1.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
2.
British people
–
British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
British people
–
Medieval tapestry showing
King Arthur, a legendary
ancient British ruler who had a leading role in the
Matter of Britain, a
national myth used as propaganda for the ancestral origins of the
British Royal Family and their
British subjects.
British people
British people
–
The Battle of Trafalgar by
J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the
Napoleonic Wars '
Battle of Trafalgar —a major British naval victory upon which Britishness has drawn influence.
British people
–
Britannia became the figure of
national personification of the United Kingdom during the 18th century
3.
Portrait
–
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumeria between c.2144 -2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypts Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, the art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of a symbol of what that person looked like. In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized, true portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings. Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits and these works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the elite, priests, warriors. They were represented during several stages of their lives, the faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found, there is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. One of the portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vincis painting titled Mona Lisa. What has been claimed as the worlds oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old. Profile view, full view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography, in the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it
Portrait
–
Rembrandt Peale, Portrait of
Thomas Jefferson, 1805.
New-York Historical Society.
Portrait
–
Roman-Egyptian
funeral portrait of a young boy
Portrait
–
Moche Ceramic Portrait.
Larco Museum Collection. Lima-Peru
Portrait
–
Portrait illustrating three-quarter view.
4.
Caricature
–
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings. In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics, Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. The term is derived from the Italian caricare—to charge or load, an early definition occurs in the English doctor Thomas Brownes Christian Morals, published posthumously in 1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, with the footnote, When Mens faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus, the word caricature essentially means a loaded portrait. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, the point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Caricature took a road to its first successes in the aristocratic circles of France and Italy. These caricatures were the work of Brig. -Gen, george Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe, depicted as Deformed and crass and hideous, were drawn to amuse fellow officers. Elsewhere, two great practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray, Rowlandson was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life and they were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature, the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery is in order – or the art can be employed to make a social or political point. A caricaturist draws on the characteristics of the subject, the acquired characteristics. Sir Max Beerbohm, created and published caricatures of the men of his own time. His style of single-figure caricatures in formalized groupings was established by 1896 and his published works include Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen, The Poets Corner, and Rossetti and His Circle. He published widely in magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery. George Cruikshank created political prints that attacked the family and leading politicians. He went on to create caricatures of British life for popular publications such as The Comic Almanack
Caricature
–
Caricature of
Aubrey Beardsley by
Max Beerbohm (1896), taken from
Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen
Caricature
–
Ancient
Pompeiian graffiti caricature of a politician.
Caricature
–
James Gillray 's The Plumb-pudding in danger (1805), which caricatured
Pitt and
Napoleon, was voted the most famous of all UK political cartoons.
Caricature
–
Une discussion littéraire à la deuxième Galerie by
Honoré Daumier Lithograph published in Le Charivari newspaper, February 27, 1864
5.
Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)
–
The second Vanity Fair was a British weekly magazine published from 1868 to 1914. Subtitled A Weekly Show of Political, Social and Literary Wares, it was founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles, the first issue appeared in London on 7 November 1868. It offered its readership articles on fashion, current events, the theatre, books, social events, Thomas Allinson bought the magazine in 1911 from Frank Harris, by which time it was failing financially. He failed to revive it and the issue of Vanity Fair appeared on 5 February 1914, after which it was merged into Hearth. A full-page, colour lithograph of a celebrity or dignitary appeared in most issues. Subjects included artists, athletes, royalty, statesmen, scientists, authors, actors, soldiers, religious personalities, business people and scholars. More than two thousand of these images appeared, and they are considered the cultural legacy of the magazine
Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)
–
Cover, 1 September 1896 issue
Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)
–
Winter supplement (23 November 1899); double print: Caricature of
The trial of Dreyfus
Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)
–
The Duke of Abercorn by
Carlo Pellegrini in 25 September 1869 issue
Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)
–
Mansur Ali Khan of Bengal by "Atn"
Alfred Thompson in 16 April 1870 issue
6.
Watercolour
–
Watercolor or watercolour, also aquarelle, a diminutive of the Latin for water, is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork, the traditional and most common support—material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is paper. Other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum, leather, fabric, wood, Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton, which gives a good texture and minimizes distortion when wet. Watercolors are usually translucent, and appear luminous because the pigments are laid down in a form with few fillers obscuring the pigment colors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white, in East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, india, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well. Fingerpainting with watercolor paints originated in mainland China, however, its continuous history as an art medium begins with the Renaissance. The German Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer, who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, an important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol as part of the Dürer Renaissance. Despite this early start, watercolors were used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons. Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were Van Dyck, Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, however, botanical illustration and wildlife illustration perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted woodblock illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with such as John James Audubon. Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, Watercolor artists were commonly brought with the geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the Society of Dilettanti, to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal, the confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English national art. William Blake published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to Dantes Inferno, from the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium. Satirical broadsides by Thomas Rowlandson, many published by Rudolph Ackermann, were extremely popular. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin, were John Varley, John Sell Cotman, Anthony Copley Fielding, Samuel Palmer, William Havell, the Swiss painter Louis Ducros was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor. These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists, in particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors by Richard Parkes Bonington created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s
Watercolour
–
An artist working on a watercolor using a round brush
Watercolour
–
Albrecht Dürer,
Young Hare, 1502, watercolor and
body color,
Albertina, Vienna
Watercolour
–
Thomas Girtin,
Jedburgh Abbey from the River, 1798–99, watercolor on paper
Watercolour
–
An unfinished watercolor by
William Berryman, created between 1808 and 1816, using watercolor, ink, and pencil. The use of partial pigmentation draws attention to the central subject.
7.
Chromolithograph
–
Chromolithography is a unique method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, when chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing, hand-colouring also remained important, elements of the official British Ordnance Survey maps were coloured by hand by boys until 1875. The initial technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each colour, depending on the number of colours present, a chromolithograph could take months to produce, by very skilled workers. However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying both the number of used, and the refinement of the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like advertisements, relied heavily on a black print. The process is based on the rejection of grease by water, the image is applied to stone, grained zinc or aluminium surfaces, with a grease-based crayon or ink. Limestone and zinc are two commonly used materials in the production of chromolithographs, as aluminium unfortunately corrodes easily, after the image is drawn onto one of these surfaces, the image is gummed-up with a gum arabic solution and weak nitric acid to desensitize the surface. Before printing, the image is proved before finally inking up the image with oil based transfer or printing ink, the inked image under pressure is transposed onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. This describes the form of printing. The offset indirect method uses a cylinder that transfers the image from printing surface to the paper. Colours may be overprinted by using stones or plates to achieve a closer reproduction of the original. Accurate registration for multi-coloured work is achieved by the use of a key outline image, ben-Day medium, uses a raised gelatin stipple image to give tone gradation. An air-brush sprays ink to give soft edges and these are just two methods used to achieve gradations of tone. The use of twelve overprinted colours would not be considered unusual, each sheet of paper will therefore pass through the printing press as many times as there are colours in the final print. In order that each colour is placed in the position, each stone or plate must be precisely ‘registered, ’ or lined up. Chromolithographs are considered to be reproductions that are smaller than double demi, autolithographs are prints where the artist draws and perhaps prints his or her own limited number of reproductions. This is the true art form
Chromolithograph
–
Folding Card,
The Old Woman Who Lived in A Shoe, 6 April 1883.
Chromolithograph
–
Uncle Sam Supplying the World with Berry Brothers Hard Oil Finish, c. 1880. This cheaply produced chromolithographic advertisement employs a technique called stippling, with heavy reliance on the initial black line print.
Chromolithograph
–
1872 chromolithograph of roadside inn, published in Maryland
8.
Thomas Gibson Bowles
–
Thomas Gibson Tommy Bowles was the founder of the magazines The Lady and the English Vanity Fair, a sailor and the maternal grandfather of the Mitford sisters. He was the offspring of Thomas Milner Gibson and a servant girl named Susannah Bowles. He attended school in France and then studied for a year at Kings College London and his father gave him a yearly stipend of £90 and helped him find a job at Somerset House. He began his journalism and publishing career by writing a column for the Morning Post in 1866 and his coverage of the Siege of Paris sent by balloon and pigeon post ensured his fame. He borrowed £200 to found Vanity Fair in 1868, shattered by the death of his wife Jessica in childbirth, he sold his stake in Vanity Fair to Arthur H. Evans in 1887 for £20,000. He founded The Lady magazine in 1885, supposedly spurred by advice Jessica had once given to him and he became a competent sailor and wrote for decades in support of the Royal Navy. Bowles compiled the notes that went with the caricatures. He was editor for twenty years and shaped magazine policy so that no-one was exempt from his enquiring eye and this approach made for an entertaining and popular magazine. The targets of Jehu Juniors satire usually considered themselves honored to have been chosen, Bowles managed to achieve this extraordinarily difficult balancing act throughout his association with the magazine. At the 1892 general election, he was elected as Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Kings Lynn and he was re-elected at the January 1910 as a Liberal, but lost his seat again at the December 1910 election. He died while on a holiday at Algeciras, Spain, and is buried in Gibraltar, in 1875 he married Jessica, daughter of General Charles Evans-Gordon, a descendant of Gordon of Lochinvar, and his wife Catherine, née Rose. According to his granddaughter Julia Budworth, Bowles also fathered the last three of the four children of assistant Rita Shell, who changed her surname to Stewart and she later became editor of The Lady. They were Humphrey, Oliver and Peter, Peter Stewart later assisted at Marlborough House when it was used by Queen Mary. The Log of the Nereid by Thomas Bowles The Irrepressible Victorian by Leonard Naylor The Fall of Paris, The Siege, by Alistair Horne London, Macmillan,1965
Thomas Gibson Bowles
–
Thomas Gibson Bowles (
George Spencer Watson, 1901)
Thomas Gibson Bowles
–
"Tommy". Caricature by
Spy published in
Vanity Fair in 1889.
