1.
Beast (comics)
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Beast is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is a founding member of the X-Men. Eventually being referred to simply as Beast, Hank McCoy underwent progressive physiological transformations and these include blue fur, both simian and feline facial features, pointed ears, fangs, and claws. Beasts physical strength and senses increased to greater levels. Despite Hank McCoys inhuman appearance, he is depicted as a brilliant, well-educated man in the arts and sciences and he is a world authority on biochemistry and genetics, the X-Mens medical doctor, and the science and mathematics instructor at the Xavier Institute. He is also a mutant political activist, campaigning against societys bigotry, while fighting his own bestial instincts and fears of social rejection, Beast dedicates his physical and mental gifts to the creation of a better world for man and mutant. One of the original X-Men, Beast has appeared regularly in X-Men-related comics since his debut and he has also been a member of the Avengers and Defenders. The character has appeared in media adaptations, including animated TV series. In X2, Steve Bacic portrayed him in a brief cameo in his human appearance, while in X-Men. Nicholas Hoult portrays a version of the character in X-Men. Both Hoult and Grammer reprise their roles in X-Men, Days of Future Past, Hoult also reprised the role in X-Men, Apocalypse. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in X-Men #1, Stan Lee writes in the foreword to X-Men, The Ultimate Guide that he made Beast the most articulate, eloquent, and well-read of the X-Men to contrast with his brutish exterior. Further, the book opines that the Werner Roth-Roy Thomas team garnered admiration for their appealing, Roth, under the alias Jay Gavin, had taken over for Kirby fully by issue #18, and Thomas was a new talent. Beast was given an individualized, colorful new costume, along with the rest of the X-Men by issue #39 in order to new readers. Jim Sterankos tenure, which added exciting art, Roth returned, working with Neal Adams who blended Kirbys style with realism, idealized beauty, in Amazing Adventures #11, written by Gerry Conway, Beast underwent a radical change and mutated into his now familiar furry, blue appearance. The concept originated with Roy Thomas, an effort to make the character more visibly striking, over the next decade he would appear on the roster of several teams in titles ranging from The Avengers to The Defenders to X-Factor. It wasnt until 1991, in X-Factor #70/X-Men #1, that the Beast finally returned to the X-Men. As evidenced on the cover of X-Treme X-Men Vol.1, Chris Claremont. Citing Claremont as inspiration for his run on New X-Men, Morrison explains Beast as a brilliant, hes obviously quite clearly bipolar and swings between manic excitement and ghastly self-doubt
2.
Star Trek
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Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
3.
DeForest Kelley
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Kelley was delivered by his uncle at his parents home in Toccoa, Georgia, the son of Clora and Ernest David Kelley, who was a Baptist minister. DeForest was named after the pioneering electronics engineer Lee de Forest and he later named his Star Trek characters father David after his own father. Kelley had a brother, Ernest Casey Kelley. Kelley was immersed in his fathers mission in Conyers and told his father that failure would mean wreck, before the end of his first year at Conyers, Kelley was regularly putting to use his musical talents and often sang solo in morning church services. Eventually, this led to an appearance on the radio station WSB AM in Atlanta, as a result of Kelleys radio work, he won an engagement with Lew Forbes and his orchestra at the Paramount Theater. In 1934, the family left Conyers for Decatur, Georgia and he attended the Decatur Boys High School, where he played on the Decatur Bantams baseball team. Kelley also played football and other sports, before his graduation in 1938, Kelley got a job as a drugstore car hop. He spent his weekends working in the local theaters, during World War II, Kelley served as an enlisted man in the United States Army Air Forces from March 10,1943 to January 28,1946, assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit. After an extended stay in Long Beach, California, Kelley decided to pursue a career and relocate to southern California permanently. He worked as an usher in a theater in order to earn enough money for the move. Kelleys mother encouraged her son in his new goal. While in California, Kelley was spotted by a Paramount Pictures scout while doing a United States Navy training film, Kelleys acting career began with the feature film Fear in the Night in 1947. The low-budget movie was a hit, bringing him to the attention of a national audience and his next role, in Variety Girl, established him as a leading actor and resulted in the founding of his first fan club. Kelley did not become a man, however, and he and his wife, Carolyn. He found work on stage and on television, but after three years in New York, the Kelleys returned to Hollywood. In California, he received a role in an installment of You Are There and he played ranch owner Bob Kitteridge in the 1949 episode Legion of Old Timers of the television series The Lone Ranger. This led to an appearance in Gunfight at the O. K. Corral as Morgan Earp and this role led to three movie offers, including Warlock with Henry Fonda and Anthony Quinn. In 1957, he had a role as a Southern officer in Raintree County
4.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
5.
Karl Urban
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Karl-Heinz Urban is a New Zealand actor. Leonard Bones McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond and he won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the television series Almost Human. Urban was born in Wellington, New Zealand and his father, a German immigrant, owned a leather goods store, and his mother once worked for Film Facilities in Wellington. Through his mother, the young Urban was exposed to classic New Zealand cinema, Urban attended St Marks Church School, where he showed an early love for public performance. His first acting role came at age eight, when he had a line in one episode of the New Zealand television series Pioneer Woman. Though continuing to take part in stage productions, he did not act professionally again until after high school. He attended Wellington College in 1986–1990 and he then enrolled at Victoria University of Wellington in the Bachelor of Arts program but left after one year to pursue a career in acting. Over the next few years, he appeared in several local TV commercials in addition to roles in the Wellington area. Eventually he moved to Auckland, where he was offered many guest roles in TV shows, Urban then moved briefly to Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia in 1995, before returning to New Zealand the following year. He also made an appearance as Mael in the episode Altared States, both programs were filmed in New Zealand. In 2001, he appeared in the offbeat rural romance The Price of Milk, for which he received his first nomination at the New Zealand Qantas Film, urbans first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship. However he was unable to make the audition because of filming commitments, the role eventually went to Daniel Craig. Urban played John Reaper Grimm in Universal Pictures Doom, which was released on 21 October 2005, in 2007, he starred in the Viking adventure Pathfinder. A longtime fan of Westerns, Urban appeared as Woodrow Call in Comanche Moon, in 2009, he played Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, a role famously originated by DeForest Kelley, in the eleventh Star Trek film. A fan of the Star Trek franchise since childhood, Urban actively pursued a role in the film and his performance was widely embraced by the Star Trek fan community for its faithfulness to the spirit of Kelleys McCoy. In 2009, he appeared as himself in the documentary film Reclaiming the Blade. Urban next appeared as CIA agent William Cooper in Red, adapted from the DC Comics graphic novel of the name and co-starring Bruce Willis
6.
United Federation of Planets
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The Federation was first introduced in the 1966–1969 television show Star Trek as the organization that sent the starship USS Enterprise on its mission of peaceful exploration. As the Federation has continued to explore the galaxy and expanded its membership, it has been challenged by hostile alien civilizations such as the Borg. The survival, success, and growth of the Federation and its principles of freedom have become some of the Star Trek franchises central themes, the Federation was originally conceived as an idealized version of the United Nations. The Federation has been well received by critics and fans, becoming one of the most enduring storylines. As part of the message he wanted the show to convey, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry intended to depict the Federation as an ideal. The social structure within the Federation is classless and operates within a money-less New World Economy, the Federation is described as stressing, at least nominally, the values of universal liberty, equality, justice, peace, and cooperation. The Federation also maintains its own quasi-militaristic and scientific exploratory agency, the television series and films depict Earth and humanity as holding a center-stage political role within the Federation, in some ways first among equals. The legislature, the Federation Council, is located at the Presidio of San Francisco, several other bodies of the Federation have been depicted. There is an executive headed by a Federation President, who keeps offices in the Palais de la Concorde in Paris. There is a branch as well, the highest court of which is the Federation Supreme Court. The Federations scientific, diplomatic and defensive/military arm is Starfleet, depicted as being headquartered at Fort Baker, just north of San Francisco across the Golden Gate Bridge. The Federation comes into conflict with other major powers in the galaxy such as the Klingon Empire, the Romulan Star Empire, the Cardassian Union, the Borg. The United Federation of Planets has existed as part of the Star Trek universe since the first season of the series and is the primary focus of all the Star Trek series. Several episodes of Star Trek, Enterprise follow events leading up the creation of the Federation, the formation of the Coalition seems to have been the event that provoked the xenophobic Terra Prime incident in the episodes Demons and Terra Prime. After Terra Prime leader John Frederick Paxton exploited the xenophobia on Earth, many of the aliens were unnerved, however, they were convinced by a speech from Captain Jonathan Archer to give the idea of a united organization of worlds a chance. Six years later in 2161, the United Federation of Planets was organized, the Federation is founded under a document known as the Charter of the United Federation of Planets October 9,2161, which is occasionally referred to informally as the Constitution. It draws text and inspiration from the United Nations Charter and other sources and this is intended to prevent even well-intentioned Federation personnel from introducing changes which could destabilize or even destroy other pre-warp-era cultures through interference. Starfleets Omega Directive supersedes the Prime Directive allowing for any means possible to destroy the Omega particle if encountered and it includes a set of guarantees of civil rights, the Seventh Guarantee being analogous to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its protection against self-incrimination
7.
