1.
Sir
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Sir is an honorific address used in a number of situations in many anglophone cultures. The term can be used as a prefix, especially in the Commonwealth, for males who have been given certain honours or titles. The term is commonly used as a respectful way to address a man. Equivalent terms of address to females are maam or madam in most cases, or in the case of a woman, girl, or unmarried woman who prefers to be addressed as such. The equivalent term for a woman or baronetess is Dame. Sir derives from the Middle French honorific title sire, sire developed alongside the word seigneur, also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior, sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur, the prefix is used with the holders given name or full name, but never with the surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, the equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is Dame, and follows the same usage customs as Sir. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia, the widows of knights retain the style of wives of knights, however widows of baronets are either referred to as dowager, or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet, would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge. Examples include, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Bruce Fraser, GCB, KBE Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey, GBE, KCB, CMG, DSO, ED This is also the case with academic titles, such as professor. For example, Patrick Bateson is both a professor and a bachelor, his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. The title of Doctor, however, is not used in combination with sir, knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees. Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods do not use the title Sir, for example, the Reverend Dr John Polkinghorne, KBE is never referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions, peers who have been knighted are not addressed as Sir in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles, and the heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of Sir if knighted. Dual nationals holding a Commonwealth citizenship that recognise the British monarch as head of state are entitled to use the styling, the permissibility of using the style of Sir varies. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State, with the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant
2.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
3.
The Comedy of Errors
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The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeares early plays. It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns. The Comedy of Errors is one of two of Shakespeares plays to observe the Unity of Time. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre numerous times worldwide, the Comedy of Errors tells the story of two sets of identical twins that were accidentally separated at birth. Antipholus of Syracuse and his servant, Dromio of Syracuse, arrive in Ephesus, because the law forbids merchants from Syracuse to enter Ephesus, elderly Syracusian trader Egeon faces execution when he is discovered in the city. He can only escape by paying a fine of a thousand marks and he tells his sad story to Solinus, Duke of Ephesus. In his youth, Egeon married and had twin sons, on the same day, a poor woman without a job also gave birth to twin boys, and he purchased these as slaves to his sons. Soon afterwards, the made a sea voyage, and was hit by a tempest. Egeon lashed himself to the main-mast with one son and one slave, while his wife was rescued by one boat, Egeon never again saw his wife, or the children with her. Recently, his son Antipholus of Syracuse, now grown, and his son’s slave Dromio of Syracuse, when Antipholus of Syracuse did not return, Egeon set out in search of him. The Duke is moved by this story, and grants Egeon one day to pay his fine and that same day, Antipholus of Syracuse arrives in Ephesus, searching for his brother. He sends Dromio of Syracuse to deposit money at The Centaur. He is confounded when the identical Dromio of Ephesus appears almost immediately, denying any knowledge of the money and asking him home to dinner, Antipholus, thinking his servant is making insubordinate jokes, beats Dromio of Ephesus. Dromio of Ephesus returns to his mistress, Adriana, saying that her husband refused to back to his house. Adriana, concerned that her husbands eye is straying, takes this news as confirmation of her suspicions, suddenly, Adriana rushes up to Antipholus of Syracuse and begs him not to leave her. The Syracusans cannot but attribute these events to witchcraft, remarking that Ephesus is known as a warren for witches. Antipholus and Dromio go off with this woman, the one to eat dinner. Antipholus of Ephesus returns home for dinner and is enraged to find that he is refused entry to his own house by Dromio of Syracuse
4.
Dudley
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Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands of England,6 miles south-east of Wolverhampton and 10.5 miles north-west of Birmingham. The town is the centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley. The Metropolitan Borough, which includes the towns of Stourbridge and Halesowen, had a population of 312,900, Dudley is sometimes called the capital of the Black Country. Tourist attractions include Dudley Zoo, Dudley Castle, the Black Country Living Museum, working iron and mining for coal was in practice as early as the 13th century. The first mention of Dudleys status as a borough dates from the mid-13th century, an inquisition after his death further established the value and importance of the borough, with mentions to the towns growing coal industry. Following Dudleys death, the returned to the Sutton family. In 1605, conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot fled to Holbeche House in nearby Wall Heath and it is also from around this time that the oldest excavated condoms, found in the remains of Dudley Castle, were believed to have originated. Dudley had become an incredibly impoverished place during the 16th and 17th centuries, abraham Darby was descended from Dud Dudleys sister, Jane, and was the first person to produce iron commercially using coke instead of charcoal at his works in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire in 1709. Abraham Darby was born near Wrens Nest Hill near the town of Dudley, Dud Dudleys discovery, together with improvements to the local road network and the construction of the Dudley Canal, made Dudley into an important industrial and commercial centre. Dudleys population grew dramatically during the 18th and 19th centuries because of the increase in industry, with the main industries including coal, other industries included iron, steel, engineering, metallurgy, glass cutting, textiles and leatherworking. Following the Reform Act of 1832, Dudley returned one Member of Parliament, the town was re-incorporated as a Municipal Borough in 1865, later becoming a County Borough in 1889. Dudley Castle, which had fallen into ruin following a fire in 1750, was converted into a zoo in 1937 by the Earl of Dudley, a reported 250,000 people attempted to visit the site upon the first day of opening. In World War II, Dudley was bombed on several occasions, on 12 August 1941, four people were killed when another landmine was dropped in nearby Birch Crescent. These were the fatal air raids on Dudley. Most of this land had been held by the Lords of Dudley, in 1974, further reorganization led to the creation of the present-day metropolitan borough, which included the nearby towns of Stourbridge and Halesowen. The declining industry in Dudley has given rise to high unemployment, Dudley is the administrative centre of the Dudley Metropolitan Borough, and is governed by the Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. The metropolitan borough, which includes the towns of Stourbridge, Halesowen. For many years the town formed part of an exclave of the county of Worcestershire, despite the more recent changes in county boundaries, the town and borough still remain part of the Anglican Diocese of Worcester
5.
Worcestershire
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Worcestershire is a county in the West Midlands of England. Between 1974 and 1998, it was merged with the county of Herefordshire as Hereford. The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and county town, other towns in the county include Redditch, Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, and Malvern. The north-east of Worcestershire includes part of the industrial West Midlands, the county is divided into six administrive districts, Worcester, Redditch, Wychavon, Malvern Hills, Wyre Forest, and Bromsgrove. The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, to the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The south of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the edge of the Cotswolds. Two major rivers flow through the county, the Severn and the Avon, Worcestershire was the heartland of the early English kingdom of the Hwicce. It was absorbed by the Kingdom of Mercia during the 7th century and it was a separate ealdormanship briefly in the 10th century before forming part of the Earldom of Mercia in the 11th century. In the years leading up to the Norman conquest, the Church, supported by the cathedral, Evesham Abbey, Pershore Abbey, Malvern Priory, and other religious houses, increasingly dominated the county. The last known Anglo-Saxon sheriff of the county was Cyneweard of Laughern, on 4 August 1265, Simon de Montfort was killed in the Battle of Evesham in Worcestershire. In 1642, the Battle of Powick Bridge was the first major skirmish of the English Civil War, during the Middle Ages, much of the countys economy was based on the wool trade. Many areas of its forests, such as Feckenham Forest, Horewell Forest. Droitwich Spa, situated on large deposits of salt, was a centre of production from Roman times. These old industries have declined, to be replaced by other. The county is home to the worlds oldest continually published newspaper. Malvern was one of the centres of the 19th century rise in English spa towns due to Malvern water being believed to be very pure, containing nothing at all. The 2011 census found the population of Worcestershire to be 566,169, while this change is in line with the nationwide trend of White British peoples share of the population shrinking, Worcestershire is still much more ethnically homogeneous than the national average. In 2011 England as a whole was 79. 8% White British, the most notable were Dudley, Evenlode, and the area around Shipston-on-Stour
6.
