1.
Ethiopia
–
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and it occupies a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres, and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some of the oldest evidence for modern humans has been found in Ethiopia. It is widely considered as the region from modern humans first set out for the Middle East. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era, tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. During the first centuries AD, the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region, subsequently, many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopias flag following their independence. It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations, Ethiopias ancient Geez script, also known as Ethiopic, is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world. The Ethiopian calendar, which is seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar, co-exists alongside the Borana calendar. A slight majority of the population adheres to Christianity, while around a third follows Islam, the country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Bete Israel, resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s, Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromiffa, Amhara, Somali, and Tigrayans. Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches, additionally, Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nations Nilotic ethnic minorities. Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa and it is a land of natural contrasts, with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers, and the worlds hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are Africas largest continuous mountain ranges, and Sof Omar Caves contain Africas largest cave, Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. Ethiopia is one of the members of the UN, the Group of 24, the Non-Aligned Movement, G-77. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ethiopia suffered from civil wars, the country has begun to recover recently however, and now has the largest economy in East Africa and Central Africa. According to Global Fire Power, Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world, the origin of the word Ethiopia is uncertain
2.
Oromia Region
–
Oromia is one of the nine ethnically based regional states of Ethiopia, covering 284,538 square kilometers. The 2007 census reported Oromia Region population is 26,993,933, making it the largest state in population, Oromia includes the former Arsi Province along with portions of the former Bale, Hararghe, Illubabor, Kaffa, Shewa, Sidamo, and Welega provinces. The Region was the scene of protests and a government crackdown which killed dozens of protesters in August 2016. The region of Oromia Region was inhabited by ethnic communities for centuries. The earliest people to live in Oromia Region were the muslim Gurage people from southern Ethiopia, most of these ancient Kingdoms situated in present-day Oromia Region were semi-autonomous provinces of Ethiopian Empire. After the brutal conquest of these region by the Oromo people, the affiliated groups were given new genealogies and started counting their putative ancestors in the same way as their adoptive kinsmen. The native ancient names of the territories were replaced by the name of the Oromo clans who conquered it, before 2000, the regional capital of Oromia was Addis Ababa, also known as Finfinne. The relocation of the capital to Adama sparked considerable controversy. Critics of the believed the Ethiopian government wished to de-emphasize Addis Ababas location within Oromia. On the other hand, the government maintained that Addis Ababa has been found inconvenient from the point of view of developing the language, culture and history of the Oromo people. On 10 June 2005, the Oromo Peoples Democratic Organization, part of the ruling coalition, Oromia shares a boundary with almost every region of Ethiopia except for the Tigray Region. This boundary has been disputed with Oromias neighbors in a number of cases, one attempt to resolve the dispute between the two regions was the October 2004 referendum held in about 420 kebeles in 12 woredas across five zones of the Somali Region. According to the results of the referendum, about 80% of the disputed areas have fallen under Oromia administration. The results led over the weeks to minorities in these kebeles being pressured to leave. Federal authorities believe that number may be overstated by as much as 11,000. In Doba, the Ministry of Federal Affairs put the number of IDPs at 6,000, there are also more than 2,500 displaced persons in Mieso. In addition, there were reports of people being displaced in the area of Moyale. On 5 August 2016 protests broke out across Ethiopia and centered around the Oromia Region, dozens of protesters were killed in the first days of the protests and internet service was cut to many parts of the region. 3% of the population
3.
Africa
–
Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
4.
Running
–
Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by a phase in which all feet are above the ground. The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting and it is assumed that the ancestors of mankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago, probably in order to hunt animals. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas, records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland in 1829 BCE, while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the worlds most accessible sport and it is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like Australopithecus, an early ancestor of humans, to walk upright on two legs. The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practice also indicated this likelihood, according to Sears scientific investigation of the Nariokotome Skeleton provided further evidence for the Carrier theory. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various such as Greece, Egypt, Asia. The Tailteann Games, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess Tailtiu, dates back to 1829 BCE, the origins of the Olympics and Marathon running are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE. Seeing that they were moving and running, from their running nature they were called Gods or runners. Running gait can be divided into two phases in regard to the extremity, stance and swing. These can be divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing. Due to the nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the cycle in a body already in motion. Footstrike occurs when a portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot and heel strike types and these are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot respectively. During this time the hip joint is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the swing phase. For proper force absorption, the joint should be flexed upon footstrike
5.
Long-distance running
–
Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least three kilometres. Physiologically, it is largely aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as mental strength, among mammals, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, and particularly so among primates. The endurance running hypothesis suggests that running endurance in the Homo genus arose because travelling over large areas improved scavenging opportunities, the capacity for endurance running is also found in migratory ungulates and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as dogs, wolves and hyenas. Long distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health, Running improves aerobic fitness by increasing the activity of enzymes and hormones that stimulate the muscles and the heart to work more efficiently. Endurance running is often a component of military training and has been so historically. Professional running is most commonly found in the field of sports, long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others. Distance running can also serve as an exercise for family, friends, colleagues. The social element of distance running has been linked with improved performance, in the sport of athletics, long-distance events are defined as races covering three kilometres and above. The three most common types are track running, road running and cross country running, all of which are defined by their terrain – all-weather tracks, roads and natural terrain, respectively. In collegiate cross country races in the United States, men race 8000 or 10000 meters, depending on their division, the Summer Olympics features three long-distance running events, the 5000 metres,10,000 metres and marathon. Since the late 1980s, Kenyans, Moroccans and Ethiopians have dominated in major international long-distance competitions, in this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The Old Testament has a few mentions of messengers running to deliver messages, for example, in 2 Samuel 18, two runners, Ahimaaz son of Zadok and a Cushite run to deliver King David the message of the death of his son Absalom. Running messengers are reported from early Sumer, were named lasimu as military men as well as the officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running. Ancient Greece was famous for its running messengers, who were named hemerodromoi and he collapsed and died as he delivered the message “we won”.2 miles /42.195 km is based on this legend. Humans are considered among the best distance runners among all running animals, game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are designed to walk on four legs or climb trees and this leads to different bone and muscular demands especially in the legs and pelvis. Dissipation of metabolic heat, humans’ ability to cool the body by sweating through the surface provides many advantages over panting through the mouth or nose. These include a surface of evaporation and independence of the respiratory cycle
6.
Sport of athletics
–
Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
7.