Starfleet
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Starfleet is a fictional organization in the Star Trek media franchise. While the majority of Starfleets members are human and it is headquartered on Earth, hundreds of species are also represented. During production of episodes of the original series, several details of the makeup of the Star Trek universe had yet to be worked out. However, references to the United Earth Space Probe Agency, for example, the Friendship One probe is marked with the letters UESPA-1 in the Star Trek, Voyager episode Friendship One. Other background props included additional UESPA references, such as Captain Jean-Luc Picards family album in Star Trek Generations, during the production of Star Trek, Enterprise, some larger Starfleet insignia designs included the name United Earth Space Probe Agency. However, the Starfleet that is in existence before the Federation is a different organization than that of the Federation Starfleet, Starfleet acts under a Prime Directive of non-interference with developing worlds or their internal politics. The Prime Directive and Starfleets first-contact policies are at the center of several episodes in each Star Trek series, Starfleet Headquarters is shown to be located on Earth, northeast of the Golden Gate Bridge in the present-day Fort Baker area. Starfleet Academy is located in the general area. Additionally, various episodes show Starfleet operating a series of starbases throughout Federation territory, as ground facilities, the flagship of Starfleet is often considered to be the starship USS Enterprise. Starfleet has many components, including the following, As early as the original Star Trek, later series establish it as an officer training facility with a four-year educational program. The main campus is located near Starfleet Headquarters in what is now Fort Baker, Starfleet Command is the headquarters/command center of Starfleet. The term Starfleet Command is first used in TOS episode Court Martial and its headquarters are depicted as being in Fort Baker, across the Golden Gate from San Francisco, in Star Trek, The Motion Picture and Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. Overlooking the Command from the side of the Golden Gate is the permanent site of the Council of the United Federation of Planets in what is now the Presidio of San Francisco. StarTrek. com notes that many of Starfleets ships are built on Mare Island near San Francisco, the Enterprise-D and USS Voyager are depicted to have been constructed at a shipyard named Utopia Planitia in Mars orbit. The Utopia Planitia served as Starfleets main ship yards throughout a portion of Starfleets existence. After the Enterprise-D encountered the Borg in the episode Q Who the size of the Utopia Planitia shipyards was doubled out of fear of a Borg strike and they were once again doubled after the Dominion threat became more evident. In the 2013 sequel, Montgomery Scotty Scott discovers a covert Starfleet facility, near Jupiter, as one minion of the Dominion in the Star Trek, DS9 episode, Rocks and Shoals notes, Starfleet engineers are reputed to be able to Turn rocks into replicators. Additionally, Pocket Books has published a series of eBooks and novels in the Starfleet Corps of Engineers series, Starfleet Intelligence is an intelligence agency of the United Federation of Planets
8.
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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USS Enterprise is a starship in the fictional Star Trek universe, depicted in four network television series, six feature films, and countless books and fan-created media. The ships design formed the basis for one of sci-fis most iconic images, though the ship has gone over many changes over the course of its television, a refit version of NCC-1701 appears in the first three Star Trek films. The 2009 Star Trek film, which place in an alternate timeline. The original starship was destroyed in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies was the primary designer of the original Enterprise, which was originally named Yorktown in series creator Gene Roddenberrys first outline drafts of the series. Jefferies experience with aviation led to his Enterprise designs being imbued with what he called aircraft logic, the ships NCC-1701 registry number stemmed from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States, the second C was added for differentiation. According to The Making of Star Trek, NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for Naval Construction Contract, the 1701 was chosen to avoid any possible ambiguity, according to Jefferies, the numbers 3,6,8, and 9 are too easily confused. Other sources cite it as a reference to the house across the street from where Roddenberry grew up, Jefferies own sketches provide the explanation that it was his 17th cruiser design with the first serial number of that series,1701. The Making of Star Trek explains that USS should mean United Space Ship, however, the decals included with the AMT USS Enterprise model kit permitted the builder to customize the ship as any of the twelve starships in the class. As the lowest hull number is NCC-1700, USS Constitution, it is accepted that Constitution is the class leader. The first miniature built for the pilot episode The Cage was unlit and approximately 33 inches long, initially, the models were static and had no electronics. For the second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, various details of the 11-foot model were altered, when the series was picked up and went into production, the model was altered yet again. Save for re-used footage from the two episodes, this was the appearance of the ship throughout the series, except for some detail added to nacelles for shots used in The Trouble with Tribbles. Two small models were made for the episode Catspaw, one embedded in a block of lucite. Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek, Deep Space Nine episode Trials, jeins model was built to be exactly half the size of the larger of the two original models, and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar. The refit Enterprise that appears in the first three Star Trek films was designed by Richard Taylor, the ship was based on conceptual sketches done by Jeffries for the scrapped Star Trek, Phase II TV series. The 8-foot model was re-used as the USS Enterprise-A in the fourth, fifth, foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the Directors Edition release of Star Trek, The Motion Picture to add footage envisioned but never shot by director Robert Wise. Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film, director J. J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a hot rod look while retaining the traditional shape, but otherwise afforded Industrial Light & Magic tremendous leeway in creating the ship. Perhaps the most notable change was in the engine cells
9.
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)
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USS Enterprise is a starship in the fourth, fifth, sixth films of the Roddenberry era and later in the alternative timeline film Star Trek Beyond. Enterprise-A used the shooting model as the preceding NCC-1701. When first unveiled in the sequences of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. On October 5–7,2006, Christies auctioned off many of the used in the Star Trek films. In that auction the model of Enterprise-A used for the films was sold for $240,000, the Constitution-class starship Enterprise-A was commissioned in 2286, at the end of the events depicted in Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. It is the second Federation starship to carry the name Enterprise, the ship is placed under the command of newly demoted Captain James T. Kirk as punishment for his and his crews actions in the rescue of Captain Spock in Star Trek III and it replaces the original Enterprise, destroyed in Star Trek III. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, the ship is dispatched to rescue hostages on Nimbus III. The Vulcan renegade Sybok and his followers hijack the ship and take it to a planet at the center of the galaxy, several novels and comics explore the six-year period between the fifth and sixth films. In Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, Enterprise escorts Klingon chancellor Gorkon to a summit on Earth. The renegade Klingon general Chang, assisted by traitors aboard Enterprise, the Klingons take Kirk and Leonard McCoy prisoner, Spock and Enterprise crew disregard Starfleet orders and instead rescue Kirk and McCoy. Enterprise encounters and, with aid from USS Excelsior, destroys Changs ship, the film concludes with Starfleet ordering a return to Spacedock to be decommissioned, an order which Kirk and the crew gleefully disregard. There is no information about the ships fate beyond Star Trek VI. In the epilogue of Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, however, she may have been speaking only of the ships original crew members as Captain James T. Documentation provided with the Bandai model states that the ship was displayed in the Starfleet Museum at Memory Alpha, ultimately, Enterprise is destroyed to prevent Drakes completion of a disastrous personal agenda. Enterprise was already under construction at the time of its predecessors arrival at Star base Yorktown, following the destruction of its predecessor, its crew was reassigned to the NCC-1701-A after its completion. A new design for Enterprise NCC-1701-A appears in Star Trek Beyond, USS Enterprise at Memory Alpha USS Enterprise at Memory Alpha
10.
Star Trek uniforms
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Star Trek uniforms are worn by crew members in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. Though design varied among the successive costume designers, the uniforms costumes, costumes were re-designed to improve appearance when filmed and to improve the comfort for actors. Deliberately mixing styles of uniforms from the series was occasionally used to enhance the sense of time travel or alternative universes. The rank system of the Star Trek universe resembles that of the United States Navy, in later television series, ranks are indicated by varying numbers of pips or bars on the individuals uniform collars. The insignia are worn on the left breast by all personnel, originally gold with a black border, but the shape differed based on the ship or base to which the person was assigned as seen in TOS episodes Court Martial, The Doomsday Machine, etc. In the case of the Enterprise, the insignia was a delta or arrowhead shape, in the second pilot, the science/medical and engineering/operations symbols were reversed, and there were other slight variations between the insignia as used in the pilots and in the regular series. A rank of captain is mentioned in two episodes, but no insignia are shown. The original uniform designs were the product of designer William Ware Theiss, the original series uniforms consisted of a colored top and dark pants, with significant variations between the designs used in the pilot episodes and the rest of the series. The original concept used a heavy, ribbed turtle neck collar of the color as the tunic for the men, with a cowl neck variation for the women. Officers in the first Star Trek pilot, The Cage, wear a single gold stripe, with only the officer grades lieutenant. A chief is also wearing a different sleeve stripe. Characters addressed as crewman wear no sleeve insignia, in the first pilot, the uniforms also include gray coats with silver rank stripes on the sleeves, worn on away missions and identical for men and women, and an optional gray cap. In the second episode, Where No Man Has Gone Before, most officers again wear a single stripe. The crew wore a triangular assignment patch that identified them as being with the USS Enterprise, personnel from other Starfleet vessels or Starfleet Command wore different assignment patches. Certain operations and engineering personnel wore red jumpsuits with black undershirts, the frequent death of red-uniformed security officers led to the coining of the popular term redshirt. The most commonly used command division shirts were actually green but appeared gold under the lights used on the set, in later series, the gold color was canonized in dialog. The green tunics may have the stripes on the sleeves or on the collar. The differently colored tunics were worn with dark gray trousers — which appeared black on camera — for the men, miniskirt length dresses with dark tights were worn by the women
11.
