1.
South Gyeongsang Province
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South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon and it is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana, automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province, extending from Ulsan through Busan, Changwon, and Jinju. The name derives from Korean Gyeongsang, meaning joyous furthermore, from gyeong 경, 慶, meaning happy, the name derives from the names of the principal cities of Gyeongju and Sangju. Before 1895, the corresponding to modern-day Gyeongsangnam-do was part of Gyeongsang Province. In 1895, southern Gyeongsang was replaced by the districts of Jinju in the west, in 1896, they were merged to form Gyeongsangnam-do. The provincial capital was originally at Jinju, it moved in 1925 to Busan, in 1948, Gyeongsangnam-do became part of South Korea. In 1963, Busan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Directly Governed City, in 1983, the provincial capital moved from Busan to Changwon. In 1995, Busan became a Metropolitan City, and Ulsan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Metropolitan City in 1997. The province is part of the Yeongnam region, on the north by Gyeongsangbuk-do province, on the west Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do provinces, most of the province is drained by the Nakdong River and its tributaries. The total area of the province is 10,533 square kilometres, the Nakdong delta plain around Gimhae is one of the best granaries in South Korea. Agricultural products form Gyeongsangnam-do include rice, beans, potatoes, the area is renowned for its cotton, sesame, and fruits which are grown along the southern seaside. A number of products are caught. The province is one of the countrys leading fisheries, the largest cities in the region are Busan and Ulsan, which are separately administered as provincial-level Metropolitan Cities. Apart from the capital Changwon, other large or notable cities include Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do is the home of Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists. It is in the park around Jirisan on the border with Jeollabuk-do. The temple was first built in 802, changnyeong county contains three major tourist attractions for the province, Upo wetland, Bugok natural hotsprings, and Hwawang mountain. Gyeongsangnam-do is divided into 8 cities and 10 counties, the names below are given in English, hangul, and hanja
2.
Korean Empire
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The Korean Empire was proclaimed in October 1897, after the Donghak Peasant Revolution of 1894 to 1895 and Gabo Reforms that swept the country from 1894 to 1896. It lasted until the annexation of Korea by Japan in August 1910, Emperor Gojong oversaw the partial modernization of the military, economy, land system, education system, and various industries. Korea in the Joseon Dynasty had been a client kingdom of China in the Qing Dynasty. Towards the end of the 19th century, influence over Korea was increasingly an area of conflict between the Qing and Japan, with its newfound preeminence over the waning and weak Qing dynasty, Japan had delegates negotiate the Treaty of Shimonoseki with the Qing dynasty. Through signing the treaty, a designed to prevent the southern expansion of Russia, Japan wrested control over the Liaodong Peninsula from Qing. Queen Min, the consort of King Gojong, also recognized this change, Queen Min began to emerge as a key figure in higher-level Korean counteraction against Japanese influence. With the assassination of his wife Queen Min, King Gojong, during the time from Queen Mins death to the kings return from Russian protection, Korea underwent another major upheaval both at home and abroad. By 1894, new laws passed by progressives and reformers in the royal cabinet forced through long-desired reforms aimed at revamping Koreas antiquated society and these laws were called the Gabo Reform, referring to the year in which they began. Meanwhile, the new reforms aimed at modernizing Korean society soon attracted controversy from within and this led to the uprising of the Eulmi temporary armies aimed at avenging the assassination of Queen Min. In 1897, King Gojong, yielding to rising pressure from overseas and the demands of the Independence Association-led public opinion, returned to Gyŏngungung. Gojong became the Gwangmu Emperor, the first imperial head of state and this marked the complete end of the old world order and traditional amicable dependency system in the Far East. The significance of the declaration of an Empire, in the Korean understanding of the situation was to declare Koreas independence from others, historically, the usage of Emperor was reserved only for the Chinese Emperor, the Son of Heaven. Korean dynasties had acknowledged themselves as vassals of the Chinese, and had refrained from declaring their equality with China. When Japan experienced the Meiji Restoration, the Emperor of Japan was declared the source of sovereignty in the Japanese government, upon receiving news of the Meiji restoration from Japan, the Korean government refused to acknowledge the change. Not only did it challenge the primacy of the Chinese emperor as the suzerains of Korea but Japans address also addressed Korea as an equal, the change in title for Korea to empire only became possible after the Sino-Japanese war. A group of Korean officials and intellectuals felt great necessity of the reform of the country. More and more intellectuals were informed of the Western civilization and became conscious of the powerful nations of Europe. Later, the progressives within the group initiated The Gabo Reform in 1894, American missionaries, who had close relationships with the Korean royal court, also helped the propagation of Western culture
3.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
4.