IAAF World Championships in Athletics
–
The IAAF World Championships, commonly referred to as the World Championships in Athletics, is a biennial athletics event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Originally held every four years, first in 1983, the current two-year cycle began in 1991, the idea of having an Athletics World Championships was around well before the competitions first event in 1983. In 1913, the IAAF decided that the Olympic Games would serve as the World Championships for athletics and this was considered suitable for over 50 years until in the late 1960s the desire of many IAAF members to have their own World Championships began to grow. In 1976 at the IAAF Council Meeting in Puerto Rico an Athletics World Championships separate from the Olympic Games was approved, two IAAF world championship events preceded the inaugural edition of the World Championships in Athletics in 1983. Four years later, the 1980 World Championships contained only two newly approved womens events, neither of which featured on the programme for the 1980 Summer Olympics, over the years the competition has grown in size. In 1983 an estimated 1,300 athletes from 154 countries participated, by the 2003 competition, in Paris, it had grown to 1,907 athletes from 203 countries with coverage being transmitted to 179 different countries. There has also been a change in composition over the years, with new events, all for women. By 2005, the differences were mens competition in the 50 km walk. The following list shows when new events were added for the first time,1987, womens 10,000 m and 10 km walk were added. 1993, womens triple jump was added,1995, womens 5000 m was added, replacing the 3000 m race. 1999, womens pole vault and hammer were added and the womens 20 km walk replaced the 10 km walk,2005, womens 3000 m steeplechase was added. Updated after 2015 Championships Note, Germany refers both to the former West Germany and the unified Federal Republic of Germany, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 8th IAAF World Championships held in Edmonton in 2001 were broadcast live to over 200 countries. The event included the mens marathon, and featured a thousand voice choir, men There are fifteen athletes who have won at least six medals. Women There are thirteen athletes who have won at least six medals, There are eighteen athletes that competed in at least eight editions
8.
2013 World Championships in Athletics
–
The 14th IAAF World Championships in Athletics was an international athletics competition held in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013. Russia won the most gold medals to top the table for the first time since 2001 and it was also the first time ever the host nation took the top of the medal table. The United States won the most overall medals, with 1,784 athletes from 203 countries it was the biggest single sports event of the year. The number of spectators for the sessions was 268,548 surpassing Daegu 2011. This achievement also earned Bolt the title of being the most successful athlete in the history of the World Championships with eight gold, prior to the competition, four sprinters were banned on doping charges. When the seeking deadline passed on 1 December 2006, four cities had confirmed their candidatures. These were, Barcelona, Brisbane, Moscow and Gothenburg, the IAAF announced Moscow the winning candidate at the IAAF Council Meeting in Mombasa on 27 March 2007. Gothenburg backed out already in December, citing lack of support from the Swedish government. Barcelona had a record of hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships and it was chosen over Madrid and Valencia, which were at one point outlined as possible candidates. Brisbane simultaneously bid for 2011 and 2013 World Championships with the focus being on the 2011 event. Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre was the proposed venue, the venue had hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and 2001 Goodwill Games. It was also a failed bidder for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, in the case of Moscow, Deputy Mayor Valery Vinogradov announced on 13 March 2006 that the city would bid for the 2011 Championships and suggested Luzhniki Stadium as venue. When the IAAF elected to decide the 2011 and 2013 events at the same meeting, the city had hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Main venue was Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a capacity of 78,360 spectators, the championships featured 3 championship records,22 world leadings,2 area records,48 national records but no world records. In addition to medals, individual winners received prize money of $60,000 where as members of winning relay teams received $20,000. Usain Bolt of Jamaica moved to the top of the all-time World Championships medal table by winning three gold medals. He won the 100 metres, the 200 metres, and Jamaica won the 4x100 metre relay behind an anchor leg from Bolt who passed the United States Justin Gatlin down the stretch. It was Bolts second three gold performance at the World Championships, after the meet, his career total stood at 8 golds and 2 silvers, narrowly surpassing Carl Lewis 8 golds,1 silver, and 1 bronze
9.
African Games
–
All of the competing nations are from the African continent. The first Games were held in 1965 in Brazzaville, Congo, the International Olympic Committee granted official recognition as a continental multi-sport event, along with the Asian Games and Pan American Games. Since 1999, the Games have also included athletes with a disability, the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa was the organisation body for the game. The organization of the African Games is now managed by three parts, the AU, the ANOCA and the AASC, after running previous 11 editions as the All-Africa Games, the games has been renamed the African Games. The decision for the change was arrived at, during the Executive Council meeting of the African Union held in Addis Ababa. Modern Olympics founder Pierre de Coubertin conceived the Pan African Games as early as 1920, the colonial powers who ruled Africa at the time were wary of the idea, suspecting the unifying aspect of sport among African people would cause them to assert their independence. Attempts were made to host the games in Algiers, Algeria in 1925 and Alexandria, Egypt in 1928, but despite considerable preparations taken by coordinators, the efforts failed. The International Olympic Committees first African member, Greek-born Egyptian sprinter Angelo Bolanaki, donated funds to erect a stadium, in the early 1960s, French-speaking countries of Africa organized the Friendship Games. The Games were organized by Madagascar and then Côte dIvoire, the third games were set for Senegal in 1963. The Games were granted recognition by the IOC as being on par with other continental Games such as the Asian Games. In July 1965, the first games were held in Brazzaville, Congo, from 30 countries, around 2,500 athletes competed. Egypt topped the medal count for the first Games, in 1966, the SCSA was organized in Bamako, it manages the All-Africa Games. The second edition were awarded to Mali in 1969, but a military coup forced the cancellation of the Games, lagos, Nigeria stepped in as host for the Games in 1971. Those Games were finally held in 1973 due to the Biafra War, in 1977, the 3rd Games were scheduled to take place in Algeria but due to technical reasons had to be postponed for a year and were held in 1978. Continuing the pattern, the next Games were scheduled to take place in Kenya in 1983, the four-year Olympic rhythm has not missed a beat since, and the Games have been organized in Cairo, Harare, Johannesburg, and Abuja. In 2007, Algiers once again hosted, becoming the first repeat host, the 2011 edition of the All-Africa Games was held in Maputo, Mozambique in September 2011. Brazzaville hosted the 2015 edition in honor of the Games 50th anniversary, all 53 members affiliated to the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa are eligible to take part in the Games. In history, the 53 National Olympic Committees have sent competitors to the Games, morocco was banned from the games from the 1987 All-Africa Games onwards because of a political dispute over Western Sahara
10.
Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games
–
The athletics competition at the 2011 All-Africa Games was held from 11–15 September 2011 at the Estádio do Zimpeto in Maputo, Mozambique. At the competition Jangy Addy won the first ever International athletic event gold medal for his country, from Daegu to Maputo, Jeylan and Montsho rule. Rare medals for Kenya as curtain falls on 10th All Africa Games, Results of Maputo All-Africa Games at All-Athletics. com 11/09/2011 All-Africa Games Maputo 2011, Results Day 1. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012, 12/09/2011, All Africa Games Maputo 2011, Results Day 2. 13/09/2011 All-Africa Games Maputo 2011, Results Day 3, archived from the original on 30 March 2012. 14/09/2011 All-Africa Games Maputo 2011, Results Day 4, archived from the original on 30 March 2012. 15/09/2011 All-Africa Games Maputo 2011, Results Day 5, Athletics Medallists by Event Athletics Medal Standings Results
11.
