1.
Librettist
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A libretto is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term libretto is also used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass, requiem and sacred cantata. Libretto, from Italian, is the diminutive of the word libro, sometimes other language equivalents are used for libretti in that language, livret for French works and Textbuch for German. A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot. The relationship of the librettist to the composer in the creation of a work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources. In the context of a modern English language musical theatre piece, Libretti for operas, oratorios and cantatas in the 17th and 18th centuries generally were written by someone other than the composer, often a well-known poet. Metastasio was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe and his libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 18th-century librettist was Lorenzo Da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozarts greatest operas, as well as for other composers. Eugène Scribe was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century, providing the words for works by Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. The French writers duo Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote a number of opera and operetta libretti for the likes of Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, the libretto is not always written before the music. Some composers wrote their own libretti, Richard Wagner is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas. Hector Berlioz, too, wrote the libretti for two of his works, La Damnation de Faust and Les Troyens. Alban Berg adapted Georg Büchners play Woyzeck for the libretto of Wozzeck, sometimes the libretto is written in close collaboration with the composer, this can involve adaptation, as was the case with Rimsky-Korsakov and his librettist Belsky, or an entirely original work. In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics, thus, a musical such as Fiddler on the Roof has a composer, a lyricist and the writer of the book. In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements - music, lyrics and libretto, Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken dramas for stage or screen. A famous case of the latter is Wagners 1861 revision of the original 1845 Dresden version of his opera Tannhäuser for Paris, since the late 19th century some opera composers have written music to prose or free verse libretti. The libretto of a musical, on the hand, is almost always written in prose
Librettist
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Cover of a 1921 libretto for Giordano's
Andrea Chénier
Librettist
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The composer of
Cavalleria rusticana,
Pietro Mascagni, flanked by his librettists,
Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and
Guido Menasci.
Librettist
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Pages from an 1859 libretto for
Ernani, with the original Italian lyrics, English translation and musical notation for one of the arias.
Librettist
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Henry Purcell (1659–1695) whose operas were written to English libretti.
2.
Alan Jay Lerner
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Alan Jay Lerner was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, and later Burton Lane, he created some of the worlds most popular and he won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edith Adelson Lerner and Joseph Jay Lerner, whose brother, Samuel Alexander Lerner, was founder and owner of the Lerner Stores, one of Lerners cousins was the radio comedian/television game show panelist Henry Morgan. Lerner was educated at Bedales School in England, The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut and he attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock. At both Choate and Harvard, Lerner was a classmate of John F. Kennedy, at Choate they had worked together on the yearbook staff. Like Cole Porter at Yale and Richard Rodgers at Columbia, his career in theater began with his collegiate contributions. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, Lerner studied music composition at Juilliard, while attending Harvard, he lost his sight in his left eye due to an accident in the boxing ring. In 1957, Lerner and Leonard Bernstein, another of Lerners college classmates, collaborated on Lonely Men of Harvard, due to his injury, Lerner could not serve in World War II. Instead he wrote scripts, including Your Hit Parade, until he was introduced to Austrian composer Frederick Loewe. While at the Lambs, he also met Lorenz Hart, with whom he would also collaborate, Lerner and Loewes first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Connerss farce The Patsy called Life of the Party for a Detroit stock company. The lyrics were written by Earle Crooker, but he had left the project. It enjoyed a run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for Whats Up. which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed two years later by The Day Before Spring and their first hit was Brigadoon, a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis. It was followed in 1951 by the Gold Rush story Paint Your Wagon, while the show ran for nearly a year and included songs that later became pop standards, it was less successful that Lerners previous work. He later said of Paint Your Wagon, it was a success, Lerner worked with Kurt Weill on the stage musical Love Life and Burton Lane on the movie musical Royal Wedding. In that same year Lerner also wrote the Oscar-winning original screenplay for An American in Paris and this was the same team who would later join with Lerner and Loewe to create Gigi. In 1956, Lerner and Loewe unveiled My Fair Lady, before finishing the musical, Lerner was eager to write while My Fair Lady was taking so long to complete. Burton Lane and Lerner were working on a musical about Lil Abner, gabriel Pascal owned the rights to Pygmalion, which had been unsuccessful with other composers who tried to adapt it into a musical
Alan Jay Lerner
–
Alan Jay Lerner, c. 1975
3.
