1.
Skin-tight garment
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A skin-tight garment is a garment that is held to the skin usually by elastic tension using some type of stretch fabric. Commercial stretch fabrics such as spandex or elastane came onto the market in 1962, a wide variety of clothing may be made to be skin-tight, and it is common for clothing to be skin-tight for some uses, such as in stockings, bodystockings, swimsuits and womens bras. In 1886 the name leotard was given to a one-piece skin-tight garment that covers the torso including the crotch, the garment was named after French acrobatic performer Jules Léotard, many years after his death, who wore the garment in his acrobatic act. In the early 20th century, use of leotards was mainly confined to circus and acrobatic shows, leotards on the stage were typically worn with stockings or tights. These were almost always black and worn together with thick tights, between 1950 and 1970, leotards remained as such in appearance until a style change in the 1970s, when more colorful leotards appeared on the scene, most often in ballet and exercise. The 1920s and 1930s saw leotards influencing swimsuit styles, with womens one-piece swimsuits today still being similar in appearance to leotards, the most common type of one-piece swimsuit is the maillot or tank suit, which resembles a sleeveless leotard or bodysuit. In early years the one-piece swimsuit would have a narrow skirt slip or micro-shorts, for modesty considerations, a recent innovation in one-piece swimsuits is the bodyskin, which superficially resembles a unitard or wetsuit. Although these cover the torso, arms and legs, their function is not modesty. A bodystocking is a one-piece skin-tight garment that covers the torso, legs, designed to be revealed, but not to be too revealing, bodystockings may be worn as undergarments by performers such as belly dancers and exotic dancers. Bodystockings were used on stage in at least 1860s, the unitard is a variation of the leotard that also covers the legs and sometimes also has long sleeves, and which is considered to be a combination of a leotard and tights. It is similar to a bodystocking, but is designed as outerwear, a bodysuit covers the torso and the crotch. The style of a basic bodysuit is similar to a swimsuit and a leotard, though the materials may vary. A bodysuit may have sleeves and varying shoulder strap and collar styles, bodysuits can be made from a number of fabrics, including cotton, lace, nylon, etc. In general, textile bodysuits include expandable fiber such as spandex for a fit to the shape of the body. A bodysuit is normally worn with trousers or a skirt, exposing at most the top of the garment above the waist, the top, torso part may act as a top for the smooth line it gives or because it cannot become untucked from trousers or skirt. They may also be worn generally by women as underwear, activewear, unlike a leotard, a bodysuit is not usually considered a form of athletic wear. The purpose of the opening at the crotch is to access during a visit to the toilet. Modern stockings became popular in the 1920s with the rise in womens hemlines and they were sheer, first made of silk or rayon, and after 1940 of nylon
2.
Unitard
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A unitard is a skintight, one-piece garment with long legs and sometimes long sleeves, usually stopping at the wrists and ankles. It differs from a leotard in that a leotard does not have long legs, the garment can be considered a combination of a leotard and tights. The unitard is basically the wrestling singlet minus the tights, although some wrestlers do wear tights in order to accentuate their uniform. They come in a variety of colors, superheroes in comics and films are frequently depicted wearing unitards. The members of the rock band Queen were known for wearing unitards during their concerts in the late 1970s, in 1985, Anne Whites decision to wear a white unitard for the first two sets of a match in the Womens Singles Championship at Wimbledon was widely reported. Wrestling singlet Bodystocking Bodysuit Catsuit Jumpsuit Leotard Romper suit Swimsuit Zentai
3.
Acrobatics
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Acrobatics is the performance of extraordinary feats of balance, agility, and motor coordination. It can be found in many of the arts, sports events. Although acrobatics is most commonly associated with human performance, it may also apply to other types of performance. Acrobatic traditions are found in cultures, and there is evidence that the earliest such traditions occurred thousands of years ago. For example, Minoan art from c.2000 BC contains depictions of acrobatic feats on the backs of bulls, ancient Greeks and Romans practiced acrobatics, and the noble court displays of the European Middle Ages would often include acrobatic performances that included juggling. In China, acrobatics have been a part of the culture since the Western Han Dynasty, acrobatics were part of village harvest festivals. Acrobatics continues to be an important part of modern Chinese variety art, though the term initially applied to tightrope walking, in the 19th century, a form of performance art including circus acts began to use the term as well. In the late 19th century, tumbling and other acrobatic and gymnastic activities became competitive sport in Europe, acrobatics has often served as a subject for fine art. An aerialist is an acrobat who performs in the air, on a suspended apparatus such as a trapeze, rope, cloud swing, aerial cradle, aerial pole, aerial silk, acrobatic gymnastics Contortion List of acrobatic activities
4.
Gymnastics
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Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, endurance and control. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, chest, alertness, precision, daring, self-confidence and self-discipline are mental traits that can also be developed through gymnastics. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, most forms of competitive gymnastics events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Each country has its own governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events and it typically involves the womens events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam and floor exercise. Mens events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, other FIG disciplines include rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining and tumbling, acrobatic gymnastics and aerobic gymnastics. Disciplines not currently recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics, aesthetic group gymnastics, mens rhythmic gymnastics and TeamGym. The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective Greek, by way of the related verb γυμνάζω, whose meaning is to train naked, train in gymnastic exercise, generally to train, the verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos fond of or skilled in bodily exercise, Gymnastics originated in ancient Spain and was originally intended for military training, where it was used by soldiers to prepare for warfare. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19,1770 in Valencia and he was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of bars, rings and high bars in international competition. The Federation of International Gymnastics was founded in Liege in 1881, by the end of the nineteenth century, mens gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events, the first womens Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam, by 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, in 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine, the B Score, is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG, Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Mens and Womens Gymnastics
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Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together
6.
Figure skating
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Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics, in 1908, the four Olympic disciplines are mens singles, ladies singles, pair skating and ice dancing. Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating and four skating, the blade has a groove on the bottom creating two distinct edges — inside and outside. Judges prefer that skaters glide on one edge of the blade, during a spin, skaters use the sweet spot of the blade, which is the roundest portion of the blade, just behind the pick and near the middle of the blade. Skates used in single and pair skating have a set of large, toe picks are mainly used for the take-off on jumps. Ice dancing blades are an inch shorter in the rear and have smaller toe picks, Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level at local, regional, national, and international competitions. The International Skating Union regulates international figure skating judging and competitions and these include the Winter Olympics, the World Championships, the World Junior Championships, the European Championships, the Four Continents Championships, and the Grand Prix series. The sport is also associated with show business, major competitions generally conclude with exhibition galas, in which the top skaters from each discipline perform non-competitive programs. Many skaters, both during and after their careers, also skate in ice shows which run during the competitive season. The term professional in skating refers not to level but competitive status. Figure skaters competing at the highest levels of competition are not professional skaters. They are sometimes referred to as amateurs, though some earn money, professional skaters include those who have lost their ISU eligibility and those who perform only in shows. They may include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their career as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience. In languages other than English, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Italian, Polish and Russian, the most visible difference in relation to ice hockey skates is that figure skates have a set of large, jagged teeth called toe picks on the front part of the blade. The toe picks are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins, if used during a spin, the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum, or move away from the center of his/her spin. Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws, typically, high-level figure skaters are professionally fitted for their boots and blades at a reputable skate shop. Professionals are also employed to sharpen blades to individual requirements, Blades are about 3/16 inch thick. When viewed from the side, the blade of a figure skate is not flat and this curvature is referred to as the rocker of the blade
7.
Athlete
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An athlete or sportsman is a person who is good at a sport and competes in one or more sports that involve physical strength, speed or endurance. The terms application to those who participate in activities, such as horse riding or driving, is somewhat controversial. Athletes may be professionals or amateurs, most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen. The word athlete is a romanization of the Greek, άθλητὴς, athlētēs, one who participates in a contest, from ἄθλος, áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, athletes involved in isotonic exercises have an increased mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and are less likely to be depressed. Due to their strenuous physical activities, athletes are far more likely than the population to visit massage salons and pay for services from massage therapists. An all-around athlete is a person who competes in sports at a high level. Examples of people who played numerous sports professionally include Jim Thorpe, Lionel Conacher, Deion Sanders, Danny Ainge and Babe Zaharias. Others include Ricky Williams, Bo Jackson, and Damon Allen, japanese athletes such as Kazushi Sakuraba, Kazuyuki Fujita, Masakatsu Funaki and Naoya Ogawa have successfully competed in both professional wrestling and mixed martial arts. The title of Worlds Greatest Athlete traditionally belongs to the worlds top competitor in the decathlon and heptathlon in track and field. The decathlon consists of 10 events,100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump,400 meters,110 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 m. The heptathlon consists of seven events, the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put,200 meters, long jump, javelin, and 800 meters. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability. Although the title Worlds Greatest Athlete seems a natural fit for these two events, its association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with Jim Thorpe. During the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the medal in the Decathlon. Thorpe notably also competed professionally in soccer, baseball, American Football, and basketball, and competed collegiately in track and field, soccer, baseball, lacrosse, and did ballroom dancing. King Gustav V of Sweden, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold said, You and that title has become associated with the decathlon event ever since. Outdoor enthusiast Jock Athlete of the Year Suresh Joachim Multiple Guinness World Record holder
8.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
9.