Road running
–
Road running is the sport of running on a measured course over an established road. These events are classified as long-distance according to athletics terminology. They may involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair entrants, the three most common IAAF recognized distances for road running events are 10K runs, half marathons and marathons. Despite this, there are far more 5K road race events, due to their popularity for charity races and similar, less competitive reasons to hold an event. Road running may offer those involved a range of challenges and interests such as dealing with hills, sharp bends, varied surfaces, inclement weather, aerobic fitness, or the ability of the body to use oxygen, is the biggest factor contributing to success. The impact of running on roads puts more stress on the feet, knees and it can compensate by providing a consistent, level surface. It may put less strain on the Achilles tendon, before engaging in road running, one should choose a shoe that best suits ones foot type and running style. Road running is one of forms of road racing, which also include road bicycle racing. Race courses are held on the streets of major cities and towns. Other common distances include 5 kilometres,8 kilometres,12 kilometres, some major events have unique distances. Most road race courses are certified to be accurate to within 0. 1%, certified courses are often intentionally lengthened by one metre per km to ensure that they are not short of the stated distance. A Jones Counter attached to a bicycle is used to course length. Remeasurement to verify the length is undertaken when a record is set on a course. Running that covers a distance farther than a marathon is called ultrarunning, such events can be measured in distance or by time. Beyond the ultramarathon lie the multiday and stage races, Road running is unique among athletic events because in many cases first time amateurs are welcome to participate in the same event as members of running clubs and even current world-class champions. Sometimes race times are recorded manually by race organizers, most road races feature electronic timing using transponders, Road races are often community-wide events that highlight or raise money for an issue or project. In the USA, Susan G. Komens Race for the Cure is held nationwide to raise breast cancer awareness and this race is also run in Germany, Italy and Puerto Rico. Similarly, Race for Life holds races throughout the UK to raise money for Cancer Research UK, first person race reports frequently appear on the Dead Runners Society electronic mailing list
12.
2009 African Junior Athletics Championships
–
The 2009 African Junior Athletics Championships were held in Bambous, Mauritius from 30 July to 2 August. There were 40 events in total, of which 20 were contested by athletes and 20 by female athletes. Multiple gold medallists Caster Semenya and Amaka Ogoegbunam broke championships records, Semenya was asked to take a gender test and Ogoegbunam tested positive for anabolic steroids. Ndiku and Cherono prevail - African junior champs, Day 1, south African teen Semenya stuns with 1,56.72 800m World lead in Bambous - African junior champs, Day 2. More championship record fall in Bambous - African junior champs, Day 3, back-to-back double for Ogoegbunam in Bambous - African junior champs, Day 4. 2009 Africa Junior Athletics Championships – Full results
13.
10,000 metres
–
The 10,000 metres or 10, 000-meter run is a common long-distance track running event. The event is part of the programme at the Olympic Games. The race consists of 25 laps around an Olympic-sized track and it is less commonly held at track and field meetings, due to its duration. The 10,000 metres track race is usually distinguished from its road running counterpart, the 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event. The international distance is equal to approximately 6.2137 miles, most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events. Added to the Olympic programme in 1912, athletes from Finland, nicknamed the Flying Finns, in the 1960s, African runners began to come to the fore. In 1988, the womens competition debuted in the Olympic Games, official records are kept for outdoor 10,000 metres track events. The world record for men is held by Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia in 26,17.53, posted at Brussels, Belgium on August 26,2005. For women, the world track 10,000 metres record is held by Almaz Ayana of Ethiopia in 29,17.45 to win gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics on August 12,2016. The 10,000 metres demands exceptional levels of aerobic endurance, european Cup 10, 000m Iberian 10,000 Metres Championships IAAF list of 10000-metres records in XML ARRS, Yearly Rankings -10000 metres Outdoor Track 10K Races in Race-Calendar. com
14.
Gold medal
–
A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture, others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including UNESCO, while some gold medals are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold, before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward those responsible, the commanding officer would receive a gold medal and his officers silver medals. Other countries similarly honored their military and naval victors in a similar fashion, Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. Traditionally, medals are made of the metals, Gold Silver Bronze Occasionally. This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics, at the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1904 other prizes were given, not medals. At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a medal in recognition of their achievement. At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per event was crowned with kotinos, aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight. Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour, hence medals were not awarded at the ancient Olympic Games. At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal, in 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller, the use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War. The last series of Olympic medals to be made of gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92. 5% silver, all Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host, from the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run
–
The Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run is an annual 10-mile road race in Washington, D. C. Nevertheless, it attracts international running stars such as Catherine Ndereba, Bill Rodgers, John Korir. The race is scheduled for the first Sunday of each April, the race is part of the National Cherry Blossom Festival of late March and early April in the city. The race course covers many historic and memorable sights in Washington, key, Course record 2015 pre-race traffic accident altered course to 9.39 miles List of winners Leydig, Jeck. Credit Union Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run
17.
Ottawa Race Weekend
–
The Ottawa Race Weekend is an annual weekend of road running events, which is held the last weekend of May in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 2012, the event took on the name Tamarack Ottawa Race Weekend when Ottawa-based Tamarack Homes joined as title sponsor. The two-day running event includes seven races, all of which start and end at Ottawa City Hall, a 1.2 km kids marathon, 2K, 5K, 10K, half marathon, wheelchair marathon, over 40,000 participants take part in the races each year. The signature event of the weekend is the Ottawa Marathon, which was first held in 1975, today it is the largest marathon event in Canada and is a qualifier for the Boston Marathon. The event is home to the Canadian Marathon Championships and the Canadian Forces Marathon Championships. The Ottawa Race Weekend was at one point the road racing event in the world to host two IAAF Silver Label events, the 10K and the Ottawa Marathon. In 2014 the 10k became the first IAAF Gold Label road race in Canada, in October 22,2015, the Marathon also became an IAAF Gold Label road race. The event is organized by Run Ottawa, a not-for-profit organization, more than 2,000 volunteers, including a volunteer race committee, support a team of five full-time staff in organizing the event. The Ottawa Race Weekend includes Canada’s largest health and fitness expo, each year, participants in the Ottawa Race Weekend raise close to $1 million for approximately 25 local and national charities affiliated with the event. Amos Tirop Matui of Kenya placed first but was disqualified along with the thirteen runners. Key, Course record Canadian championship race † Bouramdane was declared the official winner, a number of faster runners, led by Amos Tirop Matui, were disqualified after a route error caused them to cut 400 m off the true marathon distance. List of marathon races Winners lists Ottawa 10 km. Association of Road Racing Statisticians
18.
Bolder Boulder
–
The Bolder Boulder is an annual 10-kilometer run in Boulder, Colorado. The most recent race featured over 54,000 runners, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it the second largest 10k race in the US and it has one of the largest non-marathon prize purses in road racing. The race culminates at the University of Colorados Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute with one of the largest Memorial Day gatherings in the United States, organizers have dedicated three starting waves to current and former members of the U. S. armed forces. Key, Course record List of winners Rich Castro & Marty Post, Bolder Boulder 10 km. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Official site DailyCamera. com - Boulder news, results, view photos, read commentary and watch an audio slideshow
19.