British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
7.
Open University
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The Open University is a public distance learning and research university, and one of the biggest universities in the UK for undergraduate education. The majority of the OUs undergraduate students are based throughout the United Kingdom and principally study off-campus, the OU was established in 1969 and the first students enrolled in January 1971. The University administration is based at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire and it also has offices and regional examination centres in many other European countries. The university awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as qualifications such as diplomas. Since it was founded, more than 1.5 million students have studied its courses and it was rated top university in England and Wales for student satisfaction in the 2005,2006 and 2012 United Kingdom government national student satisfaction survey, and second in the 2007 survey. The Open University was founded by the Labour government under Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Wilson was a strong advocate, using the vision of Michael Young. Wilson envisioned The Open University as a marker in the Labour Partys commitment to modernising British society. He believed that it would build a more competitive economy while also promoting greater equality of opportunity. By the time the actual, much higher costs became apparent, the majority of staff are part-time Associate Lecturers and, as of the 2009–10 academic year, almost 8,000 work for the OU. Salaries are the OUs main cost - over £275 million for the 2009–2010 academic year, in 2010 the OU became one of the Sunday Times′ Best Places to Work in the Public Sector. Open University Employees Credit Union Limited is a savings and loans co-operative established by the University for staff in 1994, a member of the Association of British Credit Unions Limited, it is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the PRA. Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members’ savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme, in 1982 the OU announced the establishment of a business school supported by the Foundation for Management Education and the British Institute of Management. In 1983 the Open University Business School was founded with 1,600 students enrolled onto the first two courses – The Effective Manager and Personnel Selection and Interviewing, the Open University Business school is accredited by the international accrediting bodies AACSB, AMBA, amd EQUIS. It is the only triple-accredited business school that specialises in flexible learning, the OU uses a variety of methods for teaching, including written and audio materials, the Internet, disc-based software and television programmes on DVD. Course-based television broadcasts by the BBC, which started on 3 January 1971, materials comprise originally authored work by in-house and external academic contributors, and from third-party materials licensed for use by OU students. For most modules, students are supported by tutors who provide feedback on their work and are available to them at face-to-face tutorials, by telephone. Some modules have mandatory day schools and these are day-long sessions which a student must attend in order to pass the module. Nevertheless, it is possible to be excused on the basis of ill-health, over the past ten years the university has adopted a policy of separating residential modules from distance-full-time taught modules
8.
Royal Holloway, University of London
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Royal Holloway, University of London, formally incorporated as Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, is a public research university and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It has three faculties,20 academic departments and c.9,265 undergraduate and postgraduate students from over 100 countries, the campus is located west of Egham, Surrey, within the Greater London Urban Area and 19 miles from the geographic centre of London. The Egham campus was founded in 1879 by the Victorian entrepreneur, Royal Holloway College was officially opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria as an all-women college. It became a member of the University of London in 1900, in 1945, the college admitted male postgraduate students, and in 1965, around 100 of the first male undergraduates. In 1985, Royal Holloway merged with Bedford College, the merged college was named Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, this remaining the official registered name of the college by Act of Parliament. The campus is dominated by the Founders Building, a Grade I listed red-brick building modelled on the Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley, Royal Holloway is ranked 27th in the UK and 173rd in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2016–17. Royal Holloway was ranked in 30th place in the world for 2016 in the category of International Outlook, however, the university failed to place in the top 150 in the world for the 2017 version. There are strong links and exchange programmes with institutions in the United States, Canada, and Hong Kong, notably Yale University, the University of Toronto, Royal Holloway was a member of the 1994 Group until 2013, when the group dissolved. Royal Holloway College, originally a college, was founded by the Victorian entrepreneur Thomas Holloway in 1879 on the Mount Lee Estate in Egham. The Founders Building, which is now Grade I listed, was opened in 1886 by Queen Victoria. The college also has a Chapel, completed in 1886 as one of the last parts of the university to be finished, october 1887 saw the arrival of the first 28 students at Royal Holloway College. It later became a constituent of the University of London in 1900, as did Bedford College, Bedford College was founded by Elizabeth Jesser Reid in 1849 as a higher education college for the education of women. Reid leased a house at 47 Bedford Square in the Bloomsbury area of London, the intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women, something no other institution in the United Kingdom provided at the time. The college moved to 8 and 9 York Place in 1874, in 1900, the college became a constituent school of the University of London. Like RHC, following its membership of the University of London, in 1965, RHC and Bedford merged in 1985. The newest title remains the registered name of the college, though this was changed for day-to-day use to Royal Holloway. Since the merger with Bedford College, Royal Holloway has entered into discussions with Brunel University and St Georges. The latter project was cancelled in September 2009, Royal Holloway, St Georges and Kingston University continue to work together in the field of health and social care teaching and research
9.
Chef!
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Chef. is a British situation comedy starring Lenny Henry that aired as twenty episodes over three series from 1993 to 1996 on the BBC. The show was created and primarily written by Peter Tilbury based on an idea from Lenny Henry and produced for the BBC by Henrys production company, Crucial Films. Henry starred as Gareth Blackstock, a talented, arrogant, tyrannical and obsessed chef who has endlessly inventive insults for his staff, unknowing customers, and almost anyone else he encounters. The establishment mostly remains on that brink, despite Janices best efforts as manager, besides Gareth and Janice Blackstock, a third character, Everton Stonehead, appears throughout all three series. Stonehead went to school with the chef and dreams of becoming a top chef himself and he bumbles through his early days in the kitchen, but eventually even develops a signature dish of his own. According to Lenny Henry, The first episode of Chef. was developed two years, and so Peter Tilbury and I were really put through loads of hoops about character motivation. Why is this character such an arsehole, is this the right kind of character for Lenny Henry to be playing. Once we got through that and they greenlit the series, Peter then had something like eight or nine weeks to write the rest of it, the remaining five episodes were much easier to write because wed had every argument about who, what, where, and how. The world had been mapped out, actually, the very first episode of Chef. was the hardest one to watch for me because wed worked so hard on it and you could see all the things that had been rewritten in the first episode. Lenny Henry was coached in cooking techniques at the LOrtolan Restaurant, in Shinfield, Reading, the restaurant was modelled on, and many scenes were filmed at, Le Manoir aux Quat Saisons, a restaurant in Oxfordshire owned by chef Raymond Blanc. Many other scenes were filmed at Nether Winchendon House, in Buckinghamshire, the third series was shot at Teddington Studios in Middlesex. Celebrity chef John Burton Race acted as consultant for the show. The first two series were shot on film and directed in the style of a drama series, due to budgetary and time constraints, the third series was shot on videotape and was directed more like a traditional sitcom. Lenny Henry stated on his website that he and Tilbury had worked on a storyline for another series, according to the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the show was highly critically acclaimed for its high production values, its comic-drama scripts, and its lead performances. BFIs screenonline noted that what really marked out Chef. however, was Henrys development as an actor, as the kitchen tyrant Gareth Blackstock, he proved himself capable of representing a multifaceted character far beyond the caricatures of his sketch shows. Some contemporary critics were positive, however. All three series were released on Region 1 DVD on 30 August 2005, the Region 2 DVDs have been available since 2 October 2006. Several minutes of the first series episode The Big Cheese were cut from the Region 2 DVD release, the Region 1 release is uncut
10.
