1.
Kay Bailey Hutchison
–
Kay Bailey Hutchison is a former United States Senator from Texas. She is a member of the Republican Party, in 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by Ladies Home Journal. The first woman to represent Texas in the U. S. Senate, in 2013, she joined the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani. Hutchison was born Kathryn Ann Bailey in Galveston, the daughter of Kathryn Ella and Allan Abner Bailey and she has two brothers, Allan and Frank. Hutchison grew up in La Marque, Texas and she married her first husband, John Pierce Parks, a medical student, on April 8,1967, they divorced in 1969. She married her husband, Ray Hutchison, in Dallas on March 16,1978. They have two adopted children, Kathryn Bailey and Houston Taylor, both adopted in 2001 and she also has two stepdaughters, Brenda and Julie, from her husbands previous marriage. Hutchison and her family have their residence in Dallas, where her children attend school. She has a house in Virginia, where she lives when the Senate is in session. In August 2009 she put her Virginia house up for sale and she has also purchased a house in Nacogdoches, Texas. She is a supporter of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation where she is a board member. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1962 and she was also a sister of the Pi Beta Phi Fraternity. She received her J. D. degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1967, following her graduation from law school, she was the legal and political correspondent for KPRC-TV in Houston. Hired by Ray Miller, host of the long-running The Eyes of Texas anthology series, in 1972, Hutchison was elected to the Texas House of Representatives from a district in Houston. She was vice-chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board from 1976 to 1978 and she was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1982 for the Dallas-based 3rd District, but was defeated in the primary by Steve Bartlett. She temporarily left politics and became an executive and businesswoman. In 1978, Ray Hutchison lost the nomination to Bill Clements by a vote of 115,345 to 38,268, Kay met Ray when they were both Texas legislators, and Kays interest in politics grew exponentially. Hutchison’s husband, Ray Hutchison died on March 30,2014 at the age of 81, Ray Hutchison was the chairman of the Texas Republican Party from 1976 to 1977 and ran in the following years GOP primary for governor but lost to Bill Clements
2.
Woodrow Wilson Awards
–
Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great leaders and thinkers throughout the world. Funding from the Awards supports additional research, scholars, and programs in Washington, recipients of this award share Woodrow Wilson’s steadfast belief in public discourse, scholarship, and the extension of the benefits of knowledge in the United States and around the world. The Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship is given to executives who demonstrate a commitment to the common good—beyond the bottom line and they are the people who demonstrate that private firms should be good citizens in their own neighborhoods, as well as in the world. The award is given to those who have done work in improving their local communities. The Wilson Center is the memorial to President Woodrow Wilson, with headquarters in Washington. The Center was established as part of the Smithsonian in 1968 by an act of the United States Congress and it is a nonpartisan research institution that is committed to fostering research, study, and discussion of national and global affairs. The Center promotes collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national, the mission of the Center is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of President Wilson by providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy. Lee H. Hamilton is the president and director of the Wilson Center, the Woodrow Wilson Center is a research body kim belonging to the Smithsonian Institution. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, D. C. but its 19 museums, zoo, mental hospitals and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama and it has over 142 million items in its collections. Awardees are chosen by the Wilson Center Board of Trustees in recognition of their work to benefit society, in line with President Wilsons vision, honorees participate in efforts to improve the global community through collaboration and open dialogue. They have made contributions to education, peace, health care, culture, legislation, sportsmanship, technology, scholastic research. Woodrow Wilson Awards have gone to a set of professionals, including scientists, politicians, entertainers, diplomats, athletes, business executives, doctors. Among business executives, their industries include health care, hotels, restaurants, hospital Corporation of America Steve and Jean Case, AOL Clarence P. Cazalot, Jr. Gildenhorn, The JBG Companies Richard F. Haskayne, Canadian Wealth Management Ray L. Hunt, Hunt Oil Company Irwin M. Jacobs, QUALCOMM, at each dinner, the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship are presented. In some places, the Wilson Center will host events where different scholars talk about policy issues
3.
Watertown, South Dakota
–
Watertown is a city in and the county seat of Codington County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 21,482 at the 2010 census and it is the fifth largest city in South Dakota. It is also the city of the Watertown Micropolitan Statistical Area. Watertown is home to the Redlin Art Center which houses many of the art works produced by Terry Redlin. Watertown also is home to the Bramble Park Zoo and the Watertown Regional Library, the Watertown Public Opinion is a six-day daily newspaper published in Watertown. Watertowns residential real estate is considered the most expensive in South Dakota for cities of its size, Watertown is located at 44°54′12″N 97°7′14″W, along the Big Sioux River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 25.04 square miles. Watertown sits on the Big Sioux River and two lakes, Lake Pelican and Lake Kampeska. Most of Watertown also sits upon a short plateau, elevation at Watertown Regional Airport is 1,745 feet. Watertown has been assigned the ZIP code 57201 and the FIPS place code 69300, Watertown was founded in 1879 as a rail terminus when the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad reactivated part of a line it had constructed to Lake Kampeska. Despite the prominence of rivers and lakes in the area, the city was named after Watertown, New York, the towns name was originally planned to be named Kampeska. During the 1880s, Watertown prospered as a hub after the railroads had been extended further west. Along with several cities, Watertown had been a candidate as capital of the new state of South Dakota. The citys current newspaper, the Watertown Public Opinion, began publishing in 1887, in the mid-20th century, Interstate 29 was constructed through eastern South Dakota. The route included a slight bend to bring the interstate closer to Watertown, the interstates construction has been a major economic benefit to the larger communities along its route, including Watertown. The per capita income for the city was $18,994, about 5. 7% of families and 9. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 5% of those under age 18 and 11. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 21,482 people,9,278 households, the population density was 1,231.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,050 housing units at a density of 575.9 per square mile
4.
University of Minnesota
–
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
5.
Exxon Mobil
–
Exxon Mobil Corporation is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, the worlds seventh largest company by revenue, ExxonMobil is also the seventh largest publicly traded company by market capitalization. The company was ranked ninth globally in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2016, ExxonMobil was the second most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2014. ExxonMobil is the largest of the worlds Big Oil companies, or supermajors, with production of 3.921 million BOE. In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, when ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total. ExxonMobils reserves were 25.2 billion BOE at the end of 2013, ExxonMobil has a history of lobbying for climate change denial and against the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The company has also been the target of accusations of improperly dealing with rights issues, influence on American foreign policy. ExxonMobil was formed in 1999 by the merger of two oil companies, Exxon and Mobil. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of Standard Oil, established by John D. Rockefeller, in 1882, it together with its affiliated companies was incorporated as the Standard Oil Trust with Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and Standard Oil Company of New York as its largest companies. The Anglo-American Oil Company was established in the United Kingdom in 1888, in 1890, Standard Oil, together with local ship merchants in Bremen established Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft. In 1891, a branch for the Netherlands and Belgium. At the same year, a branch for Italy, Società Italo Americana pel Petrolio, was established in Venice. The Standard Oil Trust was dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1892, however, in 1893, the Chinese and the whole Asian kerosene market was assigned to Standard Oil Company of New York in order to improve trade with the Asian counterparts. In 1898, Standard Oil of New Jersey acquired controlling stake in Imperial Oil of Canada, in 1899, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey became the holding company for the Standard Oil Interests. The anti-monopoly proceedings against the Standard Oil were launched in 1898, by 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard, which eventually became Exxon, and Socony, over the next few decades, Jersey Standard and Socony grew significantly. John Duston Archbold was the first president of Jersey Standard, Archbold was followed by Walter C. Teagle in 1917, who made it the largest oil company in the world, in 1919, Jersey Standard acquired a 50% share in Humble Oil & Refining Co. a Texas oil producer
6.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
7.
