic
2.
Employment
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Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment, benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts, employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers and online. Employers and job seekers also find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees, a more traditional approach is with a Help Wanted sign in the establishment. Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skill to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments, employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of job interview. Training and development refers to the effort to equip a newly hired employee with necessary skills to perform at the job. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve job satisfaction. There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, in sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions, employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets, employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in addition to their wages or salaries. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is a perception and judgement of employers treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the force to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time and this is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include such as notice periods, severance pay. In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some jobs, some employees may have tenure
3.
Law
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Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. Law as a system helps regulate and ensure that a community show respect, private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, the law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. Islamic Sharia law is the worlds most widely used religious law, the adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas referred to as Criminal law and Civil law. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order, Civil law deals with the resolution of lawsuits between individuals or organizations. Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, there is an old saying that all are equal before the law, although Jonathan Swift argued that Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through. In 1894, the author Anatole France said sarcastically, In its majestic equality, the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets, and steal loaves of bread. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual, mikhail Bakunin said, All law has for its object to confirm and exalt into a system the exploitation of the workers by a ruling class. Cicero said more law, less justice, marxist doctrine asserts that law will not be required once the state has withered away. Regardless of ones view of the law, it today a completely central institution. Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries, at the same time, it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior, for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance. There have been attempts to produce a universally acceptable definition of law. In 1972, one indicated that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question what is law, glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word law depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, early customary law and municipal law were contexts where the law had two different and irreconcilable meanings. Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word law and it is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word law. The history of law links closely to the development of civilization, Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books
4.
Police officer
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A police officer, also known as a policeman, policewoman, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force. In the United States, the officer is typically the formal name of the lowest police rank. In many other countries, officer is a term not specifying a particular rank. In some nations the use of the officer is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a time, along with other duties. Although many police officers wear a uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to dissimulate as ordinary citizens. The word police comes from the Greek politia meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration, Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison wrote If men were angels and these words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer, a sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy, a common nickname for a police officer is cop. The term copper is used in Britain to mean someone who captures. The common myth is that its a term referring to the officers buttons which are made of copper. The word Cop derives from a Gaelic word which has the equivalence of saying, protector, leader, the terms are almost nearly homophonic but have similar meanings. The term County Mountie is used specifically in reference to county police officers or county sheriffs deputies in the United States, as with Canadian Mounties, the term mountie comes from police who serve while mounted on horseback. Responsibilities of an officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, in some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty
5.
Bylaw enforcement officer
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This terminology is commonly used in Canada and some other Commonwealth countries. In the Canadian province of Alberta, municipalities can appoint bylaw enforcements officers under the authority of section 555 and 556 of the Municipal Government Act, there is a common misconception that all bylaw officers are community peace officers. However, an appointed as a community peace officer can only enforce provincial acts. Code enforcement officers in the United States are more like property standards officers in Canada, in the United Kingdom, the word warden is commonly used to describe various classes of non-police enforcement officers, and sometimes the title of inspector is also used in various jurisdictions. An environmental warden in Edinburgh, Scotland has duties very similar to those of an enforcement officer employed by a similar-sized city in Canada. Increasingly, municipalities are opting for this model of bylaw enforcement, incumbents to such positions often require a higher degree of skill and experience than those employed in stratified enforcement roles. Many Police Academies and/or Public Administration schools offer specialized training in bylaw enforcement, specialized trades inspection is still conducted by a skilled trades inspector with experience in the field, such as a Building Inspector or an Electrical or Plumbing Inspector. In this capacity, the general Bylaw Enforcement Officer is frequently asked to conduct added duties to respond to a problem, specialized non uniform services may be added to assist in enforcement duties where a different image is more productive - such as in the enforcement of business regulations. Some cities employ License Inspectors for tasks where the suit is more effective than the badge, stratified or Diversified Bylaw Enforcement - where different tasks within bylaw enforcement are handled by different classes of employees. This model is often inefficient because enforcement is conducted from City Hall or offices, through letters and reports and his mind would be focused on the job at hand, which is only parking enforcement, and nothing else. The Inspector would then draft a letter and have the letter mailed. The Inspector would most likely not issue tickets, and would manage the problem rather than enforce the bylaw and it would then take another period of time before the workorder was filled on a priority sequence. The unified model is often seen as less wasteful, more efficient, more effective. As such, while engaged in the execution of their duties, Bylaw Enforcement Officers are Peace Officers. Furthermore, Justice OConnor highlighted the severity and criminality of obstructing a bylaw officer, obstruction of an animal control officer is a matter of criminal law over which the federal government has legislative jurisdiction. In any event it is not for the council of the City of Whitehorse to determine who is an officer for the purposes of the Criminal Code. That can only be done by Parliament and they were maintaining and preserving the public peace. Mr. Turko was convicted of Obstructing of a Peace Officer and this was further upheld in Woodward v. Capital Regional District et al. where two Bylaw Officers used force, including batons, to arrest a person for obstruction
6.