Circus (performing art)
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The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the father of the circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature, as styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating, from the late 18th to late 19th century custom-made circus buildings were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents, commonly known as Big Tops were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues and these tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled a horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times. In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, the Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games, the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood, after being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people, it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, a fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius, its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. For some time after the fall of Rome, large buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth, or, the Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes
10.
Costume
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Costume is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch. The term also was used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume, swimming costume, dance costume. Appropriate and acceptable costume is subject to changes in fashion and local cultural norms, before the advent of ready-to-wear apparel, clothing was made by hand. Costume comes from the same Italian word, inherited via French, National costume or regional costume expresses local identity and emphasizes a cultures unique attributes. They are often a source of national pride, examples include the Scottish kilt or Japanese kimono. In Bhutan there is a national dress prescribed for men and women. These have been in vogue for thousands of years and have developed into a dress style. The dress worn by men is known as Gho which is a robe worn up to knee-length and is fastened at the waist by a called the Kera. The front part of the dress which is formed like a pouch, in olden days was used to hold baskets of food and short dagger, but now it is used to keep cell phone, purse and the betel nut called Doma. The dress worn by women consist of three known as Kira, Tego and Wonju. The long dress which extends up to the ankle is Kira, the jacket worn above this is Tego which is provided with Wonju, the inner jacket. However, while visiting the Dzong or monastery a long scarf or stoll, called Kabney is worn by men across the shoulder, women also wear scarfs or stolls called Rachus, made of raw silk with embroidery, over their shoulder but not indicative of their rank. Some stylized theatrical costumes, such as Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dellarte, exaggerate an aspect of a character, the wearing of costumes is an important part of holidays developed from religious festivals such as Mardi Gras, and Halloween. Christmas costumes typically portray characters such as Santa Claus, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States the American version of a Santa suit and beard is popular, in the Netherlands, the costume of Zwarte Piet is customary. Easter costumes are associated with the Easter Bunny or other animal costumes, in Judaism, a common practice is to dress up on Purim. During this holiday, Jews celebrate the change of their destiny and they were delivered from being the victims of an evil decree against them and were instead allowed by the King to destroy their enemies. A quote from the Book of Esther, which says, On the contrary is the reason that wearing a costume has become customary for this holiday. Buddhist religious festivals in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia and Lhasa and Sikkim in India perform the Cham dance, parades and processions provide opportunities for people to dress up in historical or imaginative costumes
11.
Tights
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Tights are a kind of cloth garment, most often sheathing the body from the waist to the toe tips with a tight fit, hence the name. They come in absolute opaque, opaque, sheer and fishnet styles or a combination of them, such as the concept of the American term pantyhose with sheer legs. Wearing of tights has a history going back centuries, when they were worn by men. Today, they are primarily by women and girls. However, some men and boys wear them too, in recent years, they have been sometimes offered as mens fashion. Athletic tights are already considered unisex, in American English, the difference between pantyhose and tights is determined in the weight of the yarn used and the thickness to which the garment is knitted. Generally, anything up to 40 denier in the leg or overall is known as pantyhose and anything over can be classified as tights, as for example running tights and cycling tights. In the United Kingdom, the word tights is used in all cases when referring to pantyhose, tights can be sheer yet solid in colour, whereas leggings are almost or absolute opaque, not sheer. Thus the almost opaque tights are not suited as pants, there are many sub-classifications of tights or pantyhose that describe the precise construction. Although most tights are mainly nylon or cotton, lycra is normally included in modern blends to improve fit, athletic tights are absolute opaque and often footless, although they may have a stirrup that goes under the foot to hold the cuff down near the ankle. In both historic and modern times, the wearing of tight hosiery by males has sometimes been associated with an accompanying garment fitted over the groin of the male genitalia. In the 15th century, some men wore an elaborate and decorative cod piece to accentuate their genital endowment, originally derived from the hose worn by European men several centuries ago, tights were made as close fitting as possible for practical reasons when riding horseback. For men of nobility, the material would be made of silk or fine wool rather than the coarser fabrics used by the lower classes. At the time of King Henry VIII of England, such was the fashion for displaying a well turned leg that even the king padded the calf area under his hose. Portrait paintings of him and other nobility often portray the wearing of a cod piece covering the groin, tights are most commonly worn with a skirt or dress by women, to keep the legs warm, for modesty, or to comply with a dress code. In the world of theater tights are also common, especially in Renaissance-era costumes, the term tights has been used to try to ridicule certain traditional British uniform. Most famously the Serjeants-at-Arms at the Palace of Westminster, after a protester got past the security, were described in the media as middle aged men in tights, such pants are worn in summer or as an undergarment in winter. In warm climates they can be worn all year round, tights can also describe the leg coverings worn in bicycling in cold weather and in other athletic activities, especially by runners
12.
Bodysuit
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A bodysuit or shorthand body is a one-piece form-fitting garment that covers the torso and the crotch. The style of a basic bodysuit is similar to a one-piece swimsuit, a bodysuit, unlike a swimsuit or leotard, has snaps, hooks or velcro at the crotch. A bodysuit may have sleeves and varying shoulder strap and collar styles, bodysuits can be made from a number of fabrics, including cotton, lace, nylon, etc. In general, textile bodysuits include expandable fiber such as spandex for a fit to the shape of the body. A bodysuit is normally worn with trousers or a skirt, the top, torso part may act as a top for the smooth line it gives or because it cannot become untucked from trousers or skirt. They may also be worn generally by women as underwear, activewear, unlike a leotard, a bodysuit is not usually considered a form of athletic wear. Onesies are bodysuits for younger children, toddlers and some adults which help keep diapers in place, the purpose of the opening at the crotch is to facilitate access to a babys diaper, or for a visit to the toilet. There are also bodyshirts, like the counterpart to the bodysuit, they are loose-fitting garments that cover the torso, with sleeves in short to long lengths. The difference is that they look like a shirt on the top portion of the garment, the bodysuit was a progression from the leotard. It was presented in the United States after 1950 by fashion designer Claire McCardell and it was worn as a blouse or T-shirt. The first recognized bodysuit was worn by Bettie Page in the 1950s, azzedine Alaia and Donna Karan helped make the bodysuit a fashion item for both men and women in the 1980s. After a slowdown, it was resurrected as shaping underwear or lingerie, and in the 2010s it reappeared as a blouse bodysuit and classic turtleneck bodysuit, as well as a part of evening wear
13.
Snap fastener
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A snap fastener is a pair of interlocking discs, made out of a metal or plastic, commonly used in place of buttons to fasten clothing and for similar purposes. A circular lip under one disc fits into a groove on the top of the other, holding them fast until a certain amount of force is applied. Different types of snaps can be attached to fabric or leather by riveting with a punch and die set specific to the type of rivet snaps used, sewing, or plying with special snap pliers. Snap fasteners are a detail in American Western wear and are also often chosen for childrens clothing. Modern snap fasteners were first patented by German inventor Heribert Bauer in 1885 as the Federknopf-Verschluss, some attribute the invention to Bertel Sanders, of Denmark. These first versions had an S-shaped spring in the disc instead of a groove. Australian inventor Myra Juliet Farrell is also credited with inventing a stitchless press stud, in America, Jack Weil put snaps on his iconic Western shirts, which spread the fashion for them. The Prym-company produces snap fastners since 1903, in the famous Chinese Terracotta Army, dating from 210 BC, the horse halters of wagons, made of a gold tube and a silver tube, were joined with a form of snap fasteners. Press studs were worn by rodeo cowboys from the 1930s onwards, because these could be removed if, in the event of a fall. Pearl snaps entered American mainstream Western fashion during the 1950s, when singing cowboys like Gene Autry, due to the popularity of Spaghetti Westerns, cowboy shirts with oversized collars were widely worn by teenagers and young adults from the mid 1960s until the early 1980s. By the 1990s, however, press studs had become associated with the clothing worn by pensioners
14.
