1.
List of Presidents of Ukraine
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Upon the proclamation of Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991, the title was changed to the President of Ukraine. The first election of the President of Ukraine was contested on 1 December 1991, all five presidents have been peoples deputies of the Verkhovna Rada prior to their election. Kravchuk was the first president to have resigned from the office, after the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Viktor Yanukovych abandoned his office and fled the country. He was subsequently impeached, and replaced with Oleksandr Turchynov as the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, early presidential elections were contested on 25 May 2014, which were won by Petro Poroshenko, Poroshenko was inaugurated as the fifth president on 7 June 2014. On 18 June 2015 Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of President of Ukraine, notes Footnotes The History of Presidency. Official web-stite of President of Ukraine
List of Presidents of Ukraine
List of Presidents of Ukraine
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Presidential Standard
List of Presidents of Ukraine
List of Presidents of Ukraine
2.
President of Ukraine
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The president of Ukraine is the Ukrainian head of state. The president represents the nation in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the state, conducts negotiations, the president is directly elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term of office, limited to two terms consecutively. The presidents official residence is the Mariyinsky Palace, located in the Pechersk district of the capital Kyiv, other official residences include the House with Chimaeras and the House of the Weeping Widow, which are used for official visits by foreign representatives. Since the offices establishment on 5 July 1991, there have been five presidents of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk was the inaugural president, serving three years from 1991 until his resignation in 1994. Leonid Kuchma was the president to have served two consecutive terms in office. Oleksandr Turchynov was the acting president in Ukraines modern history. On 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of president of Ukraine, the current president is Petro Poroshenko who took the oath of office on 7 June 2014. The prime minister serves as the head of government, a role filled by Volodymyr Groysman who was appointed to the position in April 2016. As with the separation of powers, the president has checks on the authority of parliament, for instance, any law passed by the parliament can be vetoed by the president, however, parliament can override his veto with a 2/3 constitutional majority vote. The president has limited authority to disband the Verkhovna Rada, and nominates candidates for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, six out of eighteen of the Constitutional Court judges are appointed by the president. Decisions of the president are subject to review by Ukraines courts with the Constitutional Court having the sole authority, while in office, the president enjoys the right of immunity. By-passing local governments is a practice in Ukraine. With the proclamation of the last universal of the UPR dated 25 January 1918 due to a military aggression, the Central Rada of the UPR proclaimed its independence from the Russia. On 29 April 1918, the Rada elected Mykhailo Hrushevskyi as the first President of the Central Rada of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic, although a rather widespread misconception, the state leadership position title varied and none of them had an official presidential title. In November of the year the directorate government of the UPR was established as the opposition movement to the Skoropadskys regime. Although really the Directorate was the governing body until the new Ukrainian Constituent Assembly would elect its president. Symon Petliura assumed the representation of the state after Vynnychenkos resignation on 11 February 1919, after the Soviet offensive in 1920 and brought control of the Ukrainian territory under the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Peoples Republic was forced into exile. Upon the assassination of Petliura, the control over the affairs were transferred to the former Prime Minister Andriy Livytskyi who in 1948 created the office of the President of Ukraine
President of Ukraine
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Incumbent
Petro Poroshenko since 7 June 2014
President of Ukraine
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Presidential Standard
President of Ukraine
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First President
Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1917-18).
President of Ukraine
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2nd President
Volodymyr Vynnychenko (1918-19).
3.
Vitaliy Masol
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Vitaliy Andriyovych Masol is a Ukrainian politician who was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 1994 to 1995. He was confirmed as Prime Minister on June 16,1994, Masol graduated in 1951 from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute as an engineer. In 1971 he was awarded a doctorate in technical science, Masol was Head of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR from 1987 until 17 October 1990, when was forced to resign and was replaced by Vitold Fokin. He was forced into resignation by Ukrainian student protests and hunger strikes, Masol was once again reinstated by President Leonid Kuchma. Masol was against most of Kuchmas reform plans and openly so, Masol resigned on March 1,1995 continuing to attend meetings of the Verkhovna Rada
Vitaliy Masol
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Vitaliy Masol Віталій Масол
4.
Yevhen Marchuk
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Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk, born on January 28,1941, is a Ukrainian statesman and politician. During his career, Marchuk was prime minister of Ukraine, presidential candidate, secretary of the National Security and Defense Council, Marchuk is affiliated with the Ukrainian Den newspaper, edited by his wife. He has been a general in the Army of Ukraine since March 23,1994, yevhen Marchuk was born soon before World War II into a peasant family in Central Ukraine. In 1963, upon graduation from the Kirovohrad Pedagogical Institute, Marchuk was recruited by the KGB and steadily rose through the ranks of that organization. As an operative officer he served first in Kirovohrad Oblast, then in the republican KGB branch in Kiev as an intelligence and secret service officer, Marchuk has admitted specializing in secret police functions. However, he claims to have been a humane lawful agent, at first he was appointed the Ukrainian SSR Minister of National Security and Defence. That position held no power since local KGB, militsiya. The Soviet Union then collapsed, ending Marchuk’s service to the KGB and he headed the SBU until 1994. After the 1994 parliamentary elections, Marchuk became head of the liberal Social Market Choice faction, Marchuk was appointed the acting Prime minister of Ukraine on March 1,1995, holding the position of the first vice-Premier Minister in the cabinet of Vitaliy Masol. He was later promoted to the position of the Premier Minister on June 8,1995 and he formed his cabinet, which was confirmed on July 3,1995. After being elected to the Verkhovna Rada, he resigned on May 27,1996, Marchuk and Kravchuk became members of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine before the 1998 elections. From April to December 1998 he was the leader of the party, from July 1998 Marchuk headed a parliamentary committee in Social Policy and Labor. When the SDPU refused to back Marchuk in the 1999 presidential elections, Marchuk was secretary of the National Security and Defense Council from November 10,1999, to June 25,2003. Later, he was the Defense Minister of Ukraine from June 2003 to September 2004, during the 2006 parliamentary elections Marchuk lead the electoral alliance which didnt make it into parliament, winning only 0. 06% of the votes. On December 6,2001, the Italian prosecutors office accused Marchuk of violating the UN embargo on supplying arms to parts of the world. The accusations remained, never investigated nor prosecuted, in May 2008, Marchuk was appointed one of the personal advisors to President Yushchenko. In June 2015 he was appointed by President Poroshenko a Ukrainian special representative in one of the subgroups of the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
Yevhen Marchuk
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Yevhen Marchuk in August 2004
5.