Special police
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Special police is not a term used in Canada. The closest term used is Special Constables, which exist in forms with various degrees of Peace Officer powers according to their duties. In general Special Constables do not carry firearms, but may employ other equipment for protection, in the Peoples Republic of China, the Special Police Units are the local equivalent of the U. S. SWAT teams. They are tasked with duties that normal patrol officers are not sufficiently equipped to handle, such as riot control, in addition, the Beijing Special Weapons and Tactics and Snow Leopard Commando Unit also fulfill different duties. In Croatia, Special Police serve as special forces trained primarily for anti-terrorism operations. Unlike many western SWAT teams, Croatian Special Police officers are full-time, a total of four Special Police units exist in cities of Osijek, Rijeka, Split and Zagreb covering their respective regions. A fifth and most elite unit, ATJ Lučko is stationed in Zagreb and has jurisdiction over the entire country, eidiki Katastaltiki Antitromokratiki Monada or EKAM, was created in 1978 and became part of the Hellenic Police. ΕΚΑΜ operators take orders only from the General of the Hellenic Police, the unit and its operators protect the Greek citizens from acts of terrorism, including but not limited to bombings, kidnappings and hijackings. They wear dark blue berets and are dragged to the left, GEGANA is an internal special unit of BRIMOB which conducts mainly on bomb disposal. It also specializes in the field of handling of Chemical, Biological, DENSUS88 / Detasmen Khusus 88 translated as is the special counter-terrorism force of the Indonesian National Police. Aside from the New Zealand Police, special powers are derived in legislation for customs officers, Fisheries Officers, the 7th Special Police was a unit of the National Police Agency and later evolved into what is now the Republic of China Coast Guard. There are several such forces, British Transport Police, Responsible for policing the rail network in Great Britain, civil Nuclear Constabulary, Non-military nuclear installations and non-military nuclear material in transit. Ministry of Defence Police, Ministry of Defence property, personnel, other interests, UK nuclear weapons. Royal Air Force Police, The force Responsible for policing Royal Air Force bases around the world, Royal Navy Police, The force Responsible for policing Royal Navy bases and vessels around the world. Royal Military Police, The force Responsible for policing British Army Garrisons in the United Kingdom, the National Crime Agency is not a police force but an agency responsible to a Secretary of State, however, its workforce includes constables drawn from various UK police forces. In United States terminology, special police can mean, Auxiliary Police, members of volunteer, unpaid or paid, part-time civilian police, security units, interns. Special Police Officers can be employed to protect large campuses such as parks, hospital centers. Some states, such as Maryland, New York, and the District of Columbia and they can make traffic stops in their jurisdiction if they have had accredited training
7.