Polo neck
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A polo neck, roll-neck or turtleneck or skivvy is a garment—usually a sweater—with a close-fitting, round, and high part similar to a collar that folds over and covers the neck. It can also refer to type of neckline, the style of collar itself and this is mainly used to achieve the appearance of a polo neck where the fabric would fray, roll, or otherwise behave badly unless sewn. The mock polo neck clings to the neck smoothly, is easy to manufacture, Polo neck-like garments have been worn for hundreds of years, dating at least to the 15th century. From the late 19th century on, polo necks were commonly worn by workers, athletes, sailors. Since the middle of the 20th century black polo necks have been associated with radical academics, philosophers, artists. The polo neck became a iconic symbol of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. Polo necks also became a big fashion for wealthy men after they were worn by European film stars Marcello Mastroianni. The term polo neck, common in British English, is thought to derive from garments with similar necklines worn by polo players, greta Garbo often wore polo necks and trousers privately, as later Audrey Hepburn would do in official photographs. Vladimir Putin of Russia and Andreas Papandreou of Greece are two examples of European statesmen fond of wearing polo necks and their adoption by Noël Coward in the 1920s turned polo necks into a brief middle-class fashion trend, and feminists made them into a unisex item. In the 1950s the black polo neck became a mark of existentialists. Absorbed into mainstream American fashion by the mid 20th century, the neck came to be viewed as an anti-tie. Co-founder Steve Jobs were among those seen in polo necks. Over time it became a fad among teenage girls, especially in a form that emphasised their figures. It was not long before Hollywood was also exploiting this image as part of the girl look. By the late 1950s the tight turtleneck had been adopted as part of the style among students. This would become an important aspect of the polo necks image in the United States, the look would filter through to Britain and the rest of Europe in a watered-down version. Very elegant polo necks of silk or nylon knit, especially made with French cuffs for formal dress affairs, have seen success in American fashion. Polo necks have historically acted as substitutes of the traditional and dominant shirt, some of the fiercest conflicts regarding the polo necks use took place in upscale restaurants and in weddings, where polo necks have been used in violation of the shirt and tie
15.
Zipper
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A zipper, zip, fly, or zip fastener, formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of fabric or other flexible material, like on a garment or a bag. It is used in clothing, luggage and other bags, sporting goods, camping gear, Whitcomb L. Judson was an American inventor from Chicago who invented and constructed a workable zipper. The method, still in use today, is based on interlocking teeth, initially it was called the “hookless fastener” and was later redesigned to become more reliable. The bulk of a zipper/zip consists of two rows of protruding teeth, which may be made to interdigitate, linking the rows and these teeth can be either individual or shaped from a continuous coil, and are also referred to as elements. The slider, operated by hand, moves along the rows of teeth, inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that meshes together or separates the opposing rows of teeth, depending on the direction of the sliders movement. The word Zipper is onomatopoetic, because it was named for the sound the device makes when used, in many jackets and similar garments, the opening is closed completely when the slider is at one of the ends of the tape. The mechanism allows for partial fastening where only some of the tape is fastened together, in many kinds of luggage, there are two sliders on the tape, mounted in opposite directions head to head, the part of the zipper between them is unfastened. When the sliders are on opposite ends of the then the jacket is closed. If the lower slider is raised then the two sides of the jacket may be opened to allow more comfortable sitting or bicycling. When both sliders are lowered then the zipper may be totally separated, although potentially convenient, there are often problems getting this type of zipper to start or to separate. Zippers may increase or decrease the size of an opening to allow or restrict the passage of objects, as in the fly of trousers or in a pocket. Join or separate two ends or sides of a garment, as in the front of a jacket, or on the front. Attach or detach a part of the garment to or from another. Attach or detach a small pouch or bag to or from a larger one, one example of this is military rugsacks has smaller pouches or bags attached on its side using one or two zippers. Be used to decorate an item and these variations are achieved by sewing one end of the zipper together, sewing both ends together, or allowing both ends of the zipper to fall completely apart. A zipper costs relatively little, but if it fails, the garment may be unusable until the zipper is repaired or replaced—which can be quite difficult, problems often lie with the zipper slider, when it becomes worn it does not properly align and join the alternating teeth. With separating zippers, the pin may tear loose from the tape. If a zipper fails, it can either jam or partially break off, in 1851, Elias Howe received a patent for an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure
16.
Yoga
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Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
17.
Pajamas
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Pajamas or pyjamas, often shortened to PJs, jimmies, jimjams or jammies, can refer to several related types of clothing. Pajamas are loose-fitting garments derived from the garment and worn chiefly for sleeping. More generally, pajamas may refer to several garments, for both daywear and nightwear, derived from traditional pajamas and involving variations of style and material, the word pyjama was borrowed c.1800 from Urdu pāy-jāma پايجامه, itself borrowed from Persian pāy-jāmeh پايجامه lit. leg-garment. The original pyjāmā are loose, lightweight trousers fitted with drawstring waistbands worn by Muslims in India and adopted by Europeans during East India Company rule in India. The worldwide use of pajamas is the result of adoption by British colonists in India in the 18th and 19th centuries, Pajamas had been introduced to England as lounging attire as early as the seventeenth century, then known as moguls breeches but they soon fell out of fashion. The word pajama is recorded in English use in the first half of the nineteenth century and they did not become a fashion in Britain and the Western world as sleeping attire for men until the Victorian period, from about 1870. Thus Pyrard says, in speaking of Goa Hospital, Ils ont force calsons sans quoy ne couchent iamais les Portugais des Indes The word is now used in London shops, traditional pajamas consist of a jacket-and-pants combination made of soft fabric, such as flannel or lightweight cotton. The jacket element usually has a front and its sleeves have no cuffs. Many people opt to sleep or lounge in just the pajama pants, either with a t-shirt, or, for males, for this reason, pajama pants for men and boys are often sold as separates. In colloquial speech, these traditional pajamas are often called PJs, jim jams, in South Asia and South Africa, they are sometimes referred to as night suits. Some pajamas feature a seat, a buttoned opening in the seat. Drop seats were common on pajamas made before the 1950s. Contemporary pajamas are derived from traditional pajamas, there are many variations in style such as short sleeve pajamas, pajama bottoms of varying length, or, on occasion, one-piece pajamas, and pajamas incorporating various materials. Chiefly in the US, stretch-knit sleep apparel with rib-knit trimmings are common, usually worn by children, these garments often have pullover tops or have zippers down the fronts, and may also be footed. Although pajamas are usually distinguished from non-bifurcated sleeping garments such as nightgowns, in the US, babydoll pyjamas have a kind of short dress top over shorts or short pants. Examples of these include capri pajamas, beach pajamas, and hostess pajamas, Pajamas are usually loose fitting and designed for comfort, using soft materials such as cotton or silk or satin. Synthetic materials such as polyester and Lycra are also available, Pajamas often contain visual references to a thing that may hold some special appeal to the wearer. Images of sports, animals, balloons, polka dots, flowers, stripes, plaids, foulards, paisleys and other motifs may all be used for decoration
18.
Stick It
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Stick It is an American teen comedy-drama film starring Jeff Bridges, Missy Peregrym, and Vanessa Lengies. It was written and directed by Jessica Bendinger, writer of Bring It On and it was produced by Touchstone Pictures and Spyglass Entertainment and was released in theatres on April 28,2006. Haley Graham is a rebellious 17-year-old who has a run-in with the law when she, Haley is arrested and is forced by a judge to return to the regimented world of competitive gymnastics. Haley was once considered one of the most talented gymnasts in the US, Haley goes to the elite Vickerman Gymnastics Academy, her ultimate nightmare, run by legendary coach Burt Vickerman. Haley has a talk with Coach Vickerman, who convinces her to take up the once again – at least until she can enter an upcoming invitational competition. Vickerman convinces her that she can use the money from the competition to repay some property damage debts she still owes and leave gymnastics once. Disliking the sports rules and intense training schedule, Haley is reluctant to come out of retirement. Her attitude toward her fellow gymnasts – as well as her past – causes conflicts, after getting the cold shoulder the first day at the gym, Haley realizes what she is up against. At the invitational, Haleys talent shines and her return from gymnastics retirement seems for the better, but all is not what it seems in the scoring system. She starts to remember one of the reasons she retired – the flaws in judging. The panels do not look at the difficulty of the move nor do they look at the technique, as Haley Graham says, It doesnt matter how well you do. Its how well you follow their rules, in addition, Haley is severely stressed by her dominating mother, who has arrived to watch the meet. Her conduct at the World Championship has not been forgotten by the other athletes, Haley finally breaks down in the middle of her balance beam routine and, in a repeat of the World Championships, leaves the arena before completing the competition. Haley then goes back to the judge who sentenced her to the academy to inform him that she has dropped out. But the judge tells Haley that Vickerman had just paid off all of her debt for the property damages in her incident with the law, Haley then approaches Vickerman who confirms it by claiming that he used the money that her father had paid him for her gymnastics training. Vickerman persuades Haley to remain with the academy a while longer so she can continue with her training to reach Nationals. Although she did not complete the invitational, Haley continues to train and, the biased judging leaves her far back in the all-around standings, but this does not keep her out of the event finals. In the first event final, vault, Mina executes an extremely difficult maneuver perfectly, when Vickerman questions the judges, he learns that Mina was penalized on the technicality of showing a bra strap
19.