ExxonMobil
–
Exxon Mobil Corporation is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company, the worlds seventh largest company by revenue, ExxonMobil is also the seventh largest publicly traded company by market capitalization. The company was ranked ninth globally in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2016, ExxonMobil was the second most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2014. ExxonMobil is the largest of the worlds Big Oil companies, or supermajors, with production of 3.921 million BOE. In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, when ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total. ExxonMobils reserves were 25.2 billion BOE at the end of 2013, ExxonMobil has a history of lobbying for climate change denial and against the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The company has also been the target of accusations of improperly dealing with rights issues, influence on American foreign policy. ExxonMobil was formed in 1999 by the merger of two oil companies, Exxon and Mobil. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of Standard Oil, established by John D. Rockefeller, in 1882, it together with its affiliated companies was incorporated as the Standard Oil Trust with Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and Standard Oil Company of New York as its largest companies. The Anglo-American Oil Company was established in the United Kingdom in 1888, in 1890, Standard Oil, together with local ship merchants in Bremen established Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft. In 1891, a branch for the Netherlands and Belgium. At the same year, a branch for Italy, Società Italo Americana pel Petrolio, was established in Venice. The Standard Oil Trust was dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1892, however, in 1893, the Chinese and the whole Asian kerosene market was assigned to Standard Oil Company of New York in order to improve trade with the Asian counterparts. In 1898, Standard Oil of New Jersey acquired controlling stake in Imperial Oil of Canada, in 1899, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey became the holding company for the Standard Oil Interests. The anti-monopoly proceedings against the Standard Oil were launched in 1898, by 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard, which eventually became Exxon, and Socony, over the next few decades, Jersey Standard and Socony grew significantly. John Duston Archbold was the first president of Jersey Standard, Archbold was followed by Walter C. Teagle in 1917, who made it the largest oil company in the world, in 1919, Jersey Standard acquired a 50% share in Humble Oil & Refining Co. a Texas oil producer
8.
Exxon
–
Exxon /ˈɛksɒn/ was the brand name of oil and natural resources company Exxon Corporation, prior to 1972 known as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. In 1999, Exxon Corporation merged with Mobil to form ExxonMobil, the Exxon brand is still used by ExxonMobils downstream operations as a brand for certain of its gas stations, motor fuel and related products. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Exxon replaced the Esso, Enco, and Humble brands in the United States on January 1,1973. As a result, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was restricted from using Esso in the U. S. except in those states awarded to it in the 1911 Standard Oil antitrust settlement. In states where it was restricted from using the Esso name, the Humble brand was used at Texas stations for decades, as those operations were under the direction of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey affiliate Humble Oil & Refining Company. In the middle to late 1950s, use of the Humble brand spread to other states, including Arizona, New Mexico. Enco was created as an acronym for the phrase Energy Company, Humble introduced the Enco brand in 1960 in Oklahoma and surrounding states, to replace Humbles subsidiary Oklahoma and Pate brands. Humble also tried marketing under Enco in Ohio, but Standard Oil Company of Ohio protested that the Enco name, consequently, stations in Ohio were rebranded as Humble, and remained so until the Exxon brand came into use. After the Enco brand was discontinued in Ohio, it was moved to other non-Esso states, in 1961, Humble stations in Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas were rebranded to Enco. That same year, Enco appeared on former Carter stations in the Midwest, in 1963, Humble Oil and Tidewater Oil Company began negotiating a sale of Tidewaters West Coast refining and marketing operations. The sale would have given Humble Oil a large number of existing Flying A stations and distributorships, as well as a refinery in California, however, the Justice Department objected to the sale on anti-trust grounds. Humble Oil continued to expand its West Coast operations, adding California to its territory, building a large number of new Enco stations. In 1967, Humble Oil purchased all remaining Signal stations from Standard Oil Company of California and rebranded them as Enco outlets, finally, in 1969, Humble Oil opened a new refinery in Benicia, California. By 1967, Humble Oils Esso stations in the Southeast were rebranded to Enco, in the 1960s and early 1970s, Humble Oil continued to have difficulties promoting itself as a nationwide marketer of petroleum products, despite a number of high-profile marketing strategies. These included the popular Put a Tiger in Your Tank advertising campaign and accompanying tiger mascot, introduced in 1959, to promote Enco Extra and Esso Extra gasolines. Humble Oil also used similar logotypes, use of the Humble name in all Enco and Esso advertising, in addition, Humble Oil was a major promoter and broadcast sponsor for college football in the Pacific-8 and Southwestern conferences. But Humble Oil still faced competition from such national brands such as Shell and Texaco
9.
Rex Tillerson
–
Rex Wayne Tillerson is an American energy executive, civil engineer, and diplomat who is the 69th and current United States Secretary of State, serving since February 1,2017. Tillerson joined ExxonMobil in 1975 and rose to serve as the chairman, Tillerson began his career as an engineer and holds a bachelors degree in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. By 1989 he had become manager of the Exxon USA central production division. In 1995, he became president of Exxon Yemen Inc. in 2006, Tillerson was elected chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon, the worlds 6th largest company by revenue. Tillerson retired from Exxon effective January 1,2017, and was succeeded by Darren Woods and he is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Tillerson is a volunteer with the Boy Scouts of America. He is a contributor to Republican campaigns, although he did not donate to Donald Trumps presidential campaign. In 2014, Tillerson, who had made deals on behalf of Exxon with Russian President Vladimir Putin. He has previously been the director of the joint US-Russian oil company Exxon Neftegas, Tillerson was born on March 23,1952, in Wichita Falls, Texas, the son of Patty Sue and Bobby Joe Tillerson. He was raised in Vernon, Texas, Stillwater, Oklahoma and Huntsville and his sister Rae Ann Hamilton is a physician and resides in Abilene, Texas. The other, Jo Lynn Peters, is a high school educator, active in the Boy Scouts of America for most of his life, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 1965. At 14 he began to work as a bus boy in the student union building at Oklahoma State University, two years later in 1968 he became a janitor working in one of the engineering buildings at the University. Tillerson graduated from Huntsville High School in 1970 and he received a bachelors degree in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975. During his time at UT Austin, he was involved with the Tejas Club, the Longhorn Band, in 2006 he was named a Distinguished Engineering Graduate. Tillerson joined Exxon Company, U. S. A in 1975 as a production engineer, in 1989, Tillerson became general manager of the central production division of Exxon USA. In 1995, he became President of Exxon Yemen Inc. in 1998, he became a vice president of Exxon Ventures and president of Exxon Neftegas Limited with responsibility for Exxons holdings in Russia and the Caspian Sea. In 1999, with the merger of Exxon and Mobil, he was named vice president of ExxonMobil Development Company. In 2004, he became president and director of ExxonMobil, upon this appointment Tillersons replacement of Lee Raymond as CEO of Exxon Mobil was implicitly implied
10.