Frederick Loewe
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Frederick Loewe, was an Austrian-American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on a series of Broadway musicals, including My Fair Lady and Camelot, Loewe was born in Berlin, Germany, to Viennese parents Edmond and Rosa Loewe. His father was a noted Jewish operetta star who performed throughout Europe and in North and South America, frederick Loewe grew up in Berlin and attended a Prussian cadet school from the age of five until he was thirteen. At an early age Loewe learned to play piano by ear and helped his father rehearse and he eventually attended a music conservatory in Berlin, one year behind virtuoso Claudio Arrau, and studied with Ferruccio Busoni and Eugene dAlbert. He won the coveted Hollander Medal awarded by the school and gave performances as a concert pianist while still in Germany, at 13, he was the youngest piano soloist ever to appear with the Berlin Philharmonic. In 1924, his father received an offer to appear in New York City and this proved to be difficult, and he took other odd jobs, including cattle punching, gold mining and prize fighting. He eventually found work playing piano in German clubs in Yorkville, Loewe began to visit the Lambs Club, a hangout for theater performers, producers, managers, and directors. He credited The Lambs for keeping him working until his career expanded and their first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Connors farce The Patsy, called Life of the Party, after a Detroit stock company. It enjoyed a run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for Whats Up. which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed two years later by The Day Before Spring and their first hit was Brigadoon, a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis. It was followed in 1951 by the less successful Gold Rush story Paint Your Wagon, in 1956, Lerner and Loewes My Fair Lady first appeared. The partnership won the Tony Award for Best Musical, MGM took notice and commissioned them to write the film musical Gigi, which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Their next Broadway production was Camelot, the production starred Richard Burton, Julie Andrews and Robert Goulet. The trio appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show and sang a few numbers from the musical, along with an appearance by Lerner and Loewe. The following morning the box office was swamped with requests, the following year they collaborated on a musical film version of The Little Prince, based on the classic childrens tale by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. This film was a critical and box office failure, but the soundtrack recording, Loewe was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972. He remained in Palm Springs, California until his death, and had a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated to him in 1995 and he was buried in the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California
Frederick Loewe
–
Frederick Loewe
4.
My Fair Lady
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My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The story concerns Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl who takes speech lessons from professor Henry Higgins, the original Broadway, London and film versions all starred Rex Harrison. The musicals 1956 Broadway production was a critical and popular success. It set a record for the longest run of any show on Broadway up to that time and it was followed by a hit London production, a popular film version, and numerous revivals. My Fair Lady has frequently called the perfect musical. Act I On a rainy night in Edwardian London, opera patrons are waiting under the arches of Covent Garden for cabs, Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl, runs into a young man called Freddy. She admonishes him for spilling her bunches of violets in the mud and she then flies into an angry outburst when a man copying down her speech is pointed out to her. The man explains that he studies phonetics and can identify anyones origin by their accent and he laments Elizas dreadful speech, asking why so many English people dont speak properly and explaining his theory that this is what truly separates social classes, rather than looks or money. He declares that in six months he could turn Eliza into a lady by teaching her to speak properly, the older gentleman introduces himself as Colonel Pickering, a linguist who has studied Indian dialects. The phoneticist introduces himself as Henry Higgins, and, as both have always wanted to meet each other, Higgins invites Pickering to stay at his home in London. He distractedly throws his change into Elizas basket, and she and her friends wonder what it would be like to live a comfortable, Elizas father, Alfred P. Doolittle, and his drinking companions, Harry and Jamie, all dustmen, stop by the next morning. He is searching for money for a drink, and Eliza shares her profits with him, Pickering and Higgins are discussing vowels at Higginss home when Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper, informs Higgins that a young woman with a ghastly accent has come to see him. It is Eliza, who has come to take speech lessons so she can get a job as an assistant in a florists shop, Pickering wagers that Higgins cannot make good on his claim and volunteers to pay for Elizas lessons. An intensive makeover of Elizas speech, manners and dress begins in preparation for her appearance at the Embassy Ball, Higgins sees himself as a kindhearted, patient man who cannot get along with women. To others he appears self-absorbed and misogynistic, Alfred Doolittle is informed that his daughter has been taken in by Professor Higgins, and considers that he might be able to make a little money from the situation. Doolittle arrives at Higginss house the morning, claiming that Higgins is compromising Elizas virtue. Higgins is impressed by the natural gift for language and brazen lack of moral values. He and Doolittle agree that Eliza can continue to take lessons, Higgins flippantly recommends Doolittle to an American millionaire who has written to Higgins seeking a lecturer on moral values
My Fair Lady
–
Original Broadway Poster by
Al Hirschfeld
My Fair Lady
–
This article is about the musical stage play. For the film, see
My Fair Lady (film). For other uses, see
My Fair Lady (disambiguation).
My Fair Lady
–
Characters
5.
Camelot (musical)
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Camelot is a musical by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. It is based on the King Arthur legend as adapted from the T. H. White novel The Once, the original cast album was Americas top-selling LP for 60 weeks. The musical has become associated with the Kennedy Administration, which is referred to as the Camelot era. In 1959, Alan Jay Lerner and Moss Hart decided to adapt T. H. Whites The Once, after the tremendous success of My Fair Lady, expectations were high for a new Lerner and Loewe musical. However, the shows production met several obstacles, Lerners wife left him during the writing process, causing him to seek medical attention and delaying the production. When Camelot began rehearsals, it still needed considerable work, however, the producers were able to secure a strong cast, including Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, and Roddy McDowall, as well as Robert Goulet in his first Broadway role. John Cullum also made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan, Bruce Yarnell was Sir Lionel, Cullum later replaced McDowall, and William Squire replaced Burton. Other replacements included Patricia Bredin, Kathryn Grayson and Janet Pavek for Andrews, the show premiered in Toronto, at the OKeefe Centre on October 1,1960. It overran drastically – it was supposed to last two hours forty minutes, and instead clocked in at four and a half hours. The curtain came down at twenty to one in the morning, Lerner later noted that Only Tristan, noël Coward was supposed to have remarked that the show was longer than the Götterdämmerung. and not nearly as funny. In spite of this, the morning papers gave generally positive reviews, soon afterwards, Lerner was hospitalised for three weeks with a bleeding ulcer. Soon after he was discharged, Hart suffered his heart attack. Camelot then moved to Boston, edited, but still running well over the intended length, the production team tried to find another director, even phoning Jose Ferrer, who could not undertake the job. Lerner and Loewe disagreed on how to proceed with the show, Lerner wrote, God knows what would have happened had it not been for Richard Burton. Accepting cuts and changes, he radiated a faith and geniality, after the show opened on Broadway, Hart was released from the hospital, and he and Lerner began cutting the play even further. Two songs, Then You May Take Me To the Fair, the New York critics reviews of the original production were mixed. Fortunately for the show, Ed Sullivan approached Lerner and Loewe to create a segment for his variety program. They decided to do very little from their previous hit and instead to perform four highlights from Camelot, the show stimulated ticket sales, and Camelot achieved an unprecedented advance sale of three and a half million dollars
Camelot (musical)
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Original Cast Recording
Camelot (musical)
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Julie Andrews and
Richard Burton as Queen Guenevere and King Arthur.