Bra
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A bra or brassiere is a form-fitting undergarment designed to support a womans breasts. Swimsuits, camisoles and backless dresses may be made with built-in support, bras are complex garments made of many parts. Most come in 36 sizes, standards and methods of measurement vary widely, the term brassiere was used by the Evening Herald in Syracuse, New York, in 1893. It gained wider acceptance in 1904 when the DeBevoise Company used it in their advertising copy—although the word is actually Norman French for a childs undershirt, in French, it is called a soutien-gorge. It and other early versions resembled a camisole stiffened with boning, vogue magazine first used the term brassiere in 1907, and by 1911 the word had made its way into the Oxford English Dictionary. On 3 November 1914, the newly formed U. S. patent category for brassieres was inaugurated with the first patent issued to Mary Phelps Jacob, in the 1930s brassiere was gradually shortened to bra. Wearing a garment to support the breasts may date back to ancient Greece, women wore an apodesmos, later stēthodesmē, mastodesmos and mastodeton, all meaning breast-band, a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. Fragments of linen textiles found in East Tyrol in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage. From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the corset, women have played a large part in the design and manufacture of the bra, accounting for half the patents filed. The Dresden-based German Christine Hardt patented the first modern brassiere in 1899, sigmund Lindauer from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany, developed a brassiere for mass production in 1912 and patented it in 1913. It was mass-produced by Mechanischen Trikotweberei Ludwig Maier und Cie. in Böblingen, in the United States, Mary Phelps Jacob received a patent in 1914 for the first brassiere design that is recognized as the basis for modern bras. Mass production in the century made the garment widely available to women in the United States, England, Western Europe. Metal shortages in World War I encouraged the end of the corset, brassieres were initially manufactured by small production companies and supplied to retailers. The term cup was not used until 1916, and manufacturers relied on stretchable cups to accommodate different sized breasts. Women with larger or pendulous breasts had the choice of bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, power Lastex, firm bands under the cup. Camp and Company correlated the size and pendulousness of breasts to letters A through D, camps advertising featured letter-labeled profiles of breasts in the February 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review
20.
Taylor Dayne
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Leslie Wunderman, better known by her recording and stage names Les Lee and Taylor Dayne, is an American pop and freestyle music singer-songwriter and actress. In late 1987, she scored her first major hit when her debut single Tell It to My Heart reached No.7 on the Hot 100. She then went on to have a string of hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s, overall, she has had eighteen individual hit songs reach the top ten in Billboard magazine. These include most recently, the 2011 American and international hit Floor on Fire and the 2008 song Beautiful and she has also topped the U. S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart three times. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 28th most successful dance artist of all-time, leslie Wunderman began singing professionally after graduating from high school in Baldwin, Nassau County, New York, singing in little-known rock bands such as Felony and Next. Signed to Arista Records as Taylor Dayne, her first song to crack the top ten was the dance-pop hit Tell It to My Heart in late 1987. The song was an instant smash worldwide, peaking in the top five of most major markets worldwide, and achieving a peak of number one in many countries, including West Germany. Six more U. S. top-ten hits followed including Prove Your Love, Ill Always Love You, Dont Rush Me, With Every Beat of My Heart, Love Will Lead You Back and these were followed by the No.12 hit Heart of Stone. In the United States, she achieved three gold singles, with Tell It to My Heart, Ill Always Love You, and Love Will Lead You Back. In 1990, Love Will Lead You Back, a Diane Warren composition, the string of hits from her first two albums, Tell It to My Heart and Cant Fight Fate, would prove to be the peak of her music career. Although she went on to two more albums in the 1990s, she had only one more U. S. Top 40 hit, her 1993 cover of Barry White 1974 hit Cant Get Enough of Your Love which reached No.2 in the Aria Charts in Australia, together with Arthur Baker and Fred Zarr, Dayne wrote Whatever You Want for Tina Turners 1996 album Wildest Dreams. Dayne later recorded and released the song herself in 1998 as a single from her album Naked Without You and that album failed to chart, but Dayne continued to have hits on the dance charts into the 2000s. Later on, she performed on Broadway in Elton Johns Aida in 2001 and she has had roles in independent films such as Fools Paradise, Stag and Jesus the Driver, as well as the Warren Beatty-produced 1994 remake of Love Affair. Dayne also had a role on the Showtime series Rude Awakening. In 2005, Dayne was featured in the VH1 series Remaking, the series documents Daynes return to music after taking time off to have a family, and premiered her newest song, Right Now, a result of her collaboration with Rodney Jerkins. In April 2006, she was Elton Johns choice to perform at the Nile Rodgers We Are Family Foundation tribute to Elton John, Dayne also appeared as a guest duet partner on the Fox TV show Celebrity Duets which aired in August and September 2006. She was paired with contestant Jai Rodriguez in the fourth episode, on December 11,2007, Dayne released the first single Beautiful from her studio album Satisfied
21.
Circus
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The term circus also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the father of the circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature, as styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating, from the late 18th to late 19th century custom-made circus buildings were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents, commonly known as Big Tops were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues and these tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled a horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. In the book De Spectaculis early Christian writer Tertullian claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times. In Ancient Rome, the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, the Roman circus buildings were, however, not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank, There were also various state boxes for the giver of the games, the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood, after being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people, it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the Circus Flaminius and the Circus Neronis, a fourth circus was constructed by Maxentius, its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. For some time after the fall of Rome, large buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs, Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the arena as a Circle and the building as an amphitheatre. Joseph Grimaldi, the first mainstream clown, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime The Triumph of Mirth, or, the Royal Circus opened in London on 4 November 1782 by Charles Dibdin and his partner Charles Hughes
22.
Swimsuit
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Swimwear is clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. Different types may be worn by men, women, and children, a swimsuit can be worn as an undergarment in sports that require a wetsuit such as water skiing, scuba diving, surfing, and wakeboarding. There is a wide range of styles of modern swimsuits available. The choice of style may depend on community standards of modesty, as well as current fashions, the choice will also consider the occasion, for example whether it is to be worn for a passive occasion such as sunbathing or for an activity such as surfing or competition. Swimwear for men usually exposes the chest, while suits for women usually cover at least the breasts, rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic, with jersey and silk also sometimes being used. In the 1930s, new materials were being developed and use in swimwear, particularly latex and nylon, while they go through many trends in pattern, length and cut there is not much modification to the original variety of suit. A recent innovation is the burqini, favored by some Muslim women and these are an updated version of full-body swimwear, which has been available for centuries, but conforms with Islams traditional emphasis on modest dress. In Egypt, the term Sharia swimsuit is used to describe full-body swimwear, swimsuits can be skin-tight or loose-fitting. They are often lined with another layer of fabric if the fabric becomes transparent when wet. Swimsuits range from designs that almost completely cover the body to designs that expose almost all of the body, the choice of swimsuit will depend on personal and community standards of modesty and on considerations such as how much or how little sun protection is desired, and prevailing fashions. Almost all swimsuits cover the genitals and pubic hair, while most except thongs or G-string cover much or all of the buttocks, most swimsuits in western culture leave at least the head, shoulders, arms, and lower part of the leg exposed. Womens swimsuits generally cover at least the aereola and bottom half of the breasts, in many countries, young girls and sometimes women choose not to wear a swimsuit top, and this can vary with the occasion, location, age, etc. Both men and women may sometimes wear swimsuits covering more of the body when swimming in cold water, in colder temperatures, the swimwear is needed to conserve body heat and protect the body core from hypothermia. Competitive swimwear generally refers to the swimsuit, clothing, equipment and accessories used in the sports of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, triathlon. Some swimsuits are designed specifically for swimming competitions where they may be constructed of a low resistance fabric that reduces skin drag. For some kinds of swimming and diving, special bodysuits called diveskins are worn and these suits are made from spandex and provide little thermal protection, but they do protect the skin from stings and abrasion. Most competitive swimmers also wear special swimsuits including partial bodysuits, racerback styles, jammers, unlike regular swimsuits, which are designed mainly for the aesthetic appearances, swimsuits designed to be worn during competitions are manufactured to assist the athlete in swim competitions. They reduce friction and drag in the water, increasing the efficiency of the forward motion
23.