Global warming
–
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earths climate system and its related effects. Multiple lines of evidence show that the climate system is warming. The largest human influence has been emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane. These findings have been recognized by the science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing. Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe, anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic, with the retreat of glaciers, permafrost. Effects significant to humans include the threat to security from decreasing crop yields. Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing, a global 2015 Pew Research Center report showed a median of 54% consider it a very serious problem. There are significant regional differences, with Americans and Chinese among the least concerned, the global average surface temperature shows a warming of 0.85 °C in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. Earths average surface temperature rose by 0. 74±0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005, the rate of warming almost doubled for the last half of that period. The rest has melted ice and warmed the continents and atmosphere, the average temperature of the lower troposphere has increased between 0.12 and 0.135 °C per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. The warming that is evident in the temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations. The probability that these changes could have occurred by chance is virtually zero, temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures, ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation. Since the beginning of industrialisation the temperature difference between the hemispheres has increased due to melting of sea ice and snow in the North. Average arctic temperatures have been increasing at almost twice the rate of the rest of the world in the past 100 years, the thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that climate can take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Some of this warming will be driven by past natural forcings which are still seeking equilibrium in the climate system
11.
Kyoto Protocol
–
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties to the Protocol, the Protocols first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyotos first-round but have not taken on new targets in the commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada and the United States, as of July 2016,66 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states. Of the 37 countries with binding commitments,7 have ratified, negotiations were held in the framework of the yearly UNFCCC Climate Change Conferences on measures to be taken after the second commitment period ends in 2020. This resulted in the 2015 adoption of the Paris Agreement, which is an instrument under the UNFCCC rather than an amendment of the Kyoto protocol. The view that human activities are responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be. The IPCCs projections are baseline projections, meaning that they assume no future efforts are made to reduce gas emissions. The IPCC projections cover the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the end of the 21st century. The likely range is a increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4 °C. The range in temperature projections partly reflects different projections of greenhouse gas emissions. Different projections contain different assumptions of social and economic development. The range also reflects uncertainty in the response of the system to past. 1992 The UN Conference on the Environment and Development is held in Rio de Janeiro and it results in the Framework Convention on Climate Change among other agreements. 1995 Parties to the UNFCCC meet in Berlin to outline specific targets on emissions,1997 In December the parties conclude the Kyoto Protocol in Kyoto, Japan, in which they agree to the broad outlines of emissions targets. 2002 Russia and Canada ratify the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC bringing the treaty into effect on 16 February 2005,2011 Canada became the first signatory to announce its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol
12.
Steve Coll
–
Steve Coll is an American journalist, academic and executive. He is currently the dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, a staff writer for The New Yorker, he served as the president and CEO of the New America Foundation from 2007 to 2012. From 2012 to 2013, he was a member of the Pulitzer Prize Board before continuing to serve in an ex officio capacity as the dean of the Columbia Journalism School. Steve Coll was born on October 8,1958, in Washington and he attended Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, graduating in 1976. He moved to Los Angeles, California, and enrolled in Occidental College, in 1980, he graduated cum laude with majors in English and History. California magazine In 1980, following his graduation from Occidental College, Coll joined the staff of California magazine. The Washington Post In 1985, he started working for the Washington Post as a general assignment feature writer for the papers Style section, two years later, he was promoted to serve as the financial correspondent for the newspaper, based in New York City. He and David A. Vise collaborated on a series of reports scrutinizing the Securities, in 1989, he moved to New Delhi, when he was appointed as the Posts South Asia bureau chief. He served as a foreign correspondent through 1995, Coll began working for the newspapers Sunday magazine insert in 1995, serving as publisher of the magazine from 1996 to 1998. He was promoted to managing editor of the newspaper in 1998 and he was also served as an associate editor for the newspaper from late 2004 to August 2005. The New Yorker In September 2005, Coll joined the staff of The New Yorker. He is based in Washington, D. C. and reports on foreign intelligence, New America Foundation On July 23,2007, Coll was named as the next director of the New America Foundation, a non-profit, non-partisan think tank headquartered in Washington, D. C. He has also contributed to the New York Review of Books, on June 25,2012, Coll announced his resignation as President of the New America Foundation to pen a follow up to Ghost Wars. Pulitzer Prize Board On October 23,2012, Coll was elected to the Pulitzer Prize Board,1990, Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting 1991, Livingston Award for International Reporting for Crisis and Change in South Asia, The Washington Post 2000, Robert F. The deal of the century, the breakup of AT&T. Atheneum, the taking of Getty Oil, the full story of the most spectacular & catastrophic takeover of all time. Eagle on the Street, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning account of the SECs battle with Wall Street, on the Grand Trunk Road, a journey into South Asia. Ghost Wars, The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10,2001, the Bin Ladens, An Arabian Family in the American Century, Penguin Press,688 pages. Private Empire, ExxonMobil and American Power, Penguin Press,704 pages, the spy who said too much, why the Administration targeted a C. I. A
13.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
–
It is also a highly recognised think tank, ranked among the top ten in the world. The Centers director and staff include scholars, publishers, librarians, administrators, the trustees and staff are advised by a group of private citizens called the Wilson Council. Interns, usually undergraduate or graduate students, support the activities of visiting scholars, most of the Centers staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, the Center also publishes a digital magazine, the Wilson Quarterly. In 2013 and again in 2014, the Wilson Center was ranked by the Go To Think Tank Report at the University of Pennsylvania as one of the top ten think tanks in the world. It was also ranked the #1 think tank to watch in the United States, the Center is a public-private partnership. The remainder of the Centers funding comes from foundations, grants and contracts, corporations, individuals, endowment income, trustees serve on various committees including executive, audit and finance, development, investment, fellowship, and investment policy. Awardees are selected by the Board, and distributed at dinners benefitting the Center in different locations each year, most of the Centers staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. There are approximately 30 programs, some of which are described below and its current director is Monde Muyangawa. The Wilson Centers Asia Program analyzes the politics, policy, culture, since its founding in 2006, the Brazil Institute has focused on analyzing and convening panels to discuss the politics, economics, and global profile of Brazil. Founded in 2001, the Canada Institute analyzes Canada-U. S. relations, trade, in particular, it disseminates new information and perspectives from previously inaccessible sources from the former Communist world on the history of the Cold War. The Kissinger Institute analyzes the political, economic, historical, named after Henry A. Kissinger, who as secretary of state was instrumental in opening diplomatic relations between the U. S. and China. Its current director is Robert Daly, the Wilson Centers Mexico Institute conducts original research and analysis on Mexicos economy, convenes meetings, and proposes public policies. The institute focuses on five key areas, Mexicos security and rule of law, economic competitiveness, migration, the U. S-Mexico border, the Middle East Program, launched in 1998, analyzes geopolitical, cultural, and social trends in the Middle East and North Africa region. From May 8 until August 21,2007, Dr. Haleh Esfandiari, then-director of the Middle East Program, was imprisoned in Tehran, Iran and she was released on bail and had her passport returned to her on September 2,2007. Esfandiari was then permitted to leave Iran, as of 2015, the current director of the Middle East Program is Dr. Henri Barkey. The North Korea International Documentation Project translates and disseminates newly declassified documents about North Korea, the documents are then distributed on the Wilson Centers Digital Archive site and curated in the projects dossier series. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts
14.