Pavlo Lazarenko
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According to United Nations, approximately US$200 million was embezzled by Lazarenko during 1996–97 from the government of Ukraine. Pavlo Lazarenko was born in a village of Karpivka that is located just outside a former Inhulets city on 23 January 1953 in peasant family, in 1970 he worked as a driver in the kolkhoz Zoria Komunizma in Shyroke Raion. From May 1971 to June 1973 Lazarenko served in the Soviet Army on the border with Afghanistan, after that in 1973-1978 he studied at the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University in Agronomic Department. After graduating Lazarenko received a specialty of agronomist, from 1978 to 1983 he worked as agronomist, chief agronomist, and head of kolkhoz administration in the Kalinin kolkhoz, Novomoskovsk Raion. In 1984, Lazarenko was appointed a head of department of Tsarychanka Raion. From 1985 to 1987 he worked as a Communist party functionary in Tsarychanka Raion, in 1987-90 Lazarenko worked for the Communist Party of Dnipropetrovsk region in agricultural production and food industry sectors. In February 1990 he was elected a head of Agro-Industrial Complex of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, in August 1991 Lazarenko was elected as the first deputy of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Governor office, while he also was appointed a director of the regional department of agriculture. In March 1992, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk appointed Lazarenko the representative of President of Ukraine in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Lazarenkos candidacy was nominated by the council of working groups conference of the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University whose decision was supported by over 200 groups. Leonid Kuchma at that time was proposing another candidacy of Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Lazarenko stayed at the governor position until June 1994. Although he sided with incumbent Kravchuk in the 1994 elections, he managed to close ties with the election winner. Upon recommendation of the Prime Minister of Ukraine Yevhen Marchuk, the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma appointed Pavlo Lazarenko the First Vice Prime Minister on 5 September 1995. As the government official in affairs, he was charged with a task of negotiating gas supplies with Russia. Already next year in 1996 Ukraine reported no debts to the Russian Gazprom for the first since its independence, in 1996 Lazarenko became Doctor of Economic Sciences. On 28 May 1996, Kuchma confirmed Lazarenko as the Prime Minister of Ukraine within the powers stipulated by the current Constitutional Agreement, on 10 July 1996, less than two weeks after adopting a new Constitution of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada approved the appointment of prime-minister. On 16 July 1996 Lazarenko survived an attempt on his life when a bomb exploded near his car en route from Kiev to Boryspil airport. While in charge of the Cabinet, Lazarenko reportedly exercised control over many lucrative business projects, at that time, he maintained a close business relationship with Yulia Tymoshenko, then the CEO of Yedyni Energosystemy Ukrayiny, a monopoly that imported Russian natural gas. Lazarenko was involved in a prolonged and bitter struggle for domination with the emerging Donetsk clan. Some Ukrainian media indirectly accused Yevhen Shcherban, the leader of the Liberal Party of Ukraine, conversely, others speculated that Shcherbans murder was a tit-for-tat order by the Prime Minister
Pavlo Lazarenko
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Pavlo Lazarenko Павло Лазаренко
6.
Viktor Yushchenko
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Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko is a Ukrainian politician who was the third President of Ukraine from January 23,2005 to February 25,2010. As an informal leader of the Ukrainian opposition coalition, he was one of the two candidates in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko won the presidency through a runoff election between him and Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. The Ukrainian Supreme Court called for the election to be repeated because of widespread electoral fraud in favor of Viktor Yanukovych in the original vote. Public protests prompted by the electoral fraud played a role in that presidential election. He suffered disfigurement as a result of the poisoning, but has made a full physical recovery. Before his election as President, Yushchenko already had a career in Ukrainian politics, in 1993, he became Governor of the National Bank of Ukraine. From 1999 to 2001 he was Prime Minister. 57% of the votes, Yushchenko failed to secure a run-off spot during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, gaining 5. 5% of the vote. During the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, Yushchenko headed the election list of Our Ukraine, the party won 1. 11% of the national votes and no constituencies, and thus failed to win parliamentary representation. Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko was born on February 23,1954 in Khoruzhivka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union and he survived the ordeal, and after returning home, taught English at a local school. Viktors mother, Varvara Tymofiyovna Yushchenko, taught physics and mathematics at the same school, the Sumy Oblast region where he was born is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, and this differentiated him in later life from his political counterparts, for whom Russian was the mother tongue. Viktor Yushchenko graduated from the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute in 1975 and began work as an accountant, then, from 1975 to 1976, he served as a conscript in the Transcaucasian Military District on the Soviet–Turkish border. In 1976 Yushchenko began a career in banking, in 1983, he became the Deputy Director for Agricultural Credit at the Ukrainian Republican Office of the Soviet Union State Bank. From 1990 to 1993, he worked as vice-chairman and first vice-chairman of the JSC Agroindustrial Bank Ukraina, in 1993, he was appointed Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine. In 1997, Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, re-appointed him, as a central banker, Yushchenko played an important part in the creation of Ukraines national currency, the hryvnia, and the establishment of a modern regulatory system for commercial banking. In 1998, he wrote a thesis entitled The Development of Supply and Demand of Money in Ukraine and he thereby earned a doctorate in economics. Ukraines economy improved during Yushchenkos cabinet service, however, his government, particularly Deputy Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, soon became embroiled in a confrontation with influential leaders of the coal mining and natural gas industries. The vote passed 263 to 69 and resulted in Yushchenkos removal from office, in 2002, Yushchenko became the leader of the Our Ukraine political coalition, which received a plurality of seats in the years parliamentary election
Viktor Yushchenko
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Viktor Yushchenko Віктор Ющенко
Viktor Yushchenko
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Yushchenko with fellow opposition leader
Oleksandr Moroz during the
Orange Revolution
Viktor Yushchenko
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Pro-
Orange Revolution revolution demonstration in
Brussels, Belgium
Viktor Yushchenko
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Yushchenko at the University of Amsterdam, with
chloracne from
TCDD dioxin poisoning (2006).
7.
Anatoliy Kinakh
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Anatoliy Kyrylovych Kinakh is a Ukrainian politician and honorary professor at the Mykolaiv Government Humanitarian University. Kinakh is a former Peoples Deputy of Ukraine, Kinakh currently serves as the leader of Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine. Previously, Kinakh was a Prime Minister from 2001 to 2002 under President Leonid Kuchma, a first vice-Prime Minister, since 1996 Anatoliy Kinakh has been the President of Ukrainian League of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, non-governmental business organization. Anatoliy Kinakh was born in the village of Brătuşeni in the Moldavian SSR on August 4,1954, in 1978, he graduated from the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute as a shipbuilding engineer. After finishing his education, Kinakh started his engineering career at the Tallinn shipyard. From 1981 he worked at the Mykolaiv plant Ocean, in April 1990, he was elected to the Ukrainian parliament the Verkhovna Rada. There he worked on a committee dealing with economic reforms, in 1992, Kinakh was appointed as a representative of the President in the Mykolaiv Oblast of southern Ukraine. In 1995, Anatoliy Kinakh was appointed Vice-Prime Minister of Ukraine in the Cabinet of Yevhen Marchuk concerned with industrial affairs, in early 1990s, Mr. Kinakh held several posts in the local government of Mykolayiv Oblast. From 1995 to 1996 Kinakh was the Minister of Industrial Policy, Anatoliy Kinah was appointed as the Prime Minister of Ukraine from May 29,2001 to November 21,2002. His reasonably popular cabinet was dismissed by President Leonid Kuchma. In 2002, he was elected to Verkhovna Rada on the list of the bloc of parties For United Ukraine. He later took a part in the Orange Revolution on the side of opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. Kinakh was appointed First Vice Prime Minister in the first Tymoshenko Government Kinakh became Secretary of the National Security, Kinakh was number two on the electoral list of the pro-presidential bloc Our Ukraine during the 2006 parliamentary election. In March 2007, he became the Minister of Economics in the cabinet of Viktor Yanukovych against the wish of the Our Ukraine bloc. The Our Ukraine faction then decided to expel Anatoliy Kinakh from the faction and President Viktor Yushchenko ordered his removal from the National Security, at the early parliamentary elections parliamentary on September 30,2007, his party participated in the elections together with the Yanukovych-led Party of Regions. He became a member of Party of Regions in October 2008. In 2012 he was re-elected into parliament on the party list of Party of Regions, on 25 February 2014 Kinakh and 32 other mostly former Party of Regions deputies created the parliamentary faction Economic Development
Anatoliy Kinakh
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Anatoliy Kinakh Анатолій Кінах
8.