Waseda University
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Waseda University, abbreviated as Sōdai, is a large, private university with a main campus located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. First established in 1882 as the Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō or Tōkyō College by Ōkuma Shigenobu, the university consists of 13 undergraduate schools and 23 graduate schools. Waseda is one of the group of universities assigned additional funding under the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science. Waseda consistently ranks among the most academically selective and well-regarded universities in Japanese university rankings, in international rankings, published by Quacquarelli Symonds weighted towards academic peer review and published research output, Waseda ranked 212th in 2015/16. The university was founded by samurai scholar and Meiji-era politician and former prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu in 1882 and it started as a college with three departments under the old Japanese system of higher education. In 1882, the university had the department of science and economics, law. Along with these departments, an English language course was established, three years later, the department of physical science was closed because it had too few applicants. The department of science and engineering was established in 1908, the department of literature was established in 1890. The department of education was established in 1903, and the department of commerce, much of the campus was destroyed in the fire bombings of Tokyo during World War II, but the university was rebuilt and reopened by 1949. It has grown to become a university with two senior high schools and school of art and architecture. In June 12,1950, Sixty police raided Waseda University, the open letter to MacArthur was one read at a Communist-sponsored rally a week earlier. A police official said most meetings at Waseda would be banned in the future because political elements might try to utilize them. Yuichi Eshima, Vice-Chairman of the Students Autonomy Society, said the police action stupified students and professors, Waseda University started its life as Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō on October 21,1882. It was renamed Waseda University on September 2,1902 upon acquiring university status, Ōkuma had long desired to create an academic cap so distinctive that someone wearing the cap would immediately be identified as a Waseda student. The chief tailor of Takashimaya, Yashichiro, was called upon to design a cap in three days. Each square cap was stamped on the inside with the name, his department, the school seal. Thus, the cap served as a form of identification, the cap, with its gold-braided badge, is registered as a trademark. On October 21,2007, Waseda University celebrated its 125th anniversary, Ōkuma often talked about the 125 years of life theory, The lifespan of a human being can be as long as 125 years
5.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
6.
Samsung
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Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics, in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance, Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has an influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media. Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Koreas total exports, Samsungs revenue was equal to 17% of South Koreas $1,082 billion GDP. On 17 February 2017, Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong was arrested for bribery, embezzlement, hiding assets overseas, according to Samsungs founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is tri-star or three stars. The word three represents something big, numerous and powerful, in 1938, Lee Byung-chull of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and made noodles, the company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul and he started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong and it was the largest woollen mill ever in the country. Samsung diversified into different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of such as insurance, securities. President Park Chung Hee placed great importance on industrialization and he focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung groups founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, the trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation
7.