Camelot (musical)
–
Burton as Arthur and
Roddy McDowall as Mordred.
Camelot (musical)
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Julie Andrews, Robert Goulet and Richard Burton in a 1960 publicity photo for the play.
6.
Brigadoon
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Brigadoon is a musical with a book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, and music by Frederick Loewe. Songs from the musical, such as Almost Like Being in Love, have become standards, the story involves two American tourists who stumble upon Brigadoon, a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every 100 years. Tommy, one of the tourists, falls in love with Fiona, the original production opened on Broadway in 1947 and ran for 581 performances. It starred David Brooks, Marion Bell, Pamela Britton, in 1949, Brigadoon opened at the West End theatre and ran for 685 performances, and many revivals followed. A1954 film version starred Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse, inspired by Rodgers and Hammersteins successful collaborations Oklahoma. And Carousel, they created Brigadoon, about a village in the Scottish highlands. And Carousel, Brigadoon included a love story as the main plot. Thematically, the musical depicted the contrast between empty city life and the warmth and simplicity of the country, focusing on a theme of love transcending time, Agnes de Mille, who had previously choreographed Oklahoma. And Carousel, was hired as choreographer, and her work for Brigadoon incorporated elements of traditional Scottish folk dance, a sword dance, a chase scene. Though Lerner and Loewe originally took Brigadoon to producer Billy Rose, Lerner explained the change in producer by saying, The contract which wished us to sign negated Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves. Under Loewes guidance, Ted Royal received a sole orchestrator credit for his work on the original production and his atmospheric arrangements have been frequently used for the revivals. Lerner said that in his subsequent research, he found many other legends of disappearing towns in various countries folklore, lerners name for his imaginary locale was probably based on a well-known Scottish landmark, the Brig o Doon. Other sources suggest that the villages name was constructed from the Celtic word briga, which means town and the Scottish Gaelic dùn. The name may refer to the Celtic goddess Brigid. However, the simplest explanation remains the most likely, act I New Yorkers Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas have traveled to the Scottish Highlands on a game-hunting vacation, but they get lost on their first night out. They begin to hear music coming from a village that does not appear on their map of the area. They head over there to get back to their inn and find a fair in progress. Andrew MacLaren and his daughters arrive at the fair to purchase supplies for younger daughter Jeans wedding to Charlie Dalrymple, Harry Beaton is madly in love with Jean and is depressed at the thought of her marrying another, unable to find comfort in Maggie Andersons devotion to him
Brigadoon
–
Cover of original cast recording
7.
Lambs Club
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The Lambs, Inc. is a social club in New York City for actors, songwriters, and others involved in the theater. It is Americas oldest theatrical organization, the Lambs is a registered trademark of The Lambs, Inc. and the club has been commonly referred to as The Lambs Club and The Lambs Theater since 1874. In 1868, The Lambs was founded in London by actors, led by John Hare, several of those, most notably Henry James Montague, came to the United States and formed The Lambs of New York during Christmas week of 1874. It was incorporated in 1877 in New York City, shortly afterward, the London Lambs closed. The clubs name honors the essayist Charles Lamb and his sister Mary, in 1924 they celebrated their golden jubilee at the Earl Carroll Theatre. The Lambs, the New York Friars Club, and The Players in New York are often confused, the president of The Lambs is called The Shepherd. The Club displays the portraits of all its presidents, painted by such as James Montgomery Flagg. In 1905 at 128–130 West 44th Street, in a designed by Stanford White. Until 1974 the Club remained at the building at 128 West 44th Street, the building was designed by architect Stanford White, and was erected in 1904–1905, the expanded in 1915 to include 132 West 44th Street. The church leased part of the building for what would become the Off Broadway Lambs Theatre which is not related to the Club except for the name of the building. The building was designated a New York City Landmark in September 1974, in 2006 the Church of the Nazarene sold the building and theatre, which has been renovated by the Chatwal Hotel. They operate a restaurant in the hotel and named it The Lambs Club although there is no relation between the hotel and The Lambs other than what was left of the building. The Lambs, Inc. is still active in its quarters at 3 West 51st Street adjacent to Rockefeller Center. Its members have been instrumental in the formation of ASCAP, Actors Equity and The Actors Fund of America, of the first 21 Council members of Actors Equity,20 were members of The Lambs. Historically, The Lambs has been the ground of plays. Mark Twain Tonight and Stalag 17 were first performed at The Lambs prior to their national successes, alan J. Lerner and Frederick Loewe first met at The Lambs, often trying works-in-progress on their fellow Lambs. Loewe left a percentage of his share of Brigadoon royalties to The Lambs Foundation, since its founding, there have been more than 6,000 Lambs including Spencer Tracy, Fred Astaire, Irving Berlin, George M. Cohan, W. C. Fields, Will Rogers, John Philip Sousa, Fred Waring and Albert Hague, current members include Joyce Randolph of The Honeymooners, Jim Dale, Matthew Broderick, and the Tony Award-winning conductor/arranger Donald Pippin
Lambs Club
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The Lambs on June 27, 1915 at 130 West 44th Street
Lambs Club
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Lamb's Club
8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
9.