Viktor Yanukovych
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Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych is a Ukrainian politician who served as the fourth President of Ukraine from February 2010 until his removal from power in February 2014. He is currently in exile in Russia and wanted by Ukraine for high treason, Yanukovych served as the governor of Donetsk Oblast, a province in eastern Ukraine, from 1997 to 2002. He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 21 November 2002 to 31 December 2004, Yanukovych first ran for president in 2004, he advanced to the runoff election, and initially defeated his opponent. However, the election was fraught with allegations of fraud and voter intimidation and this caused widespread citizen protests and Kievs Independence Square was occupied in what became known as the Orange Revolution. The Ukrainian Supreme Court nullified the election, and ordered a second runoff. Yanukovych lost this second election to Viktor Yushchenko. Yanukovych served as Prime Minister for a time from 4 August 2006 to 18 December 2007. Yanukovych was elected President in 2010, defeating Yulia Tymoshenko, November 2013 saw the beginning of a series of events that led to his ousting as President. Yanukovych rejected a pending EU association agreement, choosing instead to pursue a Russian loan bailout and this led to popular protests and the occupation of Kievs Independence Square, a series of events dubbed the Euromaidan by young pro-European Union Ukrainians. In January 2014, this developed into deadly clashes in Independence Square and in areas across Ukraine, as Ukrainian citizens confronted the Berkut. In February 2014, Ukraine appeared to be on the brink of civil war, on 21 February 2014, Yanukovych claimed that, after lengthy discussions, he had reached an agreement with the opposition. Later that day, however, he fled the capital for Kharkiv, travelling next to Crimea, on 22 February, the Ukrainian parliament voted to remove him from his post, on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties. Parliament set 25 May as the date for the election to select his replacement. After his departure, Yanukovych conducted several press conferences, in one of these, he declared himself to remain the legitimate head of the Ukrainian state elected in a free vote by Ukrainian citizens. On the same day, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that he didnt know anything about this, on 18 June 2015, Yanukovych was officially deprived of the title of President of Ukraine by the Supreme Rada of Ukraine. Viktor Yanukovych was born in the village of Zhukovka near Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR and he endured a very hard childhood about which he has stated, My childhood was difficult and hungry. I grew up without my mother who died when I was two, I went around bare-footed on the streets. I had to fight for every day
Viktor Yanukovych
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Viktor Yanukovych Віктор Янукович
Viktor Yanukovych
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Russian President Vladimir Putin meets
Prime Minister Yanukovych during a visit to
Kiev (22 December 2006).
Viktor Yanukovych
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Supporters of Viktor Yanukovych in
Dnipropetrovsk, December 2009
Viktor Yanukovych
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Before the beginning of the Nuclear Security Summit with President of France
Nicolas Sarkozy and Dmitry Medvedev.
9.
Leonid Kravchuk
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Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk is a former Ukrainian politician and the first President of Ukraine, who served from 5 December 1991, until his resignation on 19 July 1994. He is also a former Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and Peoples Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine faction. After a political crisis involving the President and the Prime Minister, Kravchuk resigned from the Presidency and he was defeated by his former Prime Minister, Leonid Kuchma, who served as President for two terms. He is currently retired from politics, Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk was born in 1934 in the village of Velykyi Zhytyn to a peasant family. At that time the village was located in Aleksandrija gmina, Rowno powiat in Poland, the village became part of Rivne Oblast in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the Soviet invasion in 1939 when Kravchuk was a child. His father served in the Polish cavalry in the 1930s, and later he, during World War II Kravchuks father perished on the front lines. Kravchuk married math teacher Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura in 1957, first Lady of the United States from 1989-93, Barbara Bush, described Antonina in her memoirs, She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics. Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks of the party and of its agitprop department. He became a member of the Ukrainian Politburo in 1989, and on 23 July 1990 became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, after the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup attempt Kravchuk resigned from the Communist Party. After the Verkhovna Rada passed the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August, Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both de facto and de jure head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters elected him president in Ukraines first presidential election. On the same day, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union, Leonid Kravchuks political creed is avoiding conflicts and straightforward declaration of his position. He is widely considered to be cunning, diplomatic, and cautious and he describes himself as a man who refuses to take an umbrella because he hopes to slip between the raindrops. Such diplomacy helped Kravchuk to retain and strengthen his power over Ukraine during the transition from Soviet rule to independence and he was third in command in Ukraines CPSU leadership before the fall of Soviet Union even though he didnt belong to the ruling Dnipropetrovsk group. He avoided inflexible positions towards democratic changes and was a figure for both party conservatives and reformists. Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the powerful business and this group, led by oligarchs Viktor Medvedchuk and Hryhoriy Surkis, is formally organized as the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine. Despite its formal centrist/social-democratic slogans, the party is associated with big business, organized crime, corruption. In 2004, Surkis was banned from visiting the United States, the group also took a strongly pro-Russian and anti-Western stand
Leonid Kravchuk
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Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk in 2013
Leonid Kravchuk
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Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and
President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin signed the
Belavezha Accords,
dissolving the Soviet Union, 8 December 1991
Leonid Kravchuk
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2014 stamp of Ukraine
10.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
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The Prime Minister of Ukraine is Ukraines head of government, presiding over the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which is the highest body of the executive branch of the Ukrainian government. The position replaced the Soviet post of the Chairman of Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, since Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, there have been sixteen prime ministers, or twenty, counting acting PMs. Arseniy Yatsenyuk was the first Prime Minister who came from Western Ukraine, two prime ministers were born in the Russian SFSR. The current prime minister is Volodymyr Groysman since he was sworn on 14 April 2016, the prime minister is appointed by the president with the consent of the Verkhovna Rada. The consent is deemed granted by the parliament when a majority of its constitutional membership votes in favour of the candidate nominated by the president. The highest parliamentary approval to date was received by Yulia Tymoshenko who was appointed the Prime Minister on February 4,2005 with 373 votes in the Verkhovna Rada. Other prime ministers who received more than 300 votes were Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Yatsenyuk again in 2014 Vitold Fokin, the procedure of granting consent by the parliament is usually preceded by several days of comprehensive consultations and interviews of the candidate by the parliamentary factions. The approval by the legislature is not a mere formality, some candidates were ratified by a narrow margin and a candidate may be turned down. For instance, in 1999, Valeriy Pustovoitenko fell three short of being re-confirmed after he tendered his resignation at the second inauguration of President Leonid Kuchma in 1999. Kuchma chose Viktor Yushchenko as his alternative candidate, another example is the approval of Yuriy Yekhanurovs candidacy. After the constitutional reform of late 2004, the president was restricted in his choice of prime minister and was obliged to nominate the person proposed by the parliamentary coalition. The prime minister, as all members of executive branch. The prime minister heads Ukraines executive branch of government, the Cabinet of Ministers, the prime minister can also propose candidates for the heads of regional administrations to the president for consideration. The prime minister can also countersign decrees and laws passed by the president, the constitution is silent on the exact regulation of the countersigning. The prime minister are responsible for the execution of laws passed by the cabinet, while in office, the prime minister is granted full legal immunity from all prosecutions and legal proceedings. The prime ministers office is headquartered in the Cabinet of Ministries building in central Kiev, the prime minister was paid a yearly salary of 202,776 UAH in 2005. Prime ministers are frequently asked by citizens for help in solving their personal problems. In 2012, Prime Minister Azarov received dozens of personal pleas every day on his Facebook page, by-passing local Governments is an ages old practice in Ukraine
Prime Minister of Ukraine
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Incumbent
Arseniy Yatsenyuk since 27 February 2014
Prime Minister of Ukraine
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President
Barack Obama talks with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the
Oval Office, March 12, 2014.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
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Oleksandr Turchynov served as Acting Prime Minister in 2010 after
Yulia Tymoshenko tendered
her government's resignation.