Science fiction on television
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Science fiction first appeared in television programming in the late 1930s, during what is called the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Special effects and other techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality. The combination of initial cost and lower maintenance cost pushed producers into building these techniques into the basic concept of a series. The broad term special effects includes all the techniques here, visual effects involve photographic or digital manipulation of the onscreen image, usually done in post-production. Mechanical or physical effects involve props, pyrotechnics, and other methods used during principal photography itself. Some effects involved a combination of techniques, a ray gun might require a pyrotechnic during filming, stunts are another important category of physical effects. In general, all kinds of special effects must be planned during pre-production. Babylon 5 was the first series to use computer-generated imagery, or CGI, for all exterior space scenes, the technology has made this more practical, so that today models are rarely used. In the 1990s, CGI required expensive processors and customized applications, models have been an essential tool in science fiction television since the beginning, when Buck Rogers took flight in spark-scattering spaceships wheeling across a matte backdrop sky. The original Star Trek required an array of models, the USS Enterprise had to be built in several different scales for different needs. Gerry Anderson created a series of using puppets living in a universe of models and miniature sets. ALF depicted an alien living in a family, while Farscape included two puppets as regular characters, in Stargate SG-1, the Asgard characters are puppets in scenes where they are sitting, standing, or lying down. As animation is completely free of the constraints of gravity, momentum, in general, science fiction series are subject to the same financial constraints as other television shows. However, high production costs increase the risk, while limited audiences further complicate the business case for continuing production. Star Trek was the first television series to cost more than $100,000 per episode, while Star Trek and this enabled merchandising such as toy lines, animated cartoon adaptations, and other licensing. Creative settings also often call for broader story arcs than is found in mainstream television. Science fiction television producers will sometimes end a season with a cliffhanger episode to attract viewer interest. Dark Angel is one of many shows ending with a scene that left critical questions open when the series was cancelled
12.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
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Star Trek, The Animated Series is a 1973 animated science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe following the events of Star Trek, The Original Series of the 1960s. The animated series was aired under the name Star Trek, the series was critically acclaimed and was the first Star Trek series to win an Emmy Award when its second season won the 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Entertainment - Childrens Series. The series featured most of the original cast voicing their characters, except for Pavel Chekov and he was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances, Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs, and Lt. MRess, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and MRess, initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan, and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura, Nimoy also took this stand as a matter of principle, as he knew of the financial troubles many of his Star Trek co-stars were facing after cancellation of the series. Koenig was not forgotten, and later wrote an episode for the series, koenig wrote The Infinite Vulcan, which had plot elements from the original Star Trek episode Space Seed blended into it. As is usual with animation projects, the actors did not perform together. For example, William Shatner, who was touring in a play at the time, other occasional guest voice actors were also used, including Ed Bishop who voiced the Megan Prosecutor in The Magicks of Megas-tu, and Ted Knight who voiced Carter Winston in The Survivor. Nichelle Nichols also performed character voices in addition to Uhura in several episodes, including The Time Trap. Similar to most animated series of the era, the 22 episodes of TAS were spread out over two seasons, with copious reruns of each episode. The director of the first season was Hal Sutherland and Bill Reed directed the 6 episodes of season two, all of this series episodes were novelized by Alan Dean Foster and released in ten volumes under the Star Trek Logs banner. Initially, Foster adapted three episodes per book, but later saw the half-hour scripts expanded into full, novel-length stories. Star Trek, The Animated Series was the only Star Trek series not to be produced with a cold open, instead starting directly with the title credits sequence. However, some versions of the original live action series. The series writing benefited from a Writers Guild of America, East strike in 1973, here Cyrano Jones is rescued from the Klingons, bringing with him a genetically altered breed of tribbles which do not reproduce but do grow extremely large. The Klingons, because of their hatred of tribbles, are eager to get Jones back because he stole a creature they created and this is the only animated Trek episode written by original series and later Next Generation writer D. C. This was the first actual appearance of Spocks pet sehlat, first mentioned in Journey to Babel, elements of Spocks childhood from Yesteryear are also referenced in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Unification as well as the 2009 Star Trek feature film. Larry Nivens The Slaver Weapon, adapted from his own short story The Soft Weapon and it includes some elements from his Known Space mythos such as the Kzinti and the Slavers
13.
Star Trek (film series)
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Reruns of the series proved to be wildly successful in syndication during the 1970s, which persuaded the series then-owner, Paramount Pictures, to expand the franchise. Paramount originally began work on a Star Trek feature film in 1975 after lobbying by the creator of the franchise, the studio scrapped the project two years later in favor of creating a television series, Star Trek, Phase II, with the original cast. Five more films featuring the original cast followed. The cast of the 1987–1994 spin-off series Star Trek, The Next Generation starred in a further four films, a sequel to Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness, was released in theaters on May 16,2013. A second sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22,2016, the Star Trek films have received 15 Academy Award nominations. Star Trek won for Best Makeup in 2010, and four of the films were nominated mainly in the areas of makeup, music, set design. The early Star Trek films, the first to film, were originally released on VHS. Later films were released on LaserDisc as well. For those films that did not receive an initial DVD release, later, the first ten films were released in two-disc collectors versions, with The Motion Picture and The Wrath of Khan branded as directors cuts, followed by later box set releases. All of the films are now available on Blu-ray, digital download, streaming media, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry first suggested the idea of a Star Trek feature in 1969. When the original series was cancelled, he lobbied to continue the franchise through a film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to work on a feature film in 1975. A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic script, Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series, Star Trek, Phase II. The massive worldwide box office success of Star Wars in mid-1977 sent Hollywood studios to their vaults in search of similar properties that could be adapted or re-launched to the big screen. Principal photography for Star Trek, The Motion Picture commenced August 7,1978 with director Robert Wise helming the feature, the production encountered difficulties and slipped behind schedule, with effects team Robert Abel and Associates proving unable to handle the films large amount of effects work. Douglas Trumbull was hired and given a check to complete the effects work in time and location. The film introduced an upgrade to the technology and starship designs, many of the set elements created for Phase II were adapted and enhanced for use in the first feature films. The film received mixed reviews critics, while it grossed $82,258,456
14.
Encounter at Farpoint
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Encounter at Farpoint is the first episode and series premiere of the American science fiction television series Star Trek, The Next Generation, which premiered in syndication on September 28,1987. Fontana and Gene Roddenberry and directed by Corey Allen, Roddenberry was the creator of Star Trek, and Fontana was a writer on the original series. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise, the episode was made as a pilot for the new Star Trek series, and was a double length episode at Paramount Television Groups insistence. After the show was announced on October 10,1986. The show utilized some existing sets and props from the Star Trek films, new actors were hired for the pilot, which in some cases required the character concepts to be redeveloped to better fit the actor. The show made its debut in syndication to a critical response. In 2364, the newest flagship of the United Federation of Planets, Starfleets USS Enterprise, Enterprise is to open relations with the simple Bandi people who have somehow been able to tap immense energy reserves and construct Farpoint Station, much to the surprise of the Federation. Before letting the ship resume its course, Q warns Captain Picard that he is destined to fail, as the Enterprise arrives, the crew members explore the offerings of Farpoint Station and establish relations with their Bandi host, Groppler Zorn. The crew becomes suspicious when items they desire seem to appear out of nowhere moments later, Deanna Troi, an empath, senses a being with powerful yet despairing emotions nearby, and the crew discover a strange labyrinth beneath the station, but Zorn does not offer an explanation. As the Enterprise crew continues its explorations, an unknown alien craft enters orbit and begins to fire upon an older Bandi settlement near Farpoint Station. Before Picard orders the ships phasers to be fired at the craft, Q appears to him of humanitys trial. The away team discovers the craft has passages similar to those under Farpoint and their actions cause the alien craft to transform into a jellyfish-like space creature, and Picard is able to deduce the mystery of Farpoint Station. The creature now in orbit is trying to free its mate by attacking those who hold it captive. Though Q goads Picard into punishing the Bandi, Picard refuses, the beam allows the land-bound creature to transform back into its jellyfish-like form, and it flies into orbit to join its fellow being. As the crew watches the reunion of the creatures, Q reluctantly tells Picard that they have succeeded in their test. The new Star Trek series was announced on October 10,1986 by the head of Paramount Television Group and he announced that the creator of Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, was to be executive producer and lead the creation of the new series. When the decision was not to proceed with the Paramount network it had been slated to be the flagship for. Paramount had pitched ideas to Roddenberry earlier in 1986 as it was the anniversary of the original series
15.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
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Star Trek, The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran between 1987 and 1994. Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor served as producers at different times throughout its production. The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the regions of the Milky Way galaxy. The first episode takes place in the year 2364,100 years after the start of the mission described in the original series. It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise, the fifth to bear the name within the franchises storyline and these are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission, to strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations. TNG premiered the week of September 28,1987, drawing 27 million viewers, in total,176 episodes were made, ending with the two-hour finale All Good Things. The week of May 23,1994, the series was broadcast in first-run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations. Three additional Star Trek spin-offs followed The Next Generation, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, Star Trek, Voyager, and Star Trek, Enterprise. The series formed the basis for the seventh through to the tenth of the Star Trek films, and is also the setting of novels, comic books. In its seventh season, Star Trek, The Next Generation became the first, the series received a number of accolades including 19 Emmy Awards, two Hugo Awards, five Saturn Awards, and a Peabody Award. The series follows the adventures of a crew on board the starship USS Enterprise, the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry. The series is set about 70 years after the mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. Beverly Crusher, conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge, and junior officer Lieutenant Worf, the death of Lieutenant Yar in the series first season prompts an internal shuffle of personnel, making Worf official chief of security. Geordi La Forge is promoted to engineer at the beginning of season 2. The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise-D put on trial by a nefarious, the god-like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages, forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared. After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster, the crew departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds. Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures, several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists, including the Ferengi, the Cardassian, and the Borg
16.
