1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
3.
Rum-running
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Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling is usually done to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction, the term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water, bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land. The term rum-running most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States and it was said that some ships carried $200,000 in contraband in a single run. It was not long after the first taxes on alcoholic beverages that someone began to smuggle them, the British government had revenue cutters in place to stop smugglers as early as the 16th century. Pirates often made extra money running rum to heavily taxed colonies, an irony of the history of prohibition in North America is that industrial-scale smuggling flowed both ways across the Canada–US border at different points in the early twentieth century. National prohibition in the United States did not begin until 1920, as well, Canadas version of prohibition had never included a ban on the manufacture of liquor for export. Soon the black-market trade was reversed with Canadian whisky and beer flowing in large quantities to the United States, again, this illegal international trade undermined the support for prohibition in the receiving country, and the American version ended in 1933. One of the most famous periods of rum-running began in the United States with the Prohibition began on January 16,1920 and this period lasted until the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, on December 5,1933. At first, there was action on the seas. This was the start of the Bimini–Bahamas rum trade and the introduction of Bill McCoy, with the start of Prohibition Captain McCoy began bringing rum from Bimini and the rest of the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The rum-running business was good, and McCoy soon bought a Gloucester knockabout schooner named Arethusa at auction. He installed an auxiliary, mounted a concealed machine gun on her deck. In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits, any cheap sparkling wine became French champagne or Italian Spumante, unbranded liquor became top-of-the-line name brands. McCoy became famous for never watering his booze, and selling only top brands, although the phrase appears in print in 1882, this is one of several folk etymologies for the origin of the term The real McCoy. On November 15,1923, McCoy and Tomoka encountered the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Seneca, a boarding party attempted to board, but McCoy chased them off with the machine gun. Tomoka tried to run, but the Seneca placed a shell just off her hull, the small, quick boats could more easily outrun Coast Guard ships and could dock in any small river or eddy and transfer their cargo to a waiting truck. They were also known to float planes and flying boats. Soon others were following suit, the limit became known as Rum Line
4.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
5.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
6.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
7.
Arnold Rothstein
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Arnold Rothstein, nicknamed the Brain, was an American racketeer, businessman and gambler who became a kingpin of the Jewish mob in New York City. Rothstein was widely reputed to have organized corruption in professional athletics, according to crime writer Leo Katcher, Rothstein transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top. His notoriety inspired several characters based on his life, portrayed in contemporary and later short stories, novels, musicals. Rothstein refused to pay a large debt resulting from a poker game and was murdered in 1928. His illegal empire was broken up and distributed among a number of other organizations and led in part to the downfall of Tammany Hall. Ten years after his death, his brother declared Rothsteins estate was bankrupt, Arnold Rothstein was born into a comfortable life in Manhattan, the son of a well-off Jewish businessman, Abraham Rothstein, and his wife, Esther. His father was a man of character who acquired the nickname Abe the Just. Arnold was highly skilled at mathematics but was uninterested in school. His older brother, on the hand, studied to become a rabbi. Rothstein was known to be a child and harboured a deep jealousy over his older brother Harry. Rothsteins father believed that his son always craved to be the center of attention and his father pointed to an event in 1890 to prove this. Rothsteins mother had gone to visit her mother across state, she took her eldest son Harry and her daughter with her. The night she left, Rothsteins father found him crying in the bottom of a closet, Rothstein reportedly said, She hates me and you hate me, but you all love Harry. While still a child, Rothstein began to indulge in gambling, in 1921, Rothstein was asked how he became a gambler, I always gambled. I cant remember when I didnt, maybe I gambled just to show my father he couldnt tell me what to do, but I dont think so. I think I gambled because I loved the excitement, when I gambled, nothing else mattered. By 1910, Rothstein at age 28 had moved to the Tenderloin section of Manhattan and he also invested in a horse racing track at Havre de Grace, Maryland, where he was reputed to have fixed many of the races that he won. Rothstein had a network of informants, very deep pockets from amongst his fathers banking community
8.
Dutch Schultz
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Dutch Schultz was a New York City-area German Jewish-American mobster of the 1920s and 1930s who made his fortune in organized crime-related activities, including bootlegging and the numbers racket. Weakened by two tax evasion trials led by prosecutor Thomas Dewey, Schultzs rackets were also threatened by fellow mobster Lucky Luciano, in an attempt to avert his conviction, Schultz asked the Commission for permission to kill Dewey, which they refused. When Schultz disobeyed them and made an attempt to kill Dewey, Schultz was born to German Jewish immigrants Herman and Emma Flegenheimer, who had married in Manhattan on November 10,1900. He had a sister, Helen, born in 1904. Herman Flegenheimer apparently abandoned his family, and Emma is listed as divorced in the 1910 census, the event traumatized Schultz, and he always denied his father had left them. Schultz would drop out of school in the 8th grade to support himself. From 1916 to 1919, he worked as a feeder and pressman for the Clark Loose Leaf Company, Caxton Press, American Express and he then worked at a neighborhood night club owned by a minor mobster, and began robbing craps games before turning to burglary. Schultz was caught breaking into an apartment and sent to the prison on Blackwells Island, a photograph of Schultz at age 18, during his incarceration, was published in the 2010 book New York City Gangland. The prison staff soon found their new prisoner to be unmanageable and transferred him to the farm in Westhampton. He managed to escape, but was recaptured and two months were added to his sentence and he was paroled December 8,1920. Flegenheimer went back to work at Schultz Trucking and was associating with known criminals. When they asked his name, he told them he was Dutch Schultz, with the enactment of Prohibition, Schultz Trucking began smuggling liquor and beer into New York City from Canada. After an argument, Dutch left Schultz Trucking to work for Schultzs Italian competitors, in 1928, a gangster named Joey Noe opened the Hub Social Club, a small speakeasy, and hired Schultz to work as a bouncer. Schultz earned a reputation for brutality when he lost his temper, impressed by his ruthlessness, Noe made him a partner. Noe and Schultz soon opened more operations, to avoid the high delivery costs, they bought their own trucks. Frankie Dunn, a Union City, New Jersey, brewery owner, Schultz rode shotgun to protect the beer trucks from hijackers. The Rock brothers, who controlled an operation in the Bronx, refused to buy from Noe. However, the Rock brothers underestimated the newcomers, eventually, the elder brother, John Rock, agreed to cooperate, but younger brother Joe refused
9.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
10.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
11.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
12.