Big & Small
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Big & Small is a British/Canadian childrens television series aimed at preschoolers. Big & Small is a co-production between Kindle Entertainment and 3Js Productions produced in association with the BBC, Treehouse TV, the first series was deemed a success worldwide and a second series was commissioned by the BBC. The show is an action comedy for preschoolers, and follows the lives of puppets. Big & Small Online, a section of CBeebies Online, won a Childrens BAFTA in 2009 for the best interactive content, the show starts off with the characters doing many things, such as playing a game, or making something. There is then a conflict between the characters that leads to the plot of the episode, the characters then resolve their conflict before the end of the episode. There is always at least one song in each show, which is filmed in shadowmation, in the United Kingdom, Big & Small is shown on BBC1, BBC2, and CBeebies, and is shown on Cyw in Wales. Treehouse TV features the show in Canada, while Big & Small may broadcast in the United States on Nick Jr. as Big & Small, in total, over 40 channels worldwide feature the show. Awarded Best Writing at Kidscreen 2013 Awarded Best Interactive Service to Big & Small Online at the BAFTA Childrens Awards 2009. com Big & Small at the Internet Movie Database
11.
Comic Relief
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Comic Relief is an operating British charity, founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia. The highlight of Comic Reliefs appeal is Red Nose Day, a telethon held in March. Comic Relief was launched live on Noel Edmonds Late, Late Breakfast Show on BBC1, the idea for Comic Relief came from the charity worker Jane Tewson, who established it as the operating name of Charity Projects, a registered charity in England and Scotland. On 4 April 1986 the inaugural live fund-raising show, Comic Relief Utterly Utterly Live, was staged at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London featuring popular alternative comedians and pop stars. An audio recording was released on WEA which included a performance of the charity single Living Doll by Cliff Richard. On 8 February 1988, Lenny Henry went to Ethiopia and celebrated the very first Red Nose Day Telethon, over 150 celebrities and comedians participated. The event raised 15 million British pounds sterling and attracted 30 million television viewers on BBC1, the highlight of Comic Relief is Red Nose Day. One of the principles behind working at Comic Relief is the Golden Pound Principle where every single donated pound is spent on charitable projects. All operating costs, such as salaries, are covered by corporate sponsors. Currently, its supporters are the BBC, BT, Sainsburys supermarket chain. The BBC is responsible for the live television extravaganza on Red Nose Day, BT provides the telephony, and Sainsburys sells merchandise on behalf of the charity. The average full-time staff was 214, with 14 staff paid over £60,000 with remuneration for the year, excluding pensions, for Kevin Cahill, Sport Relief is a biennial charity event, and the campaign deliberately alternates years with Red Nose Day, Comic Reliefs flagship event. Red Nose Day occurs in odd-numbered years, and Sport Relief in even-numbered years, in 2009, Comic Relief launched a website calling for a financial transaction tax, the Robin Hood tax. At the end of the 2015 Red Nose Day telethon on 14 March it was announced that in the 30-year history of Comic Relief the Red Nose Day, the television programming begins in the afternoon, with CBBC having various related reports, money raising events and celebrity gunging. Whilst the BBC News at Ten is aired on BBC One, Comic Relief continues on BBC Two and these celebrities do the work for free, as do the crew, with studio space and production facilities donated by the BBC. Regular themes throughout the shows parodies of recent popular shows, films and clips, events. Smith and Jones, and a sketch starring Rowan Atkinson are both regularly featured. The First Red Nose Day was held on Friday 5 February 1988 with the slogan, The Plain Red Nose, the Second Red Nose Day was held on Friday 10 March 1989 with the slogan, Red Nose Day 2, and raised £27 million
12.
Broadchurch
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Broadchurch is a British television crime drama broadcast on ITV. It was created and written by Chris Chibnall and produced by Kudos Film and Television, Shine America, and Imaginary Friends. The first series, which premiered on 4 March 2013, focused on the death of an 11-year-old boy and the impact of grief, mutual suspicion, and media attention on the town. Filming for series two began in late May 2014 and concluded on 12 October 2014, and the series premiered on 5 January 2015, Series three was confirmed on 23 February 2015, immediately following the series two finale, and premiered on 27 February 2017. Broadchurch series one focused on the search for the murderer by detectives Alec Hardy. Chibnall was inspired by the Jurassic Coast of Britain to set his crime drama in a fictional, much of the tone of the series was inspired by the music of Ólafur Arnalds, who also composed the soundtrack for the programme. Writing on spec, Chibnall persuaded ITV to green-light the series in the autumn of 2011, auditions soon followed, although some actors were offered roles directly. Principal photography began in August 2012, with shooting occurring primarily in towns and villages in Dorset, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire. The production went to lengths to keep the identity of the murderer secret. Cast and crew were nominated for awards for series one, they won several British Academy Television Awards. Series two was announced when the first series ended, the second series primarily focuses on two plot strands, the trial of the murderer and the reopening of the Sandbrook case. Tennant, Colman, and most of the cast of series one returned for series two, a U. S. remake in one season, Gracepoint, also created by Chris Chibnall and starring Tennant, aired on 2014 on Fox. The French channel France 2 also announced an adaptation, to be titled Malaterra, Broadchurch creator and writer Chris Chibnall described the project as a labour of love. He conceived Broadchurch about 2003 while working on his first series, Born, the concept was for Broadchurch to explore how a childs murder affects a small, close-knit local community, and how the characters react to the media attention and the mutual suspicion that arises. The series location was inspired by the Jurassic Coast in Dorset. Chibnall says that he initially did not have a location in mind for the series, but work-related issues made setting the show in Dorset appealing. From 2006 to 2011, Chibnall had spent most of his time travelling about the UK and Ireland, working on Torchwood, Law & Order, UK, setting the show in Dorset meant Chibnall would not have to spend time away from his home and family. Chibnalls decision to set the show on the Jurassic Coast also helped him generate more ideas for the show, for example, Dorsets most famous native son, poet and author Thomas Hardy, lent his last name to one of the main characters
13.
