1.
Chaim Topol
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Chaim Topol, mononomously known as Topol, is an Israeli theatrical and film performer, singer, actor, comedian, voice artist, writer and producer. He is best known for his role as Tevye the dairyman in the production of Fiddler on the Roof on both stage and film and he has been nominated for an Academy Award and a Tony Award, and has won two Golden Globe Awards. Topol was born in Tel Aviv in 1935 in what was then British mandated Palestine, to Rel and he first practiced acting in amateur theatrical plays staged by the Israeli Army. Subsequently he established his own troupe in Tel Aviv. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, in 1966, Topol made his first English-language screen appearance as Abou Ibn Kaqden in the big-budget Mickey Marcus biopic Cast a Giant Shadow. He came to greatest prominence in the role of Tevye the milkman in the musical show Fiddler on the Roof. After a major success on the West End stage, he starred in the 1971 film version. In 1972, Topol won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a Best Actor Oscar for his performance in the film and he was on active service with the Israeli Army at the time, but was granted permission to attend the awards ceremonies. In 1976, Topol originated the role of the baker, Amiable, in the new musical The Bakers Wife. In 1983, he reprised the role of Tevye in a London revival of Fiddler on the Roof, in the late 1980s, he played the role in a touring United States production. He was by then the age of the character. Also, the playing his wife, Golde, in that production – Rosalind Harris – had played his eldest daughter, Tzeitel. Topol again played Tevye in a 1994 London revival, which became a touring production and he has since played the part in various productions including stages in Europe, Australia, and Japan. His most recent film roles were in Left Luggage in the role of Mr. Apfelschnitt, in November 2005, Topol reprised Tevye in an Australian production at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney. In April 2006, he followed Sydney with a Brisbane production at the Lyric Theatre, finally, in June of that year, he brought his Tevye to Her Majestys Theatre in Melbourne. In April 2007, he played the role in Wellington, New Zealand, in September 2008, Topol played the part of Honore in Gigi at the Open Air Theatre in Regents Park, London. On January 20,2009, Topol began a tour of Fiddler on the Roof as Tevye, opening in Wilmington, Delaware. He was forced to withdraw from the tour owing to a shoulder injury and his autobiography, Chaim Topol on Topol, was published in London and Israel
2.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
3.
Shelter Island, New York
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Shelter Island is a town and island at the eastern end of Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. It is part of Suffolk County, although it is separated from the rest of the county by water, the population was 2,392 at the 2010 census. Shelter Island is nestled between the North and South Forks of Long Island and it is surrounded on three sides by Shelter Island Sound and on the fourth side by Gardiners Bay. It can be reached via ferry from Greenport to the north or from North Haven to the south, New York State Route 114 runs through the island. Shelter Island is around 8,000 acres in size, vast tracts are protected wetlands, a nature preserve marshland. Nearly one-third of the island is owned by The Nature Conservancy to be preserved in a wild state, the Preserve has four nature and bird-watching trails, varying in length from 1.5 miles to 11 miles, as well as a barrier-free Braille trail for the visually impaired. According to the United States Census Bureau, Shelter Island has an area of 27.1 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,228 people,996 households, however, during the summer months the population can exceed 8,000. The population density was 183.6 people per square mile, there were 2,370 housing units at an average density of 195.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 32% White,0. 72% Black or African American,0. 04% Native American,0. 49% Asian,0. 09% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 38% of the population. 28. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.75. In the town, the population was out with 18. 1% under the age of 18,4. 0% from 18 to 24,20. 1% from 25 to 44,29. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 49 years, for every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $53,011, and the median income for a family was $63,750. Males had an income of $41,508 versus $36,316 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,346, about 4. 7% of families and 7. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 0% of those under age 18 and 1. 4% of those age 65 or over. Dering Harbor, on the side of the island. Harbor View is on the west side of the island overlooking West Neck Harbor, the neighborhood, made up of homes built since the 1950s, was originally part of a large egg farm called Cackle Hill
4.