Smithsonian Institution
–
The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
15.
ABC News
–
ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. Television broadcasting was suspended, however, during World War II, regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station and production center in New York City in August 1948. ABC news broadcasts have continued as the network expanded nationwide. However, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, ABC News programs consistently ranked third in viewership behind news programs on CBS and NBC. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast model, created many of ABC News most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline and Primetime Live. In June 1998, ABC News, Nine Network and ITN sold their interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. 20/20 ABC World News Tonight America This Morning Good Morning America Nightline This Week What Would You Do, formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US, Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that started on June 21,1982 as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and 7 Washington, D. C. -based crews, however, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN. CNN ceased Satellite News Channels operations on October 27,1983, SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems. Group W would eventually shut down 7 years later, in 1999 and it was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews. com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news each hour, and wide range of entertainment. The channel was available in the United States and Europe and its Talk Back feature allowed viewers to voice their own input through the submission of videos and personal thoughts on controversial issues and current topics. It was shut down as a digital subchannel when Live Well Network was launched, ABC News Now was replaced on cable providers with Fusion on October 28,2013. Fusion is a cable and satellite network that is owned & operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC. ABC and Univision formally announced its launch on May 2,2012, Fusion was ABC News third attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel in 1982 and ABC News Now in 2004. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision, the split was complete on April 21,2016. Several ABC News programs are broadcast daily on OSN News in MENA countries
16.
USA Today
–
USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15,1982, it operates from Gannetts corporate headquarters on Jones Branch Drive in McLean, Virginia and it is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with an international edition distributed in Canada, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Gannett formally announced the launch of the paper on April 20,1982. USA Today began publishing on September 15,1982, initially launching in the Baltimore and Washington, on July 2,1984, the newspaper switched from a largely black-and-white to a color publication, featuring full color photography and graphics in all four sections. On April 8,1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called Baseball 85, on May 6,1986, USA Today began printing production of its international edition in Switzerland. On April 15, USA Today launched an international printing site. On August 28,1995, an international publishing site was launched in Frankfurt, Germany, to print. On October 4,1999, USA Today began running advertisements on its front page for the first time. The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15,2000, in Milan, Italy, followed on July 10 by the launch of a printing facility in Charleroi. That November, USA Today migrated its operations from Gannetts previous corporate headquarters in Arlington, in 2010, USA Today launched the USA Today API for sharing data with partners of all types. On August 27,2010, USA Today announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom and it also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms and launch of a new publication called USA Today Sports. On September 14,2012, USA Today underwent the first major redesign in its history, to accomplish this goal, Gannett migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform and the USA Today site design throughout 2013 and 2014. On January 4,2014, USA Today acquired the book and film review website, on September 3,2014, USA Today announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations. In October 2014, USA Today and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a Bingo app called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise, USA Today is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and some Canadian cities, each consists of four sections, News, Money, Sports. The international edition of the paper features two sections, News and Money in one, with Sports and Life in the other, atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays, the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. USA Today prints each complete story on the front page of the section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a story that requires a jump
17.
The Wall Street Journal
–
The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
18.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
19.
C-SPAN
–
C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
20.
Paul Krugman
–
Paul Robin Krugman is an American economist, Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to New Trade Theory, Krugman was a professor of economics at MIT and later at Princeton University. He retired from Princeton in June 2015 and holds the title of professor emeritus there and he is also Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics and was President of the Eastern Economic Association in 2010. As of 2016, Research Papers in Economics ranked him as the worlds 24th most influential economist based on citations of his work, Krugman is known in academia for his work on international economics, liquidity traps, and currency crisis. He has also several hundred columns on economic and political issues for The New York Times, Fortune. A2011 survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of 60, followed by Greg Mankiw, as a commentator, Krugman has written on a wide range of economic issues including income distribution, taxation, macroeconomics, and international economics. Krugman considers himself a liberal, referring to his books, his blog on The New York Times. His popular commentary has attracted comments, both positive and negative, Krugman was born to a Jewish family, the son of Anita and David Krugman. In 1922, his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Brest, Belarus. He was born in Albany, New York, and grew up in Merrick and he graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore. Since present-day science fell far short of psychohistory, Krugman turned to economics as the next best thing and his first wife, Robin L. Bergman, is a designer. He is currently married to Robin Wells, an academic economist who has collaborated with Krugman on textbooks, Krugman reports that he is a distant relative of conservative journalist David Frum. He has described himself as a Loner and he lives in New York City. In 1978, Krugman presented a number of ideas to Dornbusch, encouraged, Krugman worked on it and later wrote, knew within a few hours that I had the key to my whole career in hand. In that same year, Krugman wrote The Theory of Interstellar Trade and he says he wrote it to cheer himself up when he was an oppressed assistant professor. Krugman joined the faculty of MIT in 1979, from 1982 to 1983, Krugman spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers. He rejoined MIT as a professor in 1984. Krugman has also taught at Stanford, Yale, and the London School of Economics, in 2000, Krugman joined Princeton University as Professor of Economics and International Affairs
21.