Customs
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The movement of people into and out of a country is normally monitored by immigration authorities, under a variety of names and arrangements. Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, the import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden. In most countries, customs are attained through government agreements and international laws, a customs duty is a tariff or tax on the importation or exportation of goods. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are held in an area, often called a bonded store. All authorized ports are recognized customs areas, at airports, customs is the point of no return for all passengers, once a passenger has cleared customs, they cannot go back. In many countries, customs procedures for arriving passengers at many international airports and some road crossings are separated into red, passengers with goods to declare go through the red channel. Passengers with nothing to go through the green channel. Each channel is a point of no return, once a passenger has entered a particular channel, australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States do not officially operate a red and green channel system, however, some airports copy this layout. Airports in EU countries such as Finland, Ireland or the United Kingdom, as the EU is a customs union, travellers between EU countries do not have to pay customs duties. Value-added tax and excise duties may be if the goods are subsequently sold. Passengers arriving from other EU countries go through the blue channel, luggage tickets for checked luggage travelling within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified. In most EU member states, travellers coming from other EU countries can use the green lane. All airports in the United Kingdom operate a system, however some dont have a red channel. Customs is part of one of the three functions of a government, namely, administration, maintenance of law, order, and justice. However, in a bid to mitigate corruption, many countries have partly privatised their customs and this has occurred by way of contracting pre-shipment inspection agencies, which examine the cargo and verify the declared value before importation occurs. The countrys customs is obliged to accept the report for the purpose of assessing duties and taxes at the port of entry. It has been found that evasion of customs duty escalated when pre-shipment agencies took over and it has also been alleged that involvement of such agencies has caused shipping delays. Privatization of customs has been viewed as a fatal remedy, the basic customs law is harmonized across Europe within the European Union Customs Union
8.
State police
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State police or provincial police are a type of sub-national territorial police force, found particularly in North America, South Asia, and Oceania. Some other countries have analogous police forces, such as the police in some Canadian provinces. Each state of Australia has its own police force. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the forces to police all geographic areas within their respective states. Prior to the Federation of Australia, each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, Military Police — they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as State police. They are a branch of the Brazilian armed forces but do not perform regular Military Police duties as they are performed by service police such as the Army Police. Two provinces in Canada have a force with jurisdiction over the entire province. In all other provinces, provincial police services are carried out by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a third police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves several metropolitan areas. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. In Alberta, highway patrol and civic guard duties are performed by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the British Columbia Provincial Police existed from the mid 19th century until 1950 when it was incorporated into the RCMP. The Landespolizei is a used in the Federal Republic of Germany to denote the law enforcement services that perform law enforcement duties in the States of Germany. The German federal constitution leaves the majority of law enforcement responsibilities to the 16 states of the country. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right, the state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas. Each of the 31 states of Mexico maintains a law enforcement agency or Policia Estatal. Each of these forces is tasked with the protection of their citizens, keeping local order and combating insecurity. Certain states including Veracruz and Nuevo León have a new model of police force designated as Civilian Forces, three communities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to State Police or Community Police. Similarly, on 1 April 2013, Scotlands eight regional police forces amalgamated to create a Scottish national police service, Police Scotland, both are local as well as national forces of their respective constituent countries - effectively state-level within the UK. England and Wales, in contrast, typically organise policing on a city or county basis, see also, List of state police agencies
9.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
10.
Border guard
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A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border control, i. e. enforces the security of the countrys national borders. Some of the border guard agencies also perform coast guard. In different countries, names of particular border guard services vary significantly, the service may be called police, guard, troops or sentinel and the name would refer to the nations official term for the state border - whether it is frontier or border. Most border guards of the world use dark green-colored elements on their uniform, patrols go out regularly from the Border outposts to patrol the international border to check illegal crossings and track any footprints of those who may have crossed over illegally or attempted to. The Border Guard may also perform delegated customs and immigration control duties, wartime assistance of the Border guard to the Army is essential as they are familiar with the local terrain having patrolled it on a daily basis during peacetime. During wars, Border outposts are reworked into well fortified dug-in positions from where regular Army units can operate to defend the integrity of the country. Border Guards Bangladesh is a border security and anti-smuggling force under the Ministry of Home Affairs of Bangladesh. BGB can trace back its origin to the establishment of the Ramgarh Local Battalion in 1795 and this force is lightly armed and although its primary duty is to protect the border, during national emergencies it can also be called upon to aid the government. Canada Border Services Agency is a law enforcement agency of the Department of Public Safety, created in 2003, it amalgamated the enforcement activities performed by three separate government entities. Traditionally unarmed, the arming of Border Services Officers, Investigators, Officers are found at entry points to Canada in some conflicts such as the Six Day War. Also, many border posts are staffed by Carabinieri, the Immigration and Border Police also performs border police duties. The State Border Guard Service is the charged with controlling and maintaining the Lithuanian Border. The State Border Guard Service falls under authority of the Ministry of the Interior, Border patrol and immigration control in Macau are conducted by Public Security Police Force of Macau at land entries with China and at Macau International Airport. Customs duties are performed by Macau Customs agency, both border guards and customs officers are responsibilities of the Secretariat for Security. Before the establishment of the agency, Malaysian borders was guarded by the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Royal Marechaussee is the fourth organization within the Dutch Royal Army, besides Army, Navy and Air Force. Besides patrolling the border it also has the function of Military Police, sometime thereafter, the Border Security Bureau was enlarged to corps level and renamed the Border Security Command. Previously headquartered in Chagang Province, the Border Security Command was relocated to P’yŏngyang in 2002, the Frontier Corps is a federal paramilitary force recruited mostly by people from the tribal areas and led by officers from the Pakistan Army. The FC is stationed in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan Province, are known as FC NWFP and FC Balochistan, the Pakistan Rangers are a paramilitary force under the control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Pakistani government
11.