Peachtree Road Race
–
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Peachtree Road Race is a 10-kilometer run held annually in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 4, Independence Day. The AJC Peachtree Road Race is the worlds largest 10-kilometer race, the race has become a city-wide tradition in which over 70,000 amateur and professional runners try to register for one of the limited 60,000 spots. The event also includes a race, which precedes the footrace. In recent years, the race also has a special divisions for soldiers stationed in the Middle East, the race attracts some of the worlds elite 10K runners and has served as both the United States mens and womens 10K championship. Children can participate in the Peachtree Junior 3K, 1/2K or 50m Dash, the AJC Peachtree Road Race was started in 1970 by the Atlanta Track Club. The first year,110 runners ran from the old Sears building at the corner of Peachtree Road, the race was sponsored by Carling Brewery. The next year, the race increased to 198 runners, organizers used the sponsorship money to purchase T-shirts but underestimated the number of participants. T-shirts were given out to the first finishers, until they ran out, in 1972, the organizers ordered only 250 T-shirts but 330 runners ran the race. In 1974, the event grew to 765 runners, in 1975 there were over 1,000 runners, in 1976, Carling Brewery dropped its sponsorship of the race and the Atlanta Journal-Constitution began sponsoring the race, bringing it added coverage and popularity. That year over 2,300 runners competed, in 1977 over 6,500 runners competed, overwhelming the capacity of Central City Park. As a result, in 1978 the course was moved to starting at Lenox Square, in 1979 the race attracted over 20,000 runners. In 1980, the number of participants was limited to 25,000 runners, in 1982, the Shepherd Center wheelchair division was formed for the race. The race became so popular that by 1989, the race reached capacity in only nine days, the AJC Peachtree Road Race has become an event important in Atlanta culture. In addition to the 60,000 participants, there are approximately 150,000 observers who line both sides of the course to cheer and support the runners. Some runners deliberately wear costumes, many of which are patriotic, the entire race is also televised on WXIA-TV. The race hosted the USA Mens 10 km Championship in 2007, the AJC Peachtree Road Race is a 10, 000-meter road race. The race starts on Peachtree Road at Lenox Square Mall, the race continues down Peachtree into midtown Atlanta, turning left onto 10th Street for the final kilometer before ending at 10th St. and Charles Allen Drive. Piedmont Park provides the setting for post-race festivities that include a band, Mile 5 has been known as the Olympic Mile, where banners and theme music entertained IOC members in 1990 during Atlantas bid for the 1996 Summer Olympics
20.
Boilermaker Road Race
–
The Boilermaker Road Race is a USATF-certified 15-kilometer race in Utica, New York, United States. The race attracts runners from all over the world as well as runners from across the country, the Boilermaker is organized in conjunction with the National Distance Running Hall of Fame and has been run every year since 1978. From 1997-2006 the Boilermaker Road Race was known as the largest 15K in the country, the race is registered as a not-for-profit event and is subsidized by the City of Utica and the State of New York. Additionally, it is sponsored and written off, in part, by the Matt Brewing Company of Utica, the Boilermaker is a not-for-profit 501- organization in support of a road race that was established in 1978. The first Boilermaker was run on July 16,1978 and that year, the race had a budget of $750 and attracted just over 800 local runners. Since that time, the Boilermaker has expanded past the 15K race, numerous loosely related events are scheduled the entire weekend, which Utica residents call Boilermaker Weekend. These events include a race expo, held at the community college. Also held at the college are walking events and a popular kids run event that continues to grow in popularity. The race gained national prominence in 1983, when American distance runner Bill Rodgers won with a time of 44,38, key, Course record United States championship race List of winners Post, Marty. Utica Boilermaker 15 km. Association of Road Racing Statisticians
21.
Utica, New York
–
Utica is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The tenth-most-populous city in New York, its population was 62,235 in the 2010 U. S. census, located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains, Utica is approximately 90 miles northwest of Albany and 45 miles east of Syracuse. Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution. In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the citys infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center, Uticas 20th-century political corruption and organized crime gave it the nicknames Sin City, and later, the city that God forgot. Like other Rust Belt cities, Utica had a downturn beginning in the mid-20th century. Several theories exist about the history of the name Utica, prior to construction of the fort, the Mohawk, Onondaga and Oneida tribes had occupied this area south of the Great Lakes region as early as 4000 BC. The Mohawk were the largest and most powerful tribe in the part of the Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a fur trade with them, in exchange for firearms. The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20, since the fort was located near several trails, its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an important fording point. The Mohawk called the bend Unundadages, and the Mohawk word appears on the citys seal, during the American Revolution, border raids from British-allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered Sullivans Expedition, Rangers, to enter Central New York, more than 40 Iroquois villages were destroyed and their winter stores, causing starvation. In the aftermath of the war, numerous European-American settlers migrated into the state, in 1794 a state road, Genesee Road, was built from Utica west to the Genesee River. That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, the Seneca Turnpike was key to Uticas development, replacing a worn footpath with a paved road. The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods, the boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by the New York State Legislature on April 3,1798. Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817 charters, on April 5,1805, the villages eastern and western boundaries were expanded, and on April 7,1817, Utica separated from Whitestown on its west. After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the growth was stimulated again. The municipal charter was passed by the legislature on February 13,1832
22.
2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
–
The 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held in Nanning, China on 16 October 2010. The competition took place on the city streets, beginning and ending at Wuxiang Square, the Kenyan athletes emerged with both the individual and team titles in the mens and womens races. Despite limited experience in top level marathon races, Wilson Kiprop. Kiprop broke Zersenay Tadeses winning streak which dated back to 2006, Sammy Kitwara won the mens bronze medal and helped Kenya to the mens team title. Led by Zersenay, the Eritrean men beat Ethiopia to the silver medal spot. Kiplagat, who was present at the front of the womens race. Mirroring Kitwara, Kenyas womens bronze medallist Peninah Jerop Arusei secured the victory over Ethiopia. Representing the hosts, Zhu Xiaolin was the only non-African to reach the top eight at the championships, a total of thirty countries were represented at the 19th edition of the competition and 123 runners altogether were entered into the mens and womens races. The event was the edition to be held on an annual schedule. The city of Nanning was announced as the host venue for the 2010 World Half Marathon Championship at the IAAF Council Meeting in Monaco in November 2008. It was the first time that China hosted the competition, becoming the second Asian country to do so after India, the Local Organizing Committee was headed by the Nanning Sports Bureau and worked in conjunction with the Chinese Athletics Association and the IAAF. The event gained a title sponsor in Sinopec, the major Chinese state-owned petroleum corporation. The competition featured an event mascot – an anthropomorphic ox, called Ah Niu. In addition to the events of the day, the competition was held in conjunction with Nannings 28th Liberation Day celebrations. The Chinese state broadcaster CCTV showed live coverage of the event via helicopter. Continuing in the tradition of previous editions, the championships comprised separate half marathon races for men and women. Each nation could enter a maximum of five athletes per race, nations with less than three runners were disregarded for the team event and their runners competed for the individual prizes only. A total prize pot of US$245,000 was available to athletes at the championships
23.