Jacob Orgen
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Jacob Little Augie Orgen was a New York gangster involved in bootlegging and labor racketeering during the Prohibition. Born to a middle class Orthodox Jewish family from Austria as Jacob Orgenstein, being ambitious, he had formed his own gang, The Little Augies c. He operated his labor rackets diligently for the five or six years until his former boss. His rising star was soon put on hold, however, when Kid Dropper Nathan Kaplan, while they worked together at first, they soon resumed their old rivalry and each formed their own separate gang. Orgen was even further hindered in his rise in 1919 when he was jailed on a robbery charge, Kid Dropper eventually eliminated Spanish that same year and reigned supreme while Orgen was in jail. While Orgen was in prison, his gang barely held together and fought, often unsuccessfully, Orgen was released and on the streets again in 1923. Orgen, allied with Solomon Schapiro, challenged Kaplan over labor slugging activities, in 1923, a gang war broke out after a dispute over striking wet wash laundry workers. With Kaplans death, Orgen gained complete control over labor racketeering, by 1925, Orgen, in partnership with Legs Diamond, had started to move into bootlegging, supplying Broadway night clubs and speakeasies. He also kept up his original occupation of labor slugging. City officials soon began investigating union racketeering in New York which threatened to expose other criminal operations, in 1926, Orgen became a father when his wife gave birth to a girl whom the couple named Zelda. With his increasing wealth, Orgen moved his family out of the Lower East Side to the more affluent Upper West Side, though the labor rackets were originally his main source of income, by the mid-1920s, Orgen was expanding his horizons into bootlegging and other rackets. On October 16,1927, while walking on Norfolk Street in a Manhattan neighborhood on the Lower East Side, Orgen was killed by Buchalter, Orgen bodyguard Jack Diamond was also seriously wounded during the attack. Jacob Orgen at Find a Grave Little Augie mugshot Gangster City Fried, the Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1980, the Crooked Ladder, Gangsters, Ethnicity and the American Dream. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers,1994, rothstein, The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series. New York, Carroll & Graf Publishers,2003, Gangster City, The History of the New York Underworld 1900-1935. ISBN 1-56980-267-X Almog, Oz, Kosher Nostra Jüdische Gangster in Amerika, 1890–1980, Jüdischen Museum der Stadt Wien,2003, Text Oz Almog, Erich Metz, ISBN 3-901398-33-3 Asbury, New York, Alfred A. Knopf,1928. ISBN 1-56025-275-8 Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States, New York, Da Capo Press,2005
13.
Bellevue Hospital
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NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue, formerly Bellevue Hospital Center, was founded on March 31,1736 and is the oldest public hospital in the United States. Located on First Avenue in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, Bellevue Hospital is also home to FDNY EMS Station 08, formerly NYC*EMS Station 13. It handles nearly 670,000 non-ER outpatient clinic visits, nearly 116,000 emergency visits, more than 80 percent of Bellevue’s patients come from the city’s medically underserved populations. The hospital currently occupies a 25-story patient care facility with an ICU, digital radiology communication, the hospital has an attending physician staff of 1,800 and an in-house staff of about 5,500. Bellevue was renamed in November 2015 as a reflection of its parent organizations rebranding, Bellevue traces its origins to the citys first permanent almshouse, a two-story brick building completed in 1736 on the city common, now New York City Hall. When the grid system of streets was established in 1811, the survey had to take the hospital account. The hospital was formally named Bellevue Hospital in 1824, by 1787 Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons had assigned faculty and medical students to Bellevue. Columbia faculty and students would remain at Bellevue for the next 181 years, New York University faculty began to conduct clinical instruction at the hospital in 1819. In 1849, an amphitheater for teaching and surgery opened. In 1861, the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, the first medical college in New York with connections to a hospital, was founded, for this reason the name Bellevue is sometimes used as a metonym for psychiatric hospitals. Bellevue initiated a training program in 1883, it is still the model for surgical training worldwide. The Carnegie Laboratory, the nations first pathology and bacteriology laboratory, was founded there a year later, by 1892, Bellevue established a dedicated unit for alcoholics. In 1902, the administrative Bellevue and Allied Hospitals organization were formed by the city, b&AH also included Gouverneur Hospital, Harlem Hospital, and Fordham Hospital. BA&H opened doors to female and black physicians, in the midst of a tuberculosis epidemic a year later, the Bellevue Chest Service was founded. Bellevue opened the nations first ambulatory cardiac clinic in 1911, followed by the Western Hemispheres first ward for metabolic disorders in 1917, New York Citys Office of the Chief Medical Examiner began on the second floor in 1918. German spy and saboteur Fritz Joubert Duquesne escaped the prison ward in 1919 after having feigned paralysis for nearly two years. PS106, the first public school for the emotionally disturbed children located in a public hospital, in 1939, David Margolis began work on nine Work Projects Administration murals in entrance rotunda titled Materials of Relaxation, which were completed in 1941. New York Citys Office of the chief Medical Examiner moved out of the floor and into its new building at 520 First Avenue
14.
Louis Buchalter
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Louis Lepke Buchalter was a Jewish-American mobster and head of the Mafia hit squad Murder, Inc. during the 1930s. Buchalter was one of the labor racketeers in New York City during that era. Buchalter became the major mob boss to receive the death penalty in the United States after being convicted of murder. Buchalter was born in the Lower East Side section of Manhattan in February 1897 and his mother, Rose Buchalter, called him Lepkeleh, which later became Lepke. Louis Buchalter had one sister and three brothers, one eventually became a dentist, another brother a college professor and rabbi. His father, Barnett Buchalter, was a Russian immigrant who operated a store on the Lower East Side. In 1909, when Buchalter was 12, his father died, in 1910, Buchalter finished elementary school and started a job selling theatrical goods. Reportedly, on the Lower East Side, he attended the Rabbi Jacob Joseph School where he was an honor roll student, soon after, his mother moved to Arizona for health reasons, leaving Buchalter in the care of his sister Sarah. However, Buchalter was beyond her control, on September 2,1915, Buchalter was arrested in New York for the first time for burglary and assault, but the case was discharged. In late 1915 or early 1916, Buchalter went to live with his uncle in Bridgeport, on February 29,1916, Lepke was arrested in Bridgeport on burglary charges and was sent to the Cheshire Reformatory for juvenile offenders in Cheshire, Connecticut, until July 12,1917. After a dispute with his uncle over wages, Buchalter moved back to New York City, on September 28,1917, Buchalter was sentenced in New York to 18 months in state prison at Sing Sing in Ossinning, New York, on a grand larceny conviction. After a transfer to Auburn Prison in Auburn, New York, on January 22,1920, Buchalter returned to Sing Sing on a 30-month sentence for attempted burglary. He was released on March 16,1922 Upon Buchalters 1922 release from prison, he started working with his childhood friend, through force and fear, they began gaining control of the garment industry unions. Buchalter then used the unions to threaten strikes and demand weekly payments from factory owners while dipping into union bank accounts, Buchalters control of the unions evolved into a protection racket, extending into areas such as bakery trucking. The unions were profitable for him and he kept a hold over them even becoming an important figure in organized crime. Buchalter later formed an alliance with Tommy Lucchese, a leader of the Lucchese crime family, Buchalter and Shapiro moved into new and fashionable luxury buildings on Eastern Parkway with family who were active synagogue goers. In later years, Buchalter and his family lived in a penthouse in the exclusive Central Park West section of Manhattan, in 1927, Buchalter and Shapiro were arrested for the murder of Jacob Orgen and the attempted murder of bootlegger Jack Diamond, a criminal rival. However, the charges were dropped due to a lack of evidence
15.