One-piece swimsuit
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A one-piece swimsuit most commonly refers to swimwear worn by women and girls when swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool, or for any activity in the sun, such as sun bathing. Today, the swimsuit is usually a skin-tight garment that covers a females torso. Before the popularity of the swimsuit, and then the bikini, virtually all female swimwear completely covered at least the wearers torso. While the bikini has increasingly found acceptance since the 1960s. Some people consider a one-piece swimsuit to be more modest than a two-piece bikini, in some situations, the wearing of a one-piece swimsuit may be mandatory or expected, as in the case of school swimming events and international swimming events. The most common type of suit is the maillot or tank suit. There are variants of the swimsuit, including halterneck styles and plunge front swimsuits, as well as wrap-round. The pretzel suit is another style of the one-piece swimsuit, recently, athletic swimsuits have used a variety of new shoulder strap styles, including the racerback, fastback, and flyback styles, some of which have also been used on other athletic wear. Another recent innovation in one-piece swimsuits is the bodyskin, which resembles a unitard or wetsuit. Although these cover the torso, arms and legs, their function is not modesty. Their surfaces are made of textured technical fabrics which are engineered to cut through the water in the way as fish or shark skin. The modern one-piece swimsuit made its appearance in the mid-1900s, when the style was described as a maillot. The arrest prompted a public outrage which added to the acceptance of the style. Kellerman marketed these bathing suits and the came to be known as the Annette Kellerman. Harpers Bazaar praised the Kellerman swimsuit, writing in June 1920 - Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished by an incomparable, the following year, in June 1921 it wrote that these bathing suits were famous. For their perfect fit and exquisite, plastic beauty of line, in the United States, beauty pageants of women in bathing costumes became popular from the 1880s. However, such events were not regarded as respectable, beauty contests became more respectable with the first modern Miss America contest held in 1921, though less respectable beauty contests continued to be held. Nevertheless, the Annette Kellerman continued to be considered by some as the most offensive style of swimsuit in the 1920s, even in 1943, pictures of the Kellerman swimsuit were produced as evidence of indecency in Esquire v. Walker, Postmaster General
24.
Showgirl
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A showgirl is a female dancer or performer in a stage entertainment show intended to showcase the performers physical attributes, typically by way of revealing clothing or even toplessness or nudity. Showgirls are often associated with Latin music and dance, particularly samba, the term showgirl is sometimes applied to a promotional model employed in trade fairs and car shows. Showgirls date back to the late 1800s in Parisian music halls and cabarets such as the Moulin Rouge, Le Lido, showgirls were presented in Las Vegas in 1952 as the opening and closing act for Las Vegas headliners, sometimes dancing around the headliner. They were introduced at the Sands Casino for a show with Danny Thomas, in 1957 Minskys Follies took the stage at the Desert Inn giving birth to the topless showgirl in Vegas. This was followed by a long-running The Lido de Paris at the Stardust Casino that ran for 31 years, kylie Minogue was inspired by different types of showgirls and named and styled her Showgirl, The Greatest Hits Tour and Showgirl, The Homecoming Tour concerts after them. Showgirl themes can be seen at many corners through Minogues entire career, several showgirl cars are seen at the Dinoco booth during the animated film Cars, former Motorama show car Flo displays vanity licence plate SHOGRL as a Motorama 1957 showgirl
25.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
26.
Stocking
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Stockings are close-fitting, variously elastic garments covering the leg from the foot up to the knee or possibly part or all of the thigh. Stockings vary in color, design, and transparency, today, stockings are primarily worn for fashion and aesthetics, usually in association with mid-length skirts. By analogy, the stocking is also used to describe a type of horse marking in which the white coloring extends from the horses hoof to just above the knee. Historically, even though the word sock is at least as ancient in origin, what men normally wore were often referred to as stockings, before the 1590s, stockings were made of woven cloth. The first knitting machines were for making stockings, the stockings themselves were made of cotton, linen, wool or silk. A polished cotton called lisle was common, as were made in the town of Balbriggan. Before the 1920s, stockings, if worn, were worn for warmth, in the 1920s, as hemlines of dresses rose, women began to wear stockings to cover their exposed legs. Those stockings were sheer, first made of silk or rayon, the introduction of nylon in 1939 by chemical company DuPont began a high demand for stockings in the United States with up to 4 million pairs being purchased in one day. Nylon stockings were cheap, durable, and sheer compared to their cotton, when America entered World War II, DuPont ceased production of nylon stockings and retooled their factories to produce parachutes, airplane cords, and rope. This led to a shortage and the creation of a market for stockings. At the end of the war DuPont announced that the company would return to producing stockings and this led to a series of disturbances in American stores known as the nylon riots until DuPont was able to ramp up production. Today, stockings are made using knitted wool, silk. The introduction of commercial pantyhose in 1959 gave an alternative to stockings, a main reason for this was the trend towards higher hemlines on dresses. In 1970, U. S. sales of pantyhose exceeded stockings for the first time, beginning in 1987, sales of pantyhose started a slight decline due to the newly invented hold-ups, but still remain the most sold kind of hosiery. Stockings are still preferred to pantyhose for a number of reasons. Stockings, on the hand, provide ventilation in the crotch. Both nylon stockings and pantyhose in being sheer share the advantage of being quick-drying compared to pants, spare pairs are also easy to carry if they are ruined. If laddered they can be replaced one at a time provides a cost advantage over tights
27.
Aerobic exercise
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Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. Aerobic literally means relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen, generally, light-to-moderate intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. S. Air Force personnel by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, Kenneth Cooper was the first person to introduce the concept of aerobic exercise. In the 1960s, Cooper started research into preventive medicine and he became intrigued by the belief that exercise can preserve ones health. In 1970 he created his own institute for research and education devoted to preventive medicine. He sparked millions into becoming active and is now known as the father of aerobics, aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic exercise, of which strength training and short-distance running are the most salient examples. The two types of exercise differ by the duration and intensity of muscular contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated within the muscle, myokine secretion in turn is dependent on the amount of muscle contracted, and the duration and intensity of contraction. As such, both types of exercise produce endocrine benefits, if there is a shortage of oxygen, carbohydrate is consumed more rapidly because the pyruvate ferments into lactate. As glycogen levels in the begin to fall, glucose is released into the bloodstream by the liver. Aerobic exercise may be fueled by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, prolonged moderate-level aerobic exercise at 65% VO2 max results in the maximum contribution of fat to the total energy expenditure. At this level, fat may contribute 40% to 60% of total, vigorous exercise above 75% VO2max primarily burns glycogen. Major muscles in a rested, untrained human typically contain enough energy for about 2 hours of vigorous exercise, exhaustion of glycogen is a major cause of what marathon runners call hitting the wall. Training, lower intensity levels, and carbohydrate loading may allow postponement of the onset of exhaustion beyond 4 hours, in general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, running a distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise. Some sports are thus inherently aerobic, while other aerobic exercises, such as training or aerobic dance classes, are designed specifically to improve aerobic capacity. It is most common for aerobic exercises to involve the leg muscles, for example, rowing to distances of 2,000 m or more is an aerobic sport that exercises several major muscle groups, including those of the legs, abdominals, chest, and arms. Common kettlebell exercises combine aerobic and anaerobic aspects, one meta-analysis has shown, from multiple conducted studies, that aerobic exercise does help lower Hb A1Clevels for type 2 diabetics. As a result, aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems, in addition, high-impact aerobic activities can stimulate bone growth, as well as reduce the risk of osteoporosis for both men and women
28.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
29.
Aerobics
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Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness. It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor, although it can be done solo, with the goal of preventing illness and promoting physical fitness, practitioners perform various routines comprising a number of different dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity, a well-balanced aerobics class will have five components, warm-up, cardio vascular conditioning, muscular strength and conditioning, cool-down and stretching and flexibility. Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level, many gyms offer a variety of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class. Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. He began measuring systematic human performance using a bicycle ergometer, in 1968, he published Aerobics, which included exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. The book came at a time when increasing weakness and inactivity in the population was causing a perceived need for increased exercise. Aerobics gained world-wide popularity after the release of Jane Fondas exercise videos in 1982, aerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, may combine complicated choreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements of aerobics. Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups and are judged on the elements, dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance. Ten exercises are mandatory, four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns, a maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed, push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as handsprings, handstands, back flips, scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines. Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an olympic sport, freestyle aerobics Step aerobics Water aerobics Yoga postures
30.