Bronze medal
–
The outright winner receives a gold medal and the second place a silver medal. More generally, bronze is traditionally the most common used for all types of high-quality medals. The practice of awarding bronze third place medals began at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, prior to which only first, minting Olympic medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1972–2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek game, winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. In 1995, a study was carried out by social psychologists Victoria Medvec, Scott Madey, the study showed that athletes who won the bronze medal were significantly happier with their winning than those athletes who won the silver medal. The silver medalists were more frustrated because they had missed the gold medal and this is more pronounced in knockout competitions, where the bronze medals are achieved by winning a playoff, whereas silver medals are awarded after a defeat in the final. This psychological phenomenon was parodied in the Jerry Seinfeld special Im Telling You for the Last Time, bronze and brass ornamental work Third place playoff Medal Designs for all Olympic Games
24.
Delhi Half Marathon
–
Airtel Delhi Half Marathon is an annual half marathon foot-race held in New Delhi, India. Established in 2005, it is both a runner and mass participation event. It is an AIMS-certified course and is listed as a Bronze Label Road Race by the IAAF, the course starts in the Nehru Stadium, although this was temporarily moved to the grounds of the Secretariat Building while the stadium was under renovation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. The race is largely flat and has delivered fast winning times in its history, with men producing a number of sub-one hour times. The race was sponsored Hutchison Essar for its first two races, and the company sponsored the event as Vodafone Essar in 2007 following a takeover, rival communications company Airtel holds the sponsor role since 2008. The half marathon is the elite race, while the Great Delhi Run attracts the majority of participants overall. The inaugural edition in 2005 had total prize money of US$310,000, the prize for the winners of the mens and womens race was $25,000 dollars in 2009 and $27,000 in 2015
25.
Geoffrey Mutai
–
Geoffrey Kiprono Mutai is a Kenyan long distance runner who specialises in road running competitions. His other significant victories include the Monaco Marathon and he is also a strong half marathon runner, with wins at the Valencia Half Marathon and RAK Half Marathon, and a best of 58 minutes 58 seconds, to his name. Mutai started running in 1994 while at Tuiyotich Primary School in Nakuru and he graduated from primary school in 1998, but financial constraints prevented him from joining a secondary school. Instead, he worked in a farm, but continued his running career and he was selected to represent Kenya at the 2002 World Junior Championships, but could not make the trip as he had no birth certificate. Soon after he was injured and almost quit running and he later joined Kapngentuny Athletics Club in Eldoret. In 2007 he made his debut, finishing second in the inaugural Kass Marathon in Eldoret. At this race he met his current manager Gerard Van de Veen of Volare Sports and he won the 2008 Monaco Marathon, clocking a time of 2,12,40 to beat second-placed Jacob Kitur. He won the Loopfestijn Voorthuizen 10 km race in a record time of 28,05 that July. He made significant improvements at the Eindhoven Marathon, setting a new personal best of 2,07,50, which was a record and over a minute. Mutai opened 2009 with a win at the South Rift Valley 12 km championships and he signed up for the Seoul International Marathon, but was unable to finish the race. He ran at the Daegu Marathon a month later and finished overall with a time of 2,10,45. He returned to the Loopfestijn Voorthuizen race a few months later and improved upon his previous course record and he had a second consecutive victory at the Eindhoven Marathon, further improving the course mark and his personal best to 2,07,01. He won the Valencia Half Marathon in late 2009, seeing off the challenge from pre-race favourite Boniface Kirui, the Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon was Mutais first major race of 2010, and he beat Tadese Tola to the finish line. Although his time of 59,43 was quick, it seemed a relatively modest achievement given the tactical running and he took on the Worlds Best 10K in Puerto Rico a few weeks later, but Moses Masai and Sammy Kitwara pushed him into third place. Mutai ran one of the fastest marathons ever at the Rotterdam Marathon in April, however, Patrick Makau ran even faster and Mutai had to settle for second place. He took to the track in the summer and set a 10,000 m personal best of 27,27,59 for second place at the Kenyan Championships behind Wilson Kiprop. This earned him selection for the 2010 African Athletics Championships and he won the bronze medal. He was pitted against his Rotterdam rival Makau at the Berlin Marathon and he came close to a personal best at the Delhi Half Marathon and won the race by out-kicking Lelisa Desisa
26.
World's Best 10K
–
The Worlds Best 10K is a road race of 10 kilometers celebrated in San Juan, Puerto Rico every year. It is certified by the Association of International Marathons and Road Races, the event was also the first race transmitted live through the Internet, with audio, video and results. WB10K was ranked among the 20 most competitive races in the world, in 2003, Paula Radcliffe of England completed the course in a world record time of 30 minutes 21 seconds. The mens race at the 2010 edition, won by Moses Masai, had six runners break the 28 minute mark, lornah Kiplagat has been the races most successful competitor as she has won the womens race on six occasions. The race was first held in 1998, when it was known as the Puente Teodoro Moscoso 10 km, the competition changed to its current title in 2000. World best record, $100,000 USD First place, $25,000 USD with a $10,000 USD bonus for men under 28 minutes, key, Course record Sports in Puerto Rico Official website
27.
CPC Loop Den Haag
–
The CPC Loop Den Haag is an annual half marathon competition held in the Hague, Netherlands, every mid-March. The inaugural edition was held in 1975 and featured a 14.5 km course and this was extended to the half marathon distance the following year. The competition has used as the Dutch half marathon championships on a number of occasions. The course is a flat one, which lends itself to fast times for athletes. A former mens half marathon record of 58,33 minutes was set at this race by Samuel Wanjiru in 2007. This remains the course record, while Tegla Loroupe is the womens course record holder with her run of 1,07,32 hours from 1998. The most successful athletes of the CPC race are both Dutch, Carla Beurskens and Marti ten Kate have both topped the podium on four separate occasions, in its earlier editions, Dutch and other Europeans were the most successful athletes. From the 1990s onwards, this due to the rise of African. Kenyas dominance was highlighted by an undefeated streak in the mens race from 2001 to 2010. Key, Course record Dutch championship race Short course or wind-assisted race List of winners Michiels, Frieda et al
28.