Gurrah Shapiro
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Shapiro was born in Odessa in 1899. While confined in protectory in Brooklyn, he became friends with Joe Valachi, Jack Legs Diamond was also there but kept his distance from the feared threesome. During this period, Shapiro encountered his future partner, Louis Buchalter, instead of fighting over the spoils, Shapiro and Buchalter agreed on a partnership. Buchalter served as the brains and Shapiro provided the muscle in an alliance that lasted for decades, Shapiro and Buchalter soon become acquainted with future mobsters Meyer Lansky and Charles Lucky Luciano, both of whom were protégés of mobster Arnold The Brain Rothstein. Encouraged by Rothstein, Shapiro and Buchalter entered the arena of New York labor racketeering working for Jacob Little Augie Orgen. Orgen had previously wrested control of this racket from Nathan Kid Dropper Kaplan in the decade-long labor slugger wars, the gangsters had infiltrated labor unions in the busy Garment District of Manhattan, assaulting and murdering the union leadership to gain control. The gangsters then instituted a system of kickbacks and skimming from union dues while at the same time extorting the garment manufacturers with the threat of strikes, after working for Orgen for a while, Shapiro and Buchalter started planning to take over his operations. Realizing that Shapiro and Buchalter posed a threat, Orgen allied himself with brothers Eddie, Shapiro and Buchalter soon made their move. On October 15,1927, Orgen and Jack Diamond were standing on the corner of Delancey, two gunmen drove up to the corner. One gunman got out of the car and started shooting while the driver began shooting from the inside the car, Orgen was killed instantly and Jack Diamond was severely wounded. With Orgens death, Shapiro and Buchalter took over his labor racketing operation, the two partners soon began massive extortions of both labor unions and businesses as they created a massive criminal monopoly in the Garment District. Shapiro and Buchalter soon formed the infamous Murder, Inc. an organization that performed contract murders for organized crime and their client was the National Crime Syndicate, a confederation of crime families created by Luciano and Lansky in 1929. The Syndicate was created to avoid the gang wars of the 1920s by creating an organization with the power to mediate organized crime disputes. Murder, Inc. served as the enforcement arm for the Syndicate, with Buchalter leading Murder, Inc. Shapiro and Albert Mad Hatter Anastasia were his most trusted associates. One of its most dedicated members, Shapiro personally oversaw many contract murders, during the early 1930s, US Attorney Thomas E. Dewey started to prosecute organized crime members in New York City. The pressure created by Dewey was such that in 1935 mobster Dutch Schultz asked the National Crime Syndicate to approve Deweys murder, Shapiro and Anastasia agreed with Schultz, but Buchalter and the rest of the Syndicate turned down his request. Killing a prosecutor went against mob tradition, the majority argued, in fact, the Syndicate was so fearful of Schultzs proposal that they later ordered Buchalter to murder Schultz. On October 23,1935, Schultz and several associates were gunned down by Murder, Inc. gunmen in a restaurant in Newark, shortly after Schultzs death, Shapiro and Buchalter became the focus of Deweys investigations
16.
Upstate New York
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Upstate New York is the portion of the American state of New York lying north of New York City. The region includes most of the state of New York, excluding New York City and its environs, as well as Long Island, Upstate New York includes the major cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse. Before the American Revolutionary War, Upstate was populated by Native Americans, the region saw many battles between the Continental Army and the Iroquois, and several treaties drawn up after the war ceded much of the land to settlers of European descent. As a result, Upstate became a hotbed for manufacturing, giving birth to such firms as General Electric, IBM, Kodak, and Xerox, and it welcomed a large influx of immigrants. Since the mid 20th century, American de-industrialization has contributed to economic and population decline Upstate, unlike the New York metropolitan area, Upstate New York contains vast areas of rural land. As a result, Upstate also supports a strong industry, and is notable for its milk and dairy products, its fruit production. New York City is dependent on the resources of Upstate for a variety of services, including the citys water supply. The region is home to popular tourist and recreational destinations, including Niagara Falls, the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. There is no official boundary between Upstate New York and Downstate New York. The broadest usage of the term Upstate New York excludes only New York City and Long Island, which are always considered to be part of Downstate New York. Another usage locates the Upstate/Downstate boundary further north, at the point where New York Citys suburbs segue into its exurbs, yet another definition uses the prior Census definition of the New York metropolitan area, which until 2010 included Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam Counties. This was the used by the plaintiffs in the federal redistricting case of Rodriguez v. Pataki. Residents of Upstate New York sometimes prefer to identify with a more specific subregion, a number of businesses and institutions in the area have Upstate as part of their name. The other regions of New York State are culturally and economically distinct from the New York City area, the states major metropolitan areas outside of New York City are Buffalo, Rochester, Albany-Schenectady-Troy, and Syracuse, each of whose population exceeds 500,000. The different regions of New York State are influenced by and have affinities with other adjacent regions, Western New York has cultural and economic ties to the other Great Lakes states as well as Southern Ontario. The Capital District, the Hudson Valley, the Mohawk Valley, the North Country, the extreme northern portion of the state, also has strong cultural, economic, linguistic and familial ties to Quebec and Eastern Ontario. Thus, Plattsburgh has close ties to its neighbors in the Montreal area as well as Vermont, much of New York State receives television and radio broadcasts from Canada and there are often other cross-border ties, both historical and familial. A similar relationship can be seen in Northern New England, the Hudson and lower Mohawk Valley has more in common dialectologically with western New England and New York City
17.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
18.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
19.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
20.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
21.
Cider
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Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. The juice of any variety of apple can be used to make cider, the addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the alcoholic content of the resulting beverage. Cider is popular in the United Kingdom, especially in the West Country, the UK has the worlds highest per capita consumption, as well as its largest cider-producing companies. Cider is also popular in other European countries including Ireland, Portugal, France, northern Italy, central Europe also has its own types of cider with Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse producing a particularly tart version known as Apfelwein. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in UK law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice, although CAMRA says that real cider must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. In the US, there is a 50% minimum, in France, cider must be made solely from apples. Perry is a product made from fermented pear juice. Ciders can be classified from dry to sweet and their appearance ranges from cloudy with sediment to completely clear, and their colour ranges from almost clear to amber to brown. The variations in clarity and colour are mostly due to filtering between pressing and fermentation, some apple varieties will produce a clear cider without any need for filtration. Both sparkling and still ciders are made, the variety is the more common. Modern, mass-produced ciders closely resemble sparkling wine in appearance, more traditional brands tend to be darker and cloudier. They are often stronger than the varieties and taste more strongly of apples. Almost colourless, white cider has the apple juice content as conventional cider but is harder to create because the cider maker has to blend various apples to create a clearer liquid. White ciders tend to be sweeter and more refreshing and they are typically 7-8 % ABV in strength. Black cider, by contrast, is dry amber premium cider which has an content of 7-8 % ABV. The descriptor black usually comes after the name such as Union Black. Apples grown for consumption are suitable for making, though some regional cider-makers prefer to use a mix of eating and cider apples. There are many hundreds of varieties of cultivars developed specifically for cider making, once the apples are gathered from trees in orchards they are scratted into what is called pomace or pommage
22.