11.
Ihor Yukhnovskyi
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Ihor Yukhnovskyi is a Ukrainian physicist, politician, and statesman, a member of the Presidium of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Hero of Ukraine. Yukhnovskyi was born September 1,1925 in Kniahynyny village, Dubno powiat, in 1944-45 participated in World War II on a side of Soviet Army. In 1951 he became the head of Theoretical Physics Department at Lviv University, in 1969 Yukhnovskyi, at that time Doctor of Physics and Mathematics led the newly organized Department of Statistical Theory of Condensed Matter. On March 30,1990 Yukhnovskyi was elected with 59. 07% votes as a member of parliament of Ukrainian SSR from a district in the city of Lviv. On May 15,1990 he became the leader of the first ever opposition party in the Ukrainian SSR parliament named Narodna Rada, in the first presidential elections in Ukraine he was supported by 554,719 voters and took 5th place out of 6 candidates. In 1992 he was appointed as the first vice Prime Minister of Ukraine, in the 1994 parliamentary elections he was elected to the parliament in the same electoral district as in 1990, the city of Lviv, with 60. 41% of support. In the 1998 parliamentary elections he was elected as #15 in the Peoples Movement of Ukraine party list, in the 2002 parliamentary elections he was again elected as #68 now in the Our Ukraine party list. Yukhnovsky is an author of over 400 scientific papers, five books, as a member of the parliament he actively participated in passing of over 100 bills. He was one of the authors of the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, Ihor Yukhnovskyi is the head of All-Ukrainian Union of World War II veterans. He supports the reconciliation of veterans of Soviet Army and Ukrainian Insurgent Army, in 2006, the Ukrainian President Viktor Yuschenko appointed Ihor Yukhnovskyi director of the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. Ігор Юхновський, Леонід Кучма був мирним і гостинним чоловіком, translate this article from Ukrainian to English
Ihor Yukhnovskyi
–
Ihor Yukhnovskyi
12.
Yukhym Zvyahilsky
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Yukhym Leonidovych Zvyahilsky is a Ukrainian politician. He is the member of Verkhovna Rada who was elected to parliament in the last eight elections. Being the First Vice-Prime Minister in the Cabinet of Kuchma, he served as an acting-Prime Minister from 22 September 1993 after Kuchma was elected the President of Ukraine, Zvyahilsky was the longest serving Prime Minister office without being officially appointed to it. Zvyahilsky kept the appointement until Vitaly Masol was confirmed as the Prime Minister of Ukraine in June 1994, Zvyahilsky was born in the family of a serviceman on 20 February 1933. In 1956 he graduated from the Donetsk Industrial Institute as a mining engineer, after graduating Zvyahilsky worked at the mine #13 of the Soviet trust company Kuibyshevugol as a chief assistant, later as a chief of a coal precinct, chief engineer, director. In 1972 he wrote a thesis Observation of regional technological schemes of mining fields in the development of thin inclined layers earning him academical title of a candidate of sciences. Later Zvyahilsky defended his doctorate on the subject Geomechanical foundations of landslides of the surface above mines. Coincidentally, in early 1990s Ukraine suffered from the strikes that led to the early presidential elections in 1994. From 1970 to 1979 Zvyahilsky worked at the Kuibyshev Mine Corporation of the Industrial Union Donetskugol, in 1975 he was appointed a director of the company. From 1979 through 1992 Zvyahilsky was a director of Zasyadko coal mine of the Industrial Union Donetskugol, the mine, which is known for its chronic accidents, became particularly famous in 2007 for the most deadly disaster in the mining history of Ukraine. In March 1990 as the member of the Communist Party of Soviet Union, in November 1992 he was appointed the chairman of the city council and executive committee. In June 1993 Zvyahilsky was appointed to the Kuchmas Cabinet as the First Vice-Prime Minister, in March 1994 now as an independent Zvyahilsky was elected to the parliament from the 110th electoral district. After some time Zviahilskyi returned to Ukraine in March 1997 and as a current member of Verkhovna Rada missed most of the sessions of the parliament, in 1998 Zvyahilsky once again as an independent was elected now from the 43rd electoral district. In 2002 he was elected to the parliament as a member of the Party of Regions. Zvyahilsky is currently a member of the Verkhovna Rada, representing the ruling Party of Regions, being a member of Parliament, he has immunity from prosecution. In the 2012 parliamentary elections elected for Party of Regions in single-mandate majoritarian election district number 45 with 72. 59% of the votes. 73% of the votes. In his constituency only a handful of polling stations were due to the War in Donbass. In parliament he joined the faction of Opposition Bloc
Yukhym Zvyahilsky
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Yukhym Zvyahilsky Юхим Звягільський
13.