Dawn French
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Dawn Roma French is a British actress, writer, and comedian. French has been nominated for seven British Academy Television Awards and also won a BAFTA Fellowship with Jennifer Saunders, French was born in Holyhead, Wales to English parents Denys Vernon French and Felicity Roma French, who married in their hometown of Plymouth in 1953. She was educated at the independent St Dunstans Abbey School and her father served in the Royal Air Force, stationed at RAF Valley. The RAF partly funded her private education, when her father was stationed at the former RAF Faldingworth, she attended Caistor Grammar School in Caistor, boarding in the schools Lindsey house. She later won a scholarship that brought her to study at the Spence School in New York. French has claimed that her self-confidence and self-belief stem from her father and she stated, He taught me to value myself. He told me that I was beautiful and the most precious thing in his life and he had a history of severe depression and attempted suicides but managed to conceal his illness from Dawn and her brother. She studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1977 and they had grown up on the same base, even having had the same best friend, although never meeting. At first, as far as Saunders was concerned, French was a cocky little upstart, French considered Saunders snooty and aloof. French and Saunders shared a flat whilst at college and were influenced to do comedy by their flatmates as part of their projects for college, after talking in depth for the first time, they came to be friends. While at college she broke up with her fiancé, a former Royal Navy officer, after they graduated, they formed a double-act called the Menopause Sisters. Saunders has described the act, which involved wearing tampons in their ears, the manager of the club recalled, They didnt seem to give a damn. There was no star quality about them at all, French and Saunders came to public attention as members of the Comic Strip, part of the alternative comedy scene in the early 1980s. French has also written a best-selling epistolary autobiography, which she has titled Dear Fatty, French was paid a £1.5 million advance for the book, which was released in 2008. On an appearance on The Paul OGrady Show on 6 October 2008, French said that Fatty is her nickname for Jennifer Saunders, French said that she became great friends with Saunders well before they started working together, which was over 30 years ago. The book consists of letters to the different people who have been in her life, French has had an extensive career on television, debuting on Channel 4s The Comic Strip Presents series in an episode called Five Go Mad in Dorset in 1982. Each episode presented a story and, in addition to French and Saunders, showcased Comic Strip performers Peter Richardson, Rik Mayall, Robbie Coltrane. She acted in 27 of the 37 episodes and wrote two of them, One episode featured a parody of spaghetti westerns and another a black and white film about a hopelessly goofy boy
14.
The Magicians (UK TV series)
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The Magicians was a British family entertainment television show, first broadcast throughout January 2011 on BBC One. The show features magicians performing a number of tricks with guest celebrities. In the first series, this was decided through audience participation, however, for the second series, the first series was hosted by Lenny Henry, and featured magicians Luis de Matos, Barry and Stuart and Chris Korn. At the end of series 1, Luis de Matos was deemed series champion, the second series, which began airing in January 2012, is hosted by Darren McMullen, and replaces magicians de Matos and Korn with Jason Latimer and Pete Firman. While the first series was completely pre-recorded, the series was broadcast live on Saturday nights, with the exception of the pre-recorded Street Magic. Thus, The Magicians became the first live magic programme to be broadcast on the BBC in over 30 years, at the end of series 2 Jason Latimer was deemed series champion by the UK viewers. It was announced on 28 June 2012 that The Magicians had been axed, each episode features three magicians, each of whom are paired with a different celebrity. They must then perform a series of tricks to decide which pair will face a forfeit trick at the end of the episode. In series one, the tricks were as follows, Grand Illusion – The pair perform an illusion in front of the audience. Street Magic – The pair go out on to the streets to perform in front of the general public, celebritys Choice – The pair perform a trick that the celebrity has always wanted to perform. In series two, the tricks were as follows, Grand Illusion – Same as series one, however, Street Magic – Same as series one. Close Up Magic – The pair perform a simple trick live in amongst the audience, Location Grand Illusion – The pair perform a grand illusion in a similar fashion to their street magic. The order in each of the magicians perform, and the order in which each of the tricks is done. In series one, each episode had a theme, however. The second series featured guest performances from another magician whilst the phone votes were being counted. In the first series, after all nine performances, members of the audience voted for their favourite magician-celebrity partnership using an audience response system. In the second series, viewers could vote for their favourite acts via telephone, the act with the most votes were declared the winners, and the act with the least votes had to then attempt the forfeit trick. In the first series, the trick was explained to the magician
15.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
16.
Birmingham City University
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Birmingham City University is a modern university in the city of Birmingham, England. Initially established as the Birmingham College of Art with roots dating back to 1843, it was designated as a polytechnic in 1971 and gained university status in 1992. It is the second largest of five universities in the city, the four being Aston University, University of Birmingham, University College Birmingham. It is ranked third of the five according to the Complete University Guide, roughly half of the universitys full-time students are from the West Midlands, and a large percentage of these are from ethnic minorities. In the 1960s, changes were made to the education system creating an expansion of polytechnics as a more vocationally orientated alternative to the typical university. The City of Birmingham Education Committee was invited to submit a scheme for the establishment of a polytechnic bringing together a number of different colleges in the city in 1967, late in 1969, the post of director of the polytechnic was advertised. This was the second polytechnic in Birmingham, the first — Birmingham Polytechnic Institution — having existed in the century for ten years. It was formed out of five colleges. Some of the colleges staff fought against the merger but later changed their minds, the colleges were, Birmingham College of Art and Design, Birmingham School of Music, Birmingham College of Commerce, South Birmingham Technical College, North Birmingham Technical College. The latters new Perry Barr campus became the centre of the new Polytechnic and this has sometimes been seen as a weakness of the polytechnic, with the dispersal of sites considered confusing to visitors. In the early 1970s, the Perry Barr campus was the site of building work for later became the centrepiece of the polytechnic. Later in the 1970s, the campus was increased in size with the building of what became the Cox, Dawson, Edge, Feeney. In the early 1980s, the William Kenrick Library was added to the site, although smaller buildings were subsequently constructed, this is largely the Perry Barr campus as it remains today. From its opening, the polytechnic was considered very strong in the field of art, as early as 1972, fashion and textile courses were heavily oversubscribed, there were 100 applications for every 30 places. Also in that year, the polytechnic held the Design in a Polytechnic exhibition, which was opened at a reception hosted by Sir Duncan Oppenheim, the chairman of the Council of Industrial Design. Arts courses remained strong at the polytechnic through the 1970s, with twice as many arts students compared to those doing engineering or technology courses. In 1975, three colleges were added to the polytechnic, Anstey College of Physical Education, Bordesley College of Education. In the mid-1970s, the polytechnics then-chairman, William Kenrick, sparked criticism from politicians for saying his students were second-class students, in 1978, a lecturer in law, Francis Reynolds, was convicted and fined £150 for preparing instruments of property conveyance without being a solicitor
17.
British Jamaican
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British Jamaican people are British people who were born in Jamaica or who are of Jamaican descent. The community is well into its sixth generation and consists of around 300,000 individuals, the majority of British people of Jamaican origin were born in the United Kingdom as opposed to Jamaica itself. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2015, some 137,000 Jamaican-born people were resident in the UK, the number of Jamaican nationals is estimated to be significantly lower, at 49,000 in 2015. Jamaicans have been present in the UK since the start of the 20th century, during the 1950s, Britains economy was suffering greatly and the nation was plagued with high labour shortages. The British government ultimately looked to its overseas colonies for help, the Caribbean island nation of Jamaica was a British colony between 1655 and 1962, these 300 years of English rule changed the face of the island considerably. Jamaica is the third most populous English-speaking nation in the Americas, the tight-knit link between Jamaica and the United Kingdom remains evident to this day. There has been a long and well established Jamaican community in the UK since near the beginning of the 20th century, many Jamaicans fought for Britain in World War I, the British West Indies Regiment recruited solely from the British overseas colonies in the Caribbean. Volunteers originally only came from four nations, however as the regiment grew thousands of Jamaican men were recruited, the British West Indies Regiment fought for Britain in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign as well as the East African Campaign. Many of these men became the first permanent Jamaican settlers in the UK after World War I, despite this, by far the largest wave of Jamaican migration to the UK including people of all genders and ages occurred in the middle of the 20th century. A major hurricane in August 1944 ravaged eastern Jamaica leading to numerous fatalities and this acted as a push factor in the migration of Jamaicans and at the time by far the largest pull factor was the promise of jobs in the UK. Post-war Britain was suffering from significant labour shortage and looked to its overseas colonies for help, British Rail, the NHS and London transport were noted as being the largest recruiters. On 23 June 1948, the MV Empire Windrush arrived in the UK with, many more followed as the steady flow of Jamaicans to the UK was maintained due to the continuing labour shortage. Between 1955 and 1968,191,330 Jamaicans settled in the UK and these first generation migrants created the foundation of a community which is now well into its third if not fourth generation. Jamaicans continued to migrate to the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, albeit in smaller numbers, there is an uneven distribution of household wealth throughout Jamaica and during the economic crisis of the 1990s lower class Jamaicans continued to migrate in significant numbers. A lot of later arrivals came from Jamaicas capital and largest city. Most first generation came to the UK in order to seek and improved standard of living. Jamaicans followed the pattern of other immigrant groups where they tended to work in low paid, dirty. Throughout the late 20th century and to day in fact
18.