Musical film
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The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater, performers often treat their song, in a sense, the viewer becomes the diegetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the age of the musical film. Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923–24, beginning in 1926, thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists and dancers. The Jazz Singer, released in 1927 by Warner Brothers, was the first to include a track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring Al Jolson singing Dirty Hands, Dirty Face, Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Blue Skies and My Mammy. Historian Scott Eyman wrote, As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights and she saw terror in all their faces, she said, as if they knew that the game they had been playing for years was finally over. Still, only isolated sequences featured live sound, most of the film had only a musical score. In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, The Singing Fool, theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen. The first all-talking feature, Lights of New York, included a sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than an all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. The Broadway Melody had a plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by MGM as the first All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing feature film, it was a hit, there was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. The Love Parade starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald, written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton, Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, The Desert Song in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor and this was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show
Musical film
–
Film poster for
Top Hat (1935)
Musical film
–
Bollywood dances usually follow or are choreographed to
filmi songs.
10.
The Little Prince (1974 film)
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The Little Prince is a 1974 British-American fantasy-musical film with screenplay and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe. The film and its music were unsuccessful at the box office but became popular after its theatrical run. The original Little Prince novella was first published in 1943, and is the most famous work of the French aristocrat, writer, poet and pioneering aviator Count Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. It is a poetic tale self-illustrated in watercolours in which a pilot stranded in the meets a young prince fallen to Earth from a tiny asteroid. The story is philosophical and includes societal criticism, remarking on the strangeness of the adult world, though ostensibly a childrens book, The Little Prince makes several profound and idealistic observations about life and human nature. For example, Saint-Exupéry tells of a fox meeting the young prince during his travels on Earth, the storys essence is contained in the lines uttered by the fox to the little prince, On ne voit bien quavec le cœur. Lessentiel est invisible pour les yeux, the Foxs messages are arguably the most famous because of their nature of dealing with relationships. It would be first published in early 1943 in both English and French, but only in the U. S and it would later appear in his native homeland of France posthumously, after the liberation of Paris, as all of Saint-Exupérys works had been banned in Nazi-occupied France. Since first being published the novella has been adapted to various media over the decades, including recordings, stage, ballet. The fantasy-musical film adaptation of The Little Prince was directed and produced by Stanley Donen, and stars Steven Warner in the title role, with Richard Kiley as the aviator, titled as The Pilot. Additional cast members included Bob Fosse as The Snake, Gene Wilder as The Fox, Donna McKechnie as the petulant, vain Rose, Joss Ackland as The King, the films desert sequences were shot on location in Tunisia. The production was Lerner and Loewes final musical, the musics creative team were dissatisfied with the films Hollywood treatment, with Loewe refusing to visit London to supervise the arrangement and recording of the score. Based in the 1943 classic book of the name by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. There he is befriended by a boy, the Little Prince. In the days that follow, The Pilot hears about his past, as he travels through space, the Little Prince encounters several strange grown-ups on different planetoids, all with a skewed or curious way of looking at life. But it is not until he finally reaches Earth, that the Little Prince learns his most important life lessons of all, mainly from The Fox, before the Little Prince dies, he shares those lessons with The Pilot. Soon The Pilot is able to start his plane and flies away but hears the laughter of the Little Prince in the starry night, burton had had a huge success on Broadway with Lerner and Loewes musical production Camelot, but turned down the role in Little Prince. In 1973, Lerner and Loewe recorded the score at the Palm Springs Desert Museum, with Lerner on vocals and it included Matters of Consequence, which was cut from the film
The Little Prince (1974 film)
–
Theatrical release poster by
Richard Amsel
11.