9.
Vanity Fair (British magazine)
–
The second Vanity Fair was a British weekly magazine published from 1868 to 1914. Subtitled A Weekly Show of Political, Social and Literary Wares, it was founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles, the first issue appeared in London on 7 November 1868. It offered its readership articles on fashion, current events, the theatre, books, social events, Thomas Allinson bought the magazine in 1911 from Frank Harris, by which time it was failing financially. He failed to revive it and the issue of Vanity Fair appeared on 5 February 1914, after which it was merged into Hearth. A full-page, colour lithograph of a celebrity or dignitary appeared in most issues. Subjects included artists, athletes, royalty, statesmen, scientists, authors, actors, soldiers, religious personalities, business people and scholars. More than two thousand of these images appeared, and they are considered the cultural legacy of the magazine
Vanity Fair (British magazine)
–
Cover, 1 September 1896 issue
Vanity Fair (British magazine)
–
Winter supplement (23 November 1899); double print: Caricature of
The trial of Dreyfus
Vanity Fair (British magazine)
–
The Duke of Abercorn by
Carlo Pellegrini in 25 September 1869 issue
Vanity Fair (British magazine)
–
Mansur Ali Khan of Bengal by "Atn"
Alfred Thompson in 16 April 1870 issue
10.
Edward Matthew Ward
–
Ward was born in Pimlico, London. As a youth, he created illustrations for the well-known book Rejected Addresses, written by his uncles James and he also created illustrations to the papers of Washington Irving. In 1830 he won the silver palette from the Society of Arts, with support from David Wilkie and Francis Leggatt Chantrey, he became a student at the Royal Academy Schools. In 1836 he travelled to Rome, gaining a medal from the Academy of St Luke in 1838 for his Cimabue and Giotto. While a student at the Schools, Ward became a member of The Clique, like other members of the Clique Ward saw himself as a follower of Hogarth and Wilkie, considering their styles to be distinctly national in character. Many of his paintings were set in the eighteenth century and were on Hogarthian subjects. He also painted episodes from seventeenth century history, influenced by the thinking of his friend and he also painted subjects from the history of the French Revolution. In 1843 he entered the Palace of Westminster cartoon competition, in the 1850s Ward came into conflict with the Pre-Raphaelites, especially Millais, whose style of art he considered to be un-British. Wards painting of Charlotte Corday being led to execution beat Millaiss Ophelia for a prize at Liverpool, leading to much debate at the time. His historical paintings led to Wards commission to paint eight scenes in the corridor leading into the House of Commons and these were to depict parallel episodes on the Royalist and Parliamentary sides in the Civil War. Wards paintings depict the figures as if confronting one another across the corridor. Ward continued to paint Hogarthian versions of episodes from British history throughout the 1860s, in the 1870s he painted some modern-life genre subjects, but towards the end of the decade began to suffer painful illness and depression. On 10 January 1879 he was found raving on the floor of his dressing-room, his throat cut with a razor, he was shouting, I was mad when I did it, the devil prompted me. Medical help arrived, but he died on 15 January at his home,3 Queens Villas, the inquest in Windsor on 17 January found that he committed suicide while temporarily insane. In 1843, Ward met the 11-year-old Henrietta Ward, they married secretly in May 1848, henriettas mother never forgave the elopement, and disinherited her. Collins may have based the plot of his 1852 novel Basil on the Ward engagement, Henrietta also became a successful painter. She became an art teacher after her husbands death and wrote two autobiographical memoirs about their life together. His son Leslie Ward became a popular caricaturist for the magazine Vanity Fair under the nickname Spy, profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Edward Matthew Ward
–
Self-portrait by Ward, depicted working on a portrait of one of his daughters
Edward Matthew Ward
–
E.M. Ward, The South Sea Bubble (1846), a Hogarthian subject in the
Tate Gallery
Edward Matthew Ward
–
Leicester and Amy Robsart at Cumnor Hall (1866), after
Walter Scott 's novel
Kenilworth
Edward Matthew Ward
–
Dr. Johnson in the ante-room of Lord Chesterfield in
Chesterfield House, Westminster. Coloured engraving by
E.M. Ward /C.W.Sharpe. Shrewsbury Museums Service (SHYMS: FA/1995/008)
11.
Henrietta Ward
–
Henrietta Mary Ada Ward was a notable English historical and genre painter of the Victorian era and the early twentieth century. She belonged to a family that produced professional artists over several generations and her paternal grandfather was the prominent animal painter James Ward, who was related by marriage to fellow artists John Jackson and George Morland. Her parents were artists, George Raphael Ward was best known for his printmaking. She studied her craft at the Bloomsbury Art School and the academy started by Henry Sass, henriettas mother never forgave the elopement, and disinherited her. E. M. and Henrietta Ward had eight children, one of whom would be Leslie Ward and she was also noted for her pictures of children, she used her own children as models for her paintings. This and similar works made her perhaps the most prominent female painter of her generation. She gave art lessons to several of the children of Queen Victoria. Both Henrietta Ward and her husband were supporters of the cause of womens suffrage, the Wards traveled in an artistic circle that included figures like Charles Dickens and George Cruikshank. In one account, Dickens and Cruikshank nearly brawled when the teetotaler Cruikshank prevented Henrietta Ward from drinking a glass of sherry at a Dickens party and she outlived her husband by forty-five years. After his 1879 death, the widow started her own art school to support her family, like her contemporary Louise Jopling. She also received a pension of ₤100 for her previous service as a royal teacher and she published two autobiographical memoirs, Mrs. E. M. Ward’s Reminiscences in 1911 and Memories of Ninety Years, in the year of her death. Her first book has called one of the best accounts of the life of a Victorian lady artist. She left a picture of a marriage with a husband who encouraged her work, and who was always the kindest teacher. Henrietta Ward - A Victorian artist in Slough Biographical data @ Slough History Online
Henrietta Ward
–
Henrietta Ward, 1909
Henrietta Ward
–
Palissy the Potter, by Henrietta Ward
12.
James Ward (artist)
–
James Ward RA, was a painter, particularly of animals, and an engraver. Ward devoted much of the period 1815-21 to the painting of a work titled Allegory of Waterloo. The experience may have embittered him, and the deaths of his first wife, like many artists of the time, Ward sought commissions from wealthy gentry of their favorite horses, their favorite hunting dogs or their children. One such family that Ward painted and drew repeatedly, and whom he counted among his friends, were the Levett family of Wynchnor Park, one of Wards best-known portraits was his Theophilus Levett hunting at Wychnor, Staffordshire of 1817. Another was Wards 1811 painting entitled The Reverend Thomas Levett and his favourite dogs, Ward also painted a group portrait of three Levett children — John, Theophilus and Frances Levett. James was the son of James and Rachael Ward and he was first married to Mary Ann Ward in 1794 and after her death to Charlotte Fritche in 1827. James and Mary Ann Ward had several children including, Matilda Louisa Ward,1798, d.1879 James Ward was the paternal grandfather of the painter Henrietta Ward and the great-grandfather of Leslie Ward, the Vanity Fair caricaturist. In 1830, Ward moved to Cheshunt with his second wife, a stroke in 1855 ended his work, and he died in poverty. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, James Ward was one of the outstanding artists of the day, his singular style and great skill set him above most of his contemporaries, markedly influencing the growth of British art. Regarded as one of the animal painters of his time, James produced history paintings, portraits, landscapes. He started off as an engraver, trained by William, who later engraved much of his work. The partnership of William and James Ward produced the best that English art had to offer, their technical skill and artistry having led to images that reflect the grace. He was admitted for membership into the Royal Academy in 1811, one of Wards best-known paintings, The Deer Stealer, was commissioned in 1823 for the sum of 500 guineas by Wards patron Theophilus Levett. When the work was finished, Levett pronounced himself delighted with the results, subsequently Ward was said to have been offered 1,000 guineas for the painting by a nobleman, which he declined. The painting now hangs at Tate in London, list of British artists Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Ward, James. The Life and Work of James Ward, RA, eighteenth century artists and engravers, William Ward A. R. A. Fussell, G. E. James Ward R. A, animal Painter 1769–1859 and His England. His Life and Works with a Catalogue of his Engravings and Pictures, nygren, Edward J. James Wards Gordale Scar, An Essay in the Sublime
James Ward (artist)
–
Self-portrait by James Ward, 1848.
James Ward (artist)
–
Self portrait, 1830
James Ward (artist)
–
James Ward - Venus Rising from her Couch -
James Ward (artist)
–
Gordale Scar
13.