Preston, Lancashire
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Preston /ˈprɛstən/ is a city and the administrative centre of Lancashire, England. The district obtained city status in 2002, becoming Englands 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth IIs reign, Preston has a population of 114,300, the City of Preston district 132,000 and the Preston Built-up Area 313,322. The Preston Travel To Work Area, in 2011, had a population of 420,661 compared to 354,000 in the previous census. Preston and its area have provided evidence of ancient Roman activity. The Angles established Preston, its name is derived from the Old English meaning priests settlement, in the Middle Ages, Preston was a parish and township in the hundred of Amounderness and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179, giving it the status of a market town. Textiles have been produced since the century when locally produced wool was woven in peoples houses. Flemish weavers who settled in the area in the 14th century helped develop the industry, in the early-18th century, Edmund Calamy described Preston as a pretty town with an abundance of gentry in it, commonly called Proud Preston. Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the frame, was born in the town. The most rapid period of growth and development coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of textile manufacturing, Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated engineering centre, with large industrial plants. Preston is recorded in the Domesday Book as Prestune in 1086, various other spellings occur in early documents, Prestonam, Prestone, Prestona, Presteton, and Prestun. The modern spelling occurs in 1094,1176,1196,1212 and 1332, the towns name is derived from Old English Presta and Tun, the Tun of the Presta. During the Roman period, Roman roads passed close to what is now the centre of Preston. For example, the road from Luguvalium to Mamucium crossed the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale, 3⁄4 mile southeast of the centre of Preston, at Withy Trees,1 1⁄2 miles north of Preston, the road crossed another Roman road from Bremetennacum to the coast. An explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priests Town refers to a set up by St Wilfrid near the Ribbles lowest ford. This idea is supported by the similarity of the Paschal lamb on Prestons crest with that on St Wilfrids, when first mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, Preston was already the most important town in Amounderness. When assessed for tax purposes in 1218 –19 it was the wealthiest town in the whole county and it is the only Guild still celebrated in the UK. Before 1328 a celebration had been held on an irregular basis, after this, there were breaks in the pattern for various reasons, but an unbroken series were held from 1542 to 1922. A full 400 year sequence was frustrated by the cancellation of the 1942 Guild due to World War II, the expression every Preston Guild, meaning very infrequently, has passed into fairly common use, especially in Lancashire
19.
The Black and White Minstrel Show
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The Black and White Minstrel Show was a British light entertainment show that ran on BBC television from 1958 to 1978 and was a popular stage show. The show was created by BBC producer George Inns working with George Mitchell, the show was first broadcast on the BBC on 14 June 1958. It began as a special in 1957 called The 1957 Television Minstrels featuring the male Mitchell Minstrels. The male Minstrels performed in blackface, the dancers and other accompanying artists did not. The show included comedy interludes performed by Leslie Crowther, George Chisholm and it was initially produced by George Inns with George Mitchell. The Minstrels main soloists were baritone Dai Francis, tenor John Boulter, during the nine years that the show was broadcast in black and white, the blackface makeup was actually red as black did not film very well. By 1964, the show was achieving viewing figures of 21 million, the first of these became the first album in UK album sales history to pass 100,000 sales. While it started off being broadcast in black and white, the show was one of the very first to be shown in colour on BBC2 in 1967, several famous personalities guested on the show, while others started their careers there. Comedian Lenny Henry was one star, being the first black comedian to appear. In July 2009, Lenny Henry explained that he was obliged to perform. The shows premise began to be seen as offensive on account of its portrayal of blacked-up characters behaving in a stereotypical manner and a petition against it was received by the BBC in 1967. In 1969, due to continuing accusations of racism, Music Music Music and it failed badly, was cancelled after 10 episodes and The Black and White Minstrel Show returned to win back viewers. Since its cancellation, The Black and White Minstrel Show has come to be more widely as an embarrassment. The BBC1 TV show was cancelled in 1978 as part of a reduction in variety programming and this continued every year until 1992, when a final tour of three Butlins resorts saw the last official Black and White Minstrel Show on stage. In the late 1960s, Music Music Music, a version of the show, had been tried. In a 1971 episode of The Two Ronnies, a sketch, The Short and Fat Minstrel Show, was performed as a parody of The Black and White Minstrel Show. Episode Roots featured a storyline in which Mr. Graces lineage was traced in order to perform an appropriate song, the end result was a number that parodied The Black and White Minstrel Show by having the male performers in blackface while the females were not. The Black and White Minstrel Show at the Internet Movie Database The Black and White Minstrel Show at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television
20.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
21.
London Weekend Television
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London Weekend Television was the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm to Monday mornings at 6, 00am. Like most ITV franchises, including Carltons, the London weekend franchise is operated by ITV plc. As of 2014, the franchise is still licensed, but unlike many other franchises. LWT is now managed with Carlton Television as an entity. London Weekend Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. The London Television Consortium was created and led by television presenter David Frost, the consortium also consisted of three ex-BBC members of staff, Michael Peacock, Frank Muir and Doreen Stephens. Frost had originally considered applying for the new Yorkshire region franchise, changes elsewhere in the system led Frost to believe that the existing Midlands weekday broadcaster ATV had a significant risk of losing its London weekend contract. The consortiums application promised a variety of arts and drama productions. It accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority, so keen were the ITA that they were quoted at the time as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from an extension in broadcasting hours. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends and this led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the centre of ATV at Foley Street. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC1, other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee on 9 September 1968. The NPC was being chaired by Lew Grade, ATVs managing director, and I know I hate David Frost. Frost was present but no one else spoke out against LWTs programming policy, meanwhile, the £6.5 million they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frosts vision for the future of television, ATV dropped Frosts major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support, the ITA made it clear that LWTs franchise proposals must be retained
22.
The Fosters (1976 TV series)
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The Fosters is a British television programme, produced by London Weekend Television which aired on ITV from 9 April 1976, until 9 July 1977. It was created and developed by Jon Watkins, who adapted the American sitcom, Good Times, developed by Norman Lear and it was the first British sitcom to have an entirely black cast. It was the predecessor to many future British television programmes that featured a black cast. The series starred Norman Beaton as Samuel Foster, a man trying to support his family in a South London multi-storey council flat. The Samuel character was based on the fictional character James Evans Sr. in Good Times, alongside Beaton was Isabelle Lucas, portraying Samuels wife, Pearl Foster, who gossips with her best friend, Vilma, played by Carmen Munroe. Vilma was originally the character Willona Woods, who in the American version, gossips with Florida on every one inside the housing projects, Munroe and Beaton would later star in Desmonds as married couple Shirley and Desmond Ambrose. Including in the shows cast was teenager Lenny Henry, in his first regular series, playing Sonny Foster, Pearl and Samuels oldest child and son, J. J. Evans was the American equivalent. Sharon Rosita played Sonnys younger sister, Shirley Foster, the daughter in the family. Samuel and Pearls younger son, Benjamin, was played by Lawrie Mark, in the American series, Michael Evans was Benjamins double. The series episodes were derived from scripts from the original Good Times episodes, the series produced 27 episodes and two series, ending its year-long run on 9 July 1977
23.