Catskill (town), New York
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Catskill is a town in the southeast part of Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 11,775 at the 2010 census, the western part of the town is in the Catskill Park. The town contains a village, also called Catskill, the village of Catskill has a well-defined Main Street that has adjusted to the recent construction of a WalMart, Lowes and Home Depot. There is a boat launch on the Hudson River called Dutchmans Landing. The area of the town was purchased from the natives for some trinkets in 1678, the town was established in 1788 while still part of Albany County. The town was increased by an addition from the town of Woodstock in 1800, but was later decreased upon the formation of the towns of Cairo and Athens. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 64.2 square miles. The east town line is defined by the Hudson River, forming the border of Columbia County, the south town line is the border of Ulster County. The New York State Thruway and U. S. Route 9W pass through the town, on July 23,2003, an F2 tornado ripped across the town. The worst of the damage occurred at the Kiskatom flats, the tornado crossed over New York Route 32 and went past the Friar Tuck Inn, causing two mobile homes to flip over. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,849 people,4,780 households, the population density was 195.8 people per square mile. There were 5,700 housing units at a density of 94.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 89. 84% White,6. 03% Black or African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 86% from other races, and 2. 32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 03% of the population,29. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was out with 23. 5% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $33,531, and the median income for a family was $42,807
23.
Troy, New York
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Troy is a city in the U. S. State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. The city is located on the edge of Rensselaer County. Troy has close ties to the cities of Albany and Schenectady. The city is one of the three centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129, troja est, which means Ilium was, Troy is. Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe, the Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century, the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near todays downtown area, in 1771, Abraham Lansing had his farm in todays Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansings success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heydens grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, in 1789, Troy got its current name after a vote of the people. In 1791, Troy was incorporated as a town and extended east across the county to the Vermont line, in 1796, Troy became a village and in 1816 it became a city. Lansingburgh, to the north, became part of Troy in 1900, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups, the land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet, the land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by Pachquolapiet and these parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem at the time. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th century, the site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers, in 1707, he purchased a farm of 65 acres which in 1787 was laid out as a village. One skeleton was female and Caucasian with an iron ring, the other was Native-American and male. The name Troy was adopted in 1789 before which it had known as Ashleys Ferry. The township included Brunswick and Grafton, Troy became a village in 1801 and was chartered as a city in 1816
24.
Ocean liner
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An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
25.
SS Belgenland (1914)
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The Belgenland was built in 1914 and originally served as a freighter and World War I troopship for the White Star Line under the name SS Belgic. Because she was needed for the war effort, she was finished with only two smokestacks and a superstructure only one deck high. Initially used for carrying cargo, in 1918 she was given accommodations for up to 3,000 troops and her gross tonnage was listed at 24,547. The doomed liner Justicia was an identical sister ship, both being built at the same yard. It was intended to be the worlds largest liner, with a length of 1000 feet, later, during construction, it was modified and renamed Belgic. She remained in her troopship guise until April 1921, when she was laid up at Liverpool, there were no berths available at any of the shipyards so that she could be rebuilt. Harland & Wolff finally had a berth, and in March 1922 she was towed to Belfast. She was given to the Red Star Line and renamed Belgenland and she was the second Red Star ship to be given this name. She was given a superstructure four decks in height and a third smokestack and her tonnage was increased to over 27,000 gross tons, making her Red Star’s largest and most luxurious ship. She remained on her route for a decade, and occasionally spent time on extensive world, on 4 December 1924 she embarked on a 133-day world cruise — one of the longest attempted by a luxury liner at the time - advertised as The Largest Ship to Circle the Globe. One of her most famous passengers was Albert Einstein, returning to Germany on board her in 1933, he found out Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Einstein got off the ship at Antwerp, sailed on another Red Star Liner back to the United States, the Depression hit the Belgenland hard. At first, she was reduced to sailing on short cruises and one day excursions from New York, laid up in the winter of 1932-33, she made only three voyages the following summer, and they were Mediterranean cruises. The millionaires who took her lengthy and expensive cruises were now unable to do so, then she made a few more cruises from London, and then she was laid up again in September at the Port of London. The Atlantic Transport Company purchased her in January 1935 and renamed her Columbia and she was then placed with their subsidiary, Panama Pacific Line and placed on their New York City — California service via the Panama Canal. This venture failed and another attempt was made to place her on the New York – West Indies route, stopping at Miami, Nassau, and Havana and she was too large for either service and was once again laid up, this time permanently. On 22 April 1936 she sailed from New York to the United Kingdom, was sold for scrap, and her scrapping commenced on 4 May of that year at Boness Scotland
26.
Antwerp, Belgium
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Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
27.
Vichy
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Vichy is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais. It is a spa and resort town and in World War II was the seat of government of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944, the term Vichyste indicated collaboration with the Vichy regime, often carrying a pejorative connotation. Today, the inhabitants are called Vichyssois. Up until the 18th century they were more known as les Vichois which stems from the Occitan name of the town. The writer Valery Larbaud uses the term Vicaldiens after the Ancient Roman Latin name for the community, the city enjoys an inland oceanic climate that incorporates some characteristics of a mountain climate because of the nearby Massif Central and Alps. Heavy snows in the Massif Central often make roads impassable, rainfall is moderate around Vichy, averaging about 779.5 millimetres annually. Vichy lies on the banks of the Allier River, the source of the Allier is in the nearby Massif Central plateau which lies only a few miles to the south, near the regions capital, Clermont-Ferrand. The historical existence of volcanic activity in the Massif Central is somewhat visually evident, volcanic eruptions have happened for at least 150,000 years, but all volcanoes there have been dormant for at least 112 years. Volcanic activity in the area is the cause of the many thermal springs that exist in. This city is accessible from departmental road 2209, former route nationale 209, the RD 906e, former RD906 from Thiers, Vichy is situated 20 km from the A719 autoroute and 35 km from the A89 autoroute. Currently, this city has no expressways, the expressway A719 and the northwest and west loops will be the first to directly connect to Vichy. The inclusion of access to the A719 expressway, opened in 1997, in 2014, only regional two-lane highways pass through the urban ring of Vichy. The RD67 is a loop to the north of the city created to limit traffic jams, Vichy is served by the following train lines, TER and Intercités to destinations, Paris Gare de Lyon/Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand/Lyon Part-Dieu and by TER, Vichy/Pont-de-Dore/Arlanc. MobiVie is the network of transport for 6 communes of Vichy Val dAllier intercommunality. This network is composed of nine lines as of 2014, mobival is an on-call transportation service for Vichy and its neighborhood. This service offers the local communes a reliable service for areas that are not served by the MobiVie network. Created in October 2004, it has 10 lines, Vichy is 5 kilometres from Vichy — Charmeil Airport, and 90 kilometres from the larger Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport. In 52 BC, on returning from their defeat at the Battle of Gergovia by the Gallic legions of Vercingetorix and these Roman settlers had acknowledged the therapeutic value of the springs in the area and were eager to exploit them
28.