JPMorgan Chase
–
JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a U. S. multinational banking and financial services holding company headquartered in New York City. It is the largest bank in the United States, the third largest bank by total assets, with total assets of roughly US$2.5 trillion. It is a provider of financial services, and according to Forbes magazine is the worlds sixth largest public company based upon a composite ranking. The hedge fund unit of JPMorgan Chase is the second largest hedge fund in the United States, the company was formed in 2000, when Chase Manhattan Corporation merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. The J. P. Morgan brand, historically known as Morgan, is used by the investment banking, asset management, private banking, private wealth management, and treasury & securities services divisions. Fiduciary activity within private banking and private wealth management is done under the aegis of JPMorgan Chase Bank, the Chase brand is used for credit card services in the United States and Canada, the banks retail banking activities in the United States, and commercial banking. The corporate headquarters is located at 270 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, the retail and commercial bank is headquartered in 270 Park Avenue, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, U. S. JPMorgan Chase & Co. is considered to be a universal bank. As of 2016, JPMorgan Chase is one of the Big Four banks of the United States, followed by Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. JPMorgan Chase, in its current structure, is the result of the combination of several large U. S. banking companies since 1996, including Chase Manhattan Bank, Bank One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed upon the 1955 purchase of Chase National Bank by the Bank of the Manhattan Company, the Bank of the Manhattan Company was the creation of Aaron Burr, who transformed The Manhattan Company from a water carrier into a bank. This of course injected a powerful element of politics into the process and invited what today would be called corruption, the innocuous-looking clause allowed the company to invest surplus capital in any lawful enterprise. Within six months of the creation, and long before it had laid a single section of water pipe, the company opened a bank. Still in existence, it is today J. P. Morgan Chase, weakened by the real estate collapse in the early 1990s, it was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1996, retaining the Chase name. Before its merger with J. P. Morgan & Co. the new Chase expanded the investment, in 1999, it acquired San Francisco-based Hambrecht & Quist for $1.35 billion. In April 2000, UK-based Robert Fleming & Co. was purchased by the new Chase Manhattan Bank for $7.7 billion, the New York Chemical Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the company amended its charter to perform banking activities, in the 1980s and early 1990s, Chemical emerged as one of the leaders in the financing of leveraged buyout transactions. In 1984, Chemical launched Chemical Venture Partners to invest in equity transactions alongside various financial sponsors. At many points throughout history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the United States
22.
J.P. Morgan & Co.
–
J. P. Morgan & Co. is a commercial and investment banking institution based in the United States founded by John Pierpont Morgan and commonly known as the House of Morgan or simply Morgan. The firm is a predecessor of three of the largest banking institutions in the United States and globally, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank. In 2000, J. P. Morgan & Co. merged with Chase Manhattan Bank to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. one of the largest global banking institutions. Today, the J. P. Morgan brand is used to market certain JPMorgan Chase wholesale businesses, including investment banking, commercial banking and asset management. The J. P. Morgan branding was revamped in 2008 to return to its traditional appearance after several years of depicting the Chase symbol to the right of a condensed and modernized JPMorgan. Between 1959 and 1989, J. P. Morgan operated as the Morgan Guaranty Trust, the origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J. S, Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabodys retirement. Juniuss son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman and Company in the New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody’s, Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont’s ventures to be highly speculative. So, Pierpont took on a senior partner and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan and Company, then Drexel. In these firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with rapidly growing U. S. industrial firms, such as railroads, who needed financial capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, on Junius’ death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J. S. After Drexel’s death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J. P and it financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the worlds first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, built in 1914,23 Wall Street was known as The Corner and The House of Morgan, and for decades the banks headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16,1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38, shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read, Remember we will not tolerate any longer, free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. The Bank of England became an agent of J. P. Morgan & Co
23.
Chase Bank
–
The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively
24.
Chase Paymentech
–
Chase Paymentech is the payment processing and merchant acquiring business of JPMorgan Chase. Paymentech payment platforms support businesses of all sizes to process payments, including credit, debit, Paymentech can authorize payment transactions in more than 130 currencies. The company also provides business analytics, payment fraud detection, in 2012, Chase Paymentech processed 29.5 billion transactions with a value of $655.2 billion. 1985, MNET, MBanks retail unit and merchant acquirer founded 1987, the expansions continued with further acquisition of Litle and DMGT in 1995. The brand Paymentech was created in the year 1996 and the IPO was executed in the same year, Paymentech acquired Gensar, which later became Paymentech Network Services, Tampa, and Merchant Link in 1996. In 1997, Chase Paymentech was created as a joint venture between Chase Merchant Services and First Data Corporation and that year, First USA was acquired by Bank One. In 2001, Paymentech completed the largest retail merchant conversion,2002, Chase Paymentech acquired the merchant acquiring portfolios of Scotiabank and Citibank CA. Chase Paymentech opened its first European office in Dublin, Ireland in 2004 and that year also saw the merger of Bank One and JPMorgan Chase. Their product portfolio includes products to help merchants reduce payment fraud, the company offers solutions across multiple industry verticals, including e-commerce, retail, professional services, travel and lodging, restaurant, digital content, and government. The firm offers products for merchants and small business owners to take payments in real time on mobile devices and their “Chase Mobile Checkout” product, launched in May 2013, allows businesses to accept credit and debit cards via smartphone with their mobile app and card reader. The firm provides payment terminals and PC solutions for credit card acceptance at point of sale, the Index shows both sales volume and transaction count for online purchases across Chase Paymentechs global processing platforms
25.
Highbridge Capital Management
–
Highbridge Capital Management, LLC is a US$25 billion multi-strategy alternative investment management firm founded by Glenn Dubin and Henry Swieca in 1992. The firm was founded in 1992, by childhood friends Glenn Dubin, the company started with $35 million in capital and is named after the 19th-century aqueduct that connects Washington Heights and the Bronx. In 2004, J. P. Morgan Asset Management purchased 55% ownership of the firm, the company maintains offices in New York, London, and Hong Kong. The firm operates as a subsidiary of J. P. Morgan Asset Management, in October 2015, it was reported that JPMorgan Chase was nearing a deal to sell the firm. Brooke Harlow - Former Managing Director
26.