Working men's club
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They also began at this time in Australia, with a small number in Ireland, primarily Dublin. Despite the educational ambitions, most working mens clubs are recreational, a much larger room would be connected, often called the concert or entertainment room with a stage and a layout of tables, stools and backrest sofas. They often provide night time entertainment, mainly on the such as bingo, raffles, live music cabaret and comedy. They are also known for their charitable works, in recent years, declining membership has seen many clubs close down and others struggle to remain open. Some groups try to raise the profile of clubs, pointing to their historical legacies, a working mens club is a non-profit organisation run by members through a committee, usually elected annually. Each club has rules that tend to be vigorously enforced, the committee will discipline members for violations. Despite the name, women are allowed to be members in many clubs, non-members are not allowed entry unless signed in by a member. A dispute at Wakefield City Workingmens Club in 1978 led to a campaign for equal membership rights for women. Sheila Capstick, whose husband was an activist in the NUM, had been a regular player at the club before a ban was instituted on women playing snooker. Her protest A Womans Right to Cues developed into a campaign for equal rights ERICCA – Equal Rights in Clubs Campaign for Action. In April 2007, after the resolution had been consistently rejected over years, most clubs affiliate to the Working Mens Club and Institute Union. The CIU is affiliated to the Committee of Registered Clubs Associations or CORCA, a member of one affiliated club is entitled to use the facilities of other clubs. There are 2,200 affiliated working mens clubs in the UK, the CIU has two purposes, to provide a national voice for clubs, and to provide discounted products and services for clubs. Until 2004, clubs ran a brewery at Dunston, Tyne and Wear, the brewery and brands were sold to Scottish & Newcastle for £16.2 million, although CIU clubs still receive discounted beer. These discounts are passed on to members
24.
Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em
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Some Mothers Do Ave Em is a British sitcom created and written by Raymond Allen and starring Michael Crawford and Michele Dotrice. It was first broadcast in 1973 and ran for three series, ending in 1978, and returning briefly in 2016 for a one off special. The series follows the accident-prone Frank Spencer and his tolerant wife, Betty, through Franks various attempts to hold down a job, the sitcom was filmed in and around the town of Bedford in Bedfordshire. It was noted for its stuntwork, performed by Crawford himself, as well as featuring various well-remembered and much lampooned catchphrases, in a 2004 poll to find Britains Best Sitcom, Some Mothers Do Ave Em came 22nd. The expression Some mothers do have them is meant to refer to someone clumsy or foolish, the wimpish, smiling Frank, sporting his trademark beret and trench coat, is married to the apparently normal Betty and in later series they have a baby daughter, Jessica. The character was popular with television impressionists such as Mike Yarwood in the 1970s, particularly his main catchphrase, Ooh Betty, Ooh Betty. is not Franks only catchphrase of the series. Usually uttered with his forefinger to his mouth as he stands amidst the chaos of some disaster he has just caused and he also sometimes complains about being ha-RASSed. or occasionally, Ive had a lot of ha-RASSments lately. Other recurring catchphrases include references to a bit of trouble, which implies some sort of undisclosed digestive disorder. If Frank is pleased about something, he will use the catchphrase Mmmm — nice. Despite his unfailing ability to infuriate people, Frank is essentially a very sympathetic character and he also venerates the memory of his late mother and worships his daughter. The final series was written by Allen based on stories by Michael Crawford, Franks character changes noticeably in this series, becoming more self-aware and keen to make himself appear more educated and well-spoken. He develops an air of pomposity which is always best demonstrated when someone would approach, to which he would always reply, I am he. He also becomes more self-assured, and much more willing to back when criticised. Acknowledging the shows success in Australia, the series saw him begin talk of having relations there. Crawford himself has talked of how he based many of Franks reactions on those of a young child, Ronnie Barker and Norman Wisdom were the BBCs first and second choices for the role of Frank. However the casting of Crawford proved effective, as many of Franks mannerisms and turns of phrase were invented by the actor, and his stunt-performing and singing skills were used in the series. A pre-Minder Glynn Edwards appeared in more than two episodes as Frank and Bettys irascible new neighbour, Mr Lewis, while a pre-Bread Jean Boht appeared in two episodes as Mrs Lewis. One regular character in the series was Franks long suffering mother-in-law Mrs. Fisher, played by Jane Hylton and Franks local catholic priest, Father OHara
25.
Celebrity Squares
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Celebrity Squares is a British comedy game show based on the American comedy game show Hollywood Squares. It first ran from 20 July 1975 to 7 July 1979 and was hosted by Bob Monkhouse, on 10 September 2014, a revival of the show produced by September Films and GroupM Entertainment debuted on ITV, hosted by Warwick Davis. On 13 November 2015, DCD Media confirmed that the show had been axed, the show is based on noughts and crosses. Inside each box is a celebrity, the host asks a celebrity a question, and if the contestant can correctly predict whether the celebrity got that question correct or wrong, then theyll win that square and a money value. If the contestants prediction is wrong, the contestant wins the square. However, if the round is at point, the opponent must put their nought or cross in the square themselves. If they get three in row vertically, horizontally, diagonally or five in total, then win the round. Regular celebrities featured often with Willie Rushton occupying the square for the majority of editions. Pat Coombs was another participant and she and Monkhouse developed an ongoing repartee based on her response Hello Bobby to his Hello Patty. In the ATV run, each square and game was worth £10, in rounds two, three & four, one celebrity was designated as a secret square. Contestants who picked this square and got the question right won a special prize. In the Central and Reg Grundy Productions era of the show, also in this version, round two was the secret square round. If the secret square was not revealed in that round, the prize is carried over to the round. In the current version, each square in the first two rounds was worth £50 and winning a round was worth an extra £500, also in this version, rounds two and four are secret square rounds, here, it was renamed the Mystery Square round. In the second part of the show in the Central and Reg Grundy Productions era, if there was enough time for a fourth round, the money was doubled again to £40 a square and £200 for a winning round. In the fifth game on the 2014 series and the game on the 2015 series. At the end of the round, the contestant with the most money went into the final round. In the final round, the contestant was one question and had to give nine correct answers within 30 seconds
26.