Rye whiskey
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In the United States, rye whiskey is, by law, made from a mash of at least 51 percent rye. It is distilled to no more than 160 U. S. proof, the whiskey must be put into such barrels at not more than 125 proof. Rye whiskey that has been so aged for at least two years and has not been blended with other spirits may be designated as straight. Rye whiskey was historically the prevalent whiskey of the states, especially Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh was the center of rye whiskey production in the late 1700s, by 1808, Allegheny County farmers were selling one half barrel for each man, woman and child in the country. Rye whiskey largely disappeared after Prohibition, a few brands, such as Old Overholt, survived it, although by the late 1960s even Pennsylvania names such as Old Overholt were being distilled mostly in Kentucky. Today, a number of brands are produced by Campari Group, Diageo, Heaven Hill, Beam Suntory, The Sazerac Company. One notable producer is MGP of Indiana, which is a distiller for many brands marketed by others, rye has been currently undergoing a small but growing revival in the United States. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many producers have been experimenting with rye whiskey. For example, Brown-Forman has also production of a Jack Daniels rye whiskey, releasing unaged. A distillery at Mount Vernon, the homestead of George Washington, rye grain is known for imparting what many call a spicy or fruity flavor to the whiskey. Bourbon, distilled from at least 51% corn, is noticeably sweeter, all other things being equal, the character of the cocktail will be drier with rye. Canadian whisky is often referred to as rye whisky, since much of the content was from rye. In some cases the ratio may be as high as 9,1. Most contemporary Canadian whiskies contain only a fraction of rye, with the exception of a few brands, such as Alberta Premium and Canadian Club Chairmans Select, Canadian whisky must be aged in wooden barrels for at least 3 years. This requirement differs from regulations for U. S. blended whiskey, in which the bulk base spirits are not required to be aged
29.
Aachen
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Aachen or Bad Aachen, traditionally known in English and French as Aix-la-Chapelle, is a spa and border city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Aachen was the residence of Charlemagne, and, from 936 to 1531. Aachen is the westernmost city in Germany, located near the borders with Belgium, RWTH Aachen University is located in the city. Aachens industries include science, engineering and information technology, in 2009, Aachen was ranked eighth among cities in Germany for innovation. The location has been inhabited by humans since the Neolithic era, about 5,000 years ago, latin Aquae figures in Aachens Roman name Aquae granni, which meant waters of Grannus, referring to the Celtic god of healing who was worshipped at the springs. Aachens name in French and German evolved in parallel, Aachens local dialect is called Öcher Platt and belongs to the Ripuarian language. Bronze Age settlement is evidenced by the remains of barrows found, for example, during the Iron Age, the area was settled by Celtic peoples who were perhaps drawn by the marshy Aachen basins hot sulphur springs where they worshipped Grannus, god of light and healing. Later, the 25-hectare Roman spa resort town of Aquae Granni was, according to legend, founded by Grenus, under Hadrian, a kind of forum, surrounded by colonnades, connected the two spa complexes. There was also a residential area, part of it inhabited by a flourishing Jewish community. The Romans built bathhouses near Burtscheid, a temple precinct called Vernenum was built near the modern Kornelimünster/Walheim. Today, remains have been found of three bathhouses, including two fountains in the Elisenbrunnen and the Burtscheid bathhouse, Roman civil administration in Aachen broke down between the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th centuries. Rome withdrew its troops from the area, but the town remained populated, by 470, the town came to be ruled by the Ripuarian Franks and subordinated to their capital, Cologne. Einhard mentions that in 765–6 Pepin spent both Christmas and Easter at Aquis villa, which must have been equipped to support the royal household for several months. In the year of his coronation as king of the Franks,768, Charlemagne spent most winters in Aachen between 792 and his death in 814. Aachen became the focus of his court and the centre of his empire. In 936, Otto I was crowned king of East Francia in the church built by Charlemagne. During the reign of Otto II, the nobles revolted and the West Franks, under Lothair, Aachen was attacked again by Odo of Champagne, who attacked the imperial palace while Conrad II was absent. Odo relinquished it quickly and was killed soon afterwards, the palace and town of Aachen had fortifying walls built by order of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa between 1172 and 1176
30.
Hamburg
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Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
31.
Philadelphia Police Department
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The Philadelphia Police Department is the police agency responsible for law enforcement and investigations within the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The PPD is the oldest municipal police agency, fourth largest police force, since records were first kept in 1828, at least 270 PPD officers have died in the line of duty. The PPD employs over 6,400 sworn officers and over 800 civilian personnel, the highest-ranking officer is Commissioner Richard Ross. The head of the PPD is the commissioner, who is appointed by the mayor, the current commissioner is Richard Ross. Under the commissioner are two deputy commissioners. The First Deputy Commissioner heads Field Operations, the Deputy Commissioner and Chief Administrative Officer heads Organizational Services, Strategy, and Innovation. The Office of Field Operations is headed by the three-star First Deputy Commissioner of Field Operations, the force comprises two commands, Patrol Operations and, Specialized Operations and Homeland Security, each command is headed by a two-star Deputy Commissioner. The Office of Organizational Services, Strategy, and Innovation is headed by the three-star Deputy Commissioner and Chief Administrative Officer, Patrol Operations is headed by a two-star Deputy Commissioner of Patrol Operations, currently Kevin Bethel, who oversees both the patrol and detective units. Patrol Operations is divided into two commands, Regional Operations Command and Regional Operations Command. Each regional command is headed by an inspector, and is subdivided into three divisions. Each division is headed by an inspector, a division comprises three or four districts, there are 21 patrol districts in all, and each district is headed by a captain. Each district is subdivided into three or four police service areas, each headed by a lieutenant, for a total of 64 PSAs citywide, in January 2013, Commissioner Ramsey announced changes to the command structure of the department lowering the number of deputy commissioners from 9 to 6. Ramsey only replaced one of the deputies who was promoted from staff inspector of the Internal Affairs Bureau to deputy commissioner of the Office of Professional Responsibility, the beginnings of the mounted unit can be traced to the Fairmount Park Mounted Guard created in 1867. In 1889 the Philadelphia Police Mounted Patrol Unit was established, the Philadelphia Police unit survived until 1952, however, the Fairmount Park unit would be used for parades and crowd control measures. The Fairmount Park Mounted Guard became the Fairmount Park Police in 1966, in 1972, Mayor Frank Rizzo found it unnecessary for taxpayers to fund two separate police departments, and merged the Fairmount Park Police into the Philadelphia Police, creating the Park Division. The mounted unit was again used to patrol the streets of Philadelphia. The mounted unit survived to celebrate 100 years in 1989, but was disbanded in 2004 due to cuts by Mayor John F. On July 18,2008, Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles H. Ramsey confirmed that plans are in the works to recreate the mounted unit
32.