Racing
–
In sport, racing is a competition of speed, against an objective criterion, usually a clock or to a specific point. The competitors in a try to complete a given task in the shortest amount of time. Typically this involves traversing some distance, but it can be any other task involving speed to reach a specific goal, a race may be run continuously from start to finish or may be made of several segments called heats, stages or legs. A heat is run over the same course at different times. A stage is a section of a much longer course or a time trial. Early records of races are evident on pottery from ancient Greece, a chariot race is described in Homers Iliad. The word race comes from a Norse word and this Norse word arrived in France during the invading of Normandy and gave the word raz which means swift water in Brittany, as in a mill race, it can be found in Pointe du Raz, and raz-de-marée. The word race to mean a contest of speed was first recorded in the 1510s, a race and its name are often associated with the place of origin, the means of transport and the distance of the race. As a couple of examples, see the Dakar Rally or the Athens Marathon. Running a distance is the most basic form of racing, but races may be conducted in vehicles, such as boats, cars, cycles and aircraft, or with animals such as horses or dogs. Races may also be conducted with other modes of such as skis, kicksled, skates or wheelchair. In a relay race members of a team take turns in racing parts of a circuit or performing a certain racing form, orienteering races add an additional task of using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain. A race can also involve any type of goal like eating. A common race involving eating is a hot dog eating race, Racing can also be done in more humoristic and entertaining ways such as the Sausage Race, the Red Bull Trolley Grand Prix and wok racing. Racing can be entertained from around the world, a sprint finish is a racing tactic used in many forms of racing where a competitor accelerates towards top speed in the final stages of a race. The tactic relies upon keeping greater energy reserves than your opponent until the last part of the race in order to be able to reach the finish point first and it is the opposing tactic to keeping a steady optimal pace throughout a race to maximise your energy efficiency. In track and field, distances from 1500 metres upwards often feature sprint finishes and they can also be found in cross country and road running events, even up to the marathon distance. A runners ability to sprint at the end of a race is known as their finishing kick
29.
Cooper River Bridge Run
–
The Cooper River Bridge Run is an annual 10-kilometer one-way road running event across the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge held in the cities of Mount Pleasant and Charleston in South Carolina, the Bridge Run is the only competition in South Carolina sanctioned by USA Track and Field as an elite event. Based on number of finishers, the event is the third largest 10K. Dr. Newberry wanted a way to encourage fitness in the Charleston Metropolitan region, the event organisers featured officials from the Charleston Running Club, The Citadel, the Medical University of South Carolina, and the College of Charleston. South Carolina state senator Dewey Wise introduced legislation to permit the event to be held over the lane on the three-lane Silas Pearman Bridge. On April 2,1978, the race began from Patriots Point in Mount Pleasant to the White Point Gardens in Charlestons Battery region. Police shortened the event to 9,850 meters after the gun had sounded to start the initial Bridge Run. Officials expected 500 runners for the event, but on race day an additional 600 to 700 runners registered, many dropped out of the race and some were hospitalized for effects from the heat, as there were no water stops on the course. In the tradition of historic Charlestons Civil War and Revolutionary War heritage, the first Kenyan runners to participate were a pair of Baptist College teammates in 1978. Runners from that country have dominated the run since 1993, following complaints from heat exhaustion and also from area churches, the 1979 event was moved to the Saturday in March, where it would be held until 1985. One water stop at the terminus of the bridge was added, the finish line moved to the campus of the College of Charleston. Over 1,350 were entered, with over 1,000 finishing, the 1979 event, the first at 10,000 meters, was the first South Carolina running event with over 1,000 participants. The 1980 finish ended in a tie, two consecutive Bridge Runs were marred by illegal runners. They ran down the Pearman, through the cut between the two bridges, and started their run midway through the course, on the Grace. In 1987, with cold temperatures (start temperature was 39 degrees Fahrenheit with wind gusts from 20-35 MPH. Officials estimated about 10% of the nearly 7,000 runners who crossed the lines were illegal, or bandit. The bandits were allowed to cross the line because officials could not distinguish who was legitimate. In 1989, elite runners were warming up ahead of the line on SC703 when the cannon fired
30.
Cherry Blossom 10-Miler
–
The Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run is an annual 10-mile road race in Washington, D. C. Nevertheless, it attracts international running stars such as Catherine Ndereba, Bill Rodgers, John Korir. The race is scheduled for the first Sunday of each April, the race is part of the National Cherry Blossom Festival of late March and early April in the city. The race course covers many historic and memorable sights in Washington, key, Course record 2015 pre-race traffic accident altered course to 9.39 miles List of winners Leydig, Jeck. Credit Union Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run
31.
World 10K Bangalore
–
The World 10K Bengaluru is an annual 10 kilometres road running competition which takes place in Bangalore, India. The competition was first held in 2008 and usually place in late May. The first three editions were sponsored by Sunfeast, the race, which is certified by AIMS-certified, begins and ends at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium, after looping through the roads of Bangalore. The different race categories at the event are – World 10K, Open 10K, Majja Run, Senior Citizens’ Run (a 4.2 km run for Senior Citizens, and the Champions with Disability event. In addition to this also is a 10 km Corporate Champions category in which companies can field a team of 3 members. The event is organised by Procam International, a sport and leisure management firm which is responsible for the Mumbai Marathon. There is a prize pot of US$170,000 and race winners receive over $21,000 for their victories. Further significant prizes are offered to the best Indian competitors and teams, the race is directed by former British runner Hugh Jones. A total of 23,000 runners participated in the events that took place at the 2008 edition. The current mens record is held by World Half Marathon champion Geoffery Kipsang Kamworor with a time of 0,27,44. Geoffery Kamworor set this new record in the 2014 edition bettering Zersenay Tadese time of 27,51 set in the inaugural year of the event. The 2014 edition also saw a new record in the Women’s category. This was 10 seconds better than the previous best by Wude Ayalew set in 2010, the 5th edition of the competition also offered incentives other than the prize money like Limited T-shirts which would be given away to the top 1500 finishers in the race. The 7th edition was held on 18 May 2014 with legendary Olympian Carl Lewis as its event ambassador, the 8th edition was held on 17 May 2015 with French Sprinter Marie Jose Perec as its event ambassador. The 9th edition was held on 15 May 2016 with track, key, Course record Official website Event information on Run Infinity India Running Calendar
32.
5000 metres
–
The 5000 metres or 5000-meter run is a common long-distance running event in track and field. It is one of the events in the Olympic Games. The same distance in road running is called a 5K run, the 5000 m has been present on the Olympic programme since 1912 for men and since 1996 for women. Prior to 1996, women had competed in an Olympic 3000 metres race since 1984, the 5000 m has been held at each of the World Championships in Athletics in mens competition and since 1995 in womens. The event is almost the length as the dolichos race held at the Ancient Olympic Games. While mainly run as an event, the 5000 m is sometimes run on an indoor track. The IAAF keeps official records for outdoor and indoor 5000 m track events. Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 12,49.60, haile Gebrselassie also ran 12,41.86,12,44.39. Daniel Komen also ran 12,44.90,12,45.09,12,48.98
33.