Kennedy Center Honors
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The Kennedy Center Honors is an annual honor given to those in the performing arts for their lifetime of contributions to American culture. The Honors have been presented annually since 1978, culminating each December in a gala celebrating the Honorees in the Kennedy Center Opera House. George Stevens, Jr. created the Kennedy Center Honours with the late Nick Vanoff and he was the producer and co-writer through the 2014 awards, after which he sold the production rights to the Kennedy Center. The Kennedy Center Honors started in 1977, after that years 10th-anniversary White House reception, Roger L. Stevens, the founding chairman of the Kennedy Center, asked George Stevens, Jr. the founding director of the AFI, to hold an event for the Center. George Stevens asked Isaac Stern to become involved, and then pitched the idea to the television network CBS, with the announcement of the first honors event and honorees, CBS vice president for specials Bernie Sofronski stated, George came to us with this. What turned us on is that this is the show of its kind. In Europe and most countries, they have ways of honoring their actors, england has its command performances for the queen. We see this as a national honoring of people who have contributed to society, were going to make an effort in terms of a real special. The first host was Leonard Bernstein in 1978, followed by Eric Sevareid in 1979, walter Cronkite hosted from 1981 to 2002 and Caroline Kennedy hosted from 2003 until 2012. Glenn Close was host in 2013 and Stephen Colbert has hosted since 2014, ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss of White Cherry Entertainment were selected as Executive Producers of the 38th annual Kennedy Center Honors after George Stevens, Jr. stepped down. This is one of the few shows that does not air live. The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees selects the Honoree recipients based on excellence in music, dance, theater, opera, the invitation-only weekend-long ceremony includes the Chairmans Luncheon, State Department dinner, White House reception and the Honors gala performances and supper. Surrounded by the Honorees, the luncheon is held on Saturday at the Kennedy Center, on Sunday, there is an early-evening White House reception hosted by the President of the United States and the First Lady, followed by the Honors gala performance at the Kennedy Center and supper. For the 2015 gala performance, President Barack Obama did attend, bush did not attend in December 1989 and President Bill Clinton did not attend in 1994. There have been 200 recipients to date of the Kennedy Center Honors Awards during the Honors 39 years, the vast majority have been bestowed on individuals. Nathan Milstein, and Alwin Nikolais 1988 — Alvin Ailey, George Burns, Myrna Loy, Alexander Schneider, actress Katharine Hepburn declined the committees first offer, though she relented in 1990. Doris Day repeatedly turned down the honors because her fear of flying prevented her from attending the ceremony, when considering Irving Berlin for the 1987 awards because of criticism for overlooking him, the Center was informed that Berlin wanted to be honored only if he surpassed his 100th birthday. Also, he was in failing health, being confined to a following a series of strokes
Kennedy Center Honors
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The 2006 honorees at the Kennedy Center on December 6, 2006, with President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. From left,
Andrew Lloyd Webber,
Steven Spielberg,
Dolly Parton,
Zubin Mehta,
Smokey Robinson, Vice President
Cheney, and
Lynne Cheney.
Kennedy Center Honors
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Kennedy Center Honors
Kennedy Center Honors
–
2005 Kennedy Center Honorees
Julie Harris,
Robert Redford,
Tina Turner,
Suzanne Farrell, and
Tony Bennett, with President
George W. Bush and First Lady
Laura Bush, in the Blue Room at the White House, December 4, 2005.
Kennedy Center Honors
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The surviving members of
Led Zeppelin were honored and are pictured here with President
Barack Obama.
12.
Brigadoon (musical)
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Brigadoon is a musical with a book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, and music by Frederick Loewe. Songs from the musical, such as Almost Like Being in Love, have become standards, the story involves two American tourists who stumble upon Brigadoon, a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every 100 years. Tommy, one of the tourists, falls in love with Fiona, the original production opened on Broadway in 1947 and ran for 581 performances. It starred David Brooks, Marion Bell, Pamela Britton, in 1949, Brigadoon opened at the West End theatre and ran for 685 performances, and many revivals followed. A1954 film version starred Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse, inspired by Rodgers and Hammersteins successful collaborations Oklahoma. And Carousel, they created Brigadoon, about a village in the Scottish highlands. And Carousel, Brigadoon included a love story as the main plot. Thematically, the musical depicted the contrast between empty city life and the warmth and simplicity of the country, focusing on a theme of love transcending time, Agnes de Mille, who had previously choreographed Oklahoma. And Carousel, was hired as choreographer, and her work for Brigadoon incorporated elements of traditional Scottish folk dance, a sword dance, a chase scene. Though Lerner and Loewe originally took Brigadoon to producer Billy Rose, Lerner explained the change in producer by saying, The contract which wished us to sign negated Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves. Under Loewes guidance, Ted Royal received a sole orchestrator credit for his work on the original production and his atmospheric arrangements have been frequently used for the revivals. Lerner said that in his subsequent research, he found many other legends of disappearing towns in various countries folklore, lerners name for his imaginary locale was probably based on a well-known Scottish landmark, the Brig o Doon. Other sources suggest that the villages name was constructed from the Celtic word briga, which means town and the Scottish Gaelic dùn. The name may refer to the Celtic goddess Brigid. However, the simplest explanation remains the most likely, act I New Yorkers Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas have traveled to the Scottish Highlands on a game-hunting vacation, but they get lost on their first night out. They begin to hear music coming from a village that does not appear on their map of the area. They head over there to get back to their inn and find a fair in progress. Andrew MacLaren and his daughters arrive at the fair to purchase supplies for younger daughter Jeans wedding to Charlie Dalrymple, Harry Beaton is madly in love with Jean and is depressed at the thought of her marrying another, unable to find comfort in Maggie Andersons devotion to him
Brigadoon (musical)
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Cover of original cast recording
13.