Roadhouse (facility)
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A roadhouse, stopping house or coaching inn is a commercial establishment typically built on or near a major road or highway that services passing travellers. The words meaning varies slightly by country, in Western Canada the equivalent facility was historically called a stopping house. A local inn or restaurant, the roadhouse or road house commonly serves meals, especially in the evenings, has a bar serving beer or hard liquor and features music, dancing, most roadhouses are located along highways or roads in rural areas or on the outskirts of towns. Early roadhouses provided lodging for travelers but, with the advent of faster means of transport than walking, horseback riding, or horse-drawn carriages, roadhouses have a slightly disreputable image, similar to honky tonks. This type of roadhouse has been portrayed in such as The Wild One, Easy Rider. Remains of a roadhouse can be seen south of Carmacks. In Australia a roadhouse is a station in a rural area. A roadhouse sells fuel and provides maintenance and repairs for cars, roadhouses usually also serve as truck stops, providing space for parking of semi-trailer trucks and buses, as well as catering to travellers in private cars. In remote areas such as the Nullarbor Plain, a roadhouse also offers motel-style accommodation, in Britain, wayside lodgings of this type were called coaching inns. As in other countries, were originally a place along the road for people travelling on foot or by horse to stay at night, however, many coaching inns, especially those in rural counties, have kept their accommodation to become bed & breakfasts or country hotels. With the advent of travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s. They were large establishments offering meals, refreshment and accommodation to motorists, the largest pubs boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel became impossible, post houses were established in major towns and along principal highways. Roadhouse Blues, a song by The Doors Road House, a 1989 movie about a bouncer, rest area Charging station Fast food restaurant Black Rapids Roadhouse, an old Alaskan roadhouse List of public house topics Rikas Landing Roadhouse Service station
33.
Boarding house
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A boarding house is a house in which lodgers rent one or more rooms for one or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, and years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning and they normally provide room and board, that is, at least some meals as well as accommodation. A lodging house, also known in the United States as a rooming house, lodgers legally only obtain a licence to use their rooms, and not exclusive possession, so the landlord retains the right of access. Formerly boarders would typically share washing, breakfast and dining facilities, in recent years it has become common for room to have its own washing. Such boarding houses were found in English seaside towns and college towns. It was common for there to be one or two elderly long-term residents, Boarders can often arrange to stay bed-and-breakfast, half-board or full-board. Especially for families on holiday with children, boarding was an alternative and certainly much cheaper than staying in all. However some B&B accommodation is available on a long-term basis to UK local authorities who are legally obliged to house persons. Such a boarding-house may well cease to be attractive to short-term lodgers, much old seaside accommodation is so used, since cheap flights have reduced demand for their original seasonal holiday use. Apart from the spread of the concept of the B&B. For example, in Japan, minshuku are an almost exact equivalent although the arrangement would be the equivalent of the English half-board. In Hawaii, where the cost of living is high and incomes barely keep pace, in the Indian subcontinent boarders are also known as paying guests. Paying guests stay in a home and share a room with domestic facilities, rates are nominal and monthly charges are usually inclusive of food, bed, table and a cupboard. The rent can go higher for a room in a locality with facilities like single occupancy, air conditioning. In the United States, zoning was used by neighborhoods to limit boarding houses, sherlock Holmes lived in a boarding house at 221B Baker Street, of which the landlady Mrs. Hudson provided some domestic service. Mary Roberts Rinehart wrote the now classic boarding-house mystery, The Case of Jennie Brice, H. G. Wells satirized boarding houses of the Edwardian era in his novel The Dream. E. Phillips Oppenheim set his novel, The Strange Boarders of Palace Crescent in a London boarding house. Lynne Reid Bankss novel The L-Shaped Room is set in a boarding house
34.
Political machine
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A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, who receive rewards for their efforts. The machines power is based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. Machines sometimes have a boss, often rely on patronage, the spoils system, behind-the-scenes control. Machines typically are organized on a permanent basis instead of an election or event. The term may have a pejorative referring to corrupt political machines. The term political machine dates back to the 20th century in the United States, Japans Liberal Democratic Party is often cited as another political machine, maintaining power in suburban and rural areas through its control of farm bureaus and road construction agencies. In Japan, the word jiban is the used for political machine. Hierarchy and discipline are hallmarks of political machines and it generally means strict organization, according to Safire. For it is not only a machine, it is an army, and in any organization as in any army, there must be discipline. Political patronage, while associated with political machines, is not essential to the definition for either Safire or Britannica. The phrase is considered derogatory because it suggests that the interest of the organization are placed before those of the general public, Machines are criticized as undemocratic and inevitably encouraging corruption. Political machines started as grass roots organizations to gain the patronage needed to win the modern election, having strong patronage, these clubs were the main driving force in gaining and getting out the straight party vote in the election districts. In the late 19th century, large cities in the United States—Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Kansas City, New York City, Philadelphia, during this time cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government. Benefits and problems both resulted from the rule of political machines and this system of political control—known as bossism—emerged particularly in the Gilded Age. A single powerful figure was at the center and was bound together to an organization of lesser figures by reciprocity in promoting financial and social self-interest. From 1872, Tammany had an Irish boss, however, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most notoriously under William M. Boss Tweed in the mid-19th century. The head of the Ring is such a commander and he dispenses places, rewards the loyal, punishes the mutinous, concocts schemes, negotiates treaties. He generally avoids publicity, preferring the substance to the pomp of power, when asked if he was a boss, James Pendergast said simply, Ive been called a boss
35.
W. Averell Harriman
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William Averell Harriman was an American Democratic politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman and he served as Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as special envoy to Europe and served as the U. S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U. S. Ambassador to Britain. He served in numerous U. S. diplomatic assignments in the Kennedy and he was a core member of the group of foreign policy elders known as The Wise Men. Better known as Averell Harriman, he was born in New York City and he was the brother of E. Roland Harriman and Mary Harriman Rumsey. Harriman was a friend of Hall Roosevelt, the brother of Eleanor Roosevelt. Hart Merriam, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Edward Curtis, along with 100 family members and staff, young Harriman would have his first introduction to Russia, a nation on which he would spend a significant amount of attention in his later life in public service. He attended Groton School in Massachusetts before going on to Yale where he joined the Skull, after graduating, he inherited the largest fortune in America and became Yales youngest Crew coach. Using money from his father he established W. A. Harriman & Co banking business in 1922, in 1927 his brother Roland joined the business and the name was changed to Harriman Brothers & Company. In 1931, it merged with Brown Bros. & Co. to create the highly successful Wall Street firm Brown Brothers Harriman & Co, notable employees included George Herbert Walker and his son-in-law Prescott Bush. Harrimans main properties included Brown Brothers & Harriman & Co, Union Pacific Railroad, Merchant Shipping Corporation, Harrimans associated properties included the Southern Pacific Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Wells Fargo & Co. the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. American Ship & Commerce, Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktiengesellschaft, the American Hawaiian Steamship Co, United American Lines, the Guaranty Trust Company, and the Union Banking Corporation. He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States Department of Commerce in 1937 and 1939. Harrimans older sister, Mary Rumsey, encouraged Averell to leave his job and work with her and their friends. Averell joined the NRA National Recovery Administration, the first government consumer rights group, following the death of August Belmont, Jr. in 1924, Harriman, George Walker, and Joseph E. Widener purchased much of Belmonts thoroughbred breeding stock. Harriman raced under the name of Arden Farms, among his horses, Chance Play won the 1927 Jockey Club Gold Cup. He also raced in partnership with Walker under the name Log Cabin Stable before buying him out, racing Hall of Fame inductee Louis Feustel, trainer of Man o War, trained the Log Cabin horses until 1926. Of the partnerships successful runners purchased from the August Belmont estate, Harrimans banking business was the main Wall Street connection for German companies and the varied U. S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen, who was a financial backer of the Nazi party until 1938
36.