One Equity Partners
–
One Equity Partners is the private merchant banking arm of JPMorgan Chase, focused on leveraged buyout and growth capital investments in middle-market companies. Formed at Bank One in 2001, the group has offices in New York City, Chicago, Sao Paulo, Vienna, Hong Kong and it manages approximately $10 billion of investments and capital commitments by JPMorgan Chase. In 2006, One Equity, together with The Blackstone Group, the company owns Worldspan and Galileo as well as approximately 48% of Orbitz Worldwide. The sale of Travelport followed the spin-offs of Cendants real estate and hospitality businesses, Realogy Corporation and Wyndham Worldwide Corporation, respectively, later in the year, TPG and Silver Lake would acquire Travelports chief competitor Sabre Holdings. One Equity Partners was founded in 2001 by Dick Cashin to serve as the equity investment arm of Bank One. Cashin had previously served as president of Citicorp Venture Capital, the predecessor of Court Square Capital Partners and CVC Capital Partners, in 2002, former Ford Motor Company CEO Jacques Nasser joined One Equity. He would serve as chairman of Polaroid Corporation, Nasser was involved in 2006, when One Equity was speculated as one of several potential private equity bidders for Jaguar Cars. In 2004, JPMorgan Chase completed its acquisition of Bank One, prior to the merger, JPMorgan had its own in-house private equity investment group, JPMorgan Partners. JPMorgan Partners was significantly larger than One Equity and focused on larger transactions, in 2008, when JPMorgan Chase acquired Bear Stearns private equity platform, Bear Stearns Merchant Banking, One Equity was once again designated the exclusive private equity arm for the combined firm. In 2006 One Equity Partners purchased Pennsylvania-based NCO Group, which posted $1.56 billion in revenue last year, according to a J. P. Morgan spokesman, by 2010 the company was winding down the debt-buying side and will focus on debt collection. Bear Stearns Merchant Banking CCMP Capital JP Morgan may spin off One Equity Partners, september 13,2004 JPMorgans buy-out unit to become an independent firm. March 2,2005 JPMorgan Chase Announces Changes to Private Equity Business, march 1,2005 One Equity Partners
27.
Jamie Dimon
–
James Jamie Dimon is a Greek American business executive. Dimon was named to Time magazines 2006,2008,2009 and he was also named to Institutional Investors Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey from 2008 through 2011. Dimon is one of the few bank chief executives to become a billionaire and he received a $23 million pay package for fiscal year 2011, more than any other bank CEO in the United States. Dimon received $20 million in compensation for his work in fiscal year 2013, Dimon was born in New York City, to Theodore and Themis Dimon, one of three sons. He is of Greek descent and attended The Browning School and his paternal grandfather was a Greek immigrant who changed the family name from Papademetriou to Dimon to make it sound more French, and worked as a banker in Smyrna and Athens. He has a brother, Peter, and a fraternal twin brother. Dimons father and grandfather were both stockbrokers at Shearson and he majored in psychology and economics at Tufts University. During one summers break from Tufts, he worked at Shearson, after graduating, he worked in management consulting for two years before enrolling at Harvard Business School, along with classmates Jeffrey Immelt, Steve Burke, Stephen Mandel and Seth Klarman. During the summer at Harvard, he worked at Goldman Sachs and he graduated in 1982, earning a Master of Business Administration degree as a Baker Scholar. After graduation, Sandy Weill convinced him to turn down offers from Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, although Weill could not offer the same amount of money as the investment banks, Weill promised Dimon that he would have fun. Dimons father, Theodore Dimon, was a vice president at American Express. The younger Dimon came to Weills attention when Theodore passed along an essay that Jamie had written, Weill left American Express in 1985 and Dimon followed him. The two then took over Commercial Credit, a finance company, from Control Data. Dimon served as the financial officer, helping to turn the company around. Dimon left Citigroup in November 1998, after being asked to resign by Weill during a weekend executive retreat. It was rumored at the time that he and Weill argued in 1997 over Dimons not promoting Weills daughter, Jessica M. Bibliowicz, at least one other account cites a request by Dimon to be treated as an equal as the real reason. In his 2005 University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Fireside Chat and 2006 Kellogg School of Management interviews, in March 2000, Dimon became CEO of Bank One, the nations fifth largest bank. When JPMorgan Chase purchased Bank One in July 2004, Dimon became president, on December 31,2005, he was named chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase and on December 31,2006, he was named chairman of the board
28.
Jing Ulrich
–
Jing Ulrich, née Li, is the managing director and vice chairman of Asia Pacific at JPMorgan Chase. Ulrich is one of the most prominent advisors to the largest global asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth funds and she is in charge of covering JPMorgan Chases most senior global clients across all asset classes and strengthening relationships with executives in Asia Pacific and the rest of the world. In recent years, various publications have listed her among the worlds most powerful women, likewise, in October 2013, the South China Morning Post featured Ulrich as one of Hong Kongs 25 most inspirational and influential women, who have made a difference to society. In 2016, she received the inaugural Asian Women Leadership Award from China Daily and Asia News Network. Previous conferences run by Ulrich have included speeches by former officials such as Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji, U. S. President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. She also joined a roster of prominent international figures on the International Advisory Council of Bocconi University in Italy, moreover, Ulrich has served as an independent director on the boards of GlaxoSmithKline, a global healthcare company, and Italian luxury-goods firm, Ermenegildo Zegna. In 1990, she received a degree with honors in English and American Literature from Harvard University. From 1994 to 1996, Ulrich worked as a manager for Greater China at Emerging Markets Management in Washington, D. C. Her drive and talent, even at that age, prompted him to predict she would one day become a leader of China, from 2003 to 2005, Ulrich was managing director of Greater China equities at Deutsche Bank. Before joining Deutsche Bank, Ulrich spent seven years at CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, Ulrich has been the managing director and chairman of global markets, China at JPMorgan since 2005. With the more recent Forbes publication also including her among the worlds 20 youngest power women, in 2011 and 2012, FinanceAsia named Ulrich one of the top 20 women in finance and top 30 bankers in China. In March 2012 and 2013, Forbes magazine named her one of Asias top 50 powerful businesswomen, as an advisor to the world’s largest asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth and pension funds, Ulrich’s views influence the allocation of trillions of dollars in assets. She also serves as an advisor to Chinese institutions making investments overseas, during the past twelve years, Ulrich has achieved recognition as the industry’s most respected China watcher. Until she moved into a senior role, global investors in independent research polls of other publications such as Asiamoney magazine repeatedly chose her as the best China strategist. Print and TV media often interview Ulrich for her views on China, when traveling to the U. S. she is a frequent guest of Maria Bartiromo on CNBCs Closing Bell investor news program. She has also appeared on the PBS Nightly Business Report, in Asia she regularly speaks on Bloomberg Television. Ulrich’s views, interviews, and columns often appear in such as The Financial Times, The New York Times. In recent years, the South China Morning Post, China Daily, and others have referred to Ulrich as the voice of China
29.
J. P. Morgan
–
John Pierpont J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and he was instrumental in the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and AT&T. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907 and he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Morgan has been described as America’s greatest banker, Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at only US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say, Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there. He was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the exam for The English High School of Boston. In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk and he convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies. After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey and his father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German. He attained a level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden. Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, in 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place, from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his fathers firm, renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. upon Peabodys retirement in 1864, from 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, at that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierponts mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. After the death of Anthony Drexel, the firm was rechristened J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris, and J. S. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge
30.