Quantico National Cemetery
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Quantico National Cemetery is a national cemetery in Triangle, Virginia for veterans who served in the United States Armed Forces. Adjacent to and originally part of Marine Corps Base Quantico, it was established as a cemetery in 1983 with an area of 725 acres. Quantico National Cemetery is located on land that was part of the U. S. Marine Corps training base adjacent to Quantico in Prince William County, the land has been used by the military for over 200 years. First, around 1775 by the Commonwealth of Virginia for Navy operations, in 1918 a permanent Marine base was established at Quantico. The Marine Corps Schools, a forerunner of the Marine Corps Development, since 1941, the focus of the base has been individual education rather than unit training. In 1977, the Marine Corps donated 725 acres of land to the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration. The cemetery was dedicated on May 15,1983. There are seven memorials in all, a monument to Edson’s Raiders was the first memorial dedicated at Quantico National Cemetery, unveiled on the memorial pathway on August 6,1989. The Purple Heart Memorial was dedicated August 7,1990, in honor of Purple Heart medal recipients interred at the cemetery, the Purple Heart was created by General George Washington in 1782 and was originally awarded for heroism. It eventually fell into disuse until 1931 when Gen. Douglas MacArthur revived it for soldiers who were wounded or killed in defense of their nation and his kidnappers killed him in July 1990. A cenotaph was erected until his body was repatriated in 1991 and his novel Battle Cry was based on his experiences. General Lewis W. Walt, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1968–1971, interred with his wife Nancy, Department of Veteran Affairs National Cemetery Administration, Quantico National Cemetery U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Quantico National Cemetery
5.
Exodus (Uris novel)
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Exodus is an historical novel by American novelist Leon Uris about the founding of the State of Israel. Published in 1958, it begins with a retelling of the voyages of the 1947 immigration ship Exodus. Uris covered the Arab–Israeli fighting as a war correspondent in 1956, Exodus became an international publishing phenomenon, the biggest bestseller in the United States since Gone with the Wind. The book remained number one on the New York Times bestseller list for eight months after its release, the story unfolds with the protagonist, Ari Ben Canaan, hatching a plot to transport Jewish refugees from a British detention camp in Cyprus to Palestine. The operation is carried out under the auspices of the Mossad Lealiyah Bet, the book then goes on to trace the histories of the various main characters and the ties of their personal lives to the birth of the new Jewish state. Otto Preminger directed a 1960 film based on the novel, featuring Paul Newman as Ari Ben Canaan and it focuses mainly on the escape from Cyprus and subsequent events in Palestine. The main plot of the novel, writes Bonnie Helms, involves a story of great courage, among the characters are freedom fighters Ari and Barak Ben Canaan and Dov Landau, whose stories are told in flashbacks. American nurse Kitty Fremont and German refugee Karen Hansen work alongside them to defeat the British blockade of Palestine. The novel includes several stories, although they often take place in surroundings of violence. Uris gives the reader a sense of the past, present. The personal stories in Exodus inspired its characters to seek their meaning and those settings were composed of their previous personal experiences, which were then grounded in both religion and geography. According to William Darby, The leading characters in Exodus only find happiness when they understand that they must conjoin nationalistic, religious. Ari Ben Canaan was born and raised on a kibbutz but goes on to one of the mainstays of the Israeli freedom movement. The handsome Canaan is described as six feet and three tall, with dark hair and ice-blue eyes. His father, Barak Ben Canaan, heads the Jewish Agency for Palestine and his uncle Akiva leads the Maccabees, a militant organization. The brothers came to Palestine after their father was murdered in a pogrom, as a young man, Ari was in love with a young woman, Dafna, who was tortured, raped, and murdered by Arabs. Dafna later becomes the namesake of the village, Gan Dafna. As part of the Mossad Aliyah Bet, Ari is extremely creative in devising techniques to bring Jews from all over the world to Palestine – more than allowed by the British quota
6.
Mila 18
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Mila 18 is a novel by Leon Uris set in German-occupied Warsaw, Poland, before and during World War II. Mila 18 debuted at #7 on The New York Times Best Seller List, Leon Uriss work, based on real events, covers the Nazi occupation of Poland and the atrocities of systematically dehumanising and eliminating the Jewish people of Poland. The name Mila 18 is taken from the bunker of Jewish resistance fighters underneath the building at ulica Miła 18. Eventually, as the ghetto is reduced to rubble, a few individuals with few weapons and no outside help assume command of ghetto defence, form a makeshift army. Later, this led to the formation of the state of Israel. Although meant to be a dispassionate and neutral observer, he meets and he has a passionate affair with the wife of one of the Jewish community leaders, while also dealing with prostitutes provided by the Nazis. As the ghetto is surrounded and reduced to rubble, he throws in his lot with the gallant defenders. He is one of the few survivors and manages to escape with a woman, Gabriela Rak, who is pregnant with the child of one of the defenders, Andrei Androfski. Andrei Androfski is a Polish army Ulany Brigade officer, and a Jew and he is hot-headed and several other characters comment that he is best at leading cavalry charges – i. e. hopelessly fighting until the end. He remains in the ghetto after the fall of the bunker at Mila 18 and is presumed dead afterwards, Gabriela Rak is Andrei Androfskis girlfriend, although they decide not to marry due to Andreis Jewish descent. She worked at the American Embassy in Warsaw before the war, Christopher de Monti is a journalist of whose father is Italian and mother is American. He is the person to know the location of all the ghettos diaries. Alexander Brandel is one of the leaders of the uprising and the father of Wolf Brandel and he started a diary, which was later expanded to 24 volumes by members of the ghetto. Wolf Brandel is the son of Alexander and one of the leaders of the uprising and he escapes the ghetto with a handful of survivors including his girlfriend Rachael Bronski. At the end of the book Christopher de Monti writes that Rachael, Rachael Bronski is the daughter of Paul and Deborah Bronski and the girlfriend of Wolf Brandel. Along with being a musician and an excellent soldier she assists Wolf with the command of his part of the army. When the uprising comes to an end Rachael and Wolf escape with a few out of the sewers. Deborah Bronski is Christopher de Montis lover and the wife of Paul Bronski and she is also the sister of Andrei Androfski
7.