Bailiff
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A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian, a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly, another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the vogt, see Vogt and Vogt. In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann, Bailiff was the term used by the Normans for what the Saxons had called a reeve, the officer responsible for executing the decisions of a court. The duty of the bailiff would thus include serving summonses and orders, the district within which the bailiff operated was called his bailiwick, even to the present day. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, they were not usually from the bailiwick they were responsible for. Throughout Norman England, the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts, and the hundred courts. Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the officer of a barony. With the introduction of Justices of the Peace, magistrates courts acquired their own bailiffs, historically, courts were not always concerned with legal matters, and often decided administrative matters for the area within their jurisdiction. A bailiff of a manor, therefore, would oversee the manors lands and buildings, collect its rents, manage its accounts. In the 19th century, the functions of courts were mostly replaced by the creation of elected local authorities. Nevertheless, the bailiff is retained as a title by the chief officers of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster. In Scotland, bailie now refers to an officer corresponding to an English alderman. The high court acquired the sheriffs, the county court the bailiffs, to avoid confusion with their underlings, the County Courts Act 1888 renamed bailifs as High Bailiffs. This act also formally acknowledged the High Bailiffs right to appoint under-bailiffs as he wished, the High Bailiff gradually became a purely ceremonial role, the courts clerk liaising with under-bailiffs directly. The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 enacts that no person may act as an under-bailiff to levy any distress for rent, unless he is authorized by a county court judge to act as an under-bailiff. The County Courts Act 1888 restricted the hours an under-bailiff could execute a possession warrant and it also limited the ability to bring a legal complaint against a bailiff, six days notice now had to be given. In the Channel Islands the bailiff is the first civil officer in each of the two bailiwicks and he is appointed by the Crown, and holds office until retirement. He presides as a judge in the court, and takes the opinions of the jurats, he also presides over the states
12.
Fire investigation
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Fire investigation, sometimes referred to as cause and origin investigation, is the analysis of fire-related incidents. After firefighters extinguish a fire, an investigation is launched to determine the origin, Investigations of such incidents require a systematic approach and knowledge of basic fire science. In common with many disciplines, one of the early tasks of fire investigation is often to determine whether or not a crime has been committed. The difficulty of determining whether arson has occurred arises because fire often destroys the key evidence of its origin, many fires are caused by defective equipment, such as shorting of faulty electrical circuits. Car fires can be caused by faulty fuel lines, and spontaneous combustion is possible where organic wastes are stored, a fire investigator looks at the fire remains, and obtains information to reconstruct the sequence of events leading up to the fire. One of the aspects of fire investigation is the multi-disciplinary basis of the investigators job. For example, if there is a gas appliance at the origin of the fire, Fire investigators sometimes work with forensic engineers, such as forensic electrical engineers when examining electrical appliances, household wiring, etc. In the United States, fire investigators often refer to NFPA921, Guide for Fire, also, Kirks Fire Investigation by John D. DeHaan and David J. Icove has long been regarded as the primary textbook in the field of fire investigation. It is currently in its seventh edition, the mere act of extinguishing a fire can destroy potential evidence of arson or what is also known as an Incendiary fire. A fire investigation was once compromised by a fire fighter turning off the knobs on a gas stove in the interests of safety after a fire was knocked down. Though there were no criminal issues involved in fire, this incident of spoliation created a lack of closure for the family and feelings of distrust. Principal among these is a 16-point list of areas in which an investigator is required to have education beyond high school level. Both certification programs rely heavily on the content of NFPA1033, both also require an application process detailing the investigators education, training, and experience, and successfully challenging a written examination. NFPA921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, example of an actual Arson Investigation Report
13.