J. P. Morgan Jr.
–
John Pierpont Jack Morgan Jr. also referred to as J. P. Morgan Jr. was an American banker, finance executive, and philanthropist. Morgan Jr. inherited the fortune and took over the business interests including J. P. Morgan & Co. after his father J. P. Morgan died. He supported the New York Lying-In Hospital, the Red Cross, the Episcopal Church, Morgan brokered a deal that positioned his company as the sole munitions and supplies purchaser during World War I for the British and French governments. The results produced a one percent commission on $3,000,000,000 or $30,000,000 to the company, Morgan was also a banking broker for financing to foreign governments both during and after the war. Morgan was born on September 7,1867 in Irvington, New York to J. P. Morgan and Frances Louisa Tracy. He graduated from St. Pauls School and later, Harvard College, in 1886 and his siblings included Louisa Pierpont Morgan, who married Herbert L. Satterlee, Juliet Pierpont Morgan who married William Pierson Hamilton, and Anne Tracy Morgan, a philanthropist. His paternal grandparents were Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, the daughter of John Pierpont, the younger Morgan resembled his father in his dislike for publicity and continued his fathers philanthropic policy. In 1905, his father acquired the bank Guaranty Trust as part of his efforts to consolidate New York City banking, after his father died in 1913, the bank became Jacks base. Morgan played a prominent part in financing World War I, following its outbreak, he made the first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In 1915, a loan of $500,000,000 was made to France, the firms involvement with British and French interests fueled charges the bank was conspiring to maneuver the United States into supporting the Allies in order to rescue its loans. By 1915 it became apparent the war was not going to end quickly, contributing to the tensions was the favoritism displayed by Morgan officials to British interests. Morgan organized a syndicate of about 2200 banks and floated a loan of $500,000,000 to the Allies, the British sold off their holdings of American securities and by late 1916 were dependent on unsecured loans for further purchases. When the United States entered the war, this way to close collaboration. From 1914 to 1919, he was a member of the council for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On 3 July 1915, an intruder, Eric Muenter, entered Morgans Long Island mansion and this was ostensibly to bring about an embargo on arms, and in protest of his profiteering from war. Morgan, however, quickly recovered from his wounds, after World War I and the Versailles Treaty, Morgan Guaranty managed Germanys reparation payments. After the war, Morgan made several trips to Europe to investigate, in 1919 he was for a time chairman of the international committee, composed of American, British and French bankers, for the protection of the holders of Mexican securities. In November 1919, he was made a director of the Foreign Finance Corporation, by the 1920s, Morgan Guaranty had become one of the worlds most important banking institutions, as a leading lender to Germany and Europe
31.
Junius Spencer Morgan
–
Junius Spencer Morgan I was an American banker and financier as well as the father of J. P. Morgan. He founded J. S. Morgan & Co. Morgan was born on April 14,1813 in Holyoke, the Morgan name is traced to Carmarthen, Wales, and the first known Morgan family ancestral is Hyfaidd ap Bleddri, third son of Bledri of Wales. Miles Morgan, ancestor to the Morgan family in America, emigrated from Bristol and his sister, Lucy Morgan was married to Major James Goodwin, one of the founders, and a president for many years, of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. He had inherited wealth from his father, Joseph Morgan, and showed great business ability. He was soon invited to become a partner in the house of J. M. Beebe & Co. one of the largest retail stores in Boston and he was in the dry goods business from about 1836 to 1853. After some years, he met George Peabody, the well-known London banker, shortly after the meeting, in 1854, Morgan entered Peabodys prosperous firm, George Peabody & Co. as a partner. Ten years later, in 1864, Morgan succeeded Peabody as head of the firm, during the American Civil War, the firm was a seller of United States war bonds in England. With the assistance of his son, J. P. Morgan, after establishing himself in London, he did not return to the United States for 23 years, in 1877. In a dinner upon his return, Morgan stated. never do anything to cause evil to be spoken of the American name, in 1836, Morgan married Juliet Pierpont, daughter of John Pierpont, a poet, lawyer, merchant, and Unitarian minister. Their daughter, Mary Ethel Burns married Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt in 1899, Junius Spencer Morgan, who died young Juliet Pierpont Morgan, who was the mother of John Junius Morgan. He contributed money to the Hartford Free Library, his church and to Trinity College, Morgan died on April 8,1890, from injuries sustained in a carriage accident. At his funeral, the pallbearers were Roland Mather, Levi P. Morton, Anthony Joseph Drexel, Chauncey M. Depew, Cornelius Vanderbilt II, rogers, J. Kearney Warren, and Edward John Phelps. He was interred at the lot in Cedar Hill Cemetery. At his death, he left an estimated at about $10,000,000
32.
George Peabody
–
George Peabody was an American-British financier widely regarded as the father of modern philanthropy. Born poor in Massachusetts, Peabody went into business in dry goods, in 1837, he moved to London, then the capital of world finance, where he became the most noted American banker and helped to establish the young countrys international credit. In his old age, Peabody won worldwide acclaim for his philanthropy and he founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore, and was responsible for many other charitable initiatives. For his generosity, he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, Peabody was born in 1795 what was then South Danvers, Massachusetts. His family had Puritan ancestors in the state, but were poor, as one of 7 children, George suffered some deprivations during his childhood, and was only able to attend school for a few years. These factors influenced his later devotion to both thrift and philanthropy, in 1816, he moved to Baltimore, where he made his career and would live for the next 20 years. He established his residence and office in the old Henry Fite House, at that time London, Amsterdam, Paris and Frankfurt, were at the center of international banking and finance. Only they held the quantity of reserves of capital necessary to extend credit to a developing economy like that of the US. Over the next decade Peabody made four more trips, establishing a branch office in Liverpool. Later he established the firm of George Peabody & Company in London. In 1837, he took up permanent residence in London, where he lived for the rest of his life, although Peabody was briefly engaged in 1838, he never married. Ron Chernow describes him as homely, with a rumpled face, knobby chin, bulbous nose, side whiskers, and heavy-lidded eyes. At around this time, Peabody began to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, at about the same time, Peabody was also mentioned in newspapers as a future presidential candidate. Peabody described the presidential suggestion as a kind and complimentary reference and he died in London on November 4,1869, aged 74, at the house of his friend Sir Curtis Lampson. At the request of the Dean of Westminster, and with the approval of Queen Victoria and his will provided that he be buried in the town of his birth, Danvers, Massachusetts. He was laid to rest in Harmony Grove Cemetery, in Salem, Massachusetts, Peabodys death and the pair of funerals were international news, through the newly completed trans-Atlantic underwater telegraph cable. Hundreds of people participated in the ceremonies and thousands more attended or observed, branches were opened in New York and Philadelphia in 1822. Riggs retired in 1829, and the firm became Peabody, Riggs & Co. with the names reversed as Peabody became the senior partner, Peabody first visited England in 1827 to purchase wares, and to negotiate the sale of American cotton in Lancashire
33.
