1.
Independent Spirit Awards
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The Film Independent Spirit Awards, founded in 1984, are awards dedicated to independent filmmakers. Winners were typically presented with acrylic glass pyramids containing suspended shoestrings representing the paltry budgets of independent films, in 1986, the event was renamed the Independent Spirit Awards. Since 2006, winners have received a trophy depicting a bird with its wings spread sitting atop of a pole with the shoestrings from the previous design wrapped around the pole, Film Independent Members vote to determine the winners of the Spirit Awards. The awards show is held inside a tent on the beach in Santa Monica, California, the show is broadcast live on the IFC network, as well as Hollywood Suite in Canada and A&E Latin America. The 32nd Independent Spirit Awards ceremony, hosted by Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, was broadcast live on IFC on Saturday, official website Film Independent Film Independents channel on YouTube Film Independent at the Internet Movie Database Independent Spirit Awards at the Internet Movie Database
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
4.
Teaneck High School
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The school has been accredited since 1935 by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,295 students and 119.3 classroom teachers, there were 256 students eligible for free lunch and 81 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school was renovated in 2003–04, giving students new classrooms as well as a new student center, Teaneck has implemented two academies that focus on the sciences and the arts. Teanecks sports teams are nicknamed the Highwaymen, girls teams are called the Highwaywomen, the team name comes from the highwaymen who would seize money and belongings from those traveling along highways during the 17th and 18th century and for the schools location overlooking Route 4. The school was opened in the current building, which resembles a Tudor palace in 1928, honors courses were introduced in the 1960s. Teaneck has been a high school since the 1980s. In 1934, Teaneck High School became the first in the nation to offer a program in aviation as a component of its academic program. In May 1964, Teanecks schools were desegregated, after the districts board of education voted to implement a centralized sixth grade school that would serve the entire township. In 1972, the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey represented Teaneck High School student Abbe Seldin in her battle to play tennis at the school. The coach would not let her play for the mens team, Seldin won her case and later became the first woman at Syracuse University to win an athletic scholarship. In 1987, the school was the subject of a 20/20 documentary on the effects of Heavy Metal on students, on May 1,2014, more than 60 students were taken into police custody following a senior prank at Teaneck High School. Police Sergeant John Garland stated that the tables and vaseline-smeared doorknobs were the craziest thing ever seen in his 19 years as a police officer. In Newsweeks May 22,2007 issue, ranking the top high schools, Teaneck High School was listed in 1080th place. The school had been ranked 126th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, the magazine ranked the school 121st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 102nd in the magazines September 2006 issue, in the fall of 2002, two academies, or schools within a school, were launched. Academy is a daily program that seeks to integrate technology, mathematics, science. Teaneck High School won the New Jersey State High School Chess Championship in 1997, shearwood McClelland won the national high school chess championship in 1994 and 1995, the first repeat champion in tournament history. In the 2009-10 school year, the competed in the North Jersey Tri-County Conference
5.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
6.
Teaneck, New Jersey
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Teaneck /ˈtiːnɛk/ is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, and a suburb in the New York metropolitan area. As of 2010 it was the second-most populous among the 70 municipalities in Bergen County, behind Hackensack, independence followed the result of a referendum held on January 14,1895, in which voters favored incorporation by a 46–7 margin. To address the concerns of Englewood Townships leaders, the new municipality was formed as a township, on May 3,1921, and June 1,1926, portions of what had been Teaneck were transferred to Overpeck Township. Teaneck lies at the junction of Interstate 95 and the terminus of Interstate 80. The township is bisected into north and south portions by Route 4, commercial development is concentrated in four main shopping areas, on Cedar Lane, Teaneck Road, DeGraw Avenue, West Englewood Avenue and Queen Anne Road, more commonly known as The Plaza. Teanecks location at the crossroads of river, road, train, in 1965, Teaneck voluntarily desegregated its public schools, after the Board of Education approved a plan to do so by a 7–2 vote on May 13,1964. Teaneck has a population, with large Jewish and African American communities. The origin and meaning of the name Teaneck is not known, an alternative is from the Dutch Tiene Neck meaning neck where there are willows. The earliest uses of the word Teaneck were in reference to a series of Lenni Lenape Native American camps near the ridge formed by what became Queen Anne Road. Chief Oratam was the leader of a settlement called Achikinhesacky that existed along Overpeck Creek in the area near what became Fycke Lane. Early on the morning of November 20,1776, Washington rode by horseback from his headquarters in Hackensack through Teaneck, there he watched as 6,000 British troops travel up the river by boat. Throughout the war, both British and American forces occupied local homesteads at various times, and Teaneck citizens played key roles on both sides of the conflict, after the war, Teaneck returned to being a quiet farm community. Fruits and vegetables grown locally were taken by wagon to markets in nearby Paterson, New growth and development were spurred in the mid-19th century by the establishment of railroads throughout the area. Wealthy New Yorkers and others purchased large properties on which they built spacious mansions and they traveled daily to work in New York City, thus becoming Teanecks first suburban commuters. The largest estate built in Teaneck belonged to William Walter Phelps, in 1865, Phelps arrived in Teaneck and enlarged an old farmhouse into a large Victorian mansion on the site of the present Municipal Government Complex. Phelps Englewood Farm eventually encompassed nearly 2,000 acres of landscaped property within the part of Teaneck. Subsequent development and house construction were focused along the perimeters of the township, with the part of the community remaining a large property crisscrossed by roads. The Township of Teaneck was established on February 19,1895 and was composed of portions of Englewood Township, Ridgefield Township and Bogota
7.