Auxiliary police
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Auxiliary police, also called Special Police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed and they may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. In most jurisdictions, Auxiliary Police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence, the Australian Federal Police can appoint Special Members who do not have full police powers. The Western Australia Police has had auxiliary officers since 2009, the role of Police Auxiliary Officers was inserted into the Police Act 1892 by the Police Amendment Act 2009. They generally perform administrative and other duties which do not require full police powers, the Victoria Police recruited 3,100 auxiliary police to the Victoria Police Auxiliary Force during World War II to assist regular police in the event of emergencies. The Auxiliary Force was disbanded in 1946, a number of retired police were temporarily formed into a Police Reserve to assist with traffic control during the 1956 Summer Olympics. A permanent Retired Police Reserve was established under the Police Regulation Act 1958, the New South Wales Police Force formed a Police Reserve of around 500 special constables during World War I. The Police Reserve was formed again during World War II, in Canada, many police forces utilize the services of auxiliary constables. Auxiliary constables in Canada wear uniforms similar to regular force constables, also, auxiliary constables are usually unarmed, but are trained in firearms. They may, depending on legislation and policies, carry a baton, in the Federal Republic of Germany, auxiliary police forces do solely exist in a few States, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and Saxony. The auxiliary police of Berlin was dissolved in 2002 and their jurisdictions widely vary among the particular states. Still they generally exist for the purpose of prevention through mere presence. Founded in May 1963, the Baden-Württemberg auxiliary police today consists of 1,201 members, the officers are obliged to absolve a training of two weeks after which they are usually in service with a regular police officer. In the eyes of law, they are fully authorized police officers, wear normal police uniforms with a patch and complete police gear, including pepper spray, handcuffs. The Bavarian auxiliary police was founded on 31 December 1996. Its officers possess little authority, apart from a citizens arrest, they may conduct a Terry Stop. Equipped with a radio and pepper spray, they usually patrol on foot or by bicycle and do not wear a full uniform, the auxiliary police in Hesse was introduced in October 2000 and employs around 750 members of which approximately 30% are women. The training of the police officers endures 50 hours and their patrol is limited to beats on foot and serves traffic control, assistance to major events and prevention of crime through mere police presence
14.
Constable
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A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions, a constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other persons may be granted powers of a constable without holding the title of constable, historically, the title comes from the Latin comes stabuli and originated from the Roman Empire, originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch. The title was imported to the monarchies of medieval Europe, and in many developed into a high military rank. However, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level, historically, a constable could also refer to a castellan, the officer charged with the defense of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London, an equivalent position is that of Marshal, which derives from Old High German marah horse and schalh servant, and originally meant stable keeper, which has a similar etymology. The position of constable originated from the Roman Empire, by the 5th century AD the Count of the Stable was responsible for the keeping of horses at the imperial court. The West European term constable itself was adopted, via the Normans, as konostaulos in the Komnenian and Palaiologan periods, in most medieval nations, the constable was the highest-ranking officer of the army, and was responsible for the overseeing of martial law. The Constable of France, under the French monarchy, was the First Officer of the Crown of France and was responsible for commanding the army. His symbol of office was a held by a hand issuing out of a cloud. Some constables were prominent military commanders in the period, such as Bertrand du Guesclin who served from 1370 to 1380. Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office during the reign of King Alfred, the term was also used at the local level within the feudal system however, describing an officer appointed to keep order. He has record as to matters of fact, not matters of judgment, in Bractons time, anyone seeing a misdeed was empowered to make an arrest. The role of the constable in Bractons description was as the eyes and ears of the court, finding evidence, by extension, the constable was also the strong arm of the court, marking the basic role of the constable that continues into the present-day. In 1285, King Edward I of England passed the Statute of Winchester, together these led to all counties having various constabularies of full-time professionals. The lowest rank of the forces and constabularies is constable. Specific legislation for the Royal Parks of London continued the office of Parks Constable. However, the Royal Parks Constabulary was disbanded in 2001, the Kew Constabulary are sworn in under the same legislation and remain as the holders of the office of Parks Constable
15.