Ronnie Corbett
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He achieved prominence in David Frosts 1960s satirical comedy programme The Frost Report and subsequently starred in sitcoms such as No – Thats Me Over Here. Corbett was born in Edinburgh, the son of William Balfour Corbett, a master baker and he had a brother about six years younger, and a sister about ten years younger than him. Corbett was educated at James Gillespies High School and the Royal High School in the city, after leaving school, he decided he wanted to be an actor while performing in amateur theatricals at a church youth club. His first job, however, was with the Ministry of Agriculture, Corbett served his compulsory national service with the Royal Air Force, during which he was the shortest in height commissioned officer in the British Forces. A former aircraftman 2nd class, he was commissioned into the branch of the RAF as a pilot officer on 25 May 1950. He received the service number 2446942 and he transferred to the reserve on 28 October 1951, thereby ending his period of active service. He was promoted to flying officer on 6 September 1952, following national service, Corbett moved to London to start his acting career. At 5 ft 1 in tall, Corbett was suited to playing roles younger than his years, references to his height frequently cropped up in his self-deprecating humour. In one of his earliest stage appearances, he was billed as Ronald Corbett at Cromer in Take it Easy in 1956 and he appeared in Crackerjack as a regular in its early days, one episode with Winifred Atwell. He had a walk-on in an episode of the 1960s series The Saint and appeared in films including Youre Only Young Twice. Casino Royale, Some Will, Some Wont and the version of the farce No Sex Please. Corbett starred in the first London production of the musical The Boys from Syracuse in 1963 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in 1965 he was in cabaret at Winstons, Danny La Rues Mayfair nightclub. David Frost saw him and asked him to appear in The Frost Report, Corbett was in the West End, playing Will Scarlett in Lionel Barts Robin Hood musical Twang. It failed, leaving Corbett free to accept and it was while working at Danny La Rues nightclub that Corbett met Anne Hart, who he was to marry that year. The marriage lasted 49 years, until he died, Corbett first worked with Ronnie Barker in The Frost Report. The writers and cast were mostly Oxbridge graduates from the Footlights tradition, Corbett said he and Barker were drawn together as two grammar school boys who had not gone to university. The show was a mixture of monologues, sketches and music. Corbett and Barker were beginning to be thought of as a pair and they appeared with John Cleese in one of the most repeated comedy sketches in British television, the Class sketch
27.
Blackpool
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Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ is a seaside resort and unitary authority area in Lancashire, England, on Englands northwest coast. The town is on the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries,15 miles northwest of Preston,27 miles north of Liverpool,28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It had an population of 142,065 at the 2011 Census. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpools 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a new road, built by Thomas Clifton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, in the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St Johns Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821, Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England. In 1881, Blackpool was a resort with a population of 14,000. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort, by 1951 it had grown to 147,000. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool. Another explanation is that the dialect for stream was pul or poole. People originating from Blackpool are called Blackpudlians although Sandgrownians or Sandgrownuns is sometimes used or Seasiders, a 13, 500-year-old elk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points on Blackpool Old Road in Carleton in 1970. Now displayed in the Harris Museum this provided the first evidence of living on the Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, the Setantii a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, during the Roman occupation the area was covered by oak forests and bog land. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in the Domesday Book in 1086, many of them were Anglo-Saxon settlements. Some though had 9th and 10th century Viking place names, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons seem to have co-existed peacefully, with some Anglo-Saxon and Viking placenames later being joined together – such as Layton-with-Warbreck and Bispham-with-Norbreck. Layton was controlled by the Butlers, Barons of Warrington from the 12th century, the stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became Black Poole. In the 15th century the area was just called Pul, in 1602, entries in Bispham Parish Church baptismal register include both Poole and for the first time blackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built toward the end of the 17th century by Edward Tyldesley, an Act of Parliament in 1767 enclosed a common, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards
28.
Tiswas
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Tiswas was a Saturday morning childrens British television series which ran from 5 January 1974 to 3 April 1982 and was produced for the ITV network by ATV Network Limited. It was created by ATV continuity announcer Peter Tomlinson following a test period in 1973 when he tried out a few competitions, Tiswas began life as a links strand between many filler programmes, such as cartoons and old films. The popularity of the presenters links soon eclipsed the staple diet of filler and it was originally produced as a Midlands regional programme by ATV and was first broadcast live on 5 January 1974. The then federal structure of ITV, with its independent regional companies, over a period of time, most ITV regions did, with Granada Television and Southern Television being the last in 1979. Tyne Tees finally decided to take Tiswas for its series in 1981. The smallest broadcaster in the network, Channel Television, did not carry the programme, John Gorman, former member of 1960s cult band The Scaffold, was also a presenter. Like its cleaner BBC counterpart, Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, it had a running order, the programme was broadcast from Studio 3 at ATV Centre in Birmingham, this was the weekday home for the companys regional news magazine, ATV Today. The show was a stitch-together of competitions, film clips and pop promos, just about held together by sketches, the show also regularly featured spoofs of BBC childrens programming. Both Tarrant and the Flan Flinger would take delight in trying to flan cameramen who would go to great lengths to avoid being hit. Nottingham-based duo Sleaford Mods included the song Tiswas on their 2014 album, Divide, the original logo featured the word TISWAS in chunky letters. A later version of this logo featured a circle going round the edge with Today Is Saturday Watch And Smile embossed upon it. The first series was intended to be eleven episodes, purely acting as links between the usual staple fillers of old films and cartoons that ATV would transmit on Saturday mornings. Presented by Chris Tarrant and John Asher from just a desk in a continuity studio, within a few weeks, the show was moved to studio 3 at ATV Centre from which Tiswas was produced for the majority of its run. Due to a dispute by technicians at Associated TeleVision, this initial run was only nine programmes in all. The sequence featured clips from films and Disney cartoons, backed by a funky jazz number known as Atomic Butterfly. Series 2 of Tiswas began from late 1974, and spanned almost every Saturday in 1975, the presenting team was doubled to four presenters, and these were usually culled from ATVs presentation department. Chris Tarrant and John Asher retained their roles as the main presenters, from the ranks at ATV, other regular presenters were established, notably sports reporter Trevor East and announcer Peter Tomlinson. Producer Peter Harris would leave the show in the summer to help produce fellow cult TV success The Muppet Show at ATVs London-orientated operation in Elstree, running from late 1976 to early 1977, Chris Tarrant, Peter Tomlinson and Trevor East were the main presenters
29.
Teddy Pendergrass
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Theodore DeReese Teddy Pendergrass was an American singer–songwriter and composer. He first rose to fame as singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes in the 1970s before a successful solo career at the end of the decade. In 1982, Pendergrass was severely injured in an accident in Philadelphia. He subsequently founded the Teddy Pendergrass Alliance, a foundation that helps those with spinal cord injuries and he commemorated 25 years of living after his spinal cord injury with the star-filled event, Teddy 25 - A Celebration of Life, at Philadelphias Kimmel Center. His last performance was on a PBS special at Atlantic Citys Borgata Casino in November 2008, born Theodore DeReese Pendergrass on March 26,1950 in Kingstree, South Carolina and was the only child of Jesse and Ida Geraldine Pendergrass. When he was very young, his father left the family. Pendergrass grew up in Philadelphia and sang often at church and he dreamed of being a pastor and got his wish when, at 10, he was ordained a minister. Pendergrass also took up drums during this time and was a deacon of his church. He attended Thomas Edison High School for Boys in North Philadelphia and he sang with the Edison Mastersingers. He dropped out in the grade to enter the music business. The recording, however, was not a commercial success, Pendergrass played drums for several local Philadelphia bands, eventually becoming the drummer of The Cadillacs. In 1970, the singer was spotted by the Blue Notes founder, Harold Melvin, however, during a performance, Pendergrass began singing along, and Melvin, impressed by his vocals, made him the lead singer. Before Pendergrass joined the group, the Blue Notes had struggled to find success, in 1972, Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes released their first single, a slow, solemn ballad entitled I Miss You. The song was written for the Dells, but the group passed on it. Noting how Pendergrass sounded like Dells lead singer Marvin Junior, Kenny Gamble decided to build the song with Pendergrass, Pendergrass sings much of the song in a raspy baritone voice that would become his trademark. The song, one of Gamble and Huffs most creative productions, became a rhythm and blues hit. Pendergrass and LaBelle developed a friendship that would last until Pendergrass death. By 1975, Pendergrass and Harold Melvin were at odds, mainly over monetary issues, despite the fact that Pendergrass sang most of the groups songs, Melvin was controlling the groups finances
30.