Star Trek (film)
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Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction adventure film directed by J. J. Abrams, written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Kirk and Spock aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero, a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets, the story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock. The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film, the idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968. After the separation between Viacom and CBS Corporation, former Paramount president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a feature film, Orci and Kurtzman, both fans of the Star Trek series, were approached to write the film and Abrams was approached to direct it. Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations as well as the series itself, principal photography commenced on November 7,2007 and ended on March 27,2008. The film was shot in locations around California and Utah. Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen, opting to use sets, heavy secrecy surrounded the films production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters. Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film, as opposed to the films in the franchise. Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 and it was released in the United States and Canada on May 8,2009, to critical acclaim. Critics praised the development as well as the storyline in the film. Star Trek became a box office success, grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its budget of $150 million. The DVD and Blu-ray for the film were released on October 19,2010, the film is followed by two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond with a fourth having been announced. In the 23rd century, the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a storm in space. A Romulan ship, Narada, emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin, naradas first officer, Ayel, demands that Kelvins Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce. Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an Ambassador Spock, naradas commander, Nero, kills him, and resumes attacking Kelvin. George Kirk, Kelvins first officer, orders the ships personnel, including his pregnant wife Winona, Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winonas survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk. Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan, a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy, realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a disadvantage, he joins Starfleet instead. On Earth, Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult, three years later, Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation
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Star Trek Into Darkness
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Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and Damon Lindelof. It is the 12th installment in the Star Trek film franchise, Benedict Cumberbatch, Alice Eve, and Peter Weller are also credited in the films principal cast. The film was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015, set in the 23rd century, Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member-turned-terrorist John Harrison. After the release of Star Trek, Abrams, Burk, Lindelof, Kurtzman, into Darknesss visual effects were primarily created by Industrial Light & Magic. The film was converted to 3D in post-production, the film was released on May 17 in the United States and Canada, opening at IMAX cinemas a day earlier. Into Darkness was a success and received positive reviews from critics. Its gross earnings of over $467 million worldwide made it the highest-grossing entry in the Star Trek franchise, at the 86th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22,2016, in 2259, Captain James T. Admiral Christopher Pike is reinstated as commanding officer with Kirk demoted to the rank of Commander and first officer. Commander Spock is transferred to another ship, shortly after, the Section 31 installation in London is bombed, perpetrated by the renegade Starfleet operative John Harrison. Harrison then attacks Starfleet Headquarters in a jumpship during the meeting about the situation, killing Pike. Kirk disables the jumpship by throwing a rifle one of its engines, but Harrison escapes by transporting to Kronos. Admiral Alexander Marcus reinstates Kirk and Spock to Enterprise with orders to kill Harrison by using a new missile called a Photon torpedo, chief Engineer Montgomery Scott strongly objects to allowing untested missiles on board the ship, but when he is overruled he resigns from his post. Kirk assigns Pavel Chekov to replace Scotty, en route to Kronos, Enterprises warp capabilities mysteriously become disabled. Kirk leads a team with Spock and Uhura onto the planet in a landing craft. Uhura leaves the craft to talk to the Klingons. They instead decide to kill Uhura, but Kirk and the landing party manage to kill the Klingons, after the battle, Harrison comes up to Kirk demanding to know the number of missiles on board the Enterprise and surrenders when Kirk tells him. Dr. Leonard McCoy and Marcuss daughter, Dr. Carol Marcus, inside is a man in cryogenic stasis. Every torpedo aboard Enterprise contains a human in stasis, Khan reveals that Marcus had sabotaged Enterprises warp drive, intending for the Klingons to destroy the ship after it fired on Kronos, creating an act of war by the Klingon Empire
18.
University of Mississippi
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The University of Mississippi is an American public research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. It is the state of Mississippis flagship and largest university, with an enrollment of 24,250 in fall 2016. It is both a sea-grant and space-grant institution and is classified as an R1, Doctoral University — Highest Research Activity. Across all its campuses, it comprises approximately 2,200 faculty members,10,600 staff members, and 24,000 students, and has a total budget of roughly $2 billion. About 55 percent of its undergraduates and 60 percent overall come from Mississippi, the Mississippi Legislature chartered the University of Mississippi on February 24,1844. The university opened its doors to its first class of 80 students four years later in 1848, for 23 years, the university was Mississippis only public institution of higher learning, and for 110 years it was the states only comprehensive university. When the university opened, the campus consisted of six buildings, constructed from 1846 to 1848, the Lyceum is the oldest building on campus. Originally, the Lyceum housed all of the classrooms and faculty offices of the university, the buildings north and south wings were added in 1903, and the Class of 1927 donated the clock above the eastern portico. The Lyceum is now the home of the administration offices. The columned facade of the Lyceum is represented on the official crest of the university, in 1854, the university established the fourth state-supported, public law school in the United States, and also began offering engineering education. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, classes were interrupted when almost the entire student body from the University of Mississippi enlisted in the Confederate army. The Lyceum was used as a hospital during the Civil War for both Union and Confederate soldiers, especially those who were wounded at the battle of Shiloh, two hundred-fifty soldiers who died in the campus hospital were buried in a cemetery on the grounds of the university. During the post-war period, the university was led by former Confederate general A. P. Stewart and he served as Chancellor from 1874-1886. The university became coeducational in 1882 and was the first such institution in the Southeast to hire a female faculty member, Sarah McGehee Isom, the student yearbook was published for the first time in 1897. A contest was held to solicit suggestions for a title from the student body. Elma Meek, a student, submitted the entry of Ole Miss. Meeks source for the term is unknown, some historians theorize she made a diminutive of old Mississippi or derived the term from ol missus and this sobriquet was not only chosen for the yearbook, but also became the name by which the university was informally known. Ole Miss is defined as the schools intangible spirit, which is separate from the tangible aspects of the university, the university began medical education in 1903, when the University of Mississippi School of Medicine was established on the Oxford campus
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Divorce
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Divorce should not be confused with annulment, which declares the marriage null and void, with legal separation or de jure separation or with de facto separation. Reasons for divorce vary, from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a personality clash, the only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines, the Vatican City and the British Crown Dependency of Sark. The Vatican City is a state, which has no procedure for divorce. Countries that have relatively recently legalized divorce are Italy, Portugal, Brazil, Spain, Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia, Andorra, Ireland, Chile, grounds for divorce vary widely from country to country. Marriage may be seen as a contract, a status, or a combination of these, where it is seen as a contract, the refusal or inability of one spouse to perform the obligations stipulated in the contract may constitute a ground for divorce for the other spouse. In contrast, in countries, divorce is purely no fault. Many jurisdictions offer both the option of a no fault divorce as well as an at fault divorce and this is the case, for example, in many US states. Though divorce laws vary between jurisdictions, there are two approaches to divorce, fault based and no-fault based. In some jurisdictions one spouse may be forced to pay the fees of another spouse. Laws vary as to the period before a divorce is effective. However, issues of division of property are determined by the law of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. In Europe, divorce laws differ from country to country, reflecting differing legal and cultural traditions, in some countries, particularly in some former communist countries, divorce can be obtained only on one single general ground of irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. Yet, what such a breakdown of the marriage is interpreted very differently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Separation constitutes a ground of divorce in some European countries. g. in the laws of Latvia. Divorce laws are not static, they often change reflecting evolving social norms of societies, some countries have completely overhauled their divorce laws, such as Spain in 2005, and Portugal in 2008. A new divorce law also came into force in September 2007 in Belgium, bulgaria also modified its divorce regulations in 2009. e. The negotiations with the participation of an advocate or agreement made before the registrar of Public Registry Office, Austria, instead, is a European country where the divorce law still remains conservative. The liberalization of laws is not without opposition, particularly in the United States
20.
James T. Kirk
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James Tiberius Jim Kirk is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise. Kirk first appears in Star Trek, The Original Series and has portrayed in numerous films, books, comics, webisodes. As the captain of the starship USS Enterprise, Kirk leads his crew as they explore where no man has gone before, often, the characters of Spock and Leonard McCoy act as his logical and emotional sounding boards, respectively. Kirk, played by William Shatner, first appears in the broadcast pilot episode, The Man Trap, Shatner continued in the role for the shows three seasons, and later provided the voice of the animated version of Kirk in Star Trek, The Animated Series. Shatner returned to the role for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, chris Pine portrays a young version of the character in the 2009 reboot Star Trek film, with Jimmy Bennett playing Kirk as a child. Pine reprised his role in Star Trek Into Darkness and in Star Trek Beyond, other actors have played the character in fan-created media, and the character has been the subject of multiple spoofs and satires. The character has been praised for his leadership traits and criticized for his relationships with women, James Tiberius Kirk was born in Riverside, Iowa, where he was raised by his parents, George and Winona Kirk. Although born on Earth, Kirk lived for a time on Tarsus IV, James Kirks brother, George Samuel Kirk, is first mentioned in What Are Little Girls Made Of. and introduced and killed in Operation, Annihilate. Kirk was granted a commission as an ensign and posted to advanced training aboard the USS Republic. He was then promoted to lieutenant junior grade and returned to Starfleet Academy as a student instructor, students could either think or sink in his class, and Kirk himself was a stack of books with legs. Upon graduating in the top five percent, Kirk was promoted to lieutenant and he received his first command, a spaceship roughly equivalent to a destroyer, while still quite young. Kirk became Starfleets youngest captain after receiving command of the USS Enterprise for a five-year mission, Kirks most significant relationships in the television series are with first officer Spock and chief medical officer Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy. McCoy is someone to whom Kirk unburdens himself and is a foil to Spock, robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrences The Myth of the American Superhero describes Kirk as a hard-driving leader who pushes himself and his crew beyond human limits. Terry J. Erdman and Paula M, although Kirk throughout the series becomes romantically involved with various women, when confronted with a choice between a woman and the Enterprise, his ship always won. Roddenberry wrote in a memo that Kirk is not afraid of being fallible. J. M. Dillards novel The Lost Years describes Kirks promotion to rear admiral, in Star Trek, The Motion Picture, Kirk is chief of Starfleet operations, and he takes command of the Enterprise from Captain Willard Decker. Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberrys novelization of The Motion Picture depicts Kirk married to a Starfleet officer killed during a transporter accident. At the beginning of Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, Kirk takes command of the Enterprise from Captain Spock to pursue his enemy from Space Seed, the movie introduces Kirks son, David Marcus
21.