History of film
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The history of film began in the 1890s, when motion picture cameras were invented and film production companies started to be established. Because of the limits of technology, films of the 1890s were under a minute long, the first decade of motion picture saw film moving from a novelty to an established large-scale entertainment industry. The films became several minutes long consisting of several shots, the first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1898. The first film studios were built in 1897, special effects were introduced and film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, began to be used. In the 1900s, continuity of action across successive shots was achieved, most films of this period were what came to be called chase films. The first use of animation in movies was in 1899, the first feature length multi-reel film was a 1906 Australian production. The first successful permanent theatre showing only films was The Nickelodeon in Pittsburgh in 1905, by 1910, actors began to receive screen credit for their roles, and the way to the creation of film stars was opened. Regular newsreels were exhibited from 1910 and soon became a way for finding out the news. Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in Australia, New film techniques were introduced in this period including the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and low-key lighting for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes. Genres began to be used as categories, the division was into comedy and drama. During the First World War there was a transition for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short programs to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices, by 1914, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another, D. W. Griffith had the highest standing among American directors in the industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films. By the 1920s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 feature films annually, during late 1927, Warners released The Jazz Singer, with the first synchronized dialogue in a feature film. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several competing sound systems, Sound saved the Hollywood studio system in the face of the Great Depression. The desire for wartime propaganda created a renaissance in the industry in Britain. The onset of American involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda, the House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Hollywood in the early 1950s
8.
Walt Disney Treasures
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Walt Disney Treasures is a series of two-disc DVD collections of classic Disney cartoons, television episodes and other material. They cover material from the studios earliest days to their recent work. There were nine waves. All content presented uncensored, unedited and uncut with digitally restored picture, the first wave was released to Region 1 DVD on December 4,2001, as a part of Walt Disneys 100th birthday. They were sold in limited quantities, the numbered units are largely commercially unavailable. Only a handful of titles have been sold outside Region 1. Each title has been packaged in a tin case. The first two waves featured numbers stamped into each case, while subsequent waves contained certificates of authenticity marking their numbers, the first three waves were bound in a cardboard sleeve displaying the reproduced signatures of Leonard Maltin and Roy Disney. In 2003, a Costco exclusive boxed set called The Ultimate Disney Treasure Chest presented the first two waves of the series, without the tin canisters. The DVD sets were the idea of film critic–historian Leonard Maltin, who appears in each set to introduce the DVDs, much like the DVD releases, the comic album featured some politically incorrect stories in unedited form, accompanied by an article to put them in historical context. The comic album featured a cover designed to look much like the DVD series cases. In 2008, Gemstone published the second Treasures comic album, Uncle Scrooge, A Little Something Special, two more Treasures comic albums were announced for 2009, with the titles, Mickey Mouse, In Death Valley and Donald Duck,75 Unlucky Years. However, due to the cessation of Gemstones Disney comics license, these albums never came out in the Treasures series
9.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
10.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
11.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
12.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
13.
Fanzine
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A fanzine is a nonprofessional and nonofficial publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon for the pleasure of others who share their interest. The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet, typically, publishers, editors and contributors of articles or illustrations to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses, copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment, which are then published. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with fan magazine, but the term most often refers to commercially produced publications for fans. P. These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students, as professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques. Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, the use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of publishing and self-publication. When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, by 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive correspondence, fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters. Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient, the first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The term fanzine was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours, fanzines were distinguished from prozines, that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were known as fanmags or letterzines, Science fiction fanzines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing, some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing. The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce up to a hundred copies, hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced, the next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use. The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades, a second-hand mimeo could print hundreds of copies and print in color
14.
Variety (magazine)
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Variety is a weekly American entertainment trade magazine and website owned by Penske Media Corporation. The last daily printed edition was put out on March 19,2013, Variety originally reported on theater and vaudeville. Variety has been published since December 16,1905, when it was launched by Sime Silverman as a weekly periodical covering vaudeville with its headquarters in New York City, on January 19,1907, Variety published what is considered the first film review in history. In 1933, Sime Silverman launched Daily Variety, based in Hollywood, Sime Silverman had passed on the editorship of the Weekly Variety to Abel Green as his replacement in 1931, he remained as publisher until his death in 1933 soon after launching the Daily. His son Sidne Silverman, known as Skigie, succeeded him as publisher of both publications, both Sidne and his wife, stage actress Marie Saxon, died of tuberculosis. Their only son Syd Silverman, born 1932, was the heir to what was then Variety Inc. Young Syds legal guardian Harold Erichs oversaw Variety Inc. until 1956, after that date Syd Silverman was publisher of both the Weekly Variety in New York and the Daily Variety in Hollywood, until the sale of both papers in 1987 to the Cahners Corp. In L. A. the Daily was edited by Tom Pryor from 1959 until 1988, for twenty years its editor-in-chief was Peter Bart, originally only of the weekly New York edition, with Michael Silverman running the Daily in Hollywood. Bart had worked previously at Paramount Pictures and The New York Times, in April 2009, Bart moved to the position of vice president and editorial director, characterized online as Boffo No More, Bart Up and Out at Variety. From mid 2009 to 2013, Timothy M. Gray oversaw the publication as Editor-in-Chief, after over 30 years of various reporter, in October 2014, Eller and Wallenstein were upped to Co-Editors in Chief, with Littleton continuing to oversee the trades television coverage. This dissemination comes in the form of columns, news stories, images, video, Cahners Publishing purchased Variety from the Silverman family in 1987. On December 7,1988, Barts predecessor, Roger Watkins, proposed, upon its launch, the new-look Variety measured one inch shorter with a washed-out color on the front. In October 2012, Reed Business Information, the periodicals owner, PMC is the owner of Deadline. com, which since the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike has been considered Varietys largest competitor in online showbiz news. In October,2012, Jay Penske announced that the paywall would come down, the print publication would stay. A significant portion of the advertising revenue comes during the film-award season leading up to the Academy Awards. During this Awards Season, large numbers of colorful, full-page For Your Consideration advertisements inflate the size of Variety to double or triple its usual page count, paid circulation for the weekly Variety magazine in 2013 was 40,000. Each copy of each Variety issue is read by an average of three people, with a total readership of 120,000. Variety. com has 17 million unique monthly visitors, Variety is a weekly entertainment publication with a broad coverage of movies, television, theater, music and technology, written for entertainment executives
15.