1980s in Western fashion
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1980s fashion in Britain, America, Europe and Australia had heavy emphasis on expensive clothes and fashion accessories. Apparel tended to be bright and vivid in appearance. Women expressed an image of wealth and success through shiny costume jewelry, such as large faux-gold earrings, pearl necklaces, punk fashion began as a reaction against both the hippie movement of the past decades and the materialist values of the current decade. The first half of the decade was relatively tame in comparison to the second half, hair in the 1980s was typically big, curly, bouffant and heavily styled. Television shows such as Dynasty helped popularize the high volume bouffant, women from the 1980s wore bright, heavy makeup. Everyday fashion in the 80s consisted of light-colored lips, dark and thick eyelashes, the early 1980s were very different from the rest of the decade, with some carryovers from the late 1970s. The early 1980s saw a minimalist approach to fashion, with emphasis on accessories. Clothing colors were subdued, quiet and basic, varying shades of brown, tan, fashionable clothing in the early 1980s included both unisex and gender-specific attire. Womens pants of the 1980s were, in general, worn with long inseams – a style carried over from the 1970s, accessories for women in the 1980s were mostly late 1970s carryovers. The fitness craze of the 1970s continued into the early 1980s, general womens street-wear worn in the early 1980s included ripped jeans, leotards, tights, sweatpants, and tracksuits. Athletic accessories were a trend in the early 1980s. This included leg warmers, wide belts, elastic headbands, in the 1970s, more women were joining the work force, so, by the early 1980s, working women were no longer considered unusual. As a way to proclaim themselves as equals in the job market, popular clothes for women in the job market include knee-length skirts, wide-legged slacks, a matching blazer, and a blouse of a different color. Formal shoes became more comfortable during this period in time, with manufacturers adding soles that were more flexible, the shoes with moderately spiked heels and relatively pointy toes from the very late 1970s remained a fashion trend. Womens fashion in the mid-1980s became more colorful around 1984, the aerobics craze of the early 1980s continued into the mid 1980s, but the clothes became more colorful than they were before. Womens shoes of the mid 1980s included strappy sandals, kitten-heeled sandals, pumps, in the 1980s, rising pop star Madonna proved to be very influential to female fashions. Gloves were popularized by Madonna, as well as fishnet stockings, short, tight Lycra or leather miniskirts and tubular dresses were also worn, as were cropped bolero-style jackets. Prior to the mid-1980s, it had been taboo to show a slip or a bra strap in public, a visible undergarment had been a sign of social ineptness
31.
Nylon
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Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, more specifically aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides. They can be melt-processed into fibers, films or shapes, the first example of nylon was produced on February 28,1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPonts research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station. Nylon polymers have significant commercial applications in fibers, in shapes. Nylon is made of repeating units linked by bonds and is a type of polyamide and is frequently referred to as such. Nylon was the first commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic polymer, commercially, nylon polymer is made by reacting monomers which are either lactams, acid/amines or stoichiometric mixtures of diamines and diacids. Mixtures of these can be polymerized together to make copolymers, Nylon polymers can be mixed with a wide variety of additives to achieve many different property variations. Nylon was invented accidentally by Julian W. Hill, a chemist for DuPont under Wallace Carotherss supervision and it was only given this name at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. The patents were owned by DuPont, Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as parachutes and flak vests, after initial commercialization of nylon as a fiber, applications in the form of shapes and films were also developed. The main market for nylon shapes now is in auto components, in 1940, John W. Eckelberry of DuPont stated that the letters nyl were arbitrary and the on was copied from the suffixes of other fibers such as cotton and rayon. A later publication by DuPont explained that the name was intended to be No-Run. Since the products were not really run-proof, the vowels were swapped to produce nuron, for clarity in pronunciation, the i was changed to y. Most nylons are made from the reaction of an acid with a diamine or a lactam or amino acid with itself. In the first case, the structure is so-called ABAB similar to polyesters and polyurethanes, in the second case, the repeating unit corresponds to the single monomer. It is difficult to get the proportions exactly correct, and deviations can lead to termination at molecular weights less than a desirable 10,000 daltons. To overcome this problem, a crystalline, solid nylon salt can be formed at room temperature, using an exact 1,1 ratio of the acid, the salt is crystallized to purify it and obtain the desired precise stoichiometry. Heated to 285 °C, the salt reacts to form nylon polymer with the production of water, Wallace Carothers at DuPont patented nylon 66, but overlooked the possibility to use lactams. That synthetic route was developed by Paul Schlack at IG Farben, leading to nylon 6, the peptide bond within the caprolactam is broken with the exposed active groups on each side being incorporated into two new bonds as the monomer becomes part of the polymer backbone
32.
Spandex
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Spandex, Lycra or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is stronger and more durable than natural rubber and it is a polyester-polyurethane copolymer that was invented in 1958 by chemist Joseph Shivers at DuPonts Benger Laboratory in Waynesboro, Virginia. When introduced in 1962, it revolutionized many areas of the clothing industry, the name spandex is an anagram of the word expands. Brand names for spandex include Lycra, Elaspan, Acepora, Creora, INVIYA, ROICA and Dorlastan, Linel, Spandex fibers are produced in four different ways, melt extrusion, reaction spinning, solution dry spinning, and solution wet spinning. All of these include the initial step of reacting monomers to produce a prepolymer. Once the prepolymer is formed, it is reacted further in various ways, the solution dry spinning method is used to produce over 94. 5% of the worlds spandex fibers, and the process has five steps,1. The first step is to produce the prepolymer and this is done by mixing a macroglycol with a diisocyanate monomer. The two compounds are mixed in a vessel to produce a prepolymer. A typical ratio of glycol to diisocyanate is 1,2, the prepolymer is further reacted with an equal amount of diamine. This reaction is known as chain extension reaction, the resulting solution is diluted with a solvent to produce the spinning solution. The solvent helps make the solution thinner and more easily handled, the spinning solution is pumped into a cylindrical spinning cell where it is cured and converted into fibers. In this cell, the solution is forced through a metal plate called a spinneret. This causes the solution to be aligned in strands of liquid polymer, as the strands pass through the cell, they are heated in the presence of a nitrogen and solvent gas. This process causes the polymer to react chemically and form solid strands. As the fibers exit the cell, an amount of solid strands are bundled together to produce the desired thickness, each fiber of spandex is made up of many smaller individual fibers that adhere to one another due to the natural stickiness of their surface. The resulting fibers are treated with a finishing agent which can be magnesium stearate or another polymer. This treatment prevents the fibers sticking together and aids in textile manufacture, the fibers are then transferred through a series of rollers onto a spool. Because of its elasticity and strength, spandex has been incorporated into a range of garments
33.
Jane Fonda
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Jane Fonda is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model and fitness guru. She is a two-time Academy Award winner and two time BAFTA Award winner, in 2014, she was the recipient of the American Film Institute AFI Life Achievement Award. Fonda made her Broadway debut in the 1960 play There Was a Little Girl and she rose to fame in 1960s films such as Period of Adjustment, Sunday in New York, Cat Ballou, Barefoot in the Park and Barbarella. Her first husband was Barbarella director Roger Vadim, a seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for They Shoot Horses, Dont They and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for Klute and Coming Home. Her other nominations were for Julia, The China Syndrome, On Golden Pond and her other major competitive awards include an Emmy Award for the 1984 TV film The Dollmaker, two BAFTA Awards for Julia and The China Syndrome and four Golden Globe Awards. In 1982, she released her first exercise video, Jane Fondas Workout and it would be the first of 22 workout videos released by her over the next 13 years which would collectively sell over 17 million copies. Divorced from second husband Tom Hayden, she married billionaire media mogul Ted Turner in 1991, Fonda was divorced from Turner in 2001. She returned to acting with her first film in 15 years, subsequent films have included Georgia Rule, The Butler, This Is Where I Leave You and Youth. She also released another five exercise videos between 2010 and 2012 and she stars with Lily Tomlin, Sam Waterston and Martin Sheen in the Netflix original series Grace and Frankie, which premiered in 2015. Fonda was a political activist in the counterculture era during the Vietnam War. She was famously and controversially photographed sitting on a gun on a 1972 visit to Hanoi. She has also protested the Iraq War and violence against women, Fonda serves on the board of the organization. Jayne Seymour Fonda was born in New York City, the daughter of actor Henry Fonda, according to her father, their surname came from an Italian ancestor who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1500s. There, they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names and she also has English, Scottish, and French ancestry. She was named after the wife of Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. She has a brother, Peter, who is also an actor, and a maternal half-sister, Frances de Villers Brokaw, whose daughter is Pilar Corrias, the owner of the Pilar Corrias Gallery in London. In 1950, when Fonda was twelve, her mother committed suicide while undergoing treatment at Craig House psychiatric hospital in Beacon, later that year, Fondas father married socialite Susan Blanchard, just nine years his daughters senior, this marriage ended in divorce. At 15 Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York and she attended Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut
34.