David Rockefeller
–
David Rockefeller was an American banker who was chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation. He was the oldest living member of the Rockefeller family and family patriarch from August 2004 until his death in March 2017, Rockefeller was a son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and a grandson of John D. Rockefeller and Laura Spelman Rockefeller. He was noted for his political connections and foreign travel. His fortune was estimated at $3.3 billion at the time of his death in 2017, Rockefeller was born in New York City, and grew up in an eight-story house at 10 West 54th Street, the tallest private residence ever built in the city. He was the youngest of six born to financier John Davison Rockefeller Jr. John Jr. was the son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman, davids five elder siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, and Winthrop. Rockefeller attended the experimental Lincoln School at 123rd Street in Harlem, in 1936, he graduated cum laude from Harvard University. He also studied economics for a year at Harvard and then a year at the London School of Economics, at LSE he first met future President John F. Kennedy and once dated Kennedys sister Kathleen. During his time abroad, Rockefeller briefly worked in the London branch of what was to become the Chase Manhattan Bank, after returning to the U. S. to complete his graduate studies, in 1940 he received a Ph. D. from the University of Chicago. After completing his studies in Chicago, he became secretary to New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia for eighteen months in a dollar a year public service position. Although the mayor pointed out to the press that Rockefeller was only one of 60 interns in the city government, his space was, in fact. From 1941 to 1942, Rockefeller was assistant regional director of the United States Office of Defense, Health and he enlisted in the U. S. Army and entered Officer Candidate School in 1943, he was ultimately promoted to Captain in 1945. During World War II he served in North Africa and France for military intelligence setting up political, for seven months he also served as an assistant military attaché at the American Embassy in Paris. During this period, he would call on family contacts and Standard Oil executives for assistance, in 1946, Rockefeller joined the staff of the longtime family-associated Chase National Bank. The chairman at that time was Rockefellers uncle Winthrop W. Aldrich, the Chase Bank was primarily a wholesale bank, dealing with other prominent financial institutions and major corporate clients such as General Electric. Chase National subsequently became the Chase Manhattan Bank in 1955 and shifted significantly into consumer banking and it is now called JPMorgan Chase. Rockefeller started as an assistant manager in the foreign department, there he financed international trade in a number of commodities, such as coffee, sugar and metals
34.
Walter V. Shipley
–
Walter V. Shipley was the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and its predecessor Chemical Bank. During his 18-year tenure, Shipley oversaw Chemicals mergers with Texas Commerce Bank in 1987, Manufacturers Hanover in 1991, Shipley attended Williams College but did not graduate. He subsequently obtained a B. S. from New York University in 1961, Shipley started his career in the loan department at New York Trust Company in 1956. New York Trust was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1959, by the late 1970s, he was the head of Chemical Banks international department. He was named vice president in 1979, president in 1981. After Chemical Banks merger with Manufacturers Hanover in 1991, he took a lower executive-level position, however, he was renamed as CEO of Chemical Bank in 1994. From 1996 through 1999, Shipley was CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors at Chase Manhattan, in 1987, Shipley oversaw Chemical Banks purchase of the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston. Initially, Texas Commerce incurred big losses for Chemical Bank due to an economy in Texas. The acquisition was viewed unfavorably by many executives at Chemical Bank, however, Texas Commerce was viewed as a star-jewel for Chemical Bank by the mid-1990s, according to New York Times journalist Michael Quint. Throughout his career, Shipley served on the Board of Directors at several corporations and they include Exxon Mobil, Wyeth, and Verizon. Shipley participated in political campaigns. These include Bill Bradleys run to be Democratic nominee for the United States President in 2000. He was also involved on George W. Bushs run for presidency in 2000 and 2004, Mitt Romneys presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012, Shipley was a rumored candidate for Secretary of the Treasury in 2000 but was passed over in favor of Paul H. ONeill. Shipley was the son of noted investment banker Linwood Parks Shipley and he was married to Judith V. Shipley from 1957 until her death in 2014. They had five children including Barbara T. Shipley, Allison P. Shipley, Pamela J. Shipley, as of 2014, he resides in Summit, New Jersey where he lived from his childhood. Shipley was actively involved in philanthropic organizations. He served as trustee at American Museum of Natural History, Lincoln Center and he was head of Goodwills strategic planning committee from 1983 until 2002, when he received Goodwills Volunteer Leader Award. Shipley and his wife Judith V. Shipley were major supporters and donors at the Greater Newark Conservancy, the Greater Newark Conservancy named its Urban Environmental Center after Judith Shipley
35.
Douglas A. Warner III
–
Among his many accomplishments, Warner may be best known for spearheading the 2000 sale of J P Morgan & Co. to Chase Manhattan Bank for $30.9 billion. Douglas Alexander Warner III was born on June 9,1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio as the son to Douglas Alexander Warner Jr. He has a brother, Gordon, and a sister, Marjorie, Warner came from money, growing up in the high-toned suburb of Indian Hill in a family with local social standing. For example, Warners father served as a trustee of the Cincinnati Music Hall Association and Art Museum, Warners grandfather ran his own insurance firm and was active in local golfing circles. Grandmother Warner was the daughter of a wealthy Cincinnati entrepreneur named J. Stacey Hill, while a student at The Hill, Warner played junior hockey 1960-61, junior varsity hockey 1961-62, and varsity hockey 1962-64. Warner graduated from there in 1964, the year as Academy Award-winning producer/director Oliver Stone. From The Hill School, Warner applied to Yale University, the school attended by his father. In 1964, Warner entered Yale University at the age of 18 as a pre-med student, at age 18, Warner was of draft age but most likely held a 2-S Selective Service System classification as a student at Yale University. This friendship would prove valuable as President Bush later named Warner as an adviser to President-elect Bushs transition team in 2000. Without a college deferment, Warner most likely would have classified as 1-A. For example, President Bush was classified as 1-A on Bushs graduation from Yale in May 1968 and was accepted into the Texas Air National Guard at the height of the ongoing Vietnam War. With the Vietnam war and Yale medical school choices facing Warner, Warner looked to an option based on advice from his father. Warners father advised Warner to go into business to some breadth. At that time, Morgan Guaranty Trust Company was a wholly owned subsidiary of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co, over the next seven years, Warner rapidly advanced from officers assistant, through assistant treasurer and assistant Vice President, to Vice President in 1975. In 1983, at age 37, Warner was transferred to London, first, Warner was in charge of United Kingdom and Scandinavian banking operations and then became the head of oil and gas lending for the region. In becoming the manager of the London office and Morgans senior executive in the United Kingdom in 1986, Warner received extensive experience in U. S. In 1989, Warner became Managing Director of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company and elected president, after rising through the ranks in various positions in London and New York City, Warner succeeded Dennis Weatherstone in 1995 as Morgans youngest CEO ever at age 49. From 1995 to 2000, Warner served as chairman and chief executive officer, in 1999, Warner was ranked 14th of the 25 Highest Paid Banking Executives in 1999 with a total compensation for the year of US$9,916,151