Yuzhmash
–
The Production Association Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant named after A. M. Makarov, PA Pivdenmash or PA Yuzhmash is a Ukrainian state-owned aerospace manufacturer and it produces spacecrafts, launch vehicles, liquid-propellant rockets, landing gears, castings, forgings, tractors, tools, and industrial products. The company is headquartered in Dnipropetrovsk, and reports to the State Space Agency of Ukraine and it works with international aerospace partners in 23 countries. Yuzhmash operated initially as plant 586 in the Soviet Union, in 1954 Mikhail Yangel established the autonomous design bureau designated OKB-586, from the former chief designers division of plant 586. Yangel had previously headed OKB-1 and was primarily a supporter of fuel technology – unlike Sergei Korolev at OKB-1. Following this, OKB-586 was designated Southern Design Bureau and plant 586 was renamed Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1966, with an focus on the design, the plant was later renamed Southern Machine-Building Production Union, or Pivdenmash. During the Soviet era, the plant was capable of producing of up to 120 ICBMs a year, in the late 1980s, Yuzhmash was selected to be the main production facility of the RT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM. After the beginning of perestroika, demand for military production declined significantly, one line of products added after 1992 are trolleybuses. Models include the articulated YuMZ T1, its non-articulated brother YuMZ T2, Leonid Kuchma, long-time chief manager of the company, became the Prime Minister in 1992, and later President of Ukraine in 1994. In addition to facilities in Dnipropetrovsk, Pivdenne Production Association includes the Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant. Pivdenmashs importance was further bolstered by its links to Ukraines former President Leonid Kuchma and he was the plants general manager from 1986 to 1991. The firm imposed a two-month unpaid vacation on its workers in January 2015, with the loss of Russian business the only hope for the company was increased international business which seemed unlikely in the time frame available. Bankruptcy seemed certain as of February 2015, as of October 2015, the company was over 4 months late on payroll. The employees worked only once per week, the last space related product were shipped in early 2014,2014 revenues are 4 times less than 2011. The company had been the key missile producer for Soviet ICBM, yuMZ-T1 YuMZ-T2 YuMZ-T2.09 YuMZ E186 YuMZ-2 YuMZ-5 YuMZ-6 YuMZ8040.2 YuMZ8244
Yuzhmash
–
Zenit-2 rocket ready for launch at Baikonur.
Yuzhmash
–
Vladimir Putin at Pivdenmash, during a state visit to Ukraine in 2001
Yuzhmash
–
YuMZ-6
Yuzhmash
–
YuMZ-T1
14.
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
–
The Communist Party of Ukraine, known as the Communist Party of Ukraine until 1952, was the Ukrainian branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party of Ukraine was created in July 1918 in Moscow, after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the Bolshevik faction Social-Democracy of Ukraine was forced to dissolve as all Bolsheviks were forced out of Ukraine. On October 13,1952 the party officially was renamed as the Communist Party of Ukraine, on August 26,1991 the Communist Party was outlawed in Ukraine. Different sectors reconstituted themselves in different parties, the remaining members either changed political direction or created their own left-wing parties such as the Vitrenko bloc, Social-Democratic party, and others. Beside full members there also were candidate to the committee, the initial composition included Yan Hamarnik, Dmitriy Lebed, Mikhail Mayorov, Mykola Skrypnyk, Petro Slynko, Yakov Yakovlev. On September 9,1918 Mayorov and Slynko replaced Kertvelishvili and Farbman as full members, during World War II on October 2,1942 there was created the Illegal Central Committee of the Party consisting of 17 members. The committee was dissolved on June 29,1943, among the members of the committee were such personalities as Sydir Kovpak, Leonid Korniets, Oleksiy Fedorov, and others. The party had its own Politburo created on March 6,1919, on September 25,1952 the committee was renamed into the Bureau of the Central Committee of CPU, and in October the same year as the Bureau of the CC CPU. On October 10,1952 it became the Presidium of the CC CPU, on June 26,1966 again the bureau was finally left with its original name as the Politburo of the CC CPU. At first it consisted of five members and later one was added. The first Politburo included Andriy Bubnov, Emanuel Kviring, Volodymyr Mescheriakov, Heorhiy Pyatakov, Christian Rakovsky, from March 23 until April 15,1920 there was elected a Provisional Bureau which the next day was ratified by the Russian Communist Party. Along with Politburo the party like its Russian counterpart had its own Orgburo that was created the day as Politburo. The party was headed by its secretary, the position was highly influential and often was considered to be more important than the head of state. The following list is composed of the secretary of the Central Committee of the party who were the leaders of the Party, the position also was changing names between being called the First Secretary or the General Secretary, depending on a political atmosphere in the Soviet Union. The position was not officially of the head of state, but certainly was very influential, Mykola Oleksiiovych Skrypnyk There were 28 Congresses with the last one consisting out of two stages. There also were three consolidated conferences of the party from 1926 to 1932, at the second stage of the last Congress there were 273 members in the Central Committee. This took place in Moscow and decided to call for preparations for an uprising against the occupying Central Powers forces. There were only 15 members in the Central Committee and six candidates, promoted to members, Mikhail Mayorov and Pyotr Slinko This also took place in Moscow
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
–
1922 - 1934
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
–
1934 - 1938
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
–
1938 - 1941
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
–
1943 - 1991
15.
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
–
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is an oblast of central Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27,1932, Dnipropetrovsk has a population of about 3,307, 795 , approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative center of Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast, the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is located in southeastern Ukraine. The area of the oblast, comprises about 5. 3% of the area of the country. Its longitude from north to south is 130 km, from east to west –300 km, black Sea Lowland almost completely within the south oblast, covering half of its territory. It is 11 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be 280 ±10 million years, the crater is not exposed at the surface. The Dnieper Upland contains a number of minerals including iron, manganese, granite, graphite, brown coal, Kryvbas is an important economic region, specializing in iron ore mining and the steel industry. It is arguably the main iron ore region of Eastern Europe, named after the city of Kryvyi Rih, the region occupies the southwestern part of the Dnipropetrovsk, as well as a small neighbouring part of the Kirovohrad Oblast. The region possesses major deposits of ore and some other metallurgical ores. To exploit them, several mining companies were founded here in the middle of the 20th century. Most of them are located in Kryvyi Rih itself, which is the longest city in Europe, at the beginning of the 15th century, Tatar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, by the century, the Nogai and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper and it was in this time that there appeared a new force–the Cossacks, armed freemen not subject to any feudal lord– who were to soon dominate the region. They later became known as Zaporozhian Cossacks, from Zaporizhia–the lands south of Prydniprovye– which translates as the Land Beyond the Weirs ) and this was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation and depopulation in that area, the area became known as the Wilderness. On the night of 3 or 4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down, the fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison. Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711, under the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, the territory became part of the Russian Empire. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, in December 1796, Paul I reestablished the Novorossiysk Governorate, mostly with land from the former Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. In 1802, this province was divided into the Nikolayev Governorate, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, and its capital was the city of Yekaterinoslav created in 1802 out the Yekaterinoslav Vice-regency
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
–
1648 map of
Beauplan where
Dzikie Pole identified in upper portion of the map.
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
–
Building of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Administration
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
–
Dnipropetrovsk
16.