Paint Your Wagon (musical)
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Paint Your Wagon is a Broadway musical comedy, with book and lyrics by Alan J. Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The story centers on a miner and his daughter and follows the lives and loves of the people in a camp in Gold Rush-era California. Popular songs from the show included Wandrin Star, I Talk to the Trees, the musical ran on Broadway in 1951 and in the West End in 1953. In 1969 the film also titled Paint Your Wagon was released. It had a revised plot and some new songs composed by Lerner. Act I In the California Wilderness in May 1853, a crusty old miner, meanwhile, his 16-year-old daughter Jennifer discovers gold dust. Ben claims the land, and prospectors start flocking to the new town of Rumson. Two months later Rumson has a population of 400, all of whom are men except for Jennifer, prospector Jake Whippany is waiting to save enough money to send for Cherry and her Fandango girls, while Jennifer senses the tension building in town. Julio Valveras, a young miner forced to live and work outside of town because he is Mexican, comes to town with dirty laundry and runs into Jennifer. They also talk to each other, Steve Bulmarck and the other men ponder the lonely nomadic life they lead in the song They Call the Wind Maria. Two months later the men want Ben to send Jennifer away, Jennifer is in love with Julio, and when Ben sees Jennifer dancing with Julios clothes, he decides to send her East on the next stage. Jacob Woodling, a Mormon man with two wives, Sarah and Elizabeth, arrives in Rumson where the men demand Jacob sell one of his wives, to his surprise, Ben finds himself wooing Elizabeth and wins her for $800. Jennifer is disgusted by her fathers actions and runs away, telling Julio that she will be reunited with him in a years time, Cherry and her Fandango girls arrive. Julio learns his claim is running dry which means he has to move on to make a living, act II A year later in October, the miners celebrate the high times in Rumson now that the Fandango girls are around. Edgar Crocker, a miner who has saved his money, falls for Elizabeth and she responds, another miner, Mike Mooney, tells Julio about a lake that has gold dust on the bottom and he considers looking for it. Jennifer returns in December, having learned civilized ways back East, Ben tells his daughter that he will soon be moving on since he was not meant to stay in one place for long. The next day as Cherry and the girls are packing to leave they tell her about Julio leaving to find the lake with a bottom of gold, Raymond Janney offers to buy Elizabeth from Ben for $3,000, but she runs off with Edgar Crocker. Late in April, Julio appears, a broken man, the now dying Ben welcomes him and Julio is amazed to see Jennifer is there
Paint Your Wagon (musical)
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Original Cast Recording Cover
14.
Gigi (musical)
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Gigi is a musical with a book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. It is based on the novella Gigi by Colette and 1958 hit musical film of the same name, the story concerns Gigi, a free-spirited teenaged girl living in Paris at the turn of the 20th century. She is being groomed as a courtesan in her familys tradition, before she is deemed ready for her social debut, she encounters the bon vivant bachelor Gaston Lachaille, whom she captivates as she is transformed into a charmingly poised young lady. The original Broadway production, produced by Edwin Lester in 1973, ran for a disappointing 103 performances, a West End production played in 1985. Gigi originated as a 1945 novella by Colette, which was adapted for the screen with Danièle Delorme in 1948, in 1951 Anita Loos adapted the novel for the stage, and the Broadway production of Gigi starred Audrey Hepburn in her first major role. Seven years later, while My Fair Lady was in Philadelphia prior to its Broadway opening, although Loewe had vowed never to work in movies, he was charmed by the book and agreed to collaborate on the project. The 1958 film of Gigi proved to be a critical and commercial success. Edwin Lester, founder of the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera, asked for a version of the film Gigi. They added four songs and a ballet for the stage adaptation, Gigi premiered at the Curran Theatre, San Francisco, on May 15,1973, and then embarked on a six-month tour. The musical opened on Broadway on November 13,1973 at the Uris Theatre, arlene Francis replaced the ailing Moorehead later in the run. An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor, louis Jourdan starred in a production that toured the United States in the mid 1980s, not in his original role as Gaston, but rather as Honoré. The West End production opened on 17 September 1985 at the Lyric Theatre, the cast included Amanda Waring as Gigi and Geoffrey Burridge as Gaston, with Beryl Reid as Mamita, Siân Phillips as Aunt Alicia, and Jean-Pierre Aumont as Honoré. A London cast album was released by First Night Records, Vanessa Hudgens plays the role of Gigi. On January 14,2015, it was announced that the Kennedy Center production of Gigi would transfer to Broadway with a cast led by Vanessa Hudgens, the production began previews on March 19,2015 at the Neil Simon Theatre and officially opened on April 8. The production closed on June 21,2015, a National Tour is also scheduled in the 2016-2017 season, and will be available for licensing from Tams-Witmark Music Library. A Broadway Cast Album, produced and engineered by six-time Grammy winner Frank Filipetti, was released on DMI records in June 2015, Honoré Lachaille explains that in turn-of-the-20th-century Paris, marriage is not the only option. His nephew Gaston is a bon vivant, much like his uncle. But Gaston is bored with the life and his series of mistresses
Gigi (musical)
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Original Cast Recording
15.