Corrections
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These functions commonly include imprisonment, parole and probation. A typical correctional institution is a prison, a correctional system, also known as a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that administer a jurisdictions prisons and community-based programs like parole and probation boards. This system is part of the criminal justice system, which additionally includes police, prosecution. Jurisdictions throughout Canada and the US have ministries or departments, respectively, of corrections, correctional services, Corrections is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process. Stohr and colleagues write that Earlier scholars were more honest, calling what we now call corrections by the name penology, the idea of corrective labor in Soviet Russia dates back as far as December 1917. From 1929 the USSR started using the terminology corrective-labor camps and corrective labor colonies, the terminology change in US academia from penology to corrections occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, driven by a new philosophy emphasizing rehabilitation. It was accompanied by changes in some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates. At least nominally, most prisons became correctional institutions, and guards became correctional officers, whipping of female offenders was not allowed. The whipping could be inflicted using a strap, cat-o-nine-tails, or a paddle unless specified by the court, the move to abolish corporal punishment in the Canadian penal system coincided with several reforms and a change from the Reform Institutions label to Corrections or Correctional. The use of sanctions, which can be positive or negative is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control. Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories, although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote Supervision and the more contemporary direct supervision model, in the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e. g. towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions prison officers within the inmate population, Juvenile delinquency Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Mary Stohr, Anthony Walsh, Craig Hemmens. Todd R. Clear, George F. Cole, Michael D. Reisig
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Marshal
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Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, during the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated offices, such as in military rank and civilian law enforcement. Marshal is an ancient loanword from Old French, which in turn is borrowed from Old Frankish *marhskalk, being still evident in Middle Dutch maerscalc, marscal and it is cognate with Old High German mar-scalc id. modern German Marschall. It originally and literally meant horse servant, from Germanic *marha- horse and this horse servant origin is retained in the current French name for farrier, maréchal-ferrant. The late Roman and Byzantine title of comes stabuli was adopted as a Latin analogue, which has become the French connétable and, derived from the French, finally, in Byzantium a marshal with elevated authority, notably a borderlands military command, is also known as an Exarch. In many countries, the rank of marshal, cf. field marshal, is the highest army rank, the equivalent navy rank is often admiral of the fleet. Marshals are typically, but not exclusively, appointed only in wartime, in many countries, especially in Europe, the special symbol of a marshal is a baton, and their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the marshal is used instead of general in the higher air force ranks. The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are marshal of the Royal Air Force, air marshal, air marshal. The five-star rank of marshal of the Air Force is used by some Commonwealth, in the French Army and most National Armies modeled upon the French system, maréchal des logis is a cavalry term equivalent to sergeant. Some historical rulers have used special marshal titles to reward certain subjects, though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous grand marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre. Most famous are the Marshals of France, not least under Napoléon I, in England during the First Barons War the title Marshal of the Army of God was bestowed upon Robert Fitzwalter by election. Both the Soviet Union and Russia have army general as well as marshal in their rank system, the relationships between them is unresolved. Marshal of the Soviet Union Chief marshal of an arm was used in five Soviet military branches – the air force, artillery, armoured troops, engineer troops. Marshal of an arm was used in five Soviet military branches – the air force, artillery, armoured troops, engineer troops. Marshal of an arm is considered equivalent to the rank general of the army, which was used in the infantry. The function of the Marshal of the Court varies according to national tradition, often, the charge includes also the honorary privilege as chief of the protocol to announce formally the arrival of VIP guests at audiences, state dinners, and conferences in the monarchs premises. This office was made hereditary in the high nobility, e. g. the English Earl Marshal
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Deputy sheriff