Chernihiv Oblast
–
Chernihiv Oblast is an oblast of northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv however within the entire Oblast are 1,511 settlements of various sizes ranging from cities to very small villages. Population,1,055, 673 The total area of the province is around 31,900 km². The oblast is bordered on the west by the Kiev Reservoir of the Dnieper River and Kiev Oblast, by the Sumy Oblast to the east, and the Poltava Oblast to the south. The northern border of the oblast is part of Ukraines international border abutting Belaruss Homyel Voblast in the north-west, the oblast is bisected into northern and southern sections by the Desna River, which enters the Dnieper just north of the Kiev city limits. The Chernihiv Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on October 15,1932, the capital city of Chernihiv has known human settlement for over 2,000 years, according to archaeological excavations. The Chernihiv Oblast comprises an important historical region, notable as early as the Kievan Rus period. The city of Chernihiv was the second most important Ukrainian city during the Rus period of Ukrainian history, danylo of Chernihiv wrote of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem during this era. The numerous architectural monuments of the city bear witness to the invasions suffered, including those by the Tatars/Mongols, Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, on the territory of the region took place numerous tragic events such as Battle of Kruty, Tragedy of Kryukivka, and many others. The oblast is located in the region of Polesia. The local administration of the oblast is controlled by the Chernihiv Oblast Rada, the governor of the oblast is the Chernihiv Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine. The current estimated population of the oblast is around 1,055,673, the population of the oblast is predominantly Ukrainian, with minority Belarusian and Russian populations concentrated in the northern districts. The province has experienced population decline. The population has fallen 23% from the 1959 figure of 1,554,000 and it has the lowest population density in the country. A major tobacco factory is situated in Pryluky, cities of Bakhmach and Nizhyn are the important railway junctions on the route from Russia and Belarus to South-Eastern Europe. There are notable machinery and electronics industries in Chernihiv, Chernihiv also has a beer brewery producing beer under the name Chernihivske. The religion among believers in the oblast is overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox, a substantial percentage of the population is atheist. Small minorities of Ukrainian Catholics, Roman Catholics, and recent converts to Protestantism are also present, there are a few outstanding historical Orthodox churches and buildings in Chernihiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Liubech, Nizhyn and Koselets
Chernihiv Oblast
17.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. From the start, the city of Kharkiv served as the republics capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was moved to the city of Kyiv. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, the Ukrainian SSRs border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Unions western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, the name Ukraine, derived from the Slavic word kraj, meaning land or border. It was first used to part of the territory of Kievan Rus in the 12th century. The name has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century, after the abdication of the tsar and the start of the process of the destruction of the Russian Empire many people in Ukraine wished to establish a Ukrainian Republic. During a period of war from 1917-23 many factions claiming themselves governments of the newly born republic were formed, each with supporters. The two most prominent of them were the government in Kyiv and the government in Kharkiv, the former being the Ukrainian Peoples Republic and the latter the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. This government of the Soviet Ukrainian Republic was founded on 24–25 December 1917, in its publications it names itself either the Republic of Soviets of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies or the Ukrainian Peoples Republic of Soviets. The last session of the government took place in the city of Taganrog, in July 1918 the former members of the government formed the Communist Party of Ukraine, the constituent assembly of which took place in Moscow. On 10 March 1919, according to the 3rd Congress of Soviets in Ukraine the name of the state was changed to the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. After the ratification of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the names of all Soviet republics were changed, transposing the second, during its existence, the Ukrainian SSR was commonly referred to as Ukraine or the Ukraine. On 24 August 1991, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence, since the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in June 1996, the country became known simply as Ukraine, which is the name used to this day. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, several factions sought to create an independent Ukrainian state, the most popular faction was initially the local Socialist Revolutionary Party that composed the local government together with Federalists and Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks boycotted any government initiatives most of the time, instigating several armed riots in order to establish the Soviet power without any intent for consensus, immediately after the October Revolution in Petrograd, Bolsheviks instigated the Kiev Bolshevik Uprising to support the Revolution and secure Kyiv. Due to a lack of support from the local population and anti-revolutionary Central Rada, however. Most moved to Kharkiv and received the support of the eastern Ukrainian cities, later, this move was regarded as a mistake by some of the Peoples Commissars
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Territories claimed by the
Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920).
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Flag
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
Soviet soldiers preparing rafts to cross the
Dnieper during the
Battle of the Dnieper (1943). The sign reads "To Kiev!".
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
–
"Eternally Together": a Soviet poster made for the 300th anniversary of the
Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1954.
18.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
–
Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
–
Flag
Soviet Union
–
Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
19.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated in English as CPSU, was the founding and ruling political party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The party was founded in 1912 by the Bolsheviks, a group led by Vladimir Lenin which seized power in the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917. The party was dissolved on 29 August 1991 on Soviet territory soon after a failed coup détat and was abolished on 6 November 1991 on Russian territory. The highest body within the CPSU was the party Congress, which convened every five years, when the Congress was not in session, the Central Committee was the highest body. Because the Central Committee met twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo, the Secretariat, and the Orgburo. The party leader was the head of government and held the office of either General Secretary, Premier or head of state, or some of the three offices concurrently—but never all three at the same time. The CPSU, according to its party statute, adhered to Marxism–Leninism, a based on the writings of Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx. The party pursued state socialism, under which all industries were nationalized, a number of causes contributed to CPSUs loss of control and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Some historians have written that Gorbachevs policy of glasnost was the root cause, Gorbachev maintained that perestroika without glasnost was doomed to failure anyway. Others have blamed the stagnation and subsequent loss of faith by the general populace in communist ideology. The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the worlds first constitutionally socialist state, was established by the Bolsheviks in the aftermath of the October Revolution. Immediately after the Revolution, the new, Lenin-led government implemented socialist reforms, including the transfer of estates, in this context, in 1918, RSDLP became Russian Communist Party and remained so until 1997. Lenin supported world revolution he sought peace with the Central Powers. The treaty was voided after the Allied victory in World War I, in 1921, Lenin proposed the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism that started the process of industrialization and recovery from the Civil War. On 30 December 1922, the Russian SFSR joined former territories of the Russian Empire in the Soviet Union, on 9 March 1923, Lenin suffered a stroke, which incapacitated him and effectively ended his role in government. He died on 21 January 1924 and was succeeded by Joseph Stalin, after emerging victorious from a power struggle with Trotsky, Stalin obtained full control of the party and Stalinism was installed as the only ideology of the party. The partys official name was All-Union Communist Party in 1925, Stalins political purge greatly affected the partys configuration, as many party members were executed or sentenced for slave labour. Happening during the timespan of the Great Purge, fascism had ascened to power in Italy, seeing this as a potential threat, the Party actively sought to form collective security alliances with Anti-fascist western powers such as France and Britain
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
Khrushchev succeeded Stalin as the Soviet leader. His rule is best known for his liberalization of political and social life, and the end of terror as a means of social control
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
The Brezhnev era is commonly referred to by historians as the
Era of Stagnation, a term coined by CPSU General Secretary Gorbachev
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
–
Gorbachev, the last leader of the CPSU and the Soviet Union, as seen in 1986
20.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
Alma mater
–
The Alma Mater statue by
Mario Korbel, at the entrance of the
University of Havana in
Cuba.
Alma mater
–
John Legate's Alma Mater for Cambridge in 1600
Alma mater
–
Alma Mater (1929, Lorado Taft),
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
21.