Maspeth, Queens
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Maspeth is a residential and commercial community in the borough of Queens in New York City. It was founded in the early 17th century by Dutch and English settlers, the name Maspeth is derived from the name of Mespeatches Indians, one of the 13 main Indian tribes that inhabited Long Island. It is translated to mean at the bad waterplace relating to the many stagnant swamps that existed in the area, the area known today as Maspeth was chartered by New Netherlanders and English settlers in the early 17th century. The Dutch had purchased land in the area today as Queens in 1635. As part of the signature, the Newtown Patent granted 13,000 acres to settlers. Conflicts with the Maspat tribe forced many settlers to move to what is now Elmhurst in 1643, the settlement was leveled the following year in an attack by Native Indians, and the surviving settlers returned to Manhattan. In 1652, settlers ventured back to the area, settling an area inland from the previous Maspat location. This new area was called Middleburg, and eventually developed into what is now the town of Elmhurst, originally,28 English Quakers had founded the village of Maspeth, which had sizable water and milling industries along Newtown Creek and Maspeth Creek. Two storekeepers, Nathanial Hazard and Francis T. White, sold food and clothes at the Maspeth Town Docks, at what is now 56th Terrace and Rust Street, after the American Revolutionary War, villagers repaved roads with crushed oyster shells or wooden planks. Columbusville was the name applied to a section of Maspeth. It was a development of Edward Dunn that took place on 69th Place between Grand Avenue and Caldwell Avenue during 1854–55, and was absorbed into Maspeth. The name fell into disuse in the 1890s, following the immigration waves of the 19th century, Maspeth was home to a shanty town of Boyash Gypsies between 1925 and 1939, though this was eventually bulldozed. The area consisting of 43rd Street through 58th Street, including the former Furman Island, is industrial lowlands, in the 2000s, politicians started to make efforts to clean up the Newtown and Maspeth Creeks. A new West Maspeth rail freight station has been proposed in connection with a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel to diminish truck traffic across New York City and it is opposed by residents who do not want more trucks in Maspeth. The Elmhurst gas tanks were located in the area and were demolished in 2001. The Maspeth gas tanks were located in the area until they were demolished. Single and multi-family dwellings make up most of Maspeth as there are few apartment buildings, houses in Maspeth range from 400–600 thousand dollars. Much of the commerce is situated along Grand Avenue
37.
Interment
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Burial or interment is the ritual act of placing a dead person or animal, sometimes with objects, into the ground. This is accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, humans have been burying their dead for at least 100,000 years. Burial is often seen as indicating respect for the dead, sometimes objects or grave goods are buried with the body, which may be dressed in fancy or ceremonial garb. Depending on the culture, the way the body is positioned may have great significance, the location of the burial may be determined taking into account concerns surrounding health and sanitation, religious concerns, and cultural practices. Some cultures keep the close to provide guidance to the living. Some religions consecrate special ground to bury the dead, and some families build private family cemeteries, most modern cultures document the location of graves with headstones, which may be inscribed with information and tributes to the deceased. However, some people are buried in anonymous or secret graves for various reasons, sometimes multiple bodies are buried in a single grave either by choice, due to space concerns, or in the case of mass graves as a way to deal with many bodies at once. Alternatives to burial may include cremation, burial at sea, promession, cryopreservation, some human cultures may bury the remains of beloved animals. Humans are not the species which bury their dead, the practice has been observed in chimpanzees, elephants. Evidence suggests that the Neanderthals were the first human species to practice burial behavior and intentionally bury their dead, doing so in shallow graves along with stone tools, exemplary sites include Shanidar in Iraq, Kebara Cave in Israel and Krapina in Croatia. Some scholars, however, argue that these bodies may have been disposed of for secular reasons, the earliest undisputed human burial dates back 100,000 years. Human skeletal remains stained with red ochre were discovered in the Skhul cave at Qafzeh, a variety of grave goods were present at the site, including the mandible of a wild boar in the arms of one of the skeletons. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the neutral term grave field. After death, a body will decay, Burial is not necessarily a public health requirement. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the WHO advises that only corpses carrying an infectious disease strictly require burial, human burial practices are the manifestation of the human desire to demonstrate respect for the dead. Cultures vary in their mode of respect, some reasons follow, Respect for the physical remains. If left lying on top of the ground, scavengers may eat the corpse, in Tibet, Sky burials return the remains to the cycle of life and acknowledge the body as food, a core tenet of some Buddhist practices. Burial can be seen as an attempt to bring closure to the deceaseds family, psychologists in some Western Judeo-Christian quarters, as well as the US funeral industry, claim that by interring a body away from plain view the pain of losing a loved one can be lessened
38.
Legs (novel)
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Legs is a 1975 novel by William Kennedy. It is the first book in Kennedys Albany Cycle, the book chronicles the life of the gangster Jack Legs Diamond. It is told from the perspective of Jacks lawyer, Marcus Gormen, Marcus becomes involved with Legs Diamond was to seek excitement out of his boring life, and the best way to do this was by immortalizing a highly popular gangster. In 2009, Audible. com produced a version of Legs, narrated by Joe Barrett
39.
The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond
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The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond is a 1960 film directed by Budd Boetticher. The picture marked the debut of Dyan Cannon and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design for Howard Shoup. In the 1920s, ambitious but smalltime thief Jack Diamond and his sickly brother Eddie Diamond move to New York City, Jack meets dance instructor Alice Shiffer, lies to her to date her and to steal a necklace from a jewelry store. After being incarcerated for a time, he works with Alice at her school while on probation. He then gets hired as bodyguard of infamous Arnold Rothstein who gives him the nickname Legs and his plan is to supplant Rothstein with the intention of stealing his bootleg, drugs and gambling businesses. After Arnold is murdered, Legs Diamond sells protection, when he travels to Europe with Alice on a vacation, he sees in the newspaper that the New York underworld has changed with the National Prohibition Act. Legs returns to America and confronts the syndicate, demanding a cut from their operations and he kicks Alice out of his life and turns to Monica, who betrays him. Hit men enter his room and shoot him dead. In the final scene, as his corpse is being removed on a stretcher, Alice says he was loved by many, joe Cassidy Frank de Kova as The Chairman Frank de Kovas role is only listed as The Chairman of the new crime syndicate. He was portraying Lucky Luciano, but as Luciano was still alive at the time, the lead role was first offered to Robert Evans. When he turned it down Warner Bros, television contract star Ray Danton took the lead. Evans also had turned down the lead for The George Raft Story that Danton also played, Danton reprised his role as Legs Diamond in Portrait of a Mobster. From Howard Thompson of The New York Times, After he saw the film, guitarist Hank Marvin was inspired to give the name of the film to his The Rise, in 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list. List of American films of 1960 The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond at the Internet Movie Database The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond at AllMovie
40.