QB VII
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QB VII by Leon Uris is a dramatic courtroom novel published in 1970. The four-part novel highlights the events leading to a trial in the United Kingdom. The novel was Uriss second consecutive #1 New York Times Best Seller, the novel is loosely based on a court case for defamation that arose from Uris previous best-selling novel Exodus. It began airing on ABC on April 29,1974, adapted to the screen by Edward Anhalt, it was produced by Douglas S. Cramer and directed by Tom Gries. The original music was written by Jerry Goldsmith and the cinematography by Paul Beeson, the six-and-a-half-hour miniseries won six primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for several more. Adam Kelno has fled to England in the days following World War II, when the witness is unable to identify him as one of the doctors who castrated him, he is released. Kelno takes his wife and young son to Sarawak, where he labors for years, upon his return to England, he is knighted. Twenty years have passed, and he has just begun to enjoy his life of renown, when a book is published, which names him as a willing participant to Nazi medical experiments on Jews in the camps. He sues for defamation, and finds not only can he not escape his past. QB VII refers to the courtroom in which the trial is held, Queens Bench and he had already had a laryngectomy for throat cancer, and used esophageal speech in his speaking parts. He died soon after filming was completed, QB VII was released as a Region 1 DVD on May 29,2001. List of Holocaust films QB VII at the Internet Movie Database
8.
Trinity (novel)
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Trinity is a novel by American author Leon Uris, published in 1976 by Doubleday. The book describes a number of events, from the Great Famine up until the Easter Rising in 1916. This stirs the fire of rebellion in Conor, and sets him onto the path for freedom for his Irish people, conors best friend Seamus ONeill begins school in town under a Protestant named Mr. Ingram. Conor, needed at home, helps his father in the fields, as the years pass, the boys become friends with Mr. Ingram, who teaches them of the power of books and the history of their Irish forefathers. Seamus goes to college in Belfast, and Conor heads to Derry, in Bogside Conor witnesses the extent of the disaster that has befallen the Irish people. Bogside is in tatters and a state of despair that has stricken its inhabitants since before the Great Famine that had occurred between 1845 and 1852, held down by the Protestant reign in Derrys labor unions, the Catholics are dying slowly without hope. In Derry, Conor discovers other like-minded Irish tired of the oppression of the Catholics by the British and this small group, with the support of the few Irish politicians, becomes the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the roots of Sinn Féin, and the whisper of freedom throughout Ireland. A1995 sequel, Redemption, completes many loose ends in the saga
9.
American Jews
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American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
10.
History of the Jews in Poland
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The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 800 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world, Poland was the centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, from the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus Iudaeorum, it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities, according to some sources, about three-quarters of the worlds Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife, Polands traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population. At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, one-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries, statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0. 1% of Polish gentiles collaborated with the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust, britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most of the remaining Jews left Poland in late 1968 as the result of the Soviet-sponsored anti-Zionist campaign. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, the situation of Polish Jews became normalized, Religious institutions were revived, largely through the activities of Jewish foundations from the United States. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century, by travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, Jewish merchants, known as Radhanites, crossed the areas of Silesia. In the summer of 965 or 966 Jacob made a trade and diplomatic journey from his native Toledo in Moslem Spain to the Holy Roman Empire, the first actual mention of Jews in Polish chronicles occurs in the 11th century. It appears that Jews were then living in Gniezno, at time the capital of the Polish kingdom of the Piast dynasty. Among the first Jews to arrive in Poland were those banished from Prague, the first permanent Jewish community is mentioned in 1085 by a Jewish scholar Jehuda ha-Kohen in the city of Przemyśl. The first extensive Jewish emigration from Western Europe to Poland occurred at the time of the First Crusade in 1098. Under Bolesław III, the Jews, encouraged by the tolerant regime of this ruler, settled throughout Poland, Bolesław III recognized the utility of Jews in the development of the commercial interests of his country