TV Guide
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In 1948, he printed New York City area listings magazine The TeleVision Guide. Silent film star Gloria Swanson, who then starred of the variety series The Gloria Swanson Hour. Wagner later began publishing regional editions of The TeleVision Guide for New England, five years later, he sold the editions to Walter Annenberg, who folded it into his publishing and broadcasting company Triangle Publications, but remained as a consultant for the magazine until 1963. The national TV Guides first issue was released on April 3,1953. The inaugural cover featured a photograph of Lucille Balls newborn son Desi Arnaz, Jr. with a photo of Ball placed in the top corner under the issues headline. The magazine was published in digest size, which remained its printed format for 52 years. The launch as a magazine with local listings in April 1953 became an almost instant success, with TV Guide becoming the most read. The initial cost of issue was 15¢ per copy. In addition to subscriptions, TV Guide was sold at the counters of grocery stores nationwide. Until the 1980s, the pieces included in each issue were promoted in a television commercial. Over the decades, the shape of the TV Guide logo has changed to reflect the modernization of the television screen, at first, the logo had various colored backgrounds until the familiar red background became the standard in the 1960s with occasional changes used for special editions. The magazine was first based in an office in downtown Philadelphia, before moving to more spacious national headquarters in Radnor. The color section was sent to regional printers to be wrapped around the local listing sections. It was under Triangles ownership of WFIL-TV that Dick Clark and American Bandstand came to popularity, most listing entries in the log included program genres after the programs title, while its running time was listed in the synopses. Originally, the majority of programs listed in the log each issue featured brief synopses, except for local and national newscasts, in addition, black-and-white ads for programs scheduled to air on broadcast stations – and later, cable channels – during prime time were included within the listings. A regular feature of the section was Close-Up, which provided expanded reviews of select programs airing each day. The advent of television would become hard on TV Guide. Channels that were listed also differed, depending on the edition, as the years went on, more cable channels were added into the listings of each edition
16.
DownBeat
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Down Beat is an American magazine devoted to jazz, blues and beyond, the last word indicating its expansion beyond the jazz realm which it covered exclusively in previous years. The publication was established in 1934 in Chicago, Illinois and it is named after the downbeat in music also called beat one or the first beat of a musical measure. Down Beat publishes results of surveys of both its readers and critics in a variety of categories. The Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame includes winners from both the readers and critics poll, the results of the readers poll are published in the December issue, those of the critics poll in the August issue. In April 1979, Down Beat went to a schedule for the first time since 1939. The DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame is maintained at Universal Studios City Jazz club in Orlando, current membership, by year, is listed in the following table. The critics poll was not initiated until 1961, so winners before then were all chosen by readers polls, in 2010, the Veterans Committee Hall of Fame began electing deserving, deceased musicians of bygone eras
17.
Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide
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Leonard Maltins Movie Guide was a book-format collection of movie capsule reviews that began in 1969, was updated biennially after 1978, and then annually after 1986. The final edition was published in September 2014 and it was originally called TV Movies, which became Leonard Maltins TV Movies and Video Guide, and then Leonard Maltins Movie and Video Guide, before arriving at its final title. Film critic Leonard Maltin edited it and contributed a portion of its reviews. The book used a rating system. The lowest rating was BOMB, followed by one and a half stars, the sole exception to this was Naked Gun 33⅓, The Final Insult, which was rated with two and one third stars out of four, referencing the films title. Made-for-television films were included in the guides for many years, though in the early 2000s. All had been removed by the early 2010s, and no TV movies made after 2004 were included in new editions. Certain theatrically-released films, as well as the majority of films based on Edgar Wallace novels, were removed from the guide over time to allow the inclusion of new titles. Another notable feature of the Guide was that each included a reference to the source material for the film if it was based on previously published material. Films were listed alphabetically letter-by-letter, ignoring punctuation and spaces, articles were also ignored and transposed to the end of the title. The Guide was notable for containing what the Guinness Book of World Records calls the worlds shortest movie review and his 2 out of 4 star review of the 1948 musical Isnt It Romantic. Another very short review concerned the film Scooby-Doo 2, Monsters Unleashed where Maltin wrote, yet another was of Are Husbands Necessary. in which he wrote And what about this film. And one more right behind these is Police Academy 4, Citizens On Patrol where, in comparing it to the installments, he commented, More of the same. The first edition of Maltins book appeared in 1969, an edition appeared five years later. After a third in 1978 new editions appeared every two years, and after 1986 every year, the latter category includes the complete Saturday matinee cowboy programmers of John Wayne, William Hopalong Cassidy Boyd, Gene Autry and Roy Rogers. The second edition of the Classic Movie Guide, published in 2010, besides Scheuers Movies on TV, similar books include Halliwells Film Guide, by Leslie Halliwell, and The Good Film and Video Guide, by David Shipman. Scheuers guide was the first published, in 1958, preceding Maltins by ten years, Scheuers books had a similar format to Maltins, except with more listings for made-for-television productions. These are not the customers for a physical paperback reference book
18.
Entertainment Tonight
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As of 2015, the programs weekday broadcasts are currently anchored by Nancy ODell and Kevin Frazier, while the weekend editions are anchored by Cameron Mathison and Nischelle Turner. It is the entertainment news program on television, having made its premiere telecast on September 14,1981. It was announced on January 30,2006, that Entertainment Tonight was renewed through the 2011–12 season, in its early years, ET was co-produced in association with TeleRep, Cox Broadcasting, and Taft/Great American Broadcasting. Paramount Domestic Television would later absorb the syndication companies that the two companies had once owned, Rysher Entertainment and Worldvision Enterprises. The show also provides individualized teasers to some of the stations air the program to be carried during newscasts that lead into the show. ET Radio Minute, a radio feature, is syndicated by Westwood One. As of mid-April 2016, ET cut back on mentioning celebrity birthdays again, early on, Frank, Goldhammer and Harris held many discussions with producers, writers and directors about what kind of program ET should be. Although the pilot was produced by Jack Haley Jr. Andy Friendly was hired as the shows first producer, when Entertainment Tonight premiered on September 14,1981, Ron Hendren was one of the original co-hosts, with Marjorie Wallace and Tom Hallick. Friendly left the show after six weeks, with Goldhammer taking over his role, around that same time, Dixie Whatley replaced Wallace and Hallick, becoming Hendrens sole co-host. Goldhammer established the unique look, sound, pace and reporting style. Friendly put together a diverse staff ranging from former rock roadies to veteran television reporters of the Vietnam War era – some of whom continued to work on the show for more than 20 years. In 1982, Goldhammer hired Mary Hart and Leeza Gibbons to respectively host the weekday, Hendren departed from the program in 1984, and was replaced as co-host by Robb Weller, Weller left two years later and was replaced by John Tesh. In its early years, Entertainment Tonight – following a local newscast-style format – consisted primarily of coverage of the latest movies, music and television releases, during Bellows tenure, the program also produced a series of investigative reports about Hollywoods drug use issues and hiring practices. S. Stern, who represented Daniel Birkhead in the paternity case of the late Anna Nicole Smiths daughter Dannielynn, ET has also aired exclusive stories related to Anna Nicole Smith, including coverage of her funeral, and her surviving daughter. In a letter he sent to Paramount, Clooney stated that he would encourage his friends to do the same, Mary Hart stepped down from her role as anchor on May 20,2011, after 29 years with Entertainment Tonight. Mark Steines and Nancy ODell became the primary hosts once Hart left. ODell then became the sole host of the show after Steines left on July 27,2012, behind-the-scenes staffing changes throughout 2014 and technology have also played a role in reducing the shows paparazzi footage considerably
19.