Marathon
–
The marathon is a long-distance running race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres, usually run as a road race. The event was instituted in commemoration of the run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens. The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896, more than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants. The name Marathon comes from the legend of Philippides or Pheidippides and it is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming νενικήκαμεν, before collapsing and dying. Lucian of Samosata also gives the story, but names the runner Philippides, there is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend. In some Herodotus manuscripts, the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides, in 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides. Brownings poem, his story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend. This route, as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, was approximately 40 kilometres long, and this route is considerably shorter, some 35 kilometres, but includes a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometres. When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, the idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics. The Greeks staged a race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes. The winner of the first Olympic marathon, on 10 April 1896, was Spyridon Louis, the marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. The womens marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds. It has become a tradition for the mens Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, often, the mens marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony. The Olympic mens record is 2,06,32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya, the Olympic womens record is 2,23,07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia. The mens London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda, per capita, the Kalenjin ethnic group of Rift Valley Province in Kenya has produced a highly disproportionate share of marathon and track-and-field winners. Johnny Hayes victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics contributed to the growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States. Later that year, races around the season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Years Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York
34.
Dubai Marathon
–
The Dubai Marathon is an annual marathon running race held in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The race is held in January each year, the first being run on 14 January 2000. The 2008 race was won by Haile Gebrselassie in a time of 2,04,53, making it the second fastest marathon of all time, but not fast enough to claim a world record and the million dollar prize. The 2012 edition proved to be one of the fastest finishing fields at that point, a record of four athletes ran under two hours and five minutes. Ayele Abshero won in a record time of 2,04,23 hours, which was the fourth quickest on the all-time lists. The other podium finishers also entered the top ten, runner-up Dino Sefir became the eighth fastest man with 2,04,50 hours. Behind them, Jonathan Kiplimo Maiyo became the 13th fastest man with 2,04,56 hours, the womens side was also fast, Aselefech Mergia ran a course and Ethiopian record time of 2,19,31 hours to win, becoming the seventh fastest woman ever. Behind her, fellow Ethiopians Bezunesh Bekele and Aberu Kebede moved up to the 16th and 17th fastest of all-time, the 2013 edition, ran under a heavy fog, was also very fast. The Ethiopian winner Lelisa Desisa, won in a sprint finish of the last 200 m with a time of 2,04,45, and led 4 other runners for sub-2,05 runs. In the womens side, Ethiopian Tirfi Tsegaye won in a time of 2,23,23,16 seconds ahead of her fellow countrywoman Ehitu Kiros, the top 4 in the mens side and top 6 in the womens side were all Ethiopians. In the 2015 edition, Shure Demise set a world record in the marathon where she finished 4th overall. Key, Course record Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon Zayed International Half Marathon Dubai Marathon official site
35.
2013 Boston Marathon
–
The 2013 Boston Marathon took place in Boston, Massachusetts on Monday April 15,2013. It was the 117th edition of the mass-participation marathon, organized by the Boston Athletic Association, it was the second of the World Marathon Majors series to be held in 2013. Lelisa Desisa won the division with a time of 2,10,22. Rita Jeptoo won the division with a time of 2,26,25. More than $800,000 of prize money was awarded, the marathon was disrupted by two consecutive explosions on the sidewalk near the finish line, killing three spectators and injuring 264 others. The race was halted, preventing many from finishing, the explosions, later revealed to be bombings, received widespread international media attention. After 26 seconds of silence to honor the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, at 9,30 am,51 elite women left the starting line, followed by the elite men at 10 am. The remaining competitors were released in three waves over the next 40 minutes, in total,23,336 competitors, from all 50 states plus Washington D. C. and Puerto Rico, and from 92 countries, started the marathon. The temperature at time was in the upper 40s °F range. Twenty-three-year-old Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia beat out two runners in a three-way sprint to finish first in the mens division. It was his first win at Boston and just his second ever marathon, Desisa took home $150,000 and an olive wreath crown. His time of 2 hours,10 minutes and 22 seconds was five seconds ahead of second-place finisher, gebre Gebremariam of Ethiopia was six seconds back in third place. American Jason Hartmann finished fourth for the second straight year, halfway through the race, nine men, all from Kenya or Ethiopia, broke away from the main pack. With one mile to go, the group was down to three. At that point, Desisa made his move and pulled away from the other two and his lead widened as he sprinted to the finish line for the win. He became the fourth Ethiopian man to win the race, rita Jeptoo of Kenya won the womens division with a time of 2 hours,26 minutes and 25 seconds. It was her second win at Boston, the coming in 2006. She finished 33 seconds ahead of Ethiopias Meseret Hailu, who took second place, defending champion Sharon Cherop of Kenya took third,36 seconds off the lead
36.
Boston Marathon bombing
–
On April 18 the Federal Bureau of Investigation released images of two suspects, who were almost immediately identified as Chechen-American brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was shot several times, and his brother ran him over while escaping in the stolen car, around 6,00 p. m. a Watertown resident discovered Dzhokhar hiding in a boat in his backyard. He was shot by police while still in the boat and then arrested and he said they learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen. He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square, on April 8,2015 he was convicted of thirty charges, including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death. The following month he was sentenced to death, the 117th annual Boston Marathon was run on Patriots Day, April 15,2013. At 2,49 p. m. EDT, two bombs detonated about 210 yards apart at the line on Boylston Street near Copley Square. The first exploded outside Marathon Sports at 671–673 Boylston Street at 2,49,43 p. m. At the time of the first explosion, the clock at the finish line showed 04,09,43. The second bomb exploded at 2,49,57 p. m. about 13 seconds later, the explosions took place nearly three hours after the winner crossed the finish line, but with more than 5,700 runners yet to finish. The blasts blew out windows on adjacent buildings but did not cause any structural damage, runners continued to cross the line until 2,57 p. m.8 minutes after the explosions. The explosions killed 3 civilians and injured an estimated 264 others, at least 14 people required amputations, with some suffering traumatic amputations as a direct result of the blasts. Police, following plans, diverted arriving runners to Boston Common. The nearby Lenox Hotel and other buildings were evacuated, Police closed a 15-block area around the blast site, this was reduced to a 12-block crime scene on April 16. Boston police commissioner Edward F. Davis recommended that people stay off the streets, many people dropped bags and packages as they fled, increasing uncertainty as to the possible presence of more bombs. There were false reports of more bombs, an unrelated electrical fire at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in nearby Dorchester was initially feared to be a bomb. The airspace over Boston was restricted, and departures halted from Bostons Logan International Airport, some local transit service was halted as well. The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency suggested people trying to contact those in the vicinity use text messaging instead of voice calls because of crowded cellphone lines. Cellphone service in Boston was congested but remained in operation, despite local media reports stating that cell service was shut down to prevent cell phones from being used as detonators
37.