Brigadoon (film)
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Brigadoon is a 1954 MGM musical feature film made in CinemaScope and Ansco Color based on the Broadway musical of the same name by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli and stars Gene Kelly, Van Johnson, Brigadoon has been broadcast on American television and is available in VHS and DVD formats. The 1954 film is not to be confused with the 1966 television film of the same title, the 1966 film was directed by Fielder Cook and stars Robert Goulet, Peter Falk, and Sally Ann Howes. It won five Primetime Emmy Awards, americans Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas are on a hunting trip in Scotland and become lost in the woodlands. They happen upon Brigadoon, a miraculously blessed village that rises out of the mists every hundred years for only a day, Tommy falls in love with village lass Fiona Campbell, whose younger sister Jean, is about to be married to Charlie Dalrymple. That evening, Mr. Lundie officiates at the wedding of Jean and Charlie, interrupting the wedding, the jealous Harry Beaton announces he is leaving Brigadoon to make everything disappear, since the girl he loves, Jean, is marrying another man. Harrys words cause mass chaos among the townspeople and they all rush to stop him, Harry almost crosses the bridge but is stopped short by Tommy, who is knocked unconscious. With men closing in on him, Harry climbs up a tree to hide but is shot accidentally by Jeff. Harry falls dead to the ground and is found by the men. Fiona frantically searches to find Tommy, confessing their love for each other, they decide to marry, allowing Tommy to stay in Brigadoon for good. But while Fiona goes off to find Mr. Lundie, Tommy tells Jeff about his plan, Jeff, drunk and remorseful of accidentally killing Harry, tells Tommy he cant just leave everything in the real world behind for this girl hes only known a day. Fiona returns with Mr. Lundie, but Tommy confesses that he cannot stay, Fiona says she understands but is heartbroken and they say good-bye before Brigadoon completely disappears. Tommy and Jeff cross the bridge and walk away, back in New York City, Tommy can think only of Fiona. Unable even to talk with his fiancee, Tommy ends his relationship with her and calls Jeff and he and Jeff return to the same spot where they were lost, though Jeff reminds him again the village will not be there. But suddenly Tommy sees lights start to appear through the mist, Brigadoon reappears and Tommy gets to the foot of the bridge to see Mr. Lundie half-awake on the other side saying, Tommy, lad, you. My, my, you must really love her, Tommy seems stunned that Brigadoon has been brought back, but Mr. Lundie reminds him, I told ye, if you love someone deeply enough, anything is possible. Tommy then runs across the bridge and reunites with Fiona as the village fades back into the mist, according to the press, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer paid a fortune for the rights, and Gene Kelly and Kathryn Grayson were named in the leads a month later. By the time they were cast, a script was not written yet, furthermore, Alec Guinness was also set for a role and David Wayne, Moira Shearer and Donald OConnor were under consideration for one
Brigadoon (film)
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French
film poster
Brigadoon (film)
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Brigadoon
16.
Gigi (1958 film)
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Gigi is a 1958 American musical-romance film directed by Vincente Minnelli processed using MGMs Metrocolor. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner is based on the 1944 novella of the name by Colette. The film features songs with lyrics by Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, in 1991, Gigi was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. The American Film Institute ranked it #35 in AFIs 100 Years.100 Passions, set in turn-of-the-20th century Paris, the film opens with Honoré Lachaille who is surrounded by members of high society in the Bois de Boulogne. Being a charming old roué, he remarks that in Paris, marriage is not the option for wealthy young bon vivants like his nephew Gaston. The one thing Gaston truly enjoys is spending time with Madame Alvarez, whom he calls Mamita, and especially her granddaughter, following the family tradition, Madame Alvarez sends Gigi to her Great Aunt Alicia, to be groomed as a courtesan to learn etiquette and charm. To Alicia, love is an art, and a necessary accomplishment for Gigis social, but Gigi shows disdain for such trivial love that a man and his mistress usually have. Remaining true to her girlish, yet charming personality, she finds herself having the most fun when she is with Gaston, like his uncle, Gaston is known as a wealthy womanizer. The whole of Paris watches his every move, and Parisian high society shows unrestrained judgment towards him, Gastons latest mistress attempts to run off with her ice skating instructor. As a response, he humiliates her, resulting in her attempted suicide. After this ordeal, Gaston wishes to retreat to the country, Gigi makes a wager during a card match with Gaston, suggesting that if he loses, he has to take her and her grandmother to the sea with him when he goes on vacation. Gaston agrees, and they all travel to the country, while Gaston and Gigi spend countless hours having fun together, Honoré and Madame Alvarez reveal their once-passionate relationship. Once Gigi and her return to Paris, Gaston goes to Monte Carlo for some time. During this time, Gigis aunt and grandmother discuss the possibility of Gigi becoming Gastons mistress, Madame Alvarez, though dubious at first, agrees to let Gigi train around the clock to prepare for Gastons return. Gigi accepts this as a necessary evil, when Gaston returns, he is surprised and discomfited when Gigi appears in her new, adult dress. Gaston stammers out that she looks like a giraffe and that he misses her old outfits and he storms out, realises his folly, and rushes back to apologize. He tells her that she looks lovely, and says that he prove it to her by taking her to tea at the Reservoir. Gigis grandmother refuses and tells Gaston that this may ruin her reputation to be seen unchaperoned with Gaston before her reputation has even begun, Gaston, angered, storms out once again
Gigi (1958 film)
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Original poster
Gigi (1958 film)
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Leslie Caron and Louis Jourdan
17.
My Fair Lady (film)
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My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adapted from the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw. The film stars Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison as Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins respectively, with Stanley Holloway, Gladys Cooper, a critical and commercial success, it won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins, a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent, Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle, who has a strong Cockney accent. Elizas ambition is to work in a shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor, the following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses if the experiment should be successful, Higgins is impressed by the mans honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality, Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, as a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. Eliza poses as a lady at an embassy ball and even dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy, a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins, after a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess. After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza is given any credit. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill, a man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza returns to her old life. She meets her father, who has left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals, eventually, Eliza ends up visiting Higgins mother, who is incensed at her sons behaviour. The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and he makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has grown accustomed to her face, Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness
My Fair Lady (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Bill Gold, original illustration by
Bob Peak
My Fair Lady (film)
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Characters
18.