John Jackson (painter)
–
John Jackson RA was an English painter who specialised in portraits. Jackson was born in Lastingham, Yorkshire, and started his career as a tailor to his father. As a result, Jackson was able to attend the Royal Academy Schools, at Castle Howard, residence of the Earl of Carlisle, he could study and copy from a large collection of paintings. His watercolours were judged to be of uncommon quality, by 1807 Jacksons reputation as a portrait painter was assured, and he made the transition to oils steadily, if not easily, regularly forwarding paintings to Somerset House. After a visit to the Netherlands and Flanders with Edmund Phipps in 1816, he accompanied Sir Francis Chantrey on a trip to Switzerland, Rome, in Rome he was elected to the Academy of St Luke. His portrait of Antonio Canova, painted on this trip, was regarded as outstanding, Jackson was a prolific portraitist, strongly showing the influence of Sir Thomas Lawrence and Henry Raeburn in his work. His sitters included the Duke of Wellington, the explorer Sir John Franklin and his 1823 portrait of Lady Dover, wife of George Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover, was widely acclaimed. He was a Royal Academy student from 9 March 1805, was elected an Associate of the RA on 6 November 1815, John Jackson was married twice – the first marriage was to the daughter of a jeweller, the second to Matilda the daughter of the painter James Ward. He died in St Johns Wood, London, London, H. G. Bohn. p.355. 102 Painting by or after John Jackson at the Art UK site
John Jackson (painter)
–
John Jackson self-portrait
John Jackson (painter)
–
Jackson's 1819 portrait of
Antonio Canova
John Jackson (painter)
–
A Jewish Rabbi (c. 1817)
14.
George Morland
–
George Morland was an English painter of animals and rustic scenes. George Morland was born in London on 26 June 1763, Morland began to draw at the age of three years, and at the age of ten his name appears as an honorary exhibitor at the Royal Academy. It has been asserted that his father, discovering this trick, tried to conciliate him by indulgence, humouring his whims. He was set by his father to copy pictures of all kinds, among others he copied Fuselis Nightmare and Reynoldss Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy. Morland soon became the slave of the dealer with whom he lived. His boon companions were ostlers, potboys, horse jockeys, moneylenders, pawnbrokers, punks, in this company the handsome young artist swaggered, dressed in a green coat, with large yellow buttons, leather breeches, and top boots. He made also an effort, and a one, to free himself from his task-master, and escaped to Margate. He then paid a visit to France. Returning to London, he lodged in a house at Kensal Green, on the road to Harrow, near William Ward, the two newly married couples set up house together in High Street, Marylebone, and Morland for a while appeared to have become a reformed character. He was now becoming known by engravings from his pictures as the large Children Nutting. About this period he was fond of visiting the Isle of Wight, where he painted his best coast scenes, in 1786 he painted The Wreck of the Haswell, an oil on canvas. It shows women and children clutching what little of the ship afloat while a crewmans eyes tell the eventual fate of his half-submerged body. It clearly conveys the terror and hopelessness that must grip people when they know theyre taking their last breath, the attractions of the neighbouring inns, and of the Assembly Rooms at Kentish Town, now proved too strong for him, and he returned to all his bad habits. When he finally separated from her it is not easy to determine and he moved from Pleasing Passage to Warrens Lane, and seems for some time to have made his headquarters at Paddington. It was here probably that he painted the picture of The Inside of a Stable, now in the National Gallery. The stable is said to be that of the White Lion Inn at Paddington, opposite to which he lived. At this time he was at the plenitude of his power and his art was so popular that, comparatively small as was the price which he actually received for his labour, he might have easily lived for a week on the earnings of a day. He was besieged by dealers who came to him, as it is said, with a purse in one hand, the amount of work he got through was prodigious
George Morland
–
George Morland (
Henry Robert Morland, ca 1780)
George Morland
–
A portrait of George Morland by J.R. Smith (1736–1804). N.B This picture has also been accredited as J.R Smith by George Morland
George Morland
–
George Morland - A Party Angling
George Morland
–
George Morland - The Anglers' Repast
15.
Slough
–
Slough is a large town in Berkshire, England,21 miles west of London,3 miles north of Windsor,6 miles east of Maidenhead,12 miles south-east of High Wycombe and 20 miles north-east of Reading. The A4 and the Great Western Main Line pass through the town, in 2011, Sloughs population was the most ethnically diverse in the United Kingdom outside London. With the highest proportion of adherents in England. Slough is home to the Slough Trading Estate, the largest industrial estate in single ownership in Europe. Blackberry, McAfee, Burger King and LEGO have head offices in the town, the Slough Trading Estate provides over 17,000 jobs in 400 businesses. The town is approximately 9.1 miles to the west of Heathrow Airport, the name, which means soil, was first recorded in 1195 as Slo. It first seems to have applied to a hamlet between Upton to the east and Chalvey to the west, roughly around the Crown Crossroads where the road to Windsor met the Great West Road. The Domesday Survey of 1086 refers to Upton, and a wood for 200 pigs, during the 13th century, King Henry III had a palace at Cippenham. Parts of Upton Court were built in 1325, while St Mary the Virgin Church in Langley was probably built in the late 11th or early 12th century, though it has been rebuilt and enlarged several times. From the mid-17th century, stagecoaches began to pass through Slough and Salt Hill, by 1838 and the opening of the Great Western Railway, Upton-cum-Chalveys parish population had reached 1,502. In 1849, a line was completed from Slough railway station to Windsor and Eton Central railway station, opposite Windsor Castle. In April 1920, the Government sold the site and its contents to the Slough Trading Co. Ltd, repair of ex-army vehicles continued until 1925, when the Slough Trading Company Act was passed allowing the company to establish an industrial estate. Spectacular growth and employment ensued, with Slough attracting workers from many parts of the UK, during the Second World War, Slough experienced a series of air raids, mostly in October 1940, and an emergency hospital treating casualties from London was set up in Slough. Local air raid deaths and deaths at the account for the 23 civilian lives recorded lost in the borough area. After the war, several large housing developments arose to take large numbers of people migrating from war-damaged London. In the 21st century, Slough has seen major redevelopment of the town centre, old buildings are being replaced with new offices and shopping complexes. Tesco has replaced an existing superstore with a larger Tesco Extra, the Heart of Slough Project is a plan for the large-scale redevelopment of the town centre as a focus and cultural quarter for the creative media, information and communications industries. It will create a complex, multi-functional buildings, visual landmarks
Slough
–
Slough Trading Estate
Slough
–
Former
GWR locomotive
6664 photographed near the engine shed at Slough, October 1955.
Slough
–
The newly refurnished entrance to the Queensmere Shopping Mall.
Slough
–
Slough Trading Estate played a major part in making Slough an important business centre in South East England
16.
Kensington
–
Kensington is an affluent district within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London. Its commercial heart is Kensington High Street, the affluent and densely populated area contains the major museum district of South Kensington, which has the Royal Albert Hall for music and nearby Royal College of Music. The area is home to many of Londons European embassies, the first mention of the area is in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was written in Latin as Chenesitone, which has been interpreted to have originally been Kenesignetun in Anglo-Saxon. A variation may be Kesyngton, in 1396 and he in turn granted the tenancy of Kensington to his vassal Aubrey de Vere I, who was holding the manor in 1086, according to Domesday Book. The bishops heir, Robert de Mowbray, rebelled against William Rufus, Aubrey de Vere I had his tenure converted to a tenancy in-chief, holding Kensington after 1095 directly of the crown. He granted land and church there to Abingdon Abbey at the deathbed request of his young eldest son, Geoffrey. As the Veres became the earls of Oxford, their estate at Kensington came to be known as Earls Court, while the Abingdon lands were called Abbots Kensington and the church St Mary Abbots. The original Kensington Barracks, built at Kensington Gate in the late 18th century, were demolished in 1858, the focus of the area is Kensington High Street, a busy commercial centre with many shops, typically upmarket. The street was declared Londons second best shopping street in February 2005 thanks to its range, however, since October 2008 the street has faced competition from the Westfield shopping centre in nearby White City. Kensingtons second group of buildings is at South Kensington, where several streets of small to medium-sized shops. This is also the end of Exhibition Road, the thoroughfare that serves the areas museums. To the west, a border is kept along the line of the Counter Creek marked by the West London railway line, in the north east, the large Royal Park of Kensington Gardens is a green buffer. The other main area in Kensington is Holland Park, just north of Kensington High Street. Kensington is, in general, an affluent area, a trait that it now shares with its neighbour to the south. In early 2007, houses sold in Upper Phillimore Gardens for in excess of £20 million, Kensington is also very densely populated, it forms part of the most densely populated local government district in the United Kingdom. This high density is not formed from high-rise buildings, instead, unlike northern extremities of the Borough, Kensington lacks high-rise buildings except for the Holiday Inns London Kensington Forum Hotel in Cromwell Road, which is a 27-storey building. The Olympia exhibition hall is just over the border in West Kensington. Kensington is part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, the head office of newspaper group DMGT is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, which is the office part of the large Barkers building
Kensington
–
Kensington
Kensington
–
A picture of Kensington taken by scientist Sir Norman Lockyer in 1909 from a helium balloon. (This is a mirrored image of Kensington)
Kensington
–
Kensington Gardens in the summer
Kensington
–
Northcliffe House, head office of the
Daily Mail and General Trust
17.
Charles Dickens
–
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
Charles Dickens
–
Dickens in New York, 1867
Charles Dickens
–
Charles Dickens's birthplace, 393 Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Charles Dickens
–
2 Ordnance Terrace,
Chatham, Dickens's home 1817 – May 1821
Charles Dickens
–
Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the
Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster's Life of Dickens
18.
Eton College
–
Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
Eton College
–
16-17th century
coat of arms produced from the masonry of Eton College building.
Eton College
–
Eton College
Eton College
–
Eton College, Provost's Garden
Eton College
–
Statue of the founder
Henry VI in School Yard
19.
Teacher
–
A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone, in some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family, rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching, in most countries, formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their role, to teach others in a formal education context. A teachers role may vary among cultures, Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, a teachers professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline, Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is in part because teaching is a practice, that takes place in a specific context. Factors that influence what is expected of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, so the competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models, the teacher as manager of instruction, the teacher as caring person, the teacher as expert learner, some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings, knowledge craft skills and dispositions and it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the materials on a daily basis. One of the challenges facing teachers is that they may have covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didnt show much enthusiasm for the course materials, Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom, students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation, teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teachers enthusiasm may contribute to the expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning
Teacher
–
A teacher in a classroom at a secondary school in
Pendembu,
Sierra Leone.