Sports bra
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A sports bra is a bra that provides support to female breasts during physical exercise. Sturdier than typical bras, they minimize breast movement, alleviate discomfort, many women wear sports bras to reduce pain, and physical discomfort caused by breast movement during exercise. Some sports bras are designed to be worn as outerwear during exercise such as jogging, the first commercially available sports bra was the Free Swing Tennis Bra introduced by Glamorise Foundations, Inc. in 1975. The first general exercise bra, initially called a jockbra, was invented in 1977 by Lisa Lindahl and theater costume designer Polly Smith with the help of Smiths assistant, Hinda Schreiber. Lindahls sister, Victoria Woodrow, complained about her bad experience exercising in ordinary bras, having experienced runaway straps, chafing, during the course of Lindahl and Smiths exploration for a better alternative, Lindahls husband suggested that what they needed was a jockstrap for womens breasts. In the costume shop of Royall Tyler Theatre at the University of Vermont, Lindahl and it was later renamed a jogbra. One of their original Jogbras is bronzed and on display near the shop of the theatre. Two others are housed by the Smithsonian and another by the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, in 1990 Playtex purchased Jogbra from Lisa and her partners. This was followed by research by Christine Haycock, associate professor of surgery at the University of Medicine and she measured breast movement of women running on treadmills. Sought out by bra manufacturers for her expertise, she advocated wide bottom bands for extra support, renelle Braaten, a Montana hairdresser, struggled to contain her double-Ds while playing racquetball and volleyball. Unable to interest mainstream bra manufacturers, she collaborated with freelance apparel designer Heidi Fisk, after considerable lobbying, she persuaded Oprah Winfrey in 2001 to try her bra. This led to positive reviews in O, The Oprah Magazine, a 2001 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. Sports bras can either encapsulate or compress breasts, bras that encapsulate breasts have molded cups, while compression-type bras restrict movement by flattening the breasts. Encapsulation-type bras generally are effective at reducing discomfort, but some women prefer compression designs. The most common sports bra is designed like a tank top with the bottom half cut off. Other designs use gel and water pads, silver fibres, a stitchless bra was made by Wacoal, was molded, compressed, and shaped. A compressed bra is designed to push the breasts against the chest to reduce movement, other bras are knitted in circular patterns, giving varying stretch and support. A common design uses a stretchable, absorbent fabric such as Lycra designed to reduce irritation by drawing away from the skin
35.
Shorts
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They are called shorts because they are a shortened version of trousers, which cover the entire leg. Shorts are typically worn in warm weather or in an environment where comfort, there are a variety of shorts, ranging from knee-length short trousers that can in some situations be worn as formal clothes to beachwear and athletic shorts. Some types of shorts are worn by women, such as culottes. The American term short pants is probably the nearest equivalent in the US, there they might now be called dress shorts, a somewhat similar garment worn by men in Australia is called stubbies. Shorts is used unqualified in British English to refer to sports shorts, athletic shorts, or casual shorts, the term boxer shorts was an American coinage for a particular kind of mens underwear, and is now common in Britain. However, boxer shorts are often referred to as boxers in the USA, the word pants refers to outerwear in American usage but when used unqualified in British English generally means underwear. In much of Europe and the Americas during the 19th and early 20th centuries shorts were worn as outerwear only by boys until they reached a certain height or maturity. When boys got older, typically around puberty, they would receive their first pair of long trousers and this produced the perception that shorts were only for young boys. Because of this, men would not wear shorts to avoid looking immature, women tended not to wear shorts in most cultures, due to social mores, they were expected to wear dresses, or skirts and blouses. In the 1890s, knee pants became the standard wear for American boys, many urban school portraits from the 1890s show all but the oldest boys wearing knee pants. North American boys normally wore knee pants with short stockings and this began to change after the 1900s when North American boys began wearing knickerbockers, while short pants became more popular in Europe. In the 1930s, shorts started to be worn for comfort by both men and women. However, it was taboo to wear shorts outside certain activities. By the late 20th century however it became common for men to wear shorts as casual wear in summer, however, in many countries there are few formal settings where wearing shorts would be acceptable, as they are considered casual wear. Notable exceptions where men may wear short trousers to the office or at a formal gathering are South Africa, Bermuda, Australia and New Zealand. Since the 1990s, casual office dress has grown to include formal shorts in some UK and U. S. businesses, in some countries adult women can be seen wearing loose-fitting shorts that end at or just below the knee, as these are seen as sufficiently modest. Capris Three quarter pants Media related to Shorts at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Crop top
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A crop top is a top, the lower part of which is high enough to expose the waist, navel, or some of the midriff. The cropping of a top in this manner is generally limited to female garments, bikinis and sports bras are generally not regarded as crop tops. Crop tops have been worn by men generally during the 1970s, the protective gear of American Football with no shirt resembles a crop top. Eventually cropped jerseys became available which carried over to several 1980s telecasts, men also started to wear crop tops regardless of sport. Because of the acceptance for men wearing no shirt, and due to a change in school dress codes as well as peer pressure. Various crop tops have been worn by rappers as well as American Football athletes, however, in 2015 the NCAA has increased restrictions on men wearing crop tops which also includes rolling up longer jerseys. However, the NFL has permitted to Elliott to wear rolled up jersey until September 2016 and this is an isolated event, as most other sport uniforms require men to wear long shirts. In the 1980s, cutoff crop tops became more common as part of the aerobic craze, singer Madonna wore a mesh crop top in her video for the song Lucky Star. It became common for women to crop sections of workout wear, such as sleeves, collars, Crop tops were also often paired with low-slung belts in the 1980s, angled at the side of the hip. But its popularity embarks on the 1990s, by the mid-1990s, the crop top took on the form of the babydoll shirt, a cropped, tight-fitting T-shirt which often featured graphic logos. Long-sleeved crop tops and even crop turtleneck tops also became fashionable for the first time, by the late 1990s, crop tops had become so mainstream that many schools expressly banned garments that expose the midriff in their dress code. While pop singers such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera popularized the crop top for teeny boppers in the 1990s, certain members of the all-female musical groups All Saints and the Spice Girls wore crop tops on stage during their pregnancies. Since 2000, cropped jackets and blazers have become more popular while the hemlines of shirts have mostly remained longer, in the 2010s, the crop top experienced a revival due to the popularity of 1990s nostalgia fashion. Top Hip-huggers Low-rise pants Dudou and Yếm, East Asian tops that sometimes function as croptops Media related to Crop tops at Wikimedia Commons
37.
Erika Fasana
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Erika Fasana is an Italian artistic gymnast. She competed for her country at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Olympics and she is the first Italian gymnast to accomplish the Chusovitina on floor and the second to accomplish the Silivas In March, Fasana competed at the City of Jesolo Trophy in Jesolo, Italy. She placed third in the all around competition with a score of 56.050, at the end of April, Fasana competed at the European Championships in Birmingham, United Kingdom. She contributed an all around score of 54.325 toward the Italian teams third-place finish, in event finals, she placed third on vault scoring 13.912, eighth on uneven bars scoring 11.575, and fifth on floor scoring 13.675. In July, Fasana competed at the European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Trabzon and she contributed an all around score of 55.300 toward the Italian teams first-place finish and individually she placed second in the all around final with a score of 55.450. In event finals, she placed third on vault scoring 14.088, third on uneven bars scoring 13.450, in January, Fasana competed at the London Prepares series in London, United Kingdom. She contributed an all around score of 56.016 toward the Italian teams first-place finish which meant that they qualified a team for the Olympics. In event finals, Fasana placed sixth on vault with a score of 13.708, in May, Fasana competed at the European Championships in Brussels, Belgium. She contributed an all around score of 56.799 toward the Italian teams third-place finish, in event finals, she placed seventh on vault with a score of 14.003. Fasana said, The main reason for our medal was the team and we support each other and were determined to do our best. We were sure that, even if we have to do our routine alone, we always have strong support all the team, juniors, seniors. At the end of July, Fasana competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, in qualifications, she placed thirtieth all around with a score of 53.965. In the team final, Fasana contributed scores of 13.733 on vault,13.600 on uneven bars, Fasana competed at the American Cup in March 2015, winning the bronze. Erika Fasana at the International Federation of Gymnastics Erika Fasana on Twitter
38.