Spock
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Spock, commonly Mr. Spock, is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spocks rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock. In the 2009 film Star Trek, Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, both reprised their roles in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and Quinto reprised his role again in 2016s Star Trek Beyond. Spock serves aboard the starship Enterprise, as officer and first officer. Spocks mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the characters appearances, Kirk and Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films. After retiring from Starfleet, Spock serves as a Federation ambassador, born to the Vulcan Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, Spock has a troubled childhood due to his mixed heritage. On his homeworld, he was bullied and tormented by full-blooded Vulcan children. For a time, he grew up alongside his older half-brother Sybok, in the episode Amok Time, it is revealed that Spock became betrothed to TPring during his childhood. Sarek supported Spocks scientific learning and supporting his application to the Vulcan Science Academy, in the 2009 film Star Trek, Spock is seen rejecting his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because Spock did not enter the VSA, and sought to join Starfleet instead, Spock appeared as the science officer on the USS Enterprise in the first pilot for the series, The Cage. Spock was one of the members of the team who joined Captain Christopher Pike on a mission to Talos IV in order to investigate a distress call. Spock did appear in the pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before. During the events of that pilot, Spock became concerned at the risk to the ship posed by Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell, the earliest appearance of Spock in the series as broadcast was The Man Trap, the first such episode. When he needs to knock out a version of Kirk in The Enemy Within. Together with Chief Engineer Montgomery Scotty Scott work together to rejoin the good and evil versions of the Captain, during Miri, he finds himself to be the only member of the landing party to be immune to the physical affects of the disease affecting human adults on the planet. However, he realises that he is probably a carrier and could infect the Enterprise if he were to return, doctor Leonard McCoy manages to devise a cure, allowing the team to return to the ship. When Simon van Gelder enters the bridge armed with a phaser in Dagger of the Mind and he later conducts a mind meld with van Gelder as part of the investigation into the activities of the nearby colony. After the power to the colony is shut down, and a force field drops
22.
Vulcan (Star Trek)
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Vulcans are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the Star Trek franchise who originate from the planet Vulcan. In the various Star Trek television series and movies, they are noted for their attempt to live by logic and they were the first extraterrestrial species in the Star Trek universe to observe first contact protocol with humans. Vulcans are depicted as similar in appearance to humans, the main physical differences are their eyebrows and ears, the former are arched and upswept, while the latter feature pinnae that taper to a point at the top. The ears have been the subject of jokes on many occasions, Vulcans have been portrayed as various races. Most caucasoid-like Vulcans typically appear with a greenish hue to their skin, due to Vulcans copper-based blood. Other features described include an inner eyelid, or nictitating membrane, which protects their vision from bright lights, Vulcans are vegetarians by choice and were omnivores in ages past. Vulcans are repeatedly stated to be herbivorous in the TAS episode The Slaver Weapon, Vulcans do not like to touch their food with their hands, preferring to use utensils whenever possible. It is a Vulcan custom for guests in the home to prepare meals for their hosts, Vulcans are said to not drink alcohol, though they are depicted indulging on special occasions or as a storyline warrants. In the Star Trek, Voyager episode Repression, humans and Vulcans are shown drinking a Vulcan alcoholic drink called Vulcan Brandy, in Star Trek, First Contact, when the Vulcans first meet Zefram Cochrane, Cochrane serves them alcoholic beverages, which they take in lieu of dancing. In non-canon Trek-related literature, such as the novelization of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home, There are references to Vulcans becoming inebriated by ingesting chocolate. The novelization of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home also shows Spock reacting almost as if drunk to the ingestion of sucrose, or common table sugar and he tells Kirk that it has the same effect on Vulcans as alcohol does on humans. Once triggered, a Vulcan must have intercourse with someone. If this is not possible, meditation may be used to stabilize their chemical imbalances and help them cope, in the event that neither of these solutions can be achieved, the Vulcan will face insanity, loss of self-control, and death. If a mate is not available, there are ways to relieve the effects of the pon farr. The first is meditation, by means of which the Vulcan must overcome the urge to mate through mental discipline and this is seen in the Voyager episode Blood Fever, when BElanna Torres and Ensign Vorik fight in the traditional Vulcan manner. The violence ends the pon farr, the other option is extreme shock, in the TOS episode Amok Time, Spock believed he had killed James T. Kirk, his best friend, thus providing sufficient shock to nullify the effects of pon farr. When he experienced pon farr, Tuvok of the USS Voyager made use of a simulation of a temporary mate that resembled his wife. Infection is another mechanism writers have used to induce pon farr in Vulcan characters, likewise in the film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, the regenerated adolescent Spock went through at least two pon farr episodes at accelerated speed
23.
Transporter (Star Trek)
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A transporter is a fictional teleportation machine used in the Star Trek universe. Transporters convert a person or object into a pattern, then beam it to a target. The term transporter accident is a term for when a person or object does not rematerialize correctly. According to The Making of Star Trek, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberrys original plan did not include transporters, however, this would have required unfeasible and unaffordable sets and model filming, as well as episode running time spent while landing, taking off, etc. The shuttlecraft was the idea, but when filming began. Transporters were devised as an expensive alternative, achieved by a simple fade-out/fade-in of the subject. Transporters first appear in the pilot episode The Cage. Gene Roddenberry in 1964 had not seen The Fly upon his first draft of The Cage, but it was brought to his attention, and this is how the transporter was considered. In August 2008, physicist Michio Kaku predicted in Discovery Channel Magazine that a device similar to those in Star Trek would be invented within 100 years. Although the Enterprise has a transporter, the crew does not routinely use it for moving biological organisms, instead, they generally prefer using shuttlepods or other means of transportation unless no other means of transportation are possible or feasible. The crew aboard the 23rd century USS Enterprise frequently use the transporter, by the 24th century, transporter travel was reliable and the safest way to travel according to dialogue in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Realm of Fear. According to the Star Trek, Deep Space Nine episode Homefront, Starfleet Academy cadets receive transporter rations, reginald Barclay expresses his outright fear of transporting in Realm of Fear. The television series and films do not go into detail about transporter technology. The Star Trek, The Next Generation Technical Manual claims that the devices transport objects in real time, the episode Realm of Fear specifies the length of a transport under unusual circumstances would last. Four or five seconds, about twice the normal time and this calculates the length of a typical transport as between 2 and 2.5 seconds and possibly less. Heisenberg compensators remove uncertainty from the measurements, making transporter travel feasible. Further technology involved in include a computer pattern buffer to enable a degree of leeway in the process. When asked How does the Heisenberg compensator work, by Time magazine, Star Trek technical adviser Michael Okuda responded, It works very well, thank you
24.
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
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Star Trek, The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the first Star Trek film and stars the cast of the original 1966–1969 Star Trek television series, the film is set in the twenty-third century when a mysterious and immensely powerful alien cloud known as VGer approaches Earth, destroying everything in its path. Kirk resumes command of his previous starship—the recently refitted USS Enterprise—to lead it on a mission to save the planet, when the original television series was cancelled in 1969, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry lobbied Paramount to continue the franchise through a film. The success of the series in syndication convinced the studio to work on a feature film in 1975. A series of writers attempted to craft a suitably epic script, Paramount instead planned on returning the franchise to its roots with a new television series, Star Trek, Phase II. With the cancellation of Phase II, writers rushed to adapt its planned pilot episode, In Thy Image, constant revisions to the story and shooting script continued to the extent of hourly script updates on shooting dates. The Enterprise was modified inside and out, costume designer Robert Fletcher provided new uniforms, Jerry Goldsmith composed the score, beginning an association with Star Trek that would continue until 2002. The final production cost ballooned to approximately $46 million, the film earned $139 million worldwide, falling short of studio expectations but enough for Paramount to propose a cheaper sequel. Roddenberry was forced out of control for The Wrath of Khan. In 2001, Wise oversaw a directors cut for a special DVD release of the film, with remastered audio, tightened and added scenes, and new computer-generated effects. In 2273, a Starfleet monitoring station, Epsilon Nine, detects an alien force, hidden in a cloud of energy. The cloud destroys three of the Klingon Empires new Ktinga-class warships and the station en route. On Earth, the starship Enterprise is undergoing a refit, her former commanding officer, James T. Kirk, has been promoted to Admiral. Starfleet dispatches Enterprise to investigate the cloud entity as the ship is the one in intercept range. Kirk takes command of the ship citing his experience, angering Captain Willard Decker, testing of Enterprises new systems goes poorly, two officers, including the science officer, are killed by a malfunctioning transporter, and improperly calibrated engines almost destroy the ship. Kirks unfamiliarity with the new systems of the Enterprise increases the tension between him and first officer Decker, Enterprise intercepts the energy cloud and is attacked by an alien vessel within. A probe appears on the bridge, attacks Spock and abducts the navigator and she is replaced by a robotic replica, another probe sent by VGer to study the crew. Decker is distraught over the loss of Ilia, with whom he had a romantic history and he becomes troubled as he attempts to extract information from the doppelgänger, which has Ilias memories and feelings buried within
25.