Trevor McDonald
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Sir Trevor McDonald, OBE is a Trinidadian-British newsreader and journalist, best known for his career as a news presenter with ITN. McDonald was knighted in 1999 for his services to journalism, after working as a print and broadcast journalist in Trinidad during the 1960s, in 1969 McDonald was employed by BBC Radio as a producer, based in London but still broadcasting to the Caribbean. In 1973 he began his association with Independent Television News, first as a general reporter, later as a sports correspondent. In the 1980s he spent some time with the ITN-produced Channel 4 News, McDonald was promoted in 1992 as the sole presenter of News at Ten and became a well-known face on British television screens. McDonald stayed with ITN when News at Ten was axed in 1999, News at Ten was briefly relaunched on 22 January 2001, to which McDonald returned as a presenter. He presented the ITV News at 10.30 following News at Tens second axing, from 1999 to 2005 McDonald hosted ITVs flagship current affairs programme Tonight with Trevor McDonald. The show was revived in 2010 with presenter Julie Etchingham, McDonald presented his last ITV News bulletin on 15 December 2005. The veteran newsreader stepped down from his role as anchor after more than 30 years at ITN, at the end of the final programme, he signed off with the words, That brings to an end my association with the news at 10.30. Over the closing titles of the last bulletin that McDonald presented, on 31 October 2007, ITV announced that, early in 2008, McDonald would come out of retirement to present the relaunched News at Ten together with Julie Etchingham. He told a newspaper, I couldn’t turn down the back to that iconic time slot. News at Ten began broadcasting once again on 14 January 2008 and it was announced on 30 October 2008 that McDonald would step down from News at Ten once the US2008 Presidential elections were over, to be replaced by Mark Austin. His last bulletin was on 20 November 2008 and it was reported at the time that he would continue to present links for The Tonight Programme. In 2009, McDonald travelled to the Caribbean and hosted the series The Secret Caribbean with Trevor McDonald, in 2011, McDonald travelled around the Mediterranean and hosted the series The Secret Mediterranean with Trevor McDonald. In 2012, McDonald travelled along the route of the Mississippi River, in 2013, McDonald visited death row inmates in Indiana and hosted the series Inside Death Row. In early 2015, McDonald travelled to New York City and hosted the 2 part series The Mafia with Trevor McDonald, in late 2015, McDonald presented Las Vegas with Trevor McDonald, a two-part series for ITV. In September 2016, McDonald presented a series called Inside Scotland Yard With Trevor McDonald for ITV. In February 2017, McDonald will present two-part documentary Mafia Women with Trevor McDonald for ITV, McDonald has been announced as host for 2016s BEAM Awards, the first BEAM awards ceremony to be televised. Alongside Aleesha Dixon, Sir Trevor McDonald will host the awards at the London Palladium, McDonald presented the TV series Undercover Customs which created reconstructions of major HM Customs and Excise investigations in the UK
31.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
32.
BBC Radio 1
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Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
33.
The Young Ones (TV series)
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The Young Ones is a British sitcom, broadcast in the United Kingdom from 1982 to 1984 in two six-part series. Shown on BBC2, it featured anarchic, offbeat humour which helped bring alternative comedy to television in the 1980s, in 1985, it was shown on MTV, one of the first non-music television shows on the fledgling channel. In a 2004 poll, it ranked at number 31 in the BBCs list of Britains Best Sitcoms, the series originated on Londons comedy club circuit in the early 1980s, where most of the cast had gained popularity at The Comedy Store. Alexei Sayle was the prominent act, drawing attention as the manic, Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall worked as the double act 20th Century Coyote, which later became The Dangerous Brothers. Nigel Planer was in an act with Peter Richardson called The Outer Limits. The Comic Strip became one of the most popular venues in London. Peter Richardson then negotiated a deal for six self-contained half-hour films, in response, the BBC began negotiations with Edmondson, Mayall, Richardson, Planer and Sayle to star in a sitcom in a similar style. Paul Jackson was installed as a producer, richardsons project, The Comic Strip Presents. Aired on Channel 4s opening night on 2 November 1982, with The Young Ones following a week later on BBC2, the series was written by Mayall, his then-girlfriend Lise Mayer, and Ben Elton. Richardson was originally set to play Mike, but clashed with Jackson and he was replaced by Christopher Ryan, the only member of the group who was not a stand-up comedian. The show was voted number 31 in the BBCs Best Sitcom poll in 2004, the show combined traditional sitcom style with violent slapstick, non-sequitur plot turns, and surrealism. These older styles were mixed with the working and lower-middle class attitudes of the growing 1980s alternative comedy boom, Every episode except one featured a live performance by a band, including Madness, Motörhead, and The Damned. This was a used to qualify the series for a larger budget. Stories were set in a house where the students lived during their time at Scumbag College. It can be classified as a comedy of manners, when it was first broadcast, the show gained attention for its violent slapstick, which Mayall and Edmondson had been using in 20th Century Coyote for some time. The show also featured surreal elements, such as puppets playing talking animals or objects, confusion was added with lengthy cutaways with no relation to the main plot. Throughout the series, the wall was frequently broken for comedic effect by all characters at various parts of the show. The wall was broken as either a punchline to a joke or to make a plot point more obvious
34.
Tina Turner
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Tina Turner, is an American-born Swiss recording artist, dancer, actress, and author, whose career has spanned more than half a century, earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards. Born and raised in the Southeastern United States, Turner obtained Swiss citizenship in 2013 and she began her musical career in the mid-1950s as a featured singer with Ike Turners Kings of Rhythm, first recording in 1958 under the name Little Ann. Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Success followed with a string of notable hits credited to the duo, including A Fool in Love, River Deep – Mountain High, Proud Mary, and Nutbush City Limits, a song which she herself wrote. In her autobiography, I, Tina, she revealed several instances of domestic abuse against her by Ike Turner prior to their 1976 split. After her divorce from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career through live performances, Whats Love Got to Do with It, the lead single won three Grammy Awards including Record of the Year. Whats Love Got to Do with It was later used as the title of a loosely based biographical film adapted from her autobiography, One of the worlds best-selling artists of all time, she has also been referred to as The Queen of Rock n Roll. Turner has been termed the most successful female Rock n Roll artist, receiving eleven Grammy Awards, including eight competitive awards, Turner has also sold more concert tickets than any other solo performer in history. Her combined album and single sales total approximately 180 million copies worldwide and she is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, and career longevity. In 2008, Turner returned from semi-retirement to embark on her Tina, Turners tour became one of the highest selling ticketed shows of 2008–09. Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Turner no.63 on their list of 100 greatest artists of all time, in 1991, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Turner announced in December 2016 that she has been working on Tina, Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26,1939, in Nutbush, an unincorporated area in Haywood County, Tennessee. Her parents were Zelma Priscilla and Floyd Richard Bullock, Anna Mae was born at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180, where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers. She is of African-American descent, with approximately 33% European and 1% Native American ancestry, Anna Mae had an older sister, Ruby Aillene. As young children, Anna Mae and Aillene were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, after the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville. Two years later, the returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community. In 1889, her uncle had sold the land on which the school was built to the school trustees. As a youngster, Anna Mae sang in the choir at Nutbushs Spring Hill Baptist Church
35.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
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