Polyester
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Polyester is a category of polymers that contain the ester functional group in their main chain. As a specific material, it most commonly refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters include naturally occurring chemicals, such as in the cutin of plant cuticles, as well as synthetics through step-growth polymerization such as polybutyrate. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not and this material is used very widely in clothing. Depending on the structure, polyester can be a thermoplastic or thermoset. There are also polyester resins cured by hardeners, however, the most common polyesters are thermoplastics, industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in car tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters, Polyester fabrics are highly stain-resistant— in fact, the only class of dyes which can be used to alter the color of polyester fabric are what are known as disperse dyes. Polyester fibers are spun together with natural fibers to produce a cloth with blended properties. Cotton-polyester blends can be strong, wrinkle and tear-resistant, and reduce shrinking, synthetic fibers in polyester also create materials with water, wind and environmental resistance compared to plant-derived fibers. Disadvantages of cotton and polyester blends include being less breathable than cotton and they are also less fire resistant and can melt when ignited. Polyester blends have been renamed so as to suggest their similarity or even superiority to natural fibers. Polyesters are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin, canoes, liquid crystal displays, holograms, filters, dielectric film for capacitors, film insulation for wire, polyesters are widely used as a finish on high-quality wood products such as guitars, pianos and vehicle/yacht interiors. Thixotropic properties of spray-applicable polyesters make them ideal for use on open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill wood grain, cured polyesters can be sanded and polished to a high-gloss, durable finish. Liquid crystalline polyesters are among the first industrially used liquid crystal polymers and they are used for their mechanical properties and heat-resistance. These traits are important in their application as an abradable seal in jet engines. Polyesters as thermoplastics may change shape after the application of heat, while combustible at high temperatures, polyesters tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and they are used in the liquid state as casting materials, in sheet molding compounds, as fiberglass laminating resins and in non-metallic auto-body fillers. They are also used as the polymer matrix in pre-pregs. Fiberglass-reinforced unsaturated polyesters find wide application in bodies of yachts and as parts of cars
39.
Rhinestone
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A rhinestone, paste or diamante is a diamond simulant originally made from rock crystal but since the 19th century from crystal glass or polymers such as acrylic. Hence, rhinestones are called strass in many European languages, rhinestones can be used as imitations of diamonds, and some manufacturers even manage to partially reproduce the glistening effect real diamonds have in the sun. Typically, crystal rhinestones have been used on costumes, apparel, Crystal rhinestones are produced mainly in Austria by Swarovski and in the Czech Republic by Preciosa and a few other glassworks in northern Bohemia. In the US, these are sometimes called Austrian Crystal, the rhinestone-studded Nudie suit was invented by Nudie Cohn in the 1940s, an Americanization of the matadors suit of lights. Rhinestone material is used as an alternative to sequin. Liberal use of rhinestones was associated with country singers, as well as with singer Elvis Presley. In 1974 David Allan Coe released the album The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy, in 1975 Glen Campbell had a top hit with the song Rhinestone Cowboy, and became known as the Rhinestone Cowboy. That song served as the basis for the 1984 movie Rhinestone, starring Sylvester Stallone, gorillaz has also released a single by the name of Rhinestone Eyes. Rhinestones are sized by using the term ss, or stone size, SS is more commonly used for apparel means, while PP is used for jewelry. Hot fix rhinestones, also called heat transfer rhinestones, are used for apparel. The flat bottom of the stone has a backing and when heated melts onto the surface of the clothing
40.
Wrestling singlet
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A wrestling singlet is a one-piece, tight-fitting, colored uniform, usually made of spandex/lycra, or nylon, used in amateur wrestling. The uniform is tight fitting so as not to get grasped accidentally by ones opponent, unlike judo, it is illegal to grasp an opponents clothing in all styles of amateur wrestling. In most high school and college wrestling matches, the competitors wear singlets in their team colors, to designate a competitors color for scoring purposes a red or green anklet is also worn. Outside school competition wrestlers bring a red and a singlet and are told before the match which color to wear. Singlets are also common among professional wrestlers, many of these are much more stylized than those worn by amateurs, although the use of singlets in professional wrestling has declined in the last two decades. The singlet did not become common in wrestling until the late 1960s and early 1970s, in fact. Shirtless uniforms, including trunks and tights, were common until the NCAA banned shirtless wrestling in the mid-1960s, a new style of singlet, known as a double or doublet, has recently emerged in college wrestling that covers more of the upper body. Made of the same Lycra material, this singlet has more of a t-shirt covering than the traditional thin-strap singlet more commonly worn and this type of singlet is usually worn with accompanying tight-fitting shorts. This style of singlet is currently allowed on the college level. Only with special permission are wrestlers allowed to wear a t-shirt under their singlet, there are three different traditional cuts to wrestling singlets, the high cut, the FILA cut, and the low cut. The high-cut covers most of the chest and reaches up to the under-arms on the side, the FILA-cut is like the high cut but does not rise up as high beneath the arms. The low-cut singlet is a singlet, that allows greater range of mobility, keeps its wearer cooler. The low-cut reaches down to the abdomen in the front, reaches down to the hips on the sides. Low-cut singlets can no longer be worn at the Olympics or World Championships, a high-cut or FILA-cut singlet is required for this level. Generally, low-cut singlets are not legal for high school wrestling in the United States, underneath the singlet, wrestlers can wear nothing, a jockstrap, compression shorts, or regular briefs. A jockstrap used to be required for youth, high school, because of this change, as well as a change in trends, jockstrap use has sharply declined in wrestling. During a telecast between the Arizona Wildcats and Washington Huskies in Seattle for ESPN commentator Bill Walton wore a Husky singlet while commentating the game and he and announcer Dave Pasch had practiced with the Washington crew team earlier that day. Wrestling shoes Wrestling headgear Amateur wrestling Collegiate wrestling Freestyle wrestling Greco-Roman wrestling
41.
Thong (clothing)
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The thong is a garment generally worn as either underwear or as a swimsuit in some countries. It may also be worn for ceremonies or competitions, such as sumo wrestling. Viewed from the front, the thong typically resembles a bikini bottom, Thongs are almost always designed to cover the genitals, anus, and perineum, and leave part or most of the buttocks uncovered. It is also used as a term in other types of garment, such as a bodysuit, bodystocking, leotard. One type of thong is the G-string, the back of which consists only of a string, the two terms G-string and thong are often used interchangeably, however, they can refer to distinct pieces of clothing. Thongs come in a variety of styles depending on the thickness, material, the origin of the word thong in the English language is from Old English thwong, a flexible leather cord. Many languages borrow the English word string to refer to type of underwear. Another common name is tanga, especially in the German Tanga, a frequent metaphor, especially in Brazil, is dental floss, in Brazil a thong is called fio dental, in English, the term Butt floss is sometimes used. In Lithuanian it is siaurikės, Italian perizoma or tanga, in Turkish ipli külot, and in Bulgarian as prashka, in Israel the thong, mostly the G-string, is called Khutini, from the word Khut, which means String. Similarly, in Iran, it is called Shortbandi in which short means briefs, a Puerto-Rican Spanish slang term, used by Reggaeton artists, is gistro. Australians often colloquially refer to the G-string as a g-banger or simply banger, some names for the thong reference the bareness of the buttocks, as seen in the Spanish word colaless, and in other names the T-like shape of the back is highlighted. In Chinese, the T-back is commonly called dingziku which literally means 丁 character pants, in Korean, it is called 티팬티. However, there are several usages of the term T-back in English as well, the Heinemann English Dictionary defines thong as a pair of underpants or swimming costume in a very skimpy style like a G-string. The thong, like its predecessor the loincloth, is believed to be one of the earliest forms of human clothing and is also thought to have been worn mostly or exclusively by men. It is thought the thong was probably developed to protect, support. The loincloth is probably the earliest form of clothing used by mankind, many tribal peoples, such as some of the Khoisan people of southern Africa, wore thongs for many centuries. Much like the Japanese fundoshi, these garments were made with the male genitalia in mind. A descendant of the loincloth and thong is the jockstrap, created by Chicago sporting goods company Sharp & Smith in 1874, the first historical reference to the thong since then is in 1939 when New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia ordered nude dancers to dress more appropriately