Starz
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Starz is an American premium cable and satellite television network which serves as Starz Inc. s flagship service. Starzs programming features theatrically released motion pictures and first-run original television series, the headquarters of Starz, and its sister networks Starz Encore and MoviePlex, are located at the Meridian International Business Center complex in Englewood, Colorado. Through March 31,2016, STARZs programming was subscribed to approximately 24.0 million television households in the United States, the network was originally operated as a joint venture between TCI and Liberty Media, with TCI owning a 50. 1% controlling interest in the channel. The network carried the moniker Encore 8 in its branding as part of a numbering system that was used by Encores multiplex channels. Early trademark filings indicated that TCI/Liberty originally proposed names including Applause, Starz focused more on recent feature films, while Starz ENCORE focused on films released between the 1960s and the 1980s, before adding recent film fare itself in July 1999. Films from those studios were not carried on STARZ until 1997, the network restricted the scheduling of films that contained graphic sexual or violent content to late evening and overnight time periods. Starz was available to an estimated 2.8 million pay television subscribers by 1996, as a startup network, Starz endured major losses during its early years, with total deficits topping US$203 million and annual losses of US$150 million by 1997. It was predicted to lose an additional US$300 million in revenue before it was predicted to break even, Liberty Media assumed the former companys stake in the subsidiary in 1999, following TCIs merger with AT&T Corporation. By May 1998, Starz maintained a subscriber base reaching 7.6 million households with a cable or satellite television subscription, Encore Media Group was later renamed the Starz Encore Media Group in 2000. As part of a restructuring plan in 2003, Starz Encore Group eliminated 100 jobs in its nine regional offices. On March 25,2005, the Starz Encore Group corporate entity was renamed Starz Entertainment, on November 19,2009, Liberty Media spun off Starz into a separate public tracking stock called Liberty Starz. The spin-off of the subsidiary was completed on January 11,2013, on April 5,2016, Starz was rebranded and added all the Encore channels to its moniker, therefore increasing the Starz channel lineup to 14 Starz premium channels. Its main channel was rebranded Starz Encore and carries reruns of Starz Originals in addition to films, on June 30,2016, Lionsgate agreed to acquire Starz Inc. for $4.4 billion in cash and stock. On December 8,2016, the merger between Lionsgate and Starz was completed, Starz broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. Some providers offer Encore and MoviePlexs multiplex channels on a digital cable tier from Starz. However, Encore and, depending on its carriage, MoviePlex are frequently sold together in a package with Starz, in 1994, Encore launched the pay television industrys first themed multiplex service – seven additional movie channels that each focused on a specific genre. Starz continued to include the Encore 8 moniker in its main IDs, feature presentation bumpers and select bumpers until 2002. The tie to Encore branding-wise continued even as Starz was given its own slate of multiplex channels in the late 1990s, the first of these to debut was Starz
20.
E!
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Entertainment Television, LLC is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. It features entertainment-related programming, reality television, feature films, and occasionally series, as of February 2015, E. has an audience reach of approximately 94,296,000 American households. The channel is available in Canada, which broadcasts original programming at the same as the United States and localized versions across Europe, Asia. The channel was founded by Larry Namer and Alan Mruvka, early Movietime hosts included Greg Kinnear, Paula Abdul, Katie Wagner, Julie Moran, Suzanne Kay, Mark DeCarlo, Sam Rubin and Richard Blade. In 1997, Comcast, one of the minority partners, teamed up with Disney/ABC Cable Networks to buy the channel after Time-Warner had exercised their put agreement. In November 2006, Comcast acquired Disneys 39. 5% share of E. for $1.23 billion to gain ownership of the network as part of a broader programming carriage agreement between Disney/ABC and Comcast. E. s only sister networks prior to the NBC Universal merger were Style Network and G4, along with Comcasts sports networks, Versus, Comcast SportsNet, the network also started the process of introducing scripted programming, in addition to its existing reality and documentary series. The changes were announced during E. s programming upfront presentation on April 30,2012. E. is one of the few U. S. general-entertainment cable channels that broadcasts a news program, its flagship entertainment news program is E. News. It was first hosted by Dagny Hultgreen, steve Kmetko was a host from 1994-2002. It has been hosted by Terrence Jenkins and Giuliana Rancic since 2012 and 2006, respectively, E. announced that the weekday editions of E. News would be expanded to one hour starting on October 25,2010. During its time on E. the 5 to 8 a. m. block was the most watched period for the network, outside of E. News telecasts, the channel runs an E. E. The network also produces a decent amount of documentary and biographical series, true Hollywood Story, many of E. s original specials are entertainment-related ranging from light fare to serious fare. In recent years, the network has become known for its reality television programs. Its most popular series as of 2011 is Keeping Up with the Kardashians, other original programming airing on the network includes Hello Ross, The Soup, Fashion Police, and Married to Jonas. However, feature films airing on the display the original studio production credits at the traditional end of program placement. The only programming currently airing on E. with higher-grossing films premiering on USA Network, the HD feed is available on most cable and telco providers, along with both satellite services. Columnists featured on the website include Kristin dos Santos, Ted Casablanca, as part of the rebrand of the cable channel on July 9,2012, EOnline. com was redesigned for HTML5, including tablet and mobile devices
21.