Teacher
–
Jewish children with their teacher in
Samarkand, the beginning of the 20th century.
Teacher
–
A teacher of a Latin school and two students, 1487
Teacher
–
Dutch schoolmaster and children, 1662
20.
Royal Academy
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
Royal Academy
–
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academy
–
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academy
–
Study for
Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academy
–
An early
RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in
Somerset House
21.
William Powell Frith
–
William Powell Frith RA was an English painter specialising in genre subjects and panoramic narrative works of life in the Victorian era. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1853, presenting The Sleeping Model as his Diploma work and he has been described as the greatest British painter of the social scene since Hogarth. William Powell Frith was born in Aldfield, North Yorkshire on 19 January 1819, Frith was encouraged to take up art by his father, a hotelier in Harrogate. Frith was great uncle and an advisor to the English school portrait painter Henry Keyworth Raine and he moved to London in 1835 where he began his formal art studies at Sasss Academy in Charlotte Street, before attending the Royal Academy Schools. Frith started his career as a painter and first exhibited at the British Institution in 1838. In the 1840s he often based works on the output of writers such as Charles Dickens, whose portrait he painted. He was a member of The Clique, which also included Richard Dadd, the principal influence on his work was the hugely popular domestic subjects painted by Sir David Wilkie. Wilkies famous painting The Chelsea Pensioners was a spur to the creation of Friths own most famous compositions, in Ramsgate Sands, Life at the Seaside he depicted visitors and entertainers at the seaside resort. He followed this with The Derby Day, depicting scenes among the crowd at the race at Epsom Downs and this 1858 composition was bought by Jacob Bell for £1,500. It was so popular that it had to be protected by a specially installed rail when shown at the Royal Academy of Arts, another well-known painting was The Railway Station, a scene of Paddington station. In 1865 he was chosen to paint the Marriage of the Prince of Wales and his 1858 painting The Crossing Sweeper has been described as breaking new ground in its description of the collision of wealth and poverty on a London street. Later in his career he painted two series of five each, telling moral stories in the manner of William Hogarth. These were the Road to Ruin, about the dangers of gambling, and he retired from the Royal Academy in 1890 but continued to exhibit until 1902. Frith was a traditionalist who made known his aversion to modern-art developments in a couple of autobiographies – My Autobiography and Reminiscences and Further Reminiscences –, fellow traditionalist Frederic Leighton is featured in the painting, which also portrays painter John Everett Millais and novelist Anthony Trollope. In his later years, he painted copies of his famous paintings, as well as more sexually uninhibited works. A well-known raconteur, his writings, most notably his chatty autobiography, were very popular, in 1856, Frith was photographed at The Photographed Institute by Robert Howlett, as part of a series of portraits of fine artists. The picture was among a group exhibited at the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857, Frith is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. The first major retrospective in Friths native Britain for half a century was staged at the Guildhall Art Gallery and it transferred to Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate, North Yorkshire in March 2007
William Powell Frith
–
Self-Portrait at the Age of 83
William Powell Frith
–
The signal, 1858
William Powell Frith
–
William Powell Frith, attributed to Douglas Cowper (1817-1839)
William Powell Frith
–
Self portrait
22.
Royal Academy Schools
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
Royal Academy Schools
–
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academy Schools
–
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academy Schools
–
Study for
Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academy Schools
–
An early
RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in
Somerset House
23.
Jean de Paleologu
–
Jean de Paleologu was a Romanian poster artist, painter, and illustrator, who often used Pal or PAL as his signature or logo and was active in France and the United States. Born Jean de Paleologu in Bucharest, he trained in England, then returned to Romania and attended an academy, before visiting London again several times. He left Paris for the United States in 1900, Paleologu illustrated Petits poèmes russes by Catulle Mendès, which was published by Charpentier in 1893. His work also appeared in periodicals, including Vanity Fair, Strand Magazine, New York Herald Tribune, Plume, Rire, Cocorico, Froufrou, Sans-Gêne. During the latter part of his life in the United States, he worked in applied graphics, at first magazines, later ads and publicity for the auto, film, notes Sources Benezit Dictionary of Artists. The Artists of the World, A Bio-bibliographical Index A to Z. Munich, K. G. Saur
Jean de Paleologu
–
Logo of the Atelier PAL
Jean de Paleologu
–
Poster for the premiere of Massenet's
Sapho
Jean de Paleologu
–
Poster for the Nouveau Cirque
Jean de Paleologu
–
Poster for Whitworth Cycles
24.
Upper class
–
The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the aristocracy was widely used. The term is used in conjunction with terms like upper-middle class, middle class. Upper-class status commonly derived from the position of ones family. Much of the population that composed the upper consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people. These people were born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries. This is to say that it was harder for an individual to move up in class simply because of the structure of society. The Transatlantic Slave Trade also helped create a class of white Europeans while maintaining a lower class of black Europeans, Americans and Africans. This fact is often edited out of academic research both in publications and online ones such as Wikipedia. In many countries, the upper class was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often members of the titled nobility, though not necessarily. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the upper class traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War, the term has come to encompass rich, members of the English gentry organized the colonization of Virginia and New England and ruled these colonies for generations forming the foundation of the American upper class or East Coast Elite. In this respect, the US differs little from such as the UK where membership of the upper class is also dependent on other factors. The American upper class is estimated to less than 1% of the population
Upper class
–
Ball in
colonial Chile by
Pedro Subercaseaux. In
Spain's American colonies, the upper classes were made up of Europeans and
American born Spaniards and were heavily influenced by European trends.
Upper class
–
Harrods in 1909
Upper class
–
First edition dust cover of
Edith Wharton 's 1920
Pulitzer Prize -winning novel
The Age of Innocence, a story set in upper-class
New York City in the 1870s
Upper class
–
A typical home in
Connecticut, one of the wealthiest states in the
U.S.
25.
Palace of Westminster
–
The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
Palace of Westminster
–
The Palace of Westminster with
Elizabeth Tower and
Westminster Bridge, viewed from across the
River Thames
Palace of Westminster
–
Conjectural restoration of Westminster during reign of Henry VIII
Palace of Westminster
–
Parliament before
1834 Fire with
Old Palace Yard in foreground
Palace of Westminster
–
A detail from
John Rocque's 1746 map of London. St Stephen's Chapel, labelled "H of Comm" (House of Commons), was adjacent to Westminster Hall; the Parliament Chamber—labelled "H of L" (House of Lords)—and the Prince's Chamber were to the far south. The Court of Requests, between the two Houses, would become the new home of the Lords in 1801. At the north-east, by the river, stood Speaker's House.
26.
Beefsteak Club
–
Beefsteak Club is the name or nickname of several 18th and 19th-century male dining clubs that celebrated the beefsteak as a symbol of patriotic and often Whig concepts of liberty and prosperity. The first beefsteak club was founded about 1705 in London by the actor Richard Estcourt and others in the arts and this club flourished for less than a decade. The society became much celebrated, and new members included royalty, statesmen and great soldiers, in 1785, at the weekly meetings, the members wore a blue coat and buff waistcoat with brass buttons bearing a gridiron motif and the words Beef and liberty. The steaks and baked potatoes were accompanied by port or porter, after dinner, the evening was given up to noisy revelry. The club met almost continuously until 1867, Sir Henry Irving continued its tradition in the late nineteenth century. The Sublime Society was revived in 1966 and holds many of the original Societys relics in safe keeping and its membership includes lineal descendants from the nineteenth century membership, and it adheres to the Societys early rules and customs. Other Beefsteak Clubs included one in Dublin from 1749, for performers and politicians, many used the gridiron as their symbol, and some are even named after it, including the Gridiron Club of Washington, D. C. In 1876, a Beefsteak Club was formed that became an essential after-theatre club for the theatre set, including W. S. Gilbert. The first known beefsteak club seems to have been founded in about 1705 in London. It was started by some seceders from the Whiggish Kit-Cat Club, desirous of proving substantial beef was as prolific a food for an English wit as pies, the actor Richard Estcourt was its providore or president and its most popular member. William Chetwood in A General History of the Stage is the much quoted source that the chief Wits and this was the first beefsteak club known to have used a gridiron as its badge. In 1708, Dr. William King dedicated his poem Art of Cookery to the Honourable Beef Steak Club and his poem includes the couplet, He that of Honour, Wit and Mirth partakes, May be a fit Companion oer Beef-steaks. Joseph Addison referred to the club in The Spectator in 1711 as still functioning, the historian Colin J. Horne suggests that the club may have come to an end with the death of Estcourt in 1712. There was also a Rump-Steak or Liberty Club of London, which was in existence in 1733–34, the Sublime Society of Beef Steaks was established in 1735 by John Rich at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, of which he was then manager. Another version is that George Lambert, the scene-painter at the theatre, was too busy to leave the theatre. His visitors so enjoyed sharing this dish that they set up the Sublime Society, William and Robert Chambers, writing in 1869, favour the second version, noting that Peterborough was not one of the original members. Whatever the details of its genesis, Rich and Lambert are listed as the first two of the societys twenty-four founding members, from the outset, the society strove to avoid the term club, but the shorter Beefsteak Club was soon used by many as an informal alternative. The early core of the society was made up of actors, artists, writers and musicians, among them William Hogarth, David Garrick, John Wilkes, Samuel Johnson, meetings were held every Saturday between November and June
Beefsteak Club
–
The present-day Beefsteak Club, Irving Street, London
Beefsteak Club
–
Badge of the Sublime Society: a gridiron and the motto "Beef and Liberty"
Beefsteak Club
–
Dining room at the
Lyceum, used by the Sublime Society and later by
Henry Irving. The kitchen is at the rear, beyond the gridiron-shaped grating.