Park Chung-hee
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Park Chung-hee was a South Korean president and military general who led South Korea as a dictator from 1961 until his assassination in 1979. In 1972, Park declared martial law and recast the constitution into a highly authoritarian document, after surviving several assassination attempts, including two operations associated with North Korea, Park was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by Kim Jae-gyu, the chief of his own security services. He had led South Korea for 18 years, Parks first-born daughter, Park Geun-hye, later served as the 11th President of South Korea until her impeachment. Park was born on 14 November 1917, in Gumi, North Gyeongsang in Korea under Japanese rule, to parents Park Sung-bin and he was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters in a poor Yangban family. As a youth, he won admission to a school in Daegu and worked as a teacher in Mungyeong-eup after graduating with a teaching degree. During this time, he adopted the Japanese name Takagi Masao and he graduated top of his class in 1942 and was recognized as a talented officer by his Japanese instructors, who recommended him for further studies at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Japan. He changed his name again from Takagi Masao to Okamoto Minoru in order to engage in activities against Korean guerrillas operating in the region. The Japanese used Korean turncoats to suppress Korean armed resistance, Park returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy. He graduated in the class of 1946 and became an officer in the constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea. The newly established South Korean government, under the leadership of Syngman Rhee, Park was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While Park had been a member of the South Korean Workers Party, nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. After the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951. As a colonel, Park was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery, by the time the war ended in 1953, Park had risen to become a brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, Park was selected for training at Fort Sill in the United States. After returning to Korea, Park rose rapidly in the military hierarchy and he was the head of the Armys Artillery School and commanded the 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. Park was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul. In 1960, Park became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army, as such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. On 25 April 1960, Syngman Rhee, the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea, was forced out of office and into exile following the April 19 Movement, a new democratic government took office on 13 August 1960
8.
May 16 coup
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Termed the May 16 Revolution by Park and his allies, a new, mature national debut of spirit, the coups nature as a revolution is controversial and its evaluation contested. The background to the coup can be analysed both in terms of its context, and the broader setting of the development post-liberation South Korea. From 1948, South Korea was governed by President Syngman Rhee, Rhee represented the interests of a conservative ruling class, the so-called liberation aristocrats who had risen to positions of influence under American occupation. One result of the rule of the aristocrats was the stalling of development in South Korea. After rigged elections in March 1960, growing protests developed into the April Revolution, the Second Republic was beset with problems from the start, with bitter factionalism in the ruling Democratic Party competing with implacable popular unrest for the governments attention. Chang Myon, meanwhile, representing the Democratic Partys New Faction, had been elected Prime Minister by the margin of three votes. Purges of Rhees appointees were rendered ineffective in the eye by Changs manipulation of the suspect list to favour wealthy businessmen. A direct factor in paving the way to the coup was factionalism in the South Korean army itself, the army was also divided along regional lines and between factions of officers who had graduated from the same school. On 24 September, sixteen colonels, led by Kim Jong-pil, by this point, initial plans for a coup were already advanced, and the revolt against seniors removed an important potential enemy. The first plan for a coup to evolve was the so-called May 8 plan. This plan was discussed and formulated at the start of 1960 by reformist officers including Park and this plan never moved significantly beyond being an idea, and was soon superseded by the April Revolution. From May to October 1960, however, Park assembled a variety of officers to organize a new plan for a coup and he also secured the loyalty of the editor of the Pusan Daily News, aiming to ensure a propaganda basis for the coup. By October, Park had gathered nine core members, tasking his close associate Kim Jong-pil with the role of general secretary. By Chang Do-yongs account, however, on 12 January 1961 and this discovery would likely have accelerated the plans for the coup. Over the course of the next half-year, the plans became an open secret within the military. Park also secured the backing of prominent businessmen, amassing a total of 7.5 million hwan. Finally, on April 10,1961, Park took the initiative in revealing the details of the plan to Chang himself, Changs subsequent ambivalent response was decisive in allowing the coup to take place. While he turned down the position offered to him, he neither informed the civilian government of the plan
9.