Todd Newton
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James Todd Newton is an American entertainment personality, a Daytime Emmy winning game show host, and author/speaker. He hosted Hasbro Studios popular Family Game Night and the syndicated Monopoly Milionaires Club, Newton has hosted such productions including GSNs Hollywood Showdown, Made in the USA, Worlds Wildest Game Shows, and Whammy. Newton has toured North America as host of The Price Is Right Live, an interactive theatrical production of the television game show. He is the founder of The Newton Fund 4 Kids, the All-New Press Your Luck Hollywood Showdown Hot Ticket Family Game Night GSN Live Made in the USA Performing As. He is currently the host of The Todd Newton Show, a weekly podcast featuring interviews with people all over the world. In January 2015, he helped launch a new station in St. Louis called NOW96.3. The following year he penned The Choice Is Yours, Six Keys for Putting Your Best into Action, Todd Newton at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Reelz
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Reelz is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting. As of February 2015, Reelz is available to approximately 68.2 million pay television households in the United States, the network launched on September 27,2006 as ReelzChannel, initially available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network. The network originally maintained a focus similar to the original format of E. focusing on programs about the entertainment industry including movie review. The network eventually signed agreements with various cable providers including Time Warner Cable, Comcast, Charter Communications. In early 2009, ReelzChannel moved its operations from Los Angeles, California, to Albuquerque, New Mexico, at that point, the network shifted its programming focus to incorporate acquired series alongside its entertainment news programs. In August 2011, ReelzChannel debuted its first miniseries, The Kennedys, an unauthorized biopic centering on President John F. Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy and the Camelot empire, ReelzChannel acquired the rights to the film after it was passed by History. On November 2012, the network shortened its name to simply Reelz, besides running entertainment industry-related programs, Reelz also carries acquired programming, including reality series. The network also ran segments twice each hour called REELZ Recommends. Those programs were tailored to providers based on either the channel map or VOD remote instructions for each system. A list of currently airing as of August 2015. The first provider to carry the feed was AT&T U-verse, which began carrying ReelzChannel HD on September 27,2010, DirecTV began carrying the HD feed on September 26,2014. DirecTV also carries ReelzChannels video on demand content in HD, verizon Fios began carrying the HD feed on March 25,2017. Reelz also operated a service for hotels in partnership with LodgeNet. This featured a mix of Reelzs original programming with reviews of films available on a video on demand service
23.
Pyramid (game show)
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Pyramid is an American television game show franchise that has aired several versions domestically and internationally. The original series, The $10,000 Pyramid, debuted March 26,1973, the game features two contestants, each paired with a celebrity. Contestants attempt to guess a series of words or phrases based on given to them by their teammates. The title refers to the shows pyramid-shaped gameboard, featuring six categories arranged in a triangular fashion, the various Pyramid series have won a total of nine Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show, second only to Jeopardy. The $100,000 Pyramid was revived for a brief 1991 run with John Davidson hosting, in 2002, the series was revived as simply Pyramid, with Donny Osmond hosting for two seasons. GSNs The Pyramid was hosted by Mike Richards and aired for a single season before it was cancelled in 2012. Reruns of The $25,000 Pyramid are currently shown on GSN, a revival of The $100,000 Pyramid debuted June 26,2016, on ABC with Michael Strahan as host. A year later, the ratings declined and CBS canceled it. The show was picked up by ABC, and began airing on that network on May 6,1974. As per CBS custom at the time with celebrity game shows, the remainder of the 1973–81 episodes originated in New York City at the Ed Sullivan Theater, moving to ABCs Elysee Theatre after Pyramid switched networks. Blackout began airing in the series 10,00 a. m. timeslot the following Monday, on April 4,1988, The $25,000 Pyramid returned to the CBS daytime schedule, the shows final episode aired on July 1. The following Monday, the show was replaced by a revival of Family Feud hosted by Ray Combs. The original $25,000 Pyramid and The $50,000 Pyramid were taped in the Elysee Theatre in New York, the revival of The $100,000 Pyramid, hosted by John Davidson, ran from January until December 1991 and taped in Studio 31. Pyramid, hosted by Donny Osmond, ran from September 16,2002 to September 10,2004 and was taped at Sony Pictures Studios, the Pyramid was taped at the CBS Studio Center. Strahans The $100,000 Pyramid is taped at the ABC Television Center in New York, following CBSs cancellation of Guiding Light in April 2009, Pyramid was one of three potential series considered as a replacement for the veteran soap opera. Dean Cain and Tim Vincent were tabbed as hosts of the pilots, with $50,000 announcer Alan Kalter returning, CBS passed on Pyramid and opted to pick up Lets Make a Deal, hosted by Wayne Brady, as Guiding Lights replacement. Several months later, in December 2009, CBS announced the cancellation of another long-running soap opera, Pyramid was once again among the series being considered as a potential replacement. CBS ordered a pilot on April 9,2010
24.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
25.