Conscription
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Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. As of the early 21st century, many no longer conscript soldiers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities, many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. Around the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum, under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se, various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded, in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them, with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi. The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the 820s and 830s. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him, the new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devşirme
26.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
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Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan is a 1982 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek. The plot features Admiral James T, when Khan escapes from a 15-year exile to exact revenge on Kirk, the crew of the Enterprise must stop him from acquiring a powerful terraforming device named Genesis. This film is the beginning of an arc that continues with the 1984 film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and concludes with 1986s Star Trek IV. After the lackluster critical and commercial response to The Motion Picture, executive producer Harve Bennett wrote the films original outline, which Jack B. Sowards developed into a full script, director Nicholas Meyer completed the final script in 12 days, without accepting a writing credit. Meyers approach evoked the atmosphere of the original series. Nimoy had not intended to have a role in The Motion Pictures sequel, negative test audience reaction to Spocks death led to significant revisions of the ending over Meyers objections. The production used various cost-cutting techniques to keep within budget, including utilizing miniatures from past projects and re-using sets, effects footage, among the films technical achievements is it being the first feature film to contain a complete sequence created entirely with computer-generated graphics. The Wrath of Khan was released in North America on June 4,1982 and it was a box office success, earning US$97 million worldwide and setting a world record for first-day box office gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, reviewers highlighted Khan, the pacing. Negative reaction focused on special effects and some of the acting. The Wrath of Khan is considered by some to be the best film of the Star Trek series, in the year 2285, Admiral James T. Kirk oversees a simulator session of Captain Spocks trainees, in the simulation, Lieutenant Saavik commands the starship USS Enterprise on a rescue mission to save the crew of the damaged ship Kobayashi Maru. When the Enterprise enters the Klingon Neutral Zone to reach the ship it is attacked by Klingon cruisers, the simulation is a no-win scenario designed to test the character of Starfleet officers. Later, Dr. McCoy joins Kirk on his birthday, seeing Kirk in low spirits, meanwhile, the USS Reliant is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of the Genesis Device, a technology designed to reorganize matter to create habitable worlds for colonization. 15 years prior, the Enterprise discovered Khans ship adrift in space, Kirk exiled Khan, after they were marooned, Ceti Alpha VI exploded, shifting the orbit of Ceti Alpha V and destroying its ecosystem. Khan blames Kirk for the death of his wife and plans revenge and he implants Chekov and Terrell with indigenous creatures that enter the ears of their victims and render them susceptible to mind control, and uses the officers to capture the Reliant
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Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
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Star Trek III, The Search for Spock is a 1984 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. After the death of Spock, the crew of the USS Enterprise returns to Earth, Kirk learns that Spocks spirit, or katra, is held in the mind of Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, Kirk and company steal the Enterprise to return Spocks body to his home planet. The crew must also contend with hostile Klingons, led by Kruge, Paramount commissioned the film after positive critical and commercial reaction to The Wrath of Khan. Nimoy directed, the first Star Trek cast member to do so, producer Harve Bennett wrote the script starting from the end and working back, and intended the destruction of the Enterprise to be a shocking development. Bennett and Nimoy collaborated with effects house Industrial Light & Magic to develop storyboards and new ship designs, aside from a single day of location shooting, all of the films scenes were shot on Paramount and ILM soundstages. Composer James Horner returned to expand his themes from the previous film, the Search for Spock opened June 1,1984. In its first week of release, the film grossed over $16 million from almost 2,000 theaters across North America and it went on to gross $76 million at the domestic box office, toward a total of $87 million worldwide. Critical reaction to The Search for Spock was positive, but notably less so than the previous film, reviewers generally praised the cast and characters, while criticism tended to focus on the plot, the special effects were conflictingly received. Roger Ebert called the film a compromise between the tones of the first and second Star Trek films, the Search for Spock was released on multiple home video formats, including VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray high definition discs. Nimoy went on to direct The Search for Spocks sequel, Star Trek IV, the casualties of the fight include Admiral James T. Kirks Vulcan friend, Spock, whose casket was launched into space and eventually landed on the planet created by the Genesis Device. On arriving at Earth Spacedock, Doctor Leonard McCoy begins to act strangely and is detained, David Marcus —Kirks son, a key scientist in Genesiss development—and Lieutenant Saavik are investigating the Genesis planet on board the science vessel Grissom. Discovering an unexpected life form on the surface, Marcus and Saavik transport to the planet and they find that the Genesis Device has resurrected Spock in the form of a child, although his mind is not present. Marcus admits that he used unstable protomatter in the development of the Genesis Device, causing Spock to age rapidly, meanwhile, Kruge, the commander of a Klingon vessel, intercepts information about Genesis. Believing the device to be useful as a weapon, he takes his cloaked ship to the Genesis planet, destroys the Grissom. Spocks father, Sarek, confronts Kirk about his sons death, the pair learn that before he died, Spock transferred his katra, or living spirit, to McCoy. Spocks katra and body are needed to lay him to rest on his homeworld, Vulcan, disobeying orders, Kirk and his officers spring McCoy from detention, disable the USS Excelsior, and steal the Enterprise from Spacedock to return to the Genesis planet to retrieve Spocks body. In orbit, the undermanned Enterprise is attacked and disabled by Kruge, in the standoff that follows, Kruge orders that one of the hostages on the surface be executed. Marcus is killed defending Saavik and Spock, Kirk and company feign surrender and activate the Enterprises self-destruct sequence, killing the Klingon boarding party while the Enterprise crew transports to the planets surface
28.
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home is a 1986 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek III. It completes the arc begun in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. The crew travel to Earths past to find whales who can answer the probes call, after directing The Search for Spock, cast member Leonard Nimoy was asked to direct the next feature, and given greater freedom regarding the films content. Nimoy and producer Harve Bennett conceived a story with an environmental message, dissatisfied with the first screenplay produced by Steve Meerson and Peter Krikes, Paramount hired The Wrath of Khan writer and director Nicholas Meyer. Meyer and Bennett divided the story between them and wrote different parts of the script, requiring approval from Nimoy, lead actor William Shatner, principal photography commenced on February 24,1986. Unlike previous Star Trek films, The Voyage Home was shot extensively on location, many settings and buildings were used as stand-ins for scenes set around. Special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic assisted in post-production and the special effects. Few of the whales in the film were real, ILM devised full-size animatronics. The Voyage Home was released on November 26,1986 in North America, the films humor and unconventional story were well received by critics, fans of the series and the general audience. It was financially successful, earning $133 million worldwide, the film earned several awards and four Academy Award nominations for its cinematography and audio. It was dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger, principal photography for The Voyage Home began four weeks after Challenger and her crew were lost. In 2286, a cylindrical probe moves through space, sending out an indecipherable signal. As it takes up orbit around Earth, its signal disables the power grid and generates planetary storms, creating catastrophic. Starfleet Command sends out a distress call and warns starships not to approach Earth. On the planet Vulcan, the officers of the USS Enterprise are living in exile. Hearing Starfleets warning, Spock determines that the signal matches the song of extinct humpback whales. The crew uses their ship to back in time via a slingshot maneuver around the Sun
29.
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier
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Star Trek V, The Final Frontier is a 1989 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek. The film was directed by cast member William Shatner, following two films directed by his co-star, Leonard Nimoy, Shatner also developed the initial storyline in which Sybok searches for God but instead finds an alien being. The script went through revisions to please the cast and studio. Despite a writers-guild strike cutting into the films pre-production, Paramount commenced filming in October 1988, production problems plagued the film on set and during location shooting in Yosemite National Park and the Mojave Desert. The films ending was reworked because of poor test-audience reaction and the failure of planned special effects, Jerry Goldsmith, composer for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, returned to score The Final Frontier. The Final Frontier was released in North America on June 9,1989 and it had the highest-opening gross of any film in the series at that point and was number one in its first week at the box office, but its grosses quickly dropped in subsequent weeks. The film received mixed to poor reviews by critics on release. The next entry in the series, Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country, the crew of the newly commissioned USS Enterprise are enjoying shore leave after the starships shakedown cruise goes poorly. At Yosemite National Park James T. Kirk, recently demoted back to Captain after the events of the two films, is camping with Spock and Dr. Leonard McCoy. Their leave is interrupted when the Enterprise is ordered by Starfleet Command to rescue human, Klingon, learning of the Enterprises mission, the Klingon Captain Klaa decides to pursue Kirk for personal glory. On Nimbus III, the Enterprise crew discovers that renegade Vulcan Sybok, Sybok reveals the hostage situation was a ruse to lure a starship to Nimbus III. Sybok wants to use a ship to reach the mythical planet Sha Ka Ree, the place where creation began, Sybok uses his unique ability to reveal and heal the innermost pain of a person through the mind meld to subvert the wills of the hostages and crew members. Only Spock and Kirk prove resistant to Sybok, Spock is unmoved by the experience and Kirk refuses the Vulcans offer, Sybok reluctantly declares a truce with Kirk, realizing he needs his leadership experience to navigate the Enterprise to Sha Ka Ree. The Enterprise successfully breaches the barrier, pursued by Klaas vessel, Sybok, Kirk, Spock, and McCoy journey to the surface, where Sybok calls out to his perceived vision of God. An entity appears, and when told of how Sybok breached the barrier, when a skeptical Kirk inquires, What does God need with a starship. The entity attacks him in retribution, the others doubt a god who would inflict harm on people for pleasure. Realizing his foolishness, Sybok sacrifices himself in an effort to combat the creature, intent on stopping the being, Kirk orders the Enterprise to fire a photon torpedo at their location, to little effect
30.