Korean art
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Korean arts include traditions in calligraphy, music, painting and pottery, often marked by the use of natural forms, surface decoration and bold colors or sounds. The earliest examples of Korean art consist of stone age works dating from 3000 BC and these mainly consist of votive sculptures and more recently, petroglyphs, which were rediscovered. This early period was followed by the art styles of various Korean kingdoms, Korean artists sometimes modified Chinese traditions with a native preference for simple elegance, spontaneity, and an appreciation for purity of nature. The Goryeo Dynasty was one of the most prolific periods for a range of disciplines. The Korean art market is concentrated in the Insadong district of Seoul where over 50 small galleries exhibit, galleries are cooperatively run, small and often with curated and finely designed exhibits. In every town there are smaller regional galleries, with artists showing in traditional. Art galleries usually have a mix of media, attempts at bringing Western conceptual art into the foreground have usually had their best success outside of Korea in New York, San Francisco, London and Paris. An art given birth to and developed by a nation is its own art, humans have occupied the Korean Peninsula from at least c.50,000 BC. Pottery dated to approximately 7,000 BC has been found and this pottery was made from clay and fired over open or semi-open pits at temperatures around 700 degrees Celsius. The earliest pottery style, dated to circa 7,000 BC, were flat-bottomed wares were decorated with designs, raised horizontal lines. Jeulmun-type pottery, is typically cone-bottomed and incised with a comb-pattern appearing circa 6,000 BC in the archaeological record and this type of pottery is similar to Siberian styles. Mumun-type pottery emerged approximately 2000 BC and is characterized as large, undecorated pottery, mostly used for cooking, between 2000 BC and 300 BC bronze items began to be imported and made in Korea. By the seventh century BC, an indigenous culture was established in Korea as evidenced by Korean bronze having a unique percentage of zinc. Items manufactured during this time were weapons such as swords, daggers, also, ritual items such as mirrors, bells, and rattles were made. These items were buried in dolmens with the cultural elite, additionally, iron-rich red pots began to be created around circa 6th century. Comma-shaped beads, usually made from nephrite, known as kokkok have also found in dolmen burials. Kokkok may be carved to imitate bear claws, another Siberian influence can be seen in rock drawings of animals that display a life line in the X-ray style of Siberian art. The Iron Age began in Korea around 300 BC, Korean iron was highly valued in the Chinese commanderies and in Japan
10.
Everland
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Everland is South Koreas largest theme park. Located at the Everland Resort in Yongin, a city in Gyeonggi-do, along with its main attractions, Everland includes a zoo and water park known as Caribbean Bay. Everland is operated by Samsung C&T Corporation, which is a subsidiary of the Samsung Group and this park was formerly called Jayeon Nongwon which roughly translates to Natural Farm. Its former English name was Farmland, Everland is divided into five zones, Global Fair, Zoo-Topia, European Adventure, Magic Land and American Adventure. Global Fair is primarily a place for food, souvenirs and pictures as visitors make their way into, there are many shops, and restaurants as well as services such as stroller rental and lockers. There is a zoo, pony rides, and animal shows. There is a zoo with polar bears, sea lions, penguins, bears, tigers. A safari bus ride is available which shows such as ligers and bears roaming in a contained habitat. The visitors stay in the bus, amazon Express is a raft ride, where most visitors get splashed. The petting zoo animals such as goats and sheep to pet. Kosik, one of Zoo-Topias elephants, made headlines when he demonstrated an ability to imitate Korean words, European Adventure has many restaurants in European styles. There is a flower garden encircled by a train, games and arcades, a favorite attraction here is the Mystery Mansion where visitors can shoot at the ghosts. In March 2008, a ride named T Express was added and it is the first roller-coaster in Korea to be constructed out of wood. Magic land is an array of buildings and rides. There is a portion called Aesops Village where the characters and themes are drawn from the fables of Aesop. The Ferris wheel provided a view of the whole park until it closed in 2011 to allow for more rides. There is a log flume, a futuristic flying ride, with the rides, there are many restaurants and stands. Themes from American history are presented in this portion of the park, there is one Wild West ride, the rodeo. Eagle fortress was closed down
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