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In the United States, a sheriff is an official in a county who is responsible for keeping the peace and enforcing the law. Elected sheriffs are accountable directly to the constitution of their state, the United States Constitution, statutes, the law enforcement agency headed by a sheriff is commonly referred to as a sheriffs office not sheriffs department. According to the National Sheriffs Association, an American sheriffs advocacy group, of the 50 U. S. states,48 have sheriffs. The two exceptions are Alaska, which not have counties, and Connecticut, which has no county governments. Sheriffs are elected to terms in 42 states, two-year terms in Arkansas and New Hampshire, three-year terms in New Jersey. In many rural areas of the United States, particularly in the South, in some states a sheriff may not be a sworn peace officer, but merely an elected civilian official lacking police powers who oversees the offices and its sworn peace officers. Law enforcement officers working for such offices may be subdivided, sometimes titled general deputy, the second-in-command of a sheriffs office is sometimes called an undersheriff or chief deputy, akin to the deputy chief of police position of a municipal police department. In some counties, the undersheriff is the warden of the county jail, most sheriffs offices have a law enforcement duty and roles. Some states extend this authority to adjacent counties or to the entire state, larger departments may perform other criminal investigations or engage in other specialized law enforcement activities. Some larger sheriffs departments may have aviation, motorcycle unit, canine units, mounted details, many sheriffs departments enlist the aid of local neighborhoods, using a community policing strategy, in working to prevent crime. The National Neighborhood Watch Program, sponsored by the National Sheriffs Association, allows civilians, Sheriffs offices may coexist with other county level law enforcement agencies such as county police, county park police, etc. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, an example is the Philadelphia Sheriffs Office in Pennsylvania. Limited service – along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as investigations and this may be limited to security police duties on county properties to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract. Full service – The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including countywide patrol, note, There are two federal equivalents of the sheriff, the first is the United States Marshals Service, an agency of the Department of Justice. There are 94 United States Marshals, one for each judicial district. Marshal and his or her Deputy Marshals are responsible for the transport of prisoners and security for the United States district courts, the other is the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who performs all court related duties for the Supreme Court of the United States. In Alabama, a sheriff is an official and the chief law enforcement officer in any given county
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Prison officer
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Historically, terms such as jailer, jail guard, prison guard, and turnkey have also been used. They are also responsible for the safety and security of the facility itself, most officers are employed by the government of the jurisdiction in which they operate, though some are employed by private companies. Prison officers must maintain order and daily operations of the facility and are responsible for the care, custody, a correction officer has a responsibility to control inmates who may be dangerous, and that society themselves do not wish to accommodate. An officer must always prevent disturbances, assaults, and escapes by supervising activities, Officers have a responsibility to protect the public from incarcerated criminals, protect fellow officers from inmates and protect inmates from other inmates at all times. An officer must be alert and aware of any and all movement taking place inside the facility, prevention is one of the key components to an officers duties. Officers can utilize prevention by routinely searching inmates and their living quarters for potential threats such as weapons or drugs, an officer must make their presence known at all times and remain assertive and refuse to back down. An officer must be a disciplinarian and enforce the rules and punish when rules are violated, correction officers also must take full concern for the health and safety of the facility. Officers check for conditions, fire hazards, and/or any evidence of tampering or damage to locks, bars, grilles, doors. Officers must screen all incoming and outgoing mail as well as all visitors as a method for future issues that could cause risk to safety and security of the facilities, inmates. Correction officers also must assist in transportation responsibilities that may include transfers to other facilities, medical appointments, court appearances, correction officers may assist police officers on/off duty depending on their peace officer status and jurisdiction. Training may be provided by external agencies or at the facility with a peer-group or supervisor instructor, state of Arizona Office of the Auditor General Performance Audit, Arizona Department of Corrections. Sunset Factors Retrieved 8 March 2008 from http, //www. auditorgen. state. az. us/Reports/State_Agencies/Agencies/Corrections Tracy, the construction of correctional officers, Layers of emotionality behind bars. Tracy, S. J. Meyers, K. & Scott, cracking jokes and crafting selves, Sensemaking and identity management among human service workers. Correctional Service of Canada, Correctional Officers and Their First Year, An Empirical Investigation