Beefsteak Club
–
Early members of the 1876 Beefsteak Club: (top)
Henry Irving (l) and
W. S. Gilbert; (below)
Henry Labouchère (l) and
F. C. Burnand
27.
Knight
–
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors, during the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback, since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to the country. The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame, furthermore, Geoffroi de Charnys Book of Chivalry expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knights life. This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes world, in the late medieval period, new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many nations. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have become the subject of legend, each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world, and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity. The word knight, from Old English cniht, is a cognate of the German word Knecht and this meaning, of unknown origin, is common among West Germanic languages. Middle High German had the phrase guoter kneht, which also meant knight, the Anglo-Saxon cniht had no connection to horsemanship, the word referred to any servant. A rādcniht, riding-servant, was a servant delivering messages or patrolling coastlines on horseback, a narrowing of the generic meaning servant to military follower of a king or other superior is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a warrior in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years War. The verb to knight appears around 1300, and, from the same time, an Equestrian was a member of the second highest social class in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. This class is often translated as knight, the medieval knight, both Greek ἳππος and Latin equus are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word root ekwo-, horse. In the later Roman Empire, the classical Latin word for horse, equus, was replaced in common parlance by the vulgar Latin caballus, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish caballos. From caballus arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the English cavalier, Italian cavaliere, Spanish caballero, French chevalier, Portuguese cavaleiro, the Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English rider, German Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder. These words are derived from Germanic rīdan, to ride, in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root reidh-, in ancient Rome there was a knightly class Ordo Equestris from which European knighthood may have been derived. Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, in the Early Medieval period any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or miles in Latin
Knight
–
David I of Scotland knighting a squire
Knight
–
The English fighting the French knights at the
Battle of Crécy in 1346.
Knight
–
Khosrau II dressed as a mounted Persian knight riding on his favourite horse, Shabdiz. One of the oldest known reliefs of a heavily armoured cavalryman, from the Sassanid empire, Taqé Bostan, Iran (4th century).
Knight
–
A Norman knight slaying
Harold Godwinson (
Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.
28.
Victorian era
–
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
Victorian era
–
Queen Victoria, after whom the era is named
Victorian era
–
The Louth-London
Royal Mail travelling by train from
Peterborough East, 1845
Victorian era
–
A picture of
Leadenhall Street, London, c. 1837
Victorian era
–
The Poultry Cross,
Salisbury, painted by
Louise Rayner, c. 1870
29.
Marylebone
–
Marylebone is an affluent inner-city area of central London, England, located within the City of Westminster and part of the West End. It is sometimes written as St. Marylebone, Marylebone is roughly bounded by Oxford Street to the south, Marylebone Road to the north, Edgware Road to the west and Great Portland Street to the east. The area east of Great Portland Street up to Cleveland Street and this stream rose further north in what is now Swiss Cottage, eventually running along what is now Marylebone Lane, which preserves its curve within the grid pattern. The church and the area later became known as St Mary at the Bourne which, over time, became shortened to its present form. It is a common misunderstanding that the name is a corruption of Marie la Bonne, the manor of Tyburn is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a possession of Barking Abbey valued at 52 shillings, with a population no greater than 50. Early in the 13th century it was held by Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford. Tyburn manor remained with the Crown until the part was sold in 1611 by James I, who retained the deer park, to Edward Forest. Forests manor of Marylebone then passed by marriage to the Austen family, the deer park, Marylebone Park Fields, was let out in small holdings for hay and dairy produce. The Harley heiress Lady Margaret Cavendish Harley married William, 2nd Duke of Portland, such place names in the neighbourhood as Cavendish Square and Portland Place reflect the Dukes of Portland landholdings and Georgian-era developments there. In 1879 the fifth Duke died without issue and the estate passed through the line to his sister, Lucy Joan Bentinck. A large part of the area directly to the west was constructed by the Portman family and is known as the Portman Estate, both estates have aristocratic antecedents and are still run by members of the aforementioned families. The Crown repurchased the northern part of the estate in 1813, mansfield Street is a short continuation of Chandos Street built by the Adam brothers in 1770, on a plot of ground which had been underwater. Most of its houses are fine buildings with exquisite interiors, which if put on the market now would have a price in excess of £10 million. Immediately across the road at 61 New Cavendish Street lived Natural History Museum creator Alfred Waterhouse, Queen Anne Street is an elegant cross-street which unites the northern end of Chandos Street with Welbeck Street. The painter JMW Turner moved to 47 Queen Anne Street in 1812 from 64 Harley Street, now divided into numbers 22 and 23, the building is one of the finest surviving Adam houses in London, and now lets rooms. Wimpole Street runs from Henrietta Place north to Devonshire Street, becoming Upper Wimpole en route – the latter where Arthur Conan Doyle opened his practice at number 2 in 1891. Today, at the end of Wimpole at Wigmore can be found a sandwich shop named Barretts. Bentinck Street leaves Welbeck Street and touches the middle of winding Marylebone Lane, more recently, Cambridge spies Anthony Blunt and Guy Burgess lived at 5 Bentinck Street during the Second World War
Marylebone
–
Marylebone High Street
Marylebone
–
Topographical survey of St. Marylebone, St. Pancras and Paddington. Engraving by B.R. Davies, 1145 x 950mm, dated 1834.
Marylebone
–
St Marylebone Parish Church.
Marylebone
–
Districts
30.
Kensal Green Cemetery
–
Kensal Green Cemetery is in Kensal Green in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. Inspired by the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, it was founded by the barrister George Frederick Carden, the cemetery opened in 1833 and comprises 72 acres of grounds, including two conservation areas, adjoining a canal. The cemetery is home to at least 33 species of bird and this distinctive cemetery has memorials ranging from large mausoleums housing the rich and famous to many distinctive smaller graves and includes special areas dedicated to the very young. It has three chapels, and serves all faiths, despite its Grecian-style buildings the cemetery is primarily Gothic in character, due to the high number of private Gothic monuments. Due to this atmosphere, the cemetery was the location of several scenes in movies. The cemetery is located in the London Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, the cemetery lies between Harrow Road and the Grand Union Canal. There is a set of gates set in the southern wall to the cemetery which is adjacent to the canal. Public meetings were held in June and July 1830 at the Freemasons Tavern, Paul, a partner in the London banking firm of Strahan, Paul, Paul and Bates, found and conditionally purchased the 54 acres of land at Kensal Green for £9,500. However, Paul and Carden were already embroiled in a dispute regarding the design of the cemetery, where Paul favoured the Grecian style and Carden the Gothic style. This attracted 46 entrants, and in March 1832 the premium was awarded, despite opposition, for a Gothic Revival design by Henry Edward Kendall. On 11 July 1832, the Act of Parliament establishing a General Cemetery Company for the interment of the Dead in the Neighbourhood of the Metropolis gained Royal Assent. The Act authorised it to raise up to £45,000 in shares, buy up to 80 acres of land and build a cemetery, Company directors appointed after the Bill received Royal Assent asserted their control and preference for a different style. Founded as the General Cemetery of All Souls, Kensal Green, Kensal Green Cemetery was consecrated on 24 January 1833 by the Bishop of London, receiving its first funeral the same month. The Treasury was sceptical that Chadwicks scheme would ever be financially viable, although the Metropolitan Interments Act 1850 authorised the scheme, it was abandoned in 1852. The overall layout is on an east-west axes, with a path leading to a raised chapel towards the west. The entrance is to the north-east and the largest monuments line the path to the chapel. The Church of England was allotted 39 acres and the remaining 15, clearly separated, acres were given over to Dissenters, originally there was a division between the Dissenters’ part of the cemetery and the Anglican section. This took the form of a fence from the canal to the gate piers on the path
Kensal Green Cemetery
–
Kensal Green Cemetery
Kensal Green Cemetery
–
A typical mausoleum, Kensal Green Cemetery
Kensal Green Cemetery
–
The grave of
Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham, Kensal Green Cemetery
Kensal Green Cemetery
–
The grave of Baldomero de Bertodano, Kensal Green Cemetery
31.
National Portrait Gallery (London)
–
The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856, the gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martins Place, off Trafalgar Square, and adjoining the National Gallery. It has been expanded twice since then, the National Portrait Gallery also has regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire and Montacute House in Somerset. It is unconnected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the gallery is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The gallery houses portraits of important and famous British people, selected on the basis of the significance of the sitter. The collection includes photographs and caricatures as well as paintings, drawings, one of its best-known images is the Chandos portrait, the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare although there is some uncertainty about whether the painting actually is of the playwright. Not all of the portraits are exceptional artistically, although there are self-portraits by William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds, some, such as the group portrait of the participants in the Somerset House Conference of 1604, are important historical documents in their own right. Portraits of living figures were allowed from 1969, the three people largely responsible for the founding of the National Portrait Gallery are commemorated with busts over the main entrance. At centre is Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, with his supporters on either side, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay and it was Stanhope who, in 1846 as a Member of Parliament, first proposed the idea of a National Portrait Gallery. It was not until his attempt, in 1856, this time from the House of Lords. With Queen Victorias approval, the House of Commons set aside a sum of £2000 to establish the gallery, as well as Stanhope and Macaulay, the founder Trustees included Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Ellesmere. It was the latter who donated the Chandos portrait to the nation as the gallerys first portrait, Carlyle became a trustee after the death of Ellesmere in 1857. For the first 40 years, the gallery was housed in locations in London. The first 13 years were spent at 29 Great George Street, there, the collection increased in size from 57 to 208 items, and the number of visitors from 5,300 to 34,500. In 1869, the moved to Exhibition Road and buildings managed by the Royal Horticultural Society. Following a fire in buildings, the collection was moved in 1885. This location was unsuitable due to its distance from the West End, condensation. Following calls for a new location to be found, the government accepted an offer of funds from the philanthropist William Henry Alexander, Alexander donated £60,000 followed by another £20,000, and also chose the architect, Ewan Christian
National Portrait Gallery (London)
–
Entrance to the National Portrait Gallery
National Portrait Gallery (London)
–
The
Chandos portrait of
William Shakespeare, the first painting to enter the NPG's collection
National Portrait Gallery (London)
–
Inside the National Portrait Gallery
32.