Camelot (film)
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Camelot is a 1967 American musical drama film directed by Joshua Logan and starring Richard Harris as King Arthur, Vanessa Redgrave as Guenevere, and Franco Nero as Lancelot. The film is an adaptation of the musical by Alan Jay Lerner. In the opening scene, King Arthur is preparing for a battle against his friend, Sir Lancelot. Arthur reflects on the sad circumstances which have led him to this situation, Merlyn appears to him and tells Arthur to think back. Arthur thinks back to the night of his marriage to his now-estranged wife and it is an arranged marriage, and he has never met her before. He is understandably afraid of what lies ahead and his solitude is broken by Guenevere and her entourage. Guenevere is also worried about marrying a man she has never met, like Arthur, she flees from her entourage to reflect on her future. Arthur accidentally falls out of the tree in which he is hiding and he and Guenevere converse, as she does not know his true identity, and realize they have things in common. Arthur tells her what a wonderful place his kingdom is and they almost kiss, the kings identity is revealed, and although Arthur gives Guenevere the chance to leave she gladly goes back with him to be married. The plot shifts to five years later, knights are shown gathering from all over England. The plot shifts another five years, and word of Arthurs Round Table spreads to France, inspired by Arthur’s ideas, the self-righteous French knight Lancelot makes his way to England with his squire Dep, boasting of his superior virtues. Lancelots prowess impresses Arthur and they become friends, but many of the knights despise Lancelot for his self-righteousness. Guenevere also dislikes Lancelot at first, and, to Arthurs chagrin, however, the plan goes awry as Lancelot easily defeats all three, almost killing Sir Dinadan. A horrified Lancelot pleads for Sir Dinadan to live, and as he lays hands on him, Guenevere is so impressed that her feelings for Lancelot begin to change. Soon afterwards, it is revealed that, despite his vows of celibacy, Lancelot is in love with Guenevere, leading to the love triangle involving Arthur, Guenevere. Guenevere knows it is wrong and tries to get Lancelot out of her life, Arthur realizes something is going on between Lancelot and Guenevere but cannot bring himself to alienate either of them, and so turns a blind eye. All this takes its toll on Arthurs disposition, and Guenevere tries, mordred cunningly convinces Arthur to stay out hunting all night as a test, knowing Lancelot will visit Guenevere in her bedchamber. Guenevere admits her feelings for Lancelot but still feels guilty, mordred rouses several knights and they catch the lovers together, as he planned
Camelot (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Bob Peak
19.
Paint Your Wagon (film)
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Paint Your Wagon is a 1969 Western musical film starring Lee Marvin, Clint Eastwood, and Jean Seberg. The film was adapted by Paddy Chayefsky from the 1951 musical Paint Your Wagon by Lerner and it is set in a mining camp in Gold Rush-era California. It was directed by Joshua Logan, when a wagon crashes into a ravine, prospector Ben Rumson finds two adult male occupants, brothers, one of whom is dead and the other of whom has a broken arm and leg. As the first man is about to be buried, gold dust is discovered at the grave site, Ben stakes a claim on the land and adopts the surviving brother as his Pardner while he recuperates. Pardner is initially innocent and romantic, illustrated by him singing a love song about a girl named Elisa. Pardner is a farmer who hopes to make enough in the rush to buy some land. Ben claims that while he is willing to fight, steal, Ben will share the spoils of prospecting on the condition that Pardner takes care of him in his moments of drunkenness and melancholy. After the discovery of gold, No Name City springs up as a tent city with the miners alternating between wild parties and bouts of melancholy. The men become frustrated with the lack of female companionship, so the arrival of a Mormon, Jacob Woodling. The miners claim it is unfair for the Mormon to have two wives when they have none and they persuade him to sell one of his wives to the highest bidder. Elizabeth, Jacobs younger and more rebellious wife, agrees to be based on the reasoning that whatever she gets. A drunken Ben winds up with the highest bid for Elizabeth, Ben is readied for the wedding by the other miners, and is married to Elizabeth under mining law, with Ben being granted exclusive rights to all her mineral resources. Elizabeth, not content to be treated as property, threatens to shoot Ben on their wedding night if she is not treated with respect. While she believes Ben is not the type to truly settle down, Ben is impressed by Elizabeths determination. He enlists the miners to keep this promise, and Elizabeth rejoices in having a proper home, sensing the other miners becoming obsessed with her, Ben is consumed by jealousy and paranoia. The town will prosper with additional sources of income as other miners from outlying regions will likely be willing to spend their money in No Name City if it means a chance to visit prostitutes, Ben heads up the mission and leaves Elizabeth in the care of Pardner. The two fall in love, whereupon Elizabeth, saying she still loves Ben, convinces them that if a Mormon man can have two wives, why cant a woman have two husbands. As the town booms, the arrangement with Ben, Pardner, but soon the town becomes large enough that more civilized people from the East begin to settle there
Paint Your Wagon (film)
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Original film poster
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