Password Plus and Super Password
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Password Plus and Super Password are American TV game shows that aired separately between 1979 and 1989. Both were revivals of the game show Password, which ran from 1961 to 1975 in various incarnations. As with their predecessors, the shows featured two teams, each consisting of a celebrity and a contestant, attempting to guess a word using only one-word clues. Password Plus and Super Password aired on NBC, and were taped on Stage 3 at NBC Studios in Burbank, Password Plus was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Production and Super Password was a Mark Goodson Production. Password Plus aired from January 8,1979, to March 26,1982, the program also won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show in 1982. Super Password aired 1,151 episodes from September 24,1984, Password Plus was hosted by Allen Ludden from January 1979 to April 1980, when he had to take a leave of absence from the show due to health problems. Bill Cullen substituted for Ludden during his first absence, Ludden returned in May, but he left the program in late October due to further health problems, he did not appear on television again before his 1981 death. Because Cullen had recently begun hosting Blockbusters, also a Goodson-Todman production airing on NBC, Tom Kennedy took over hosting, Bert Convy was selected as the host for Super Passwords entire run. Gene Wood was the announcer on both Password Plus and Super Password. Johnny Olson, Bob Hilton, John Harlan, and Rich Jeffries substituted for Wood on different occasions on Password Plus, Jeffries was the first announcer of Super Password and served as a regular announcer until November 23,1984. After the first nine weeks, totaling 45 episodes, Wood replaced Jeffries as announcer on November 26,1984, Jeffries and Hilton also filled in for Wood on occasion on Super Password. Wood whispered the passwords to home viewers from October 20,1986 until Super Password ended, the rules for Password Plus and Super Password were almost identical. Two teams, each composed of a contestant and a celebrity, the object, as on the original Password, was for the clue-giving partner to get the receiving partner to guess a given word. The giving partner on the first team offered a clue, to which the receiving partner was allowed one guess. Teams alternated giving one-word clues until the password was guessed, or until each side had two clues. Giving an illegal clue forfeited the receivers turn to guess, as did having clue-giving time expire without giving a clue. Like the ABC run of Password, the first clue-giver for each password on Password Plus had the option to give the first clue or pass to the other team. Originally, the team that did not get the previous password was given the option and this option was eliminated on Super Password, with the team that got the previous password given first crack at the next one
26.
New School for Social Research
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The New School for Social Research, also known by the abbreviation NSSR, is an educational institution that is part of The New School. The schools dedication to freedom and intellectual inquiry reaches back to the university’s founding in 1919 as a home for progressive thinkers. The New School for Social Research explores and promotes peace and justice as more than theoretical ideals. The New School for Social Research, enrolls more than 1,000 students from all regions of the United States, the program was founded with the start of the college in 1919. In 1933, what became known as the University in Exile, had become a haven for scholars who had dismissed from teaching positions by the Italian fascists or had to flee Nazi Germany. The University in Exile was initially founded by the director of the New School, Alvin Johnson, through the financial contributions of Hiram Halle. The University in Exile and its subsequent incarnations have been the heart of the New School. Following the collapse of totalitarian regimes in Europe, the University in Exile was renamed the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science and it was renamed the New School for Social Research in 2005 this time taking the original name of the university. It is worthwhile to note that The New School in its days in 1919 was actually known as The New School for Social Research. This name continued until 1997, when the university adopted a new name and this continued until 2005, when a big new rebranding occurred, with the school in general turning to The New School, its present name. Its various colleges were regrouped under various names like College of Performing Arts, Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts, Parsons School of Design, the university also continued with a separate new institution The New School for Social Research under the general banner of The New School
27.
USC School of Cinematic Arts
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The USC School of Cinematic Arts is a private film school within the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. The school offers undergraduate and graduate programs from seven divisions including the John C. Their degree programs cover production, screenwriting, cinema & media studies, animation and digital arts, additional advanced programs include the Media Arts and Practice PhD Program, the Peter Stark Producing Program, and the Business of Entertainment. The schools founding faculty include Douglas Fairbanks, D. W. Griffith, deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, Mary Pickford, and Darryl Zanuck. In April 2006, the USC Board of Trustees voted to change the name to the USC School of Cinematic Arts. On September 19,2006, USC announced that alumnus George Lucas had donated US$175 million to expand the school with a new 137. This represented the largest single donation to USC and the largest to any school in the world. His previous donations resulted in the naming of two existing buildings after him and his then-wife, though Lucas was not fond of the used in those buildings. An architectural hobbyist, Lucas laid out the designs for the project. The project also received another $50 million in contributions from Warner Bros. 20th Century Fox, in the fall of 2006, the USC School of Cinematic Arts joined forces with the Royal Film Commission of Jordan to create the Red Sea Institute of Cinematic Arts in Aqaba, Jordan. The first classes were held in 2008, and the first graduating class for the university was in 2010, the Frank Sinatra Hall, dedicated in 2002, houses a public exhibit and collection of extensive memorabilia commemorating Sinatras life and contributions to American popular culture. He is seen holding a weapon in one hand to reflect his strong ties with the USC Fencing Club. Since 1973, at least one alumnus of SCA has been nominated for an Academy Award annually, since 1973, at least one SCA alumnus or alumna has been nominated for the Emmy Award annually, totalling 473 nominations and 119 wins. The top 17 grossing films of all time have had an SCA graduate in a key creative position, the Princeton Review has ranked the Interactive Media and Games Divisions video game design program best in North America multiple years in a row. Blume also received an Academy Award nomination that year for documentary short, the films crew and cast included Nick Castle, cinematographer, John Carpenter, film editor and original music, James Rokos, director, Johnny Crawford, lead actor, and Kristin Nelson, lead actress. In 1973, Robert Zemeckis won a Special Jury Award at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences second annual Student Film Awards presentation for A Field of Honor. In 2001, MFA student David Greenspan won the Palme d’Or for short film at the Cannes Film Festival for his student film Bean Cake. In 2006, director, co-writer, and producer Ari Sandel received an Academy Award for best live action film made as a USC Cinema graduate school project
28.