Guglielmo Marconi
–
He is often credited as the inventor of radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy. Marconi was an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in the United Kingdom in 1897 and he succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1929, the King of Italy ennobled Marconi as a Marchese, Marconi was born into the Italian nobility as Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi in Bologna on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi and his Irish/Scots wife Annie Jameson. Between the ages of two and six, Marconi and his elder brother Alfonso were brought up by his mother in the English town of Bedford, Marconi received further education in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. Marconi did not do well in school, according to Robert McHenry and he was baptized as a Catholic but had been brought up as a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it. Marconi was confirmed in the Catholic faith and became a member of the Church before his marriage to Maria Christina in 1927. During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and electricity, the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the electric telegraph. There was a deal of interest in radio waves in the physics community. Righis article renewed Marconis interest in developing a wireless telegraphy based on radio waves. In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, soon after he was able to make a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench. One night in December 1894, Guglielmo woke his mother and invited her into his secret workshop and showed her the experiment that he had created. The next day, he showed his work to his father. In the summer of 1895, Marconi moved his experimentation outdoors, with these improvements the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles and over hills. The monopole antenna reduced the frequency of the waves compared to the dipole antennas used by Hertz, by this point, he concluded that a device could become capable of spanning greater distances, with additional funding and research, and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Marconis experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful radio transmission system, Marconi wrote to the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of the honorable Pietro Lacava, explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding. He never received a response to his letter which was dismissed by the Minister who wrote to the Longara on the document. In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini, Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and about these extraordinary discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal the results until after they had obtained the copyrights
Guglielmo Marconi
–
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi
–
Marconi Rock, Salvan, Switzerland, site of 1895 experiments
Guglielmo Marconi
–
Plaque on the outside of BT Centre commemorates Marconi's first public transmission of wireless signals.
Guglielmo Marconi
–
Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell) used to lift the antenna at
St. John's, Newfoundland, December 1901
33.
Harold Hilton
–
Harold Horsfall Hilton was an English amateur golfer of the late 19th and early 20th century. Hilton was born in West Kirby and attended West Buckland School in Devon, in 1892, he won The Open Championship at Muirfield, becoming the second amateur to do so. He won again in 1897 at his club, Royal Liverpool Golf Club. The only other amateurs who have won the Open Championship are John Ball, Hilton also won The Amateur Championship on four occasions, including 1911, when he became the only British player to win the British and U. S. Hilton retired with a 99–29 record at The Amateur Championship, from 1905 to 1915, Hilton was a member at Ashford Manor Golf Club in Middlesex, the club having been incorporated in 1902. In 1912, he played a part in designing Ferndown Golf Club in Dorset which became an Open Championship qualifying course. Hilton died on 5 May 1942 at Westcote, Gloucestershire, England, Hilton was also a golf writer. He was the first editor of Golf Monthly, and also the editor of Golf Illustrated and he also designed many courses and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1978. Amateur 1913 The Amateur Championship 1914 Golf Illustrated Gold Vase Note, Hilton played in only The Open Championship, U. S. Amateur, and The Amateur Championship. Yellow background for top-10 Source for British Open, www. opengolf. com Source for 1887 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, August 4,1887, Source for 1889 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 9,1889, pg.10. Source for 1890 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 2,1890, Source for 1893 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 10,1893, pg.11. Source for 1894 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, April 27,1894, Source for 1895 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 9,1895, pg.3. Source for 1897 British Amateur, The Scotsman, April 29,1897, Source for 1898 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 26,1898, pg.11. Source for 1899 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 26,1899, Source for 1902 British Amateur, Golf, June,1902, pg.397. Source for 1903 British Amateur, Golf, July,1903, Source for 1904 British Amateur, Golf, July,1904, pg.9. Source for 1905 British Amateur, Golf, June,1905, Source for 1906 British Amateur, Golf, July,1906, pg.29. Source for 1907 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 30,1907, Source for 1908 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, May 27,1908, pg.14. Source for 1909 British Amateur, The American Golfer, July,1909, Source for 1910 British Amateur, The Glasgow Herald, June 3,1910, pg.10
Harold Hilton
–
Caricature of Hilton, "Hoylake" by
Spy (from
Vanity Fair magazine)
Harold Hilton
–
Hilton, c. 1894
Harold Hilton
–
Silas H. Strawn, president of the United States Golf Association, presents the 1911 United States Amateur Championship to Harold Hilton at
Apawamis Club.
Harold Hilton
–
Hilton at Apawamis Club (1911)
34.
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
–
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, also Nassereddin Shah Qajar, was the King of Persia from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek Jahān Khānom, Nasser al-Din Shah had sovereign power for close to 50 years and was also the first modern Iranian monarch to formally visit Europe. The state under Naser Al-Din was the government of Iran. The religious and tribal chieftains held quite a bit of autonomy over their communities, Naser Al-Din was not effective in implementing his sovereignty over his people. Local groups had their own militias and oftentimes did not obey laws passed by the monarchy since they did not have the power to enforce them, the people followed the ulamas fatwas instead of state issued law. When Naser Al-Din took power, his army barely had 3,000 men which was smaller than the armies under various tribal leaders. When the state needed an army, he would hire the local militias. Prior to his reforms, Nasers government had little power over their subjects and even during the reforms. Naser al-Din was in Tabriz from Qajars tribe when he heard of his fathers death in 1848, Naser al-Din had early reformist tendencies, but was dictatorial in his style of government. With his sanction, some Babis were killed after an attempt on his life, unable to regain the territory in the Caucasus irrevocably lost to Russia in the early 19th century, Naser al-Din sought compensation by seizing Herāt, Afghanistan, in 1856. Great Britain regarded the move as a threat to British India and declared war on Persia, Naser al-Din was the first modern Persian monarch to visit Europe in 1873 and then again in 1878, and finally in 1889 and was reportedly amazed with the technology he saw. During his visit to the United Kingdom in 1873, Naser al-Din Shah was appointed by Queen Victoria a Knight of the Order of the Garter and he was the first Persian monarch to be so honoured. His travel diary of his 1873 trip has been published in languages, including Persian, German, French. In 1890 Naser al-Din met British major Gerald F. Consuming tobacco from the newly monopolized Talbet company represented foreign exploitation and it even affected the Shahs personal life as his wives did not allow him to smoke. This was not the end of Naser al-Dins attempts to give concessions to Europeans, most of Naser al-Dins modernizing reforms happened during the prime ministership of Amir Kabir. However Amir Kabirs reforms were unpopular with people and Naser al-Din Shah first exiled him. The Shah gradually lost interest for reform, however, he took some important measures such as introducing telegraphy and postal services and building roads. He also increased the size of the military and created a new group called the Persian Cossack Brigade which was trained and armed by the Russians
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
–
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
–
Tughra
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
–
1
Toman stamp of 1882.
Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
–
The Shah, on his European tour, in the Royal Albert Hall, London. Seated between the
Princess of Wales and her sister, the
Tsesarevna of Russia
35.