Assisted suicide
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Assisted suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person, sometimes a physician. Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Switzerland allow physicians to physically assist in the death of patients, Assisted suicide is prohibited by common law or criminal statute in all U. S. Assisted suicide and euthanasia are sometimes combined under the term assisted dying. Physician-assisted suicide is often confused with euthanasia, in cases of euthanasia the physician administers the means of death, usually a lethal drug. In physician-assisted suicide, it is required that the person voluntarily expresses his or her wish to die, physician-assisted suicide thus involves a person’s self-administration of deadly drugs that are supplied by a doctor. Due to the recent election November 8, there have many people debating the newly passed Colorado End of Life Options Act, the new law is usually compared to the Death With Dignity Act that has been in place in the state of Oregon for 20 years. While it passed by a vote of two thirds, that leaves one third of the states voters that did not wish to see it pass. A few common reasons that have come up, include, religious beliefs, fear of abuse, most supporters believe that it is their right to make this difficult decision on their own and wish to have the choice, despite opposing reasons. They view their choice for aid-in-dying as an end to their suffering, Medical decisions are personal and should be made by individuals and their families without interference from a third party—like the federal or state government. Libertarians strongly support AiD legislation for this reason, one argument for assisted suicide or medical aid in dying is that it reduces prolonged suffering in those with terminal illnesses. When death is imminent patients can choose to have aid in dying as an option to shorten an unbearable dying process. Washington vs. Glucksberg Assisted suicide is a controversial topic. In Washington, it did not become legal until 2008, in 1997, four Washington physicians, and three deathly ill patients brought forth a lawsuit that would challenge the ban on physician assisted suicide that was in place at the time. This lawsuit was first part of a court hearing, where it ruled in favor of Glucksberg. The lawsuit was then affirmed by the ninth circuit, thus, it was taken to the supreme court, and there the supreme court decided to grant Washington certiorari. Eventually, the court decided, with a unanimous vote. The laws and arguments on this topic are often argued and changed depending on legal evaluation and decision, a similar trend was found in Vermont, where AiD was authorized in 2013. In Oregon, in death rates are at the lowest in the nation, at home death rates are at the highest in the nation
31.
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
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Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek. Taking place after the events of Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, principal photography took place between April and September 1991. The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier, because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot, many scenes were filmed around Hollywood. Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood, subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek, producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag. Cliff Eidelman produced the score, which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings. The film was released in North America on December 6,1991, the Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews, with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references. The film performed strongly at the box office and it posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $96,888,996 worldwide. The film earned two Academy Award nominations, for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects, and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. A special collectors edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movies premiere, just days after viewing the film. The film marked the final appearance together of the series cast. The loss of their key energy production facility and the destruction of the Klingon homeworlds ozone layer throws the Klingon Empire into turmoil, no longer able to maintain a hostile footing, the Klingons sue for peace with their longstanding enemy, the United Federation of Planets. Enterprises captain, James T. Kirk, whose son David was murdered by Klingons years earlier, opposes the negotiations, after a rendezvous between Enterprise and Gorkons battlecruiser they continue towards Earth, with the crews sharing a tense meal aboard Enterprise. Later that night, Enterprise appears to fire on the Klingon ship with a pair of photon torpedoes, during the confusion, two figures wearing Starfleet suits and gravity boots beam aboard the Klingon ship and grievously wound Gorkon before beaming away. Kirk surrenders to avoid a fight, and beams aboard the Klingon ship with Doctor Leonard McCoy to attempt to save Gorkons life, the chancellor dies, and Gorkons chief of staff, General Chang, puts Kirk and McCoy on trial for his assassination. The pair are found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment on the frozen asteroid Rura Penthe. Gorkons daughter, Azetbur, becomes the new chancellor, and continues diplomatic negotiations, for reasons of security, the conference is relocated, while several senior Starfleet officers want to rescue Kirk and McCoy, the Federation president refuses to risk full-scale war. Azetbur likewise refuses to invade Federation space, stating that only Kirk, once her betrayal is revealed, Martia transforms into Kirks double and fights him, but she is killed by the prison guards to silence any witnesses
32.
Klingon
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The Klingons are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid warrior species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Klingons are recurring antagonists in the 1960s television series Star Trek, The Original Series, initially intended to be antagonists for the crew of the USS Enterprise, the Klingons became a close ally of humanity and the United Federation of Planets in Star Trek, The Next Generation. In the 1990s series Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, the United Federation of Planets briefly goes to war with the Klingons, later in that series, the two join together with the Romulans to fight the Dominion. As originally developed by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, Klingons were swarthy humanoids characterized mainly by prideful ruthlessness, totalitarian, and with a martial society relying on slave labor, they reflected analogies with both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Although Cold War tensions are apparent in the characterization, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry did not intend any explicit political parallels, among the elements created for the revised Klingons was a complete Klingon language, developed by Marc Okrand from gibberish suggested by actor James Doohan. Spoken Klingon has entered popular culture, even to the extent that the works of William Shakespeare, a dictionary, a book of sayings, and a cultural guide to the language have been published. According to Guinness World Records, Klingon is the worlds most popular language as measured by number of speakers. The Klingons were created by screenwriter Gene L. Coon, and they were named after Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. In the original series, Klingons were typically portrayed with bronze skin and facial hair suggestive of Asian people. The swarthy look of Klingon males was created with the application of shoe polish and long, thin moustaches, the overall look of the aliens, played by white actors, suggested orientalism, at a time when memories of Japanese actions during World War II were still fresh. The production crew never came to an agreement on the name Klingon, Coon was adamant about keeping the name, the Klingons took on the role of the Soviet Union in opposition to the United Federation of Planets playing the role of the United States. As such, they were portrayed as inferior to the crew of the Enterprise. While occasionally capable of honour, this depiction treated the Klingons as close to wild animals, overall, they were shown without redeeming qualities—brutish, scheming, and murderous. Klingons became the primary antagonists of the Enterprise crew, in part because the necessary to make Romulans was too time-consuming. For the first two seasons, no Klingon ships were seen despite being frequently mentioned and this was because of budget constraints— designer Matt Jefferies did not have the money to create a Klingon ship until the third season. When the episodes were remastered beginning in 2006, Klingon ships were digitally inserted into shots earlier than their original appearances, for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, the Klingons were retconned and their appearance and behavior radically changed. To give the aliens a more sophisticated and threatening demeanor, the Klingons were depicted with ridged foreheads, snaggled and prominent teeth, and a defined language and alphabet. Lee Cole, a designer, used red gels and primitive shapes in the design of Klingon consoles and ship interiors
33.
Screen Actors Guild
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The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
34.
The Survivor (Star Trek: The Animated Series)
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The Survivor is the sixth episode of the first season of the American animated science fiction television series Star Trek, The Animated Series. It first aired on NBC on October 13,1973, and was written by James Schmerer and was directed by Hal Sutherland, Schmerer pitched an idea for an episode to producer D. C. Fontana called The Chameleon, and together with the series creator Gene Roddenberry, set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise, in this episode, the crew rescue a shapeshifting alien called the Vendorian from a damaged spacecraft who has disguised himself as a missing philanthropist. Once on board the vessel, he transforms himself into Captain Kirk, but after falling in love with Lieutenant Anne Nored, the Vendorian saves the Enterprise and Kirk agrees to take his actions into account. Schmerer and Roddenberry disagreed over some of the changes to the script, as the wanted to avoid repeating things that had previously been seen in Star Trek. Critics felt that the episode was similar to those of The Original Series, the Survivor was adapted into a novelization by Alan Dean Foster and was released on several different home media formats. The alien dupes the crew on board the Enterprise into thinking that it is actually Carter Winston, once aboard, the Vendorian renders Captain James T. Kirk unconscious, takes his form and orders the helmsman, Lt. Hikaru Sulu to steer the Enterprise into the Neutral Zone, when the real Kirk eventually regains consciousness, he orders the Enterprise to get out of the Neutral Zone at Warp 8. Around this time, the Romulans attack the Enterprise, and the Vendorian—realizing that his actions have placed the ship in danger—decides to betray his Romulan masters for love and he takes the form of the Enterprises main deflector shield and the Romulans retreat. The Vendorian is arrested and would face trial but Kirk informs him that his actions to protect the Enterprise would be taken into consideration, Nored informs the Vendorian that it is very similar to Winston in personality and she offers to return to Earth with the alien. He was better known for his work on soap operas such as General Hospital and he pitched stories for Star Trek, The Animated Series on the basis that the show targeted an adult audience similar to Star Trek, The Original Series and not children. He knew it was going to be broadcast on Saturday mornings and he later said that was one of the reasons why I took it, because Im not an animated writer. I had written a couple of animated shows through the years and he explained that he wrote the script for The Survivor as if it was a live-action story, it was originally known as The Chameleon. The title was changed in order to preserve the plot point as a surprise for the viewer. Fontana for several years, and pitched his story directly to her, in turn, she relayed it to the franchise creator Gene Roddenberry, who called Schmerer back for a meeting. Together they re-wrote the story during the meeting to make it fit within the 30-minute-long animated episode. The design of the Vendorian had been described by Schmerer in the script, but was changed to the design by the animators
35.