Dnipropetrovsk National University
–
Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University is an establishments of higher education in Ukraine. The first four faculties were history and linguistics, law, medicine, nowadays the university has level IV accreditation, with 20 faculties and 1,300 professors,850 of them PhDs. The university has about 22,000 Ukrainian students and offers 87 majors and it has about 3,000 international students from 20 countries. Being a big educational and research center, DNU provides training at all levels, Master’s degree, Specialist’s degree. It prepares researchers and university teachers at the post-graduate and doctor of science courses, second higher education can be obtained. According to the UNESCO poll DNU takes the 6th place of all Ukrainian higher education due to its academic. DNU has 63 agreements with higher education institutes and research centers from many countries of Europe, Asia, DNU has joined the work of the TEMPUS Program in Ukraine. The first project on reforming the economy was won in 1993, since then DNU has won 14 projects for terms of 1 to 3 years in sectors of science and education such as economics, management, university managements, social informatics and international economics. The library has 2,600,000 volumes and computer library rooms, since 2007 DNU has been taking part in the Erasmus Mundus Project “External Cooperation Window”. In the plan there is a paragraph about development of relations with EU universities. Participation should raising the skills of DNU teachers and improving the style of teaching, the project can give the possibility of progress in implementation of Bologna standards, including ECTS and quality assurance. Ekaterynoslavsky University was founded during the Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky state in 1918, in 1920 Ekaterynoslavsky University was transformed into Ekaterynoslavsky Institute of Education, which operated until 1933. During World War II some faculty and students went to defend their homeland from the Nazi invaders, others approached Victory Day, in September 2000 Dnepropetrovsk State University acquired the status of a national institution. He worked as dean of faculty from 1989, and as pro-rector of educational work from 1996. He is rector from November 1998 and he is rewarded with orders “For merit” of all three degrees. The university has 17 teaching and laboratory buildings, seven dormitories for students at 3,500 seats, sports facilities and recreation, the teachers and scientists of the faculty created a Regional center of the Ukrainian language history and development, where students’ scientific association “Philologist” functions. An annual collection of scientific publications “The young people are eager to comprehend the word” was founded. A French speaking students’ theatre and speaking club was founded at the Roman philology chair in 1995, the Council of the students organizes visits to children’s homes with festival concerts and gifts during some years
Dnipropetrovsk National University
–
Dnipropetrovsk National University
Dnipropetrovsk National University
–
Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University
Dnipropetrovsk National University
–
Dnipropetrovsk National University campus
Dnipropetrovsk National University
–
Scientific library of Dnipropetrovsk National University, with the main university building seen in the background.
22.
Ukrainian language
–
Ukrainian /juːˈkreɪniən/ is an East Slavic language. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic script, historical linguists trace the origin of the Ukrainian language to the Old East Slavic of the early medieval state of Kievan Rus. After the fall of the Kievan Rus as well as the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Modern Ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate. From 1804 until the Russian Revolution, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools in the Russian Empire and it has always maintained a sufficient base in Western Ukraine, where the language was never banned, in its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors. The Ukrainian language retains a degree of intelligibility with Belarusian and Russian. The first theory of the origin of Ukrainian language was suggested in Imperial Russia in the middle of the 18th century by Mikhail Lomonosov and this theory posits the existence of a common language spoken by all East Slavic people in the time of the Rus. Another point of view developed during the 19th and 20th centuries by linguists of Imperial Russia, like Lomonosov, they assumed the existence of a common language spoken by East Slavs in the past. This general point of view is the most accepted amongst academics worldwide, the supporters of this theory disagree, however, about the time when the different languages were formed. Soviet scholars set the divergence between Ukrainian and Russian only at time periods. During the time of the incorporation of Ruthenia into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and this point of view is, however, at variance with some historical data. In fact, several East Slavic tribes, such as Polans, Drevlyans, Severians, Dulebes, White Croats, Tiverians, notably, some Ukrainian features were recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic as far back as the language can be documented. In contrast, Ahatanhel Krymsky and Alexei Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century, Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky went even further, denying the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo, Ivan Ohienko, according to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to a migration of the population within the territory of todays Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was supported by George Shevelovs phonological studies. During the 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of Galicia-Vollhynia and their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts, examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh, rura, rynok, kushnir, and majster
Ukrainian language
–
Miniature of
St Luke from the
Peresopnytsia Gospels (1561).
Ukrainian language
–
Ukrainian-speaking world
Ukrainian language
–
The 1921 Soviet recruitment poster. It uses traditional Ukrainian imagery with Ukrainian-language text: "Son! Enroll in the school of
Red commanders, and the defense of
Soviet Ukraine will be ensured."
Ukrainian language
–
Anti-russification protest. The banner reads "For Ukrainian Children – a Ukrainian school!".
23.
Ukraine
–
Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
Ukraine
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Gold
Scythian pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal
kurgan in
Ordzhonikidze, dated to the 4th century BC
Ukraine
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Flag
Ukraine
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Principalities of
Kievan Rus', 1054-1132
Ukraine
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The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in
Kievan Rus'.
24.
Ukrainian presidential election, 1994
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Early presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 26 June 1994, with a second round on 10 July. They were held ahead of schedule following a compromise between the President and Verkhovna Rada, incumbent President Leonid Kravchuk lost the presidency to his former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma. On June 7,1993 started a strike of coal miners of Donets basin as part of a chronic economical crisis. Coincidentally all the events appeared at the time of resurrection of the Communist Party of Ukraine, on this wave of strikes a Constituent Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine took place on June 19,1993 in Donetsk and later it was registered in October of the same year. Its banning was temporary due to suspicion in support of the August coup-detat, however the statute of the Communist Party of Ukraine clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover on December 27,2001 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized the ban of Communist Party not constitutional, on June 17,1993 the parliament decided to conduct on September 26,1993 a consultative referendum on no confidence in president and parliament. However on September 24 the referendum was canceled, the Verkhovna Rada decided to conduct an early elections to parliament on March 27,1994 and president on June 26,1994. The presidential elections became the first to demonstrate the division of the country on the East and West, Kravchuk Kuchma Connor, W. M, Krupp, J. W. THE UKRAINIAN AND BELARUSSIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, ASSESSMENT AND IMPLICATIONS, August 1994 Erlanger, S. UKRAINIANS ELECT A NEW PRESIDENT
Ukrainian presidential election, 1994
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Nominee
Ukrainian presidential election, 1994
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Ukrainian presidential election, 1994
Ukrainian presidential election, 1994
25.