William Maynard Gomm
–
Field Marshal Sir William Maynard Gomm GCB was a British Army officer. After taking part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, he served in most of the battles of the Napoleonic Wars, during the Hundred Days he took part in both the Battle of Quatre Bras and the Battle of Waterloo. He went on to be Commander of the troops in Jamaica and in that role established new barracks at Newcastle, Jamaica, after that he became Governor of Mauritius and, finally, Commander-in-Chief, India, in which role he introduced promotion examinations for officers. Promoted to lieutenant on 14 April 1795, he continued his education at a private school in Woolwich. He then served as assistant quartermaster-general under Earl Cathcart at the Battle of Copenhagen in August 1807, Gomm joined Sir Arthur Wellesleys army, again as assistant quartermaster-general, and fought at the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in August 1808 during the Peninsular War. After the Convention of Sintra Gomm returned to Portugal and served on Sir John Moores staff at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, Gomm was also on the Earl of Chathams staff during the disastrous Walcheren Campaign of Autumn 1809. Following his return to England, he transferred into the Coldstream Guards on 25 July 1814 and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815. During the Hundred Days, as an officer with the 5th Division, Gomm took part in the Battle of Quatre Bras. At Waterloo he rode a charger called George, which survived until 1841 and he was awarded the Russian Order of St. Anna, 2nd Class on 8 October 1815. He acquired a property at 6 Upper Grosvenor Street in London in 1826, Gomm was promoted to colonel on 16 May 1829 and to major-general on 10 January 1837. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Cambridge University in 1842, Gomm was briefly General officer commanding Northern District in early 1842 before being appointed the Governor of Mauritius in June 1842. In that role Gomm introduced promotion examinations for officers and he also served as honorary colonel of the 13th Regiment of Foot. He died at Brighton in Sussex on 15 March 1875 and was buried at Christs Church in Rotherhithe, under his widows will £15,000 was left to Keble College, Oxford to endow scholarships in his memory. He had no children by either marriage, the British Field Marshals, 1736–1997, A Biographical Dictionary
William Maynard Gomm
–
Portrait by
William Salter (oil on canvas, 1834-1840)
William Maynard Gomm
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Caricature of William Maynard Gomm,
Vanity Fair, 1873
William Maynard Gomm
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The Battle of Quatre Bras, at which Gomm served as a staff officer, during the Hundred Days
36.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
–
Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Army, where he served for some 40 years, seeing service in various parts of the British Empire. During this time he was created a royal duke, becoming the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. In 1911, he was appointed as Governor General of Canada and he occupied this post until being succeeded by the Duke of Devonshire in 1916. After the end of his tenure, Arthur returned to the United Kingdom and there, as well as in India, performed various royal duties. Though he retired from life in 1928, he continued to make his presence known in the army well into the Second World War. He was Queen Victorias last surviving son, Arthur was born at Buckingham Palace on 1 May 1850, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The prince was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Bird Sumner, as with his older brothers, Arthur received his early education from private tutors. It was reported that he became the Queens favourite child, following his arrival at Halifax, Arthur toured the country for eight weeks and made a visit in January 1870 to Washington, D. C. where he met with President Ulysses S. Grant. Arthur made an impression on many in Canada, as he became the 51st chief on the council, his appointment broke the centuries-old tradition that there should only be 50 chiefs of the Six Nations. Arthur was promoted to the rank of colonel on 14 June 1871, substantive lieutenant-colonel in 1876, colonel on 29 May 1880 and. He gained military experience as Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army from December 1886 to March 1890 and he went on to be General Officer Commanding Southern District, at Portsmouth, from September 1890 to 1893. The Prince had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, as Commander-in-chief of the British Army, upon the latters forced retirement in 1895. But this desire was denied to Arthur, and instead he was given, between 1893 and 1898, command of the Aldershot District Command, the regiment had recently been converted to the infantry role from the 2nd Battalion, 5th British Columbia Regiment of Canadian Artillery. With the Princes agreement the unit was renamed 6th Regiment, Duke of Connaughts Own Rifles on 1 May 1900 and he was subsequently appointed colonel-in-chief of the regiment, then known as The British Columbia Regiment, in 1923. He held that appointment until his death, on his mothers birthday in 1874, Arthur was created a royal peer, being titled as the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex. Through his childrens marriages, Arthur became the father-in-law of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, arthurs first two children predeceased him, Margaret while pregnant with his sixth grandchild. For many years, Arthur maintained a liaison with Leonie, Lady Leslie, sister of Jennie Churchill, alongside his military career, he continued to undertake royal duties beyond, or vaguely associated with, the army. On the return from a posting in India, he again and he also toured Canada in 1906
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
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Prince Arthur in 1915
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
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A painting of Queen Victoria with Prince Arthur by
Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
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The Duke wearing the
Highland dress of an 18th-century
Scottish peer, c. 1875 – 1880
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
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Prince Arthur wearing Masonic regalia.
37.
Robert McCall (barrister)
–
Sir Robert Alfred McCall, KCVO KC was an Irish lawyer. He was born at Lisburn, Co, antrim and educated at the Queens College, Galway and Queens University Belfast. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1871, in 1891, having already acquired a large junior practice, he took silk. He served in cases involving the common law and, while not making the first rank of Winch and Candy, was a powerful. Politically, McCall was allied to the Unionist cause and was friendly with Lord James of Hereford and this friendship led to McCalls appointment as Attorney General and Queens Serjeant to the Duchy of Lancaster. He was elected as a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 1918 and he was made a Commissioner of the Assize and K. C. V. O. in 1921 and was also appointed as Registrar of the Railway and Canal Commission in the same year. He was senator of the University of London and President of the Huguenot Society of London in 1923 and he was a correspondent with The Times. There are three portraits of him in the National Portrait Gallery and he married Alice MacSwinney of Galway in 1876. Obituary, The Times,7 April 1934, pg
Robert McCall (barrister)
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Robert McCall KC wearing his Court robes as King's Counsel (previously Queen's Counsel) drawn by
"Spy"
38.
Edward Marshall Hall
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Sir Edward Marshall Hall KC was an English barrister who had a formidable reputation as an orator. He successfully defended many accused of notorious murders and became known as The Great Defender. Marshall Hall practised as a barrister in the late Victorian era and in the Edwardian era, big criminal and civil trials were widely reported on by the popular press on a daily basis. As a consequence, he and other barristers of the day became very famous. The widespread belief that he was a better orator than lawyer may explain his failure to achieve elevation to the High Court. Born in Brighton the son of eminent physician Alfred Hall, Marshall Hall was educated at Rugby School and St Johns College, Cambridge. Unusually, he left Cambridge after his term to embark on what would now be regarded as a gap year in Paris and Australia. In 1882 he married Ethel Moon, the marriage was an unhappy one, the couple were never compatible and were frequently separated, with a legal separation taking place in 1889. The following year, Ethel became pregnant by a lover and died as a result of a botched abortion and this led to a seamy and very public lawsuit in which the lover, the abortionist and several other parties were indicted for Ethels murder. He subsequently married Henriette Hetty Kroeger, with whom he had one daughter, in November 1907 Marshall Hall was briefed in a case which contributed significantly towards his being painted with such titles as The Great Defender. On 12 September 1907, Bertram Shaw returned home during the evening to find his room locked. He borrowed a key from a neighbour, but upon entering was greeted with the sight of his fiancee Emily Dimmock lying naked on the bed. It was a savage but skilful attack on her from the nature of the wound, nothing much had been taken from the flat, and the motive was a mystery, the case quickly became a sensation. After initial difficulty the investigation led by Inspector Neill centred on a Robert Wood. Wood was in a relationship with Ruby Young, who recognised his handwriting on a found in Dimmocks room. Wood was put on trial for the murder, during which Marshall Hall displayed the kind of effective, Marshall Hall was convinced of Woods innocence, and also of the fallibility of the prosecution case. The relevance of their dissension over his testifying soon became apparent as Wood was a bad witness, Marshall Hall dramatically commenced his examination in chief with, Robert Wood, did you kill Emily Dimmock. He was said to be a young man who could not cast aside his affectations
Edward Marshall Hall
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Edward Marshall Hall as drawn by
'Spy' in 1903
Edward Marshall Hall
–
Robed, c. 1900
39.
W. S. Gilbert
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Sir William Schwenck Gilbert was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for the fourteen comic operas produced in collaboration with the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan. The most famous of these include H. M. S, Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado. The popularity of works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them, in Britain and abroad, by the repertory company that they founded. Eleven of the Savoy operas continue to be performed in the English-speaking world and beyond by opera companies, repertory companies, schools. Lines from these works have become part of the English language, such as short, sharp shock, What, and Let the punishment fit the crime. Gilberts creative output included over 75 plays and libretti, and numerous stories, poems and lyrics. He also began to write burlesques and his first comic plays, developing a unique absurdist and he also developed a realistic method of stage direction and a reputation as a strict theatre director. M. S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance, in the 1880s, Gilbert focused on the Savoy operas, including Patience, Iolanthe, The Mikado, The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers. Gilbert won the lawsuit, but the argument caused hurt feelings among the partnership. Although Gilbert and Sullivan were persuaded to collaborate on two last operas, they were not as successful as the previous ones, in later years, Gilbert wrote several plays, and a few operas with other collaborators. He retired, with his wife and ward, Nancy McIntosh, to a country estate, Gilbert died of a heart attack while attempting to rescue a young woman to whom he was giving a swimming lesson in the lake at his home. Gilbert was born at 17 Southampton Street, Strand, London and his father, also named William, was briefly a naval surgeon, who later became a writer of novels and short stories, some of which were illustrated by his son. Gilberts mother was the former Anne Mary Bye Morris, the daughter of Thomas Morris, Gilberts parents were distant and stern, and he did not have a particularly close relationship with either of them. They quarrelled increasingly, and following the break-up of their marriage in 1876, his relationships with them, especially his mother, Gilbert was nicknamed Bab as a baby, and then Schwenck, after his fathers godparents. As a child, Gilbert travelled to Italy in 1838 and then France for two years with his parents, who returned to settle in London in 1847. He then attended Kings College London, graduating in 1856, instead he joined the Civil Service, he was an assistant clerk in the Privy Council Office for four years and hated it. In 1859 he joined the Militia, a volunteer force formed for the defence of Britain, with which he served until 1878. In 1863 he received a bequest of £300 that he used to leave the service and take up a brief career as a barrister
W. S. Gilbert
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W. S. Gilbert
W. S. Gilbert
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One of Gilbert's illustrations for his
Bab Ballad "Gentle Alice Brown"
W. S. Gilbert
–
Sir Arthur Sullivan
W. S. Gilbert
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Engaged (1877) was Gilbert's most successful non-musical play
40.