Ray Danton
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He was married to actress Julie Adams from 1954 to 1981. Danton was born Raymond Caplan in New York City, the son of Myrtle and his family was Jewish, and he was a descendant of the Vilna Gaon. Danton entered show business as a radio actor on NBC radios Lets Pretend show in 1943. Danton did many stage roles whilst attending the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Technical School, dantons acting career was put on hold when he served in the United States Army infantry during the Korean War from 1951–1954. Danton made his debut in Chief Crazy Horse in 1955 and became contracted to Universal Pictures His second film Ill Cry Tomorrow led to his typecasting as a smooth. His third film for Universal The Looters was where he met his future wife Julie Adams and he was prolific in television work as well as film where he received the Golden Globe Award in 1956 for the new male star of the year in film. Beginning with Onionhead Danton worked with both Warner Bros. film and Warner Bros, television This led to his most famous role The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond where he played the eponymous gangster for director Budd Boetticher. Danton played his role using dynamic body language with his smooth persona fitting the character like a glove, Danton reprised the role in Vic Morrows Portrait of a Mobster. Danton maintained his persona with the title role in The George Raft Story. Danton starred in Tarawa Beachhead in 1958, with co-star Kerwin Matthews and that year Danton also guest starred in Yancy Derringer as a Spade Stuart, a hired killer. In 1959, he guest starred in the episode The Meeting of Bruce Gordons NBC docudrama of the Cold War, Behind Closed Doors. In 1960, Danton and Ron Foster were cast as Kane and Tommy Potts, respectively, in the episode Bounty List of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series and he also appeared in the ABC/WB western Lawman and the crime drama series, Bourbon Street Beat and The Roaring 20s. In 1961, Danton co-starred with Rosalind Russell, Alec Guinness and he was a semi-regular on the ABC/WB adventure series The Alaskans and made several television pilots playing spies, such as Big Time, Solitare for Warner Bros, and Our Man Flint, Dead on Target. On October 9,1962, Danton appeared as the gunfighter Vince Jackson in the episode The Fortune Hunter of the NBC western series, Laramie. However, series character Slim Sherman, played by John Smith, has his own interest in Kitty who is using Vinces alleged affections shrewdly to make Slim jealous, ultimately, Kitty leaves Laramie to attend college. He also guest starred in the NBC western with a setting, Empire and its successor series, Redigo. He formed a company in Europe producing films like The Last Mercenary and began directing with Deathmaster. Danton continued directing as well as acting and started producing films such as Triangle in 1971 and he guest-starred in an episode of the 1974 ABC police drama Nakia, and a 1974 Hawaii Five-O episode Steal Now, Pay Later
41.
Warren Oates
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Warren Mercer Oates was an American actor best known for his performances in several films directed by Sam Peckinpah including The Wild Bunch and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia. He starred in films during the early 1970s which have since achieved cult status including The Hired Hand, Two-Lane Blacktop. Oates also portrayed John Dillinger in the biopic Dillinger and Sgt, Oates was born and reared in Depoy, a tiny rural community west of Greenville in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. He was the son of Sarah Alice and Bayless Earle Oates, on his fathers side, he was of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry. He attended Louisville Male High School in Louisville, Kentucky, until 1945 and he later earned a high school equivalency diploma. After high school he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps for two years serving in the air wing as an aircraft mechanic and he became interested in theater at the University of Louisville and starred in several plays there in 1953 for the Little Theater Company. He got an opportunity in New York City to star in a production of the television series. Oates first met Peckinpah when he played a variety of guest roles on The Rifleman and he also played a supporting role in Peckinpahs short-lived series The Westerner in 1960. The collaboration continued as he worked on Peckinpahs early films Ride the High Country, There were 40 series, and I went from one to the other. I started out playing the bad guy on a horse and worked my way up to the No.1 bad guy. In the episode Subterranean City of the syndicated Rescue 8, Oates played a member, Pete. In the story line, rescuers Johnson and Wes Cameron search for a lost girl in the sewer tunnels, Pete soon breaks with his gang companions and joins the firemen Wes and Skip in locating the missing child. In 1961 Oates guest-starred in the episode Artie Moon in NBCs The Lawless Years crime drama about the 1920s, in 1962 he appeared as Ves Painter in the short-lived ABC series Stoney Burke, co-starring Jack Lord, a program about rodeo contestants. Oates also played in a number of guest roles on The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, Combat. during the 1960s and 1970s, he guest-starred on such shows as Twelve OClock High, Lancer, and The Virginian. Mankiewicz in There Was a Crooked Man, John Milius in Dillinger, Terrence Malick in Badlands, Philip Kaufman in The White Dawn, William Friedkin in The Brinks Job, and Steven Spielberg in 1941. He appeared in the Sherman Brothers musical version of Tom Sawyer as Muff Potter, Oates co-starred three times with friend Peter Fonda in The Hired Hand, Race with the Devil and 92 in the Shade. After a long day of filming, he headed over and set his footprints in cement along with all the stars who appeared at Apacheland Movie Ranch. It was during this time that In the Heat of the Night was a blockbuster summer flick, Oates played Officer Sam Wood, a peeping-tom policeman and possible killer in the critically acclaimed, Oscar-winning film
42.
Steven Hill
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Steven Hill was an American actor. Hill was born Solomon Krakovsky or Solomon Berg in Seattle, Washington, Hill served four years in the United States Naval Reserve. In the 1950s, Hill moved to New York City to pursue an acting career, Hill made his first Broadway stage appearance in Ben Hechts A Flag Is Born in 1946, which also featured a young Marlon Brando. Hill said that his big break came when he landed a part in the hit Broadway show Mister Roberts. The director, Joshua Logan, thought I had some ability, so, I improvised dialog and it went in the show. It gave me tremendous encouragement to stay in the business, Hill said this was a thrilling time in his life when, fresh out of the Navy, he played the hapless sailor Stefanowski. You could almost smell it from the very first reading took place. We all felt it and experienced it and were convinced of it, in 1947, Hill joined Brando, Montgomery Clift, and Julie Harris, among others, as one of the 50 fortunate applicants to be accepted by the newly created Actors Studio. Hill made his debut in 1950 in A Lady Without Passport. He then re-enlisted in the Navy in 1952 for two years and, when he completed his service, resumed his acting in earnest, strasberg later said, Steven Hill is considered one of the finest actors America has ever produced. When he was starting out as an actor, Hill sought out roles that had a social purpose, later, I learned that show business is about entertaining, he said. So, Ive had to reconcile my idealistic feelings with reality, Hill was particularly busy in the so-called Golden Age of live TV drama, appearing in such offerings as The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in 1960, where he portrayed Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Landau went on to admit, A lot of people said that Steven would have been the one, nuts, volatile, mad, and his work was exciting. In 1961, Hill had an experience when he appeared as Sigmund Freud on Broadway in Henry Denkers A Far Country. Among the notables in the audience were Joseph P. Kennedy, Jack Benny, the audience was invited to exchange its ticket stubs for other performances. The understudy was not ready to replace Hill, so Alfred Ryder, in 1961, he was cast as B. E. Langard in the episode Act of Piracy of the ABC series, Adventures in Paradise, Hills early screen credits include The Goddess and A Child Is Waiting. Hill was the leader of the Impossible Missions Force, Dan Briggs, in the series Mission