Ukrainian presidential election, 1999
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Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 31 October 1999, with a second round on 14 November. The result was a victory for Leonid Kuchma, who defeated Petro Symonenko in the run-off, at the time of election the population in Ukraine was 50,105,600 with 34,017,400 living in cities. The most districts contained the Donetsk Oblast as the most populous one, the city of Kiev had 12 electoral districts and Sevastopol -2. There also was a special out-of-country district available for voters who at the moment of elections were not available to vote in Ukraine, there were 32 individuals who submitted their documents for registration as pretenders on candidate to the President of Ukraine. Out of them 19 pretenders were registered with the Central Election Commission of Ukraine to run for presidential elections, in the process ten pretenders were not able to gather the required signatures, while six were reinstated on decision of the Supreme Court of Ukraine. Later another two registered candidates withdrew, since the summer of 1999 there was a sharp competition among the candidates. Four candidates Yevhen Marchuk, Oleksandr Moroz, Volodymyr Oliynyk, and Oleksandr Tkachenko met in Kaniv, the Kaniv Four had intentions to present a single candidate who would have more chances for success. It however failed to do so and no one else joined them neither, Volodymyr Oliynyk being promoted by Kirovohrad city residents, on October 27 surrendered his candidacy in favor of Yevhen Marchuk, while Oleksandr Tkachenko favored Petro Symonenko. In the first round the most oblasts and the district were won by Leonid Kuchma. In seven oblasts the top candidate was Petro Symonenko mostly in the centre, Oleksandr Moroz managed to become the leader in the more agrarian oriented Poltava and Vinnytsia Oblasts. Nataliya Vitrenko took the peak of the candidate list in the Sumy Oblast, ^ During the election campaign Kuchma was supported by the Bloc Our Choice – Leonid Kuchma. State-Building, A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, ISBN9637326995 Kuzio, T. Ukraine after the elections Ukrainian presidential election,1999. Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine website, handbook on preparation to the Foreign Independent Evaluation on history of Ukraine. Electoral map of Lviv region in inter regional section, yulia Tyshchenko, Ukrainian Independent Center of Political Studies. Kiev 20001999 Presidential elections, how it was
Ukrainian presidential election, 1999
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Nominee
Ukrainian presidential election, 1999
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Ukrainian presidential election, 1999
Ukrainian presidential election, 1999
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Campaign advertising, Leonid Kuchma's poster
26.
Economy of Ukraine
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The economy of Ukraine is an emerging free market. Like other post-Soviet states, its gross domestic product fell sharply for 10 years following the collapse the Soviet Union in 1991, however, it grew rapidly from 2000 until 2008 when the Great Recession began worldwide and reached Ukraine as the 2008-2009 Ukrainian financial crisis. The economy recovered in 2010, but since 2013 the Ukrainian economy has been suffering from a severe downturn, the depression during the 1990s included hyperinflation and a fall in economic output to less than half of the GDP of the preceding Ukrainian SSR. GDP growth was recorded for the first time in 2000, and this growth was halted by the global financial crisis of 2008, but the Ukrainian economy recovered and achieved positive GDP growth in the first quarter of 2010. By October 2013, the Ukrainian economy lapsed into another recession, the previous summer Ukrainian export to Russia was substantially worsened due to stricter border and customs control by Russia. The early 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, and the War in Donbass that started in the spring of 2014 severely damaged Ukraines economy, in 2013, Ukraine saw zero growth in GDP. Ukraines economy shrank by 6. 8% in 2014, and this continued with a 12% decline in GDP in 2015, in January 2016 the World Bank expected Ukraine to experience an economic growth rate of 1% in 2016, which if true will end the recession. The nation has many of the components of a major European economy - rich farmlands, an industrial base, highly trained labour. At present, however, the remains in poor condition. It is still smaller than it was in 1992, on 24 August 1991 Ukraine established its independence from the Soviet Union. Its economy suffered huge output declines and soaring inflation the following years, huge output declines and soaring inflation was at the time common to most former Soviet republics, but Ukraine was among the hardest hit by these problems. In response to hyperinflation the National Bank of Ukraine replaced the old currency, the currency continued to be unstable through the late 1990s, particularly amid the 1998 Russian financial crisis. World Bank report,2007 notes, Ukraine recorded one of the sharpest declines in poverty of any economy in recent years. The poverty rate, measured against an absolute poverty line, fell from a high of 32% in 2001 to 8% in 2005, the UN noted that absolute poverty in Ukraine already was overcome, and that there was only relative poverty in 2009. Ukraine stabilised by the early 2000s, the year 2000 was the first year of economic growth. The economy continued to grow thanks to a 50% growth of exports from 2000 till 2008, mainly exports from the traditional industries of metals, metallurgy, engineering, chemicals, and food. Between 2001 and 2008 metals and chemicals prices boomed because of fast international economic growth while the price of gas imported from Russia remained low. Monetization also helped to drive the economic boom Ukraine experienced between 2000 and 2008, attracted in part by relatively high interest rates foreign cash was injected in Ukraines economy and money supply grew rapidly, from 2001 to 2010 broad money increased at an annual rate of 35%
Economy of Ukraine
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Kiev,
Ukraine
Economy of Ukraine
Economy of Ukraine
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ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih
Economy of Ukraine
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T-64BM Bulat on parade, a
Ukrainian Ground Forces upgrade of the
T-64, produced by the
KMDB
27.
Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990
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The first relatively free parliamentary election held in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic took place in several stages, from March 4 to March 18,1990. The elections were held to elect deputies to the republics parliament, simultaneously, elections of local provincial councils also took place in their respective administrative divisions. The election was the closest thing to a free election Ukraine had seen since the unfinished 1918 Constituent Assembly elections, a total of 442 National Deputies were elected – short of the 450 seat total, due to low voter turnout. The parliamentary convocation that convened after the 1990 election declared the independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union on August 24,1991. However, the elections were far from being free – as the Communist Party retained control on the media, exerted political influence, the elections took place according to the majoritarian electoral system in 450 electoral regions. The first round of elections took place on March 4,1990, in electoral regions where none of candidates obtained at least 50% of the vote, a second round of elections took place on March 10–18. In two rounds of elections a total of 442 deputies were elected, not reaching the maximum 450 deputies due to low voter turnout, the Communists obtained 331 seats in the Rada. The Democratic Bloc obtained 111 seats out of 442, in the parliament, the democratic deputies formed the Narodna Rada group, which consisted of 90 to 125 members. Narodna Rada became the opposition bloc to the majority and Ihor Yukhnovskyi was elected as the opposition groups leader. The Ukrainian Communists were rapidly losing popularity, by July 1990 ninety-two of the elected as Communists declared themselves as Independents. The remaining 239 communist deputies formed a new majority group they called For a Soviet Sovereign Ukraine, on July 16,1990, this Parliament adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. The Declaration was supported by 355 deputies, on July 18 the For a Soviet Sovereign Ukraine group led by Oleksander Moroz elected Leonid Kravchuk as the Chairman of Parliament. On 24 October 1990, the Parliament amended the 1978 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, prior to the amendments, the supreme governing body of the Ukrainian SSR was the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR. On 24 August 1991 the parliament declared Ukraine independent and called for a referendum on support for the Declaration of Independence, in the following days it also banned the Communist Party of Ukraine and nationalized its property. On December 5,1991 Leonid Kravchuk surrendered his parliamentary duties to accept the presidency of an independent Ukraine, the post of Parliament Chairman was awarded to Ivan Plyushch. On June 18,1992 several other left the Peoples Council group, among them were Levko Lukyanenko, Pavlo Lazarenko, Anatoliy Kinakh. After the banning of the Communist Party of Ukraine, remnants of its elected deputies joined other left-wing parties, the first convocation had eight sessions where 85 legal documents were submitted. Six of the projects were initiated by the President of Ukraine and 38 by the Cabinet of Ministers
Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990
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All 450 seats of the
Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR 226 seats were needed for a majority
Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990
Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990
Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990
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