Fred Archer (jockey)
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Frederick James Fred Archer, also known by the nickname The Tin Man, was an English flat race jockey of the Victorian era, described as the best all-round jockey that the turf has ever seen. Delirious from wasting and the loss of his wife during childbirth, Archer was born to Grand National winning jockey William Archer in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire in 1857. A quick, retentive, and exceedingly secretive boy, at the age of 11 he became apprentice to trainer Mathew Dawson at Heath House, Archer served Dawson as a stable jockey from 1874 until 1886. He would marry Dawsons niece, Helen Rose Dawson and his first win was a steeplechase at Bangor-on-Dee in 1870 but his first official win under Jockey Club rules was at Chesterfield on 28 September 1870 on a horse called Atholl Daisy. Archer took his sport very seriously and was noted for his ruthlessness, in 1882 he built Falmouth Lodge and Stables. He was a taciturn and morose character, known for being miserly with money, archers first important win was on Salvanos in the 1872 Cesarewitch. The first of his Classic wins followed two years later on Atlantic in the 18742,000 Guineas, after this he became retained jockey for Lord Falmouth for whom he won over half of his Classics. Archer was Champion Jockey for 13 consecutive years until 1886, riding 2,748 winners from 8,084 starts, in 1885 he rode 246 winners, a record that wasnt broken until Gordon Richards 1933 season. He won the Epsom Derby five times and won a total of 21 classic races, because of his height Archer had to diet far more than other jockeys. This had an effect on his health and after suffering from depression following the death of his wife, Helen Rose, Archer had been in a fever for several days and was being attended by his doctor. His sister—Mrs Colemen—visited him in his room and he asked her to send the nurse away and she then heard him say Are they coming. And saw he had the gun in his hand, whilst she was struggling with him, he put the gun in his mouth and fired the revolver. The verdict of the jury at the inquest was, That the deceased committed suicide whilst in a state of unsound mind and his death at the age of 29 occurred on 8 November 1886, his wife had died on 7 November, two years earlier. He left a fortune of £66,662 to his only daughter, some of his effects are now on display at the National Horseracing Museum, including the gun with which he shot himself. In October 2010 a Stevengraph silk portrait of Archer sold at auction for £320, Fred is buried in Newmarket Town Cemetery, Newmarket, Forest Health District, Suffolk, England. His burial plot is to the right of the chapel. M
Fred Archer (jockey)
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Fred Archer caricature in
Vanity Fair
Fred Archer (jockey)
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Fred Archer
Fred Archer (jockey)
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Rosa Corder, Fred Archer, Restrike etching
Fred Archer (jockey)
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Grave of jockey Frederick James Archer, Newmarket, Suffolk
41.
Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown
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Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, KP, CMG, PC was an Irish soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament. Castletown was the son of John FitzPatrick, 1st Baron Castletown, and his wife Augusta Mary. He was appointed High Sheriff of Queens County in 1876 and he served in the Life Guards and fought in Egypt in 1882. He also sat as Member of Parliament for Portarlington from 1880 to 1883 and he served as lieutenant colonel in command of the 4th Battalion of the Leinster Regiment from October 1899, and was the first to outfit them with Irish bagpipiers. In February 1900 he left for South Africa, where he was posted on special service during the Second Boer War. In recognition of services during the war, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael, in early 1902 he took part in a special diplomatic mission to promote British interests in Morocco. Castletown was later Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1906 and 1910, the theft is reported to have angered the King, but the visit went ahead. However, the ceremony was cancelled. Also stolen were the collars of five Knight Members of the Order, the following year in 1908 he was made a Knight of the Order of St Patrick and admitted to the Irish Privy Council. His banner still hangs in St. Patricks Hall in Dublin Castle, lord Castletown married the Hon. Emily Ursula Clare St Leger, daughter of the 4th Viscount Doneraile, in 1874. He died on 29 May 1937 at Granston Manor, aged 87, in 1900, the Celtic Association was set up in Dublin with Castletown as president and E. E. Fournier as secretary. The Celtic Association is mainly remembered for the three Pan-Celtic Congresses it organized, the first in Dublin in 1901, the second in Caernarfon in 1904, and the last in Edinburgh in 1907. The first Congress had been scheduled for 1900, but had to be postponed when Castletown was called to service in the Boer War, the Association was not without its detractors, in part because many of the Irish sympathized with the Boers. Originally made up of representatives from Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, and the Isle of Man, Cornwall was added in 1904
Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown
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Lord Castletown.
Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown
–
1882
Spy caricature of the 2nd Lord Castletown in
Vanity Fair.
42.
Georgina Weldon
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Georgina Weldon was a British campaigner against the lunacy laws, a celebrated litigant and noted amateur soprano of the Victorian era. Morgan Thomas was a barrister, having inherited a large sum of money from his father and uncle. Georgina spent most of her childhood in Florence, and her singing voice was trained by her mother. In 1856 the Thomas family changed its name to Treherne, the surname of Morgan Thomass ancestors up to the mid-eighteenth century. On 21 April 1860, against her fathers wishes, Georgina married William Henry Weldon, in August 1860 she suffered a miscarriage when her husband threatened to kill her and himself. In 1863 William Weldon took a mistress, the nineteen-year-old Annie Stanley Dobson and she claimed to be a widow and went by the name Mrs Lowe, and gave him a son, Francis Stanley Lowe. On the death of his grandmother he inherited £10,000 a year and in 1870 he leased Tavistock House in Bloomsbury, which had a theatre that had been added by Charles Dickens. By 1869 Georgina Weldons childless marriage was breaking down, at this time she devised a scheme for a National Training School of Music to teach music to poor children. The Weldons filled Tavistock House with orphans and she also joined Henry David Leslies famous choir, through which she met the French composer Charles Gounod in March 1871. By November 1871 Gounod, who was in health, had moved into Tavistock House with Mr. This close association with the composer benefited Weldons singing career and she published Hints for Pronunciation in Singing in 1872 as well as various songs and memoirs. It has been suggested that Georgina and Gounod were lovers, however, Gounod became increasingly disturbed by gossip about the Weldon Affair and in June 1874 he returned to his wife in Paris. Feeling slighted by Gounods departure, Georgina Weldon refused to send on his personal belongings, when Gounod asked Georgina to return these belongings to him, she insisted that he return to London to claim them from her in person. Only when he had reconstructed the musical score, nearly a year later. She then instigated a number of lawsuits against him for libel, attempting to sue him for £10,000, instead, in 1880 and again in 1885 she herself was imprisoned for libels connected with her musical career. By 1875 Harry Weldon had tired of his wifes orphanage scheme, the couple separated, and he gave Georgina the lease to Tavistock House and £1000 a year as a financial settlement. Georgina was seen by the two doctors, who obtained an interview with her under false pretences, pretending that they were interested in her musical orphanage. They then signed the lunacy order, Georgina realised that something was wrong and, when staff from the asylum arrived to take her away by force, she escaped and evaded capture for the seven days that the order remained valid
Georgina Weldon
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Mrs Georgina Weldon photographed by
Elliott & Fry (c.1884)
Georgina Weldon
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Charles Gounod in 1882
Georgina Weldon
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Mrs Weldon in an advertisement for
Pears Soap
Georgina Weldon
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Mrs Georgina Weldon as portrayed by
'Spy' in
Vanity Fair (1884)
43.
Franz Liszt
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Franz Liszt was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary. Liszt gained renown in Europe during the nineteenth century for his prodigious virtuosic skill as a pianist. As a composer, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the New German School and he left behind an extensive and diverse body of work in which he influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated many 20th-century ideas and trends. Franz Liszt was born to Anna Liszt and Adam Liszt on October 22,1811, in the village of Doborján in Sopron County, in the Kingdom of Hungary, Liszts father played the piano, violin, cello and guitar. He had been in the service of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy and knew Haydn, Hummel, at age six, Franz began listening attentively to his fathers piano playing and showed an interest in both sacred and Romani music. Adam began teaching him the piano at age seven, and Franz began composing in an elementary manner when he was eight and he appeared in concerts at Sopron and Pressburg in October and November 1820 at age 9. After the concerts, a group of wealthy sponsors offered to finance Franzs musical education in Vienna, There Liszt received piano lessons from Carl Czerny, who in his own youth had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. He also received lessons in composition from Antonio Salieri, then director of the Viennese court. Liszts public debut in Vienna on December 1,1822, at a concert at the Landständischer Saal, was a great success and he was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian aristocratic circles and also met Beethoven and Schubert. In spring 1823, when his one-year leave of absence came to an end, Adam Liszt therefore took his leave of the Princes services. At the end of April 1823, the returned to Hungary for the last time. At the end of May 1823, the family went to Vienna again, towards the end of 1823 or early 1824, Liszts first composition to be published, his Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli, appeared as Variation 24 in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. Liszts inclusion in the Diabelli project—he was described in it as an 11 year old boy, born in Hungary—was almost certainly at the instigation of Czerny, his teacher, Liszt was the only child composer in the anthology. After his fathers death in 1827, Liszt moved to Paris, to earn money, Liszt gave lessons in piano playing and composition, often from early morning until late at night. His students were scattered across the city and he often had to long distances. Because of this, he kept uncertain hours and also took up smoking, the following year he fell in love with one of his pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of Charles Xs minister of commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Her father, however, insisted that the affair be broken off, Liszt fell very ill, to the extent that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, and he underwent a long period of religious doubts and pessimism. He again stated a wish to join the Church but was dissuaded this time by his mother and he had many discussions with the Abbé de Lamennais, who acted as his spiritual father, and also with Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists
Franz Liszt
–
Portrait of Liszt by
Ary Scheffer, 1837
Franz Liszt
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Anna Liszt, née Maria Anna Lager (portrait by Julius Ludwig Sebbers between 1826 and 1837)
Franz Liszt
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Niccolò Paganini. His playing inspired Liszt to become a great virtuoso.
Franz Liszt
–
Franz Liszt's fundraising concert for the flood victims of