2015 Boston Marathon
–
The 2015 Boston Marathon was the 119th running of the Boston Athletic Associations mass-participation marathon. It took place on Monday, April 20, the mens race was won by Lelisa Desisa from Ethiopia in a time of 2,09,17. Caroline Rotich of Kenya won the race with a time 2,24,55. The Marathon had about 30,000 entries, all 50 US states and all Canadian provinces were represented at the marathon, as well as several U. S territories, including American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U. S Virgin Islands. Training for the 2015 marathon in the Greater Boston area was difficult because Boston received over 100 inches of snow during the previous winter, all but one of the four defending champions participated in the marathon. Rita Jeptoo, who set a record in 2014, was the exception. She is serving a ban for a positive drug test taken in September 2014. On a cold and rainy day, turnout for the 2015 Boston Marathon was lighter than the one million spectators race officials had planned for, security was described as visible but not intrusive as local and state police combined forces with National Guard soldiers to keep things safe. The mens race got off to a moderately paced start with Dathan Ritzenhein, a quarter of the way in, Lelisa Desisa from Ethiopia decided to push the pace. As the pace quickened, the group fell from twelve to nine with four Kenyans, four Ethiopians. Ritzenhein had fallen 15 seconds back but picked up his pace, rejoining, at Heartbreak Hill the field thinned. Keflezighi briefly took the lead, but fell well off the pace when he choked on some water around the 22-mile mark, with two miles to go, Desisa pulled away from the field. Desisa, who had been among the group all race, finished with a time of 2,09,17. The 1–2 finish was the first for Ethiopia in the races history, kenyas Wilson Chebet finished in third place,34 seconds behind Tsegay. Ritzenhein was the highest finishing American in seventh place, followed by Keflezighi in eighth, Desisa had previously won the 2013 edition of the race. However, his win that day was overshadowed by the Boston Marathon bombing hours later, Lelisa, we want you to get your due today. Desisas win by 31 seconds was the largest margin of victory since Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot won by 1,18 in the 2008 Boston Marathon and it also made him the first non-Kenyan to win the race twice since England’s Geoff Smith won back-to-back races in 1984 and 1985. The win came with a $150,000 prize, an olive wreath
38.
World Marathon Majors
–
The Abbott World Marathon Majors, originally known as the World Marathon Majors, is a championship-style competition for marathon runners that started in 2006. Each WMM series originally spanned two years, the second year of a series overlapped with the first year of the next. It began being sponsored by Abbott in 2015, beginning with Series X at the 2016 Boston Marathon wheelchair competitions were added for men and women. At the end of each WMM series the leading man and woman each win $500,000, athletes who competed in the marathons originally received points for finishing in any of the top five places. Their four highest ranks over the period were counted, if an athlete scored points in more than this number. To be eligible for the jackpot, an athlete had to compete in at least one qualifying race in calendar year of the series. In 2015 the scoring was revised to 1st 25 points, then 16,9,4 and 1, the two highest ranks during the scoring period will be counted, with only the best two if more than that number. This happened in the 2007–08 womans competition, if the final circumstance is necessary, the Race Directors may award the title jointly. The competition has completed seven race series since its inception, the marathon takes place in late February and joined the World Marathon Majors in 2013 as the sixth race. One of the five original marathons included in the series, the takes place on the regional holiday Patriots Day. The London Marathon takes place annually in late April and is one of the five founding marathons for the World Marathon Majors in 2006, the race occurs in late September, and is one of the five founding marathons to begin the World Marathon Majors in 2006. As one of the five marathons to join at the time the World Marathon Majors was founded, new York City Marathon—New York City, USA. The NYC Marathon occurs on the first Sunday in November and it was originally a part of the World Marathon Majors founding group, and has participated since the start in 2006. In 2012, the NYC Marathon was cancelled in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. and was not a part of the World Marathon Majors for the year 2012. IAAF World Championships in Athletics, alternating, in odd-numbered years, the World Championships take place in each odd-numbered year and is counted as a World Marathon Major for IAAF purposes. Olympic Games, at intervals, in leap years. The Olympic Games marathon is counted as a World Marathon Major for IAAF purposes, IAAF Road Race Label Events List of marathon races List of final standings of the World Marathon Majors Six star finishers Series rankings lists Series Leader Boards
39.
Tokyo Marathon
–
The Tokyo Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. It is an IAAF Gold Label marathon and one of the six World Marathon Majors, the latest edition of the race took place on Sunday February 262017. It is sponsored by Tokyo Metro, the first Tokyo Marathon was held on 18 February 2007. In the inaugural year,1981, both took place. However, because it was not possible to support two marathons a month apart in the city, from 1982, the alternating format went into effect. The 2007 marathon was also a selection race of the 2007 World Championships in Athletics in Osaka. The total number of participants was set at 30,000, of that,25,000 people signed up for the marathon, and 5,000 signed up for the 10K run. Masakazu Fujiwara became the races first Japanese male winner at the fourth edition, the 2011 Tokyo Marathon was held on Sunday,27 February 2011. It was the first Tokyo Marathon in which the weather was not rainy, on February 2014, Dickson Chumba won in a record time of 2,05,42. This was only the time a runner ran below 2h06 in Japan. His runner-up, Tadese Tola did also run below 2,06, when registrations closed for the 2015 Tokyo marathon 308,810 people had applied for the full marathon, and 1,014 had applied for the 10km race. This gave a number of 309,824 applicants and an oversubscription rate of 11.3 for the marathon. Apart from the athletes, runners registered with JAAF who satisfy the following requirement can register in the Elite field
40.
Boston Marathon
–
The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts, United States. It is always held on Patriots Day, the third Monday of April and it is one of six World Marathon Majors, and is one of four major events held in the United States through the years of both World Wars. Since 1897, the Boston Athletic Association has managed this event, amateur and professional runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon each year, braving the hilly Massachusetts terrain and varying weather to take part in the race. The event attracts 500,000 spectators each year, making it New Englands most widely viewed sporting event. Though starting with 18 participants in 1897, the event now attracts an average of about 30,000 registered participants each year, with 30,251 people entering in 2015. The Centennial Boston Marathon in 1996 established a record as the worlds largest marathon with 38,708 entrants,36,748 starters, the Boston Marathon was first run in April 1897, inspired by the revival of the marathon for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. It is the oldest continuously running marathon, and the second longest continuously running footrace in North America, on April 19,1897, ten years after the establishment of the B. A. A. The association held the 24.5 miles marathon to conclude its athletic competition, the inaugural winner was John J. JJ McDermott, who ran the 24.5 mile course in 2,55,10, leading a field of 15. The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots Day, the race, which became known as the Boston Marathon, has been held every year since then, even during the World War years, making it the worlds oldest annual marathon. The Boston Marathon was originally an event, but its fame. For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was an event. However, corporate-sponsored cash prizes began to be awarded in the 1980s, the first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986. Walter A. Brown was the President of the Boston Athletic Association from 1941 to 1964, in 1951, during the height of the Korean War, Brown denied Koreans entry into the Boston Marathon. He stated, While American soldiers are fighting and dying in Korea, as long as the war continues there, we positively will not accept Korean entries for our race on April 19. Women were not allowed to enter the Boston Marathon officially until 1972, roberta Bobbi Gibb is recognized by the race organizers as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon. In 1967, Kathrine Switzer, who had registered as K. V. Switzer, was the first woman to run and she finished despite a famous incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. Retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial leaders of 1966 through 1971. In 2015, about 46 percent of the entrants were female, in 1980, unknown amateur runner Rosie Ruiz crossed the line first in the womens race