University of Southern California
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The University of Southern California is a private research university founded in 1880 with its main campus in Los Angeles, California. As Californias oldest private university, USC has historically educated a large number of the regions business leaders. In recent decades, the university has also leveraged its location in Los Angeles to establish relationships with research and cultural institutions throughout Asia, an engine for economic activity, USC contributes $8 billion annually to the economy of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and California. For the 2014–15 academic year, there were 18,740 students enrolled in undergraduate programs. USC also has 23,729 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs, including business, law, engineering, social work, and medicine. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the world, consistently ranking among the top 3 in external contributions, multiple academic rankings list the University of Southern California as being among the top 25 universities in the United States. With an acceptance rate of 16 percent, USC is also among the most selective academic institutions in the nation. USC maintains a tradition of innovation and entrepreneurship, with alumni having founded companies such as Lucasfilm, Myspace, Salesforce. com, Intuit, Qualcomm, Box, Tinder. As of 2014, the university has produced the fourth largest number of billionaire alumni out of all institutions in the world. USC is home to the world’s most powerful computer, which is presently housed in a super-cooled. The only other commercially available quantum computing system is operated jointly by NASA, USC was also one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System. Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing, dynamic programming, image compression, VoIP, USC sponsors a variety of intercollegiate sports and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Members of the teams, the Trojans, have won 102 NCAA team championships, ranking them third in the nation. Trojan athletes have won 288 medals at the Olympic games, more than any university in the United States. If USC were a country, its athletes would have received the 12th-most Olympic gold medals in history. In 1969, it joined the Association of American Universities, the University of Southern California was founded following the efforts of Judge Robert M. Hellman. The three donated 308 lots of land to establish the campus and provided the seed money for the construction of the first buildings. Originally operated in affiliation with the Methodist Church, the school mandated from the start that no student would be denied admission because of race, the university is no longer affiliated with any church, having severed formal ties in 1952
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Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
30.
Billy Gray (actor)
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A motorcycle aficionado, Gray maintains a large collection of the vehicles. Gray was born in Los Angeles to actress Beatrice Gray, and her husband and his mother was mostly uncredited in the 1930s and 1940s, having appeared in Otto Premingers Laura, with Gene Tierney and Dana Andrews. In 1949, Billy Gray appeared with his mother in separate scenes in the film Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, in 1951, at age 13, he appeared in the film Jim Thorpe -- All-American, with Burt Lancaster in the lead role. Gray portrayed the Indian athlete Jim Thorpe as a child, later that year, he was chosen to appear in the science fiction picture The Day the Earth Stood Still. Michael Rennie played the part of the alien who befriended the boy played by Gray and he appeared in an uncredited role as one of the many children in Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair. This film has sadly been neglected and Gray more than holds his own with the two veteran actors. In 1953, Gray was slated to play the part of Tagg Oakley in the western series Annie Oakley, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. Instead, he joined the Father Knows Best cast, and the part of Tagg went to Jimmy Hawkins. That same year, Warner Bros. cast Gray as Wesley Winfield in By the Light of the Silvery Moon and he appeared as Alan in a 1953 episode Shot in the Dark of The Adventures of Superman, starring George Reeves. The character Alan took a photograph of Superman that could reveal information on the secret identity. In 1955, Gray appeared in The Seven Little Foys, which starred Bob Hope as famed vaudeville entertainer Eddie Foy, in the teen role of Bryan Lincoln Foy. In 1957, while still on Father Knows Best, Gray appeared as Mike Edwards in the episode Come Back Darling Asta of Peter Lawfords NBC crime series The Thin Man, after Father Knows Best, Gray appeared in several dozen single-appearance television roles. In 1960, he guest starred as Frankie Niles in the episode Dark Return of the ABC western series Stagecoach West and that same year, he portrayed David Ross in the episode Gingers Big Romance on Bachelor Father. In 1961, he played Johnny Blatner in the episode Two-Way Deal of the Henry Fonda/Allen Case NBC western The Deputy and he appeared twice in 1961 in the anthology series General Electric Theater, hosted by Ronald W. Reagan. That same year he was Perry Hatch in The Hatbox of CBSs Alfred Hitchcock Presents, in 1962, he appeared on CBSs The Red Skelton Show. His other roles included appearances on The Greatest Show on Earth and he guest starred in such series as Rawhide, Arrest and Trial and Custer. In 1962, at age 24, Gray was arrested for possession of marijuana, the arrest was blamed for later costing him film and television roles. He appeared as a dealer, City Life, in the 1971 film Dusty
31.
Father Knows Best
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Father Knows Best is an American sitcom starring Robert Young, Jane Wyatt, Elinor Donahue, Billy Gray, and Lauren Chapin. The series, which first began on radio in 1949, aired for six seasons with a total of 203 episodes, the series debuted on CBS in October 1954. It ran for one season and was canceled the following year, NBC picked up the series where it remained for three seasons. After a second cancellation in 1958, CBS picked up the series yet again where it aired until May 1960, created by Ed James, Father Knows Best, follows the lives of the Andersons, a middle class family living in the Midwestern town of Springfield. The series began August 25,1949, on NBC Radio, set in the Midwest, it starred Robert Young as the General Insurance agent Jim Anderson. His wife Margaret was first portrayed by June Whitley and later by Jean Vander Pyl, the Anderson children were Betty, Bud, and Kathy. Others in the cast were Eleanor Audley, Herb Vigran and Sam Edwards, sponsored through most of its run by General Foods, the series was heard Thursday evenings on NBC until March 25,1954. On the radio program, the character of Jim differs from the television character. The radio Jim is far more sarcastic and shows he really rules over his family, Jim also calls his children names, something common on radio but lost in the TV series. For example, Jim says, What a bunch of stupid children I have, Margaret is portrayed as a paragon of solid reason and patience, unless the plot calls for her to act a bit off. For example, in a Halloween episode, Margaret cannot understand how the table floats in the air, Betty, on radio, is portrayed as a status seeking, boy-crazy teenage girl. To her, every thing is the worst thing that could ever happen. Bud, on radio, is portrayed as a boy who always seems to need just a bit more money. Bud is in charge of always having to answer the front door, which he hates. He is also shown as a somewhat dim boy who takes everything literally, for example, Jim might say Go jump in the lake, to which Bud would reply Okay, Dad and he also uses the phrase Holy Cow to express displeasure. On radio, Kathy often is portrayed as a source of irritation and she whines, cries and complains about her status in the family as overlooked. She often is the source of money to her brother and sister, in an interview published in the magazine Films of the Golden Age, Young revealed about the radio program, I never quite liked it because it had to have laughs. And I wanted a warm relationship show, when we moved to TV I suggested an entirely new cast and different perspective
32.