Pavel Chekov
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Pavel Andreievich Chekov is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. Walter Koenig portrayed Chekov in the second and third seasons of the original Star Trek series, anton Yelchin portrayed the character in the 2009 Star Trek reboot film and two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond. Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry wanted to include a younger cast member, with a second season of Star Trek to be produced, Roddenberry interviewed Walter Koenig on the recommendation of director Joseph Pevney. Roddenberry had previously mentioned, in a memo to his casting director and we badly need a young man aboard the Enterprise -- we need youthful attitudes and perspectives. Chekov can be used potently here, in actuality, Koenig is only five years younger than co-stars Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner. The episode Amok Time, which was the first episode aired during the season, was Chekovs first television appearance. Because of budgetary constraints the character did not appear in the animated Star Trek, Pavel Andreievich Chekov was born in 2241 in Russia and is a young and naïve ensign who first appears on-screen in The Original Series’ second season as the Enterprises navigator. According to Roddenberry, he is a capable young man—almost Spocks equal in some areas. An honor graduate of the Space Academy, Chekov also substitutes for Mr. Spock at the science officer station when necessary. His promotion to lieutenant for Star Trek, The Motion Picture brings with it his transfer as the tactical officer. By the events of Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, in that film, Khan Noonien Singh uses a creature that wraps itself around Chekovs cerebral cortex to control him and his captain. Chekov overcomes the mind control and serves as Enterprise tactical officer in the films climactic battle. Although Khan recognizes Chekov in the film, the Chekov character is not a part of the crew during Space Seed. Adaptations, From Text to Screen, Screen to Text calls this the apparent gaffe notorious throughout Star Trek fandom, Koenig joked that Khan remembers Chekov from the episode after he takes too long in a restroom Khan wants to use. Chekov is an accomplice in Kirks theft of the Enterprise to rescue Spock in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and he serves as navigator aboard the Enterprise-A during the events of Star Trek V, The Final Frontier and Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. The characters final appearance is as a guest aboard the Enterprise-B on its maiden voyage in Star Trek Generations. Spinoff novels show a continued career path, but these are not considered canon in the Star Trek universe, novels written by William Shatner detail that Chekov reaches the rank of Admiral, and even serves as Commander in Chief of Starfleet. The 2009 Star Trek film creates a timeline in the franchise
36.
Starfleet Academy
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In the fictional universe of Star Trek, Starfleet Academy is where recruits to Starfleets officer corps are trained. It was created in the year 2161, when the United Federation of Planets was founded, the Academys motto is Ex astris, scientia – From the stars, knowledge. This is derived from the Apollo 13 motto Ex luna, scientia – From the moon, in turn, the Apollo 13 motto was inspired by Ex scientia, tridens, the motto of the United States Naval Academy, meaning From knowledge, seapower. There are also campuses, for example, Tom Paris studied at a campus in Marseille. It was created, based upon principles first postulated by David H. Longstreet, the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Coming of Age revolved around Wesley Crushers first attempt to enter Starfleet Academy, and includes many details of the Academys entrance exam. Admitted students undergo a program of academics and training, after which they are typically commissioned as ensigns. One of the groundskeepers of the Academy is a man called Boothby, Boothby has offered advice to, and taken interest in the careers of many students, including Jean-Luc Picard and Kathryn Janeway, both later captains. Non-Federation citizens must present a letter of recommendation from an officer in Starfleet before they can take the entrance examination. Commander Benjamin Sisko wrote such a letter for Nog in 2371 when he applied for Starfleet in the Star Trek, given Reeds history with the still extant British Royal Navy, however, one assumes that Dartmouth and comparable officer training institutions were as yet separate entities. In 1997, a game with a story surrounding the Academy, called Star Trek, Starfleet Academy, was released by Interplay. A television series based on Starfleet Academy was proposed, but never produced, an early draft of the script to Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country featured a flashback to Captain Kirks time at the academy. According to producer Harve Bennett, that version of the film got as far as preliminary casting, allegedly with offers made to Ethan Hawke for the role of Captain Kirk. The Japanese Garden, located on the grounds of the Tillman Water Reclamation Plant in Van Nuys, in 2009, the exterior of Oviatt Library at California State University, Northridge was used to depict Starfleet Academy in J. J. Abrams Star Trek feature film. Starfleet Medical Academy is responsible for training Starfleet Medical personnel and it accepts only 200 students each year. It is one of several sub-campuses in the Academy system, list of fictional military schools and academies Starfleet Academy at Memory Alpha
37.
Domestic long-haired cat
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A domestic long-haired cat is a cat of mixed ancestry – thus not belonging to any particular recognised cat breed – possessing a coat of semi-long to long fur. Domestic long-haired cats should not be confused with the British Longhair, American Longhair, or other breeds with Longhair names, which are standardized breeds defined by various registries. Domestic long-haireds are the second most popular cat in the United States after the domestic short-haired, other generic terms are long-haired house cat and, in British English, long-haired moggie. Such a pseudo-breed is used for registry and shelter/rescue classification purposes, while not bred as show cats, some mixed-breed cats are actually pedigreed and entered into cat shows that have non-purebred Household Pet divisions. Show rules vary, and may permit any eye colour, all colours and patterns, any coat length or texture. The colours chocolate and cinnamon, as well as their dilution are not recognized in any combinations. he pointed pattern is not recognized. Domestic long-haireds come in all genetically possible cat colours including tabby, tortoiseshell, bi-coloured, domestic long-haireds can have fur that is up to six inches long. They can also have a similar to a Maine Coons, as well as toe tufts. Some long-haired cats are not able to maintain their own coat, because of their wide gene pool, domestic long-haireds are not predisposed to any genetically inherited problems. The domestic long-haired cat has been admired around the world for centuries, particularly for its elegant looks. During the 16th century, the returning from the Holy Wars, having already brought back plague and pestilence from the East. In the mid-17th century, as the plague destroyed much of Londons population, despite having been outlawed by the Roman Catholic church, during this time cats were encouraged as protectors from flea-carrying rats. How they developed in the first place is still a matter of speculation, the long coat may have been the result of a recessive mutant gene. When a long-haired cat is mated to one with a coat, only short-haired kittens can result, however, their offspring when mated. Successive litters of early European long-haired cats produced more and more long-coated offspring, by the year 1521, around the time they were first documented in Italy, the variety had become fixed after only a few generations. In the late 18th century, Peter Simon Pallas had advanced the hypothesis that the manul might be the ancestor of the long haired domestic cat. In 1907, zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock refuted this claim, citing his work on the differences between the manul and the Angoras or Persians of his time. This early hypothesis overlooked the potential for cross breeding within the family Felidae, for example, the Savannah Cat is a cross-breed between a DSH-Bengel and a wild African Serval—both of which have different skulls and evolutionary lineage
38.
Gene Roddenberry
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Eugene Wesley Gene Roddenberry was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series, born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, later, he followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television. As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, in 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons before being canceled. He then worked on projects, including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its popularity, this, in turn, resulted in the Star Trek feature films, on which Roddenberry continued to produce. He continued to consult on the series until his death in 1991, years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes carried into earth orbit. The popularity of the Star Trek universe and films has inspired films, books, comic books, video games, and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Roddenberry was born on August 19,1921, in his parents rented home in El Paso, Texas, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Genes father passed the Civil Service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially magazines, and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan. Roddenberry majored in science at Los Angeles City College, where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. He obtained a license through the United States Army Air Corps-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18,1941, and he graduated from the USAAC on August 5,1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was posted to Bellows Field, Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, of the Thirteenth Air Force, which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On August 2,1943, while flying out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overshot the runway by 500 feet and impacted trees, crushing the nose, the official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent the remainder of his career in the United States. He was involved in a plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal, in 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways, including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at the time
39.
Robert Butler (director)
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Robert Butler is an American film director and Emmy Award-winning television director. He is best known for his work in television, where he directed the pilots for a number of series including Star Trek. Butler graduated from University of California, Los Angeles, where he majored in English, kildare, The Dick Van Dyke Show, Batman, The Fugitive and The Twilight Zone. He directed actor Kurt Russell in four Walt Disney movies, including Guns in the Heather, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes, The Barefoot Executive and the 1997 film Turbulence. Butler has won two Emmy Awards for outstanding directing, the first in 1973 for the The Blue Knight pilot, in 2014 Butlers work was the subject of a career retrospective at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Butler was honored by the Directors Guild of America with a Lifetime Achievement Award in February 2015, the Ultimate Thrill James Dean Hot Lead and Cold Feet Night of the Juggler Underground Aces Up the Creek Turbulence Where Do the Balloons Go. Robert Butler at the Internet Movie Database Robert Butler interview video at the Archive of American Television
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