Dusty and Sweets McGee
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Dusty and Sweets McGee is a 1971 American drama film written and directed by Floyd Mutrux. The film stars Clifton Tip Fredell, Kit Ryder, Billy Gray, Bob Graham, Nancy Wheeler, the film was released by Warner Bros. on July 14,1971. In the alternative Hollywood of 1970s, director Floyd Mutrux got the green light to produce a film about young drug addicts. Eager to tap into the market, and without a clue of how to do it. It was instead based on interviews with actual drug addicts. Dusty and Sweets McGee follows the two young addicts of the title as they spend their days in early 1970s Los Angeles. The camera rolls as the addicts roam the streets of LA from downtown to the beach, car radios play the hits of the day as they aimlessly go about their drug-addicted lives. Eating hot dogs at Pinks, committing petty crime, scoring drugs, there is no plot, but what evolves is a portrait of lost, young souls adrift in failed consumer society. Affluent America is all around them, shiny and sun-drenched like a beautiful California orange, vietnam rages on, the Watts riots were still smoldering in peoples minds to the South as the big, shiny convertibles rolled majestically down the endless freeways. Many neo-realist films indict society for failing to provide for its citizens economically, Dusty, Clifton Tip Fredell as Tip Kit Ryder as Male Hustler Billy Gray as City Life Bob Graham as Little Boy Nancy Wheeler as Nancy Russ Knight as Weird Beard William A. The statement had appeared in print for nearly 25 years in Maltins annual movie guide before Maltin publicly apologized for the error, list of American films of 1971 Dusty and Sweets McGee at the Internet Movie Database
33.
DirecTV
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DirecTV is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17,1994, transmits digital television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers, DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service, most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a reduction in antenna size across all industries. Receiving equipment includes a dish, an integrated receiver/decoder and a DirecTV access card. Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee, additional monthly fees may include a protection plan, DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view and video on demand events, all programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception, DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit. As of the quarter ended September 30,2012, DirecTV U. S. had 19.981 million subscribers, for the same period, DirecTV Latin America ended with 9.666 million subscribers and revenues of US$1.577 billion. In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, the company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs as well as aircraft in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30,2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched, in 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, in 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20,1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation, the new subsidiary was initially composed of four units, Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems. Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting in 1981 and was a proponent for the development of direct-broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location, Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101-degree location
34.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
35.
The Three Stooges
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Their hallmark was physical farce and slapstick. In films, the Stooges were commonly known by their first names of Moe, Larry, and Curly or Moe, Larry, there were a total of six stooges over the acts run, with only three active at any given time. Moe and Larry were always present during the era throughout the ensembles run of more than forty years. The act began as part of a vaudeville comedy act, billed as Ted Healy and his Stooges, consisting of Healy, Moe Howard, his brother Shemp Howard. The four made one film, Soup to Nuts, before Shemp left to pursue a solo career. He was replaced by his brother, Jerome Curly Howard. Two years later, the trio left Healy, and signed on to appear in their own short subject comedies for Columbia Pictures, from 1934 to 1946, Moe, Larry, and Curly produced over ninety short films for Columbia. It was during this period that they were at their peak popularity, Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946, and Shemp returned, reinstating the original lineup, until his death of a heart attack on November 22,1955. Film actor Joe Palma was used as a temporary stand-in to complete four Shemp-era shorts under contract, Columbia contract player Joe Besser joined as the third Stooge for two years, departing in 1958 to nurse his ailing wife. Columbia terminated its shorts division and released its Stooges contractual rights to the Screen Gems production studio, Screen Gems then syndicated the shorts to television, whereupon the Stooges became one of the most popular comedy acts of the early 1960s. Comic actor Joe DeRita became Curly Joe in 1958, replacing Besser for a new series of theatrical films. With intense television exposure, the act regained momentum throughout the 1960s as popular kiddie fare, Fine died in 1975, after a further series of strokes. Attempts were made to revive the Stooges with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka in Larrys role in 1970, and again in 1975, but this attempt was cut short by Moes death on May 4,1975. The Three Stooges began in 1928 as part of a vaudeville act called Ted Healy and His Stooges Moe Howard joined Healys act in 1921. In 1928, violinist-comedian Larry Fine and xylophonist-comedian Fred Sanborn also joined the group, in the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep interrupting him, causing Healy to retaliate with verbal and physical abuse. Ted Healy and His Stooges appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, Soup to Nuts, the film was not a critical success, but the Stooges performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives that the Stooges were his employees, Howard, Fine, and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal and left Healy to form their own act, which quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material, Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors
36.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
37.
Warner Archive Collection
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Some Warner Archives releases previously had a pressed DVD release but have lapsed out of print before since being re-released on MOD DVD discs. The collection consists of films, television shows, and television films from the libraries of Warner Bros. Television, Allied Artists International, Monogram Pictures, Largo Entertainment, Sony Pictures, MGM, Universal, Disney, and 20th Century Fox have also started MOD services after the success of Warner Archives. Their services are named Sony Pictures Choice Collection, MGM Limited Edition Collection, Universal Vault Series, Disney Generations Collection, including Warner, this encompasses five of the six major film studios with Paramount as the lone exception. Lionsgate, CBS, MTV, and Nickelodeon have also started to offer MOD discs of catalog titles through Amazon CreateSpace, on April 13,2011, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that Warner Archive will offer on-demand titles from Sony, MGM Limited Edition titles are also sold through Warner Archive. In November 2012, Warner announced that the Archive collection will begin selling titles on limited-edition Blu-ray Discs at the rate of one or two releases per month. Paramount signed an agreement with Warner Bros. in June 2013 allowing select Paramount titles to be released under the Warner Archive moniker. The titles are manufactured using the same MOD process, initially being limited to titles that had previously been released on DVD but since become out-of-print. By mid-2016, Warner Archives Blu-ray Disc releases included season sets of current television series, such as iZombie, The 100, Longmire, The Originals, expanding their films availability to Internet streaming, in July 2014 Warner Archive introduced the Warner Archive Instant service. Similar to Netflix, Warner Archive Instant allows its members access to various Warner Archive library titles via their website, in addition to apps for Roku, as of June 2015, the service is presently limited to serving customers who are located in the United States. Hanna–Barbera Classics Collection List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions Official website
38.
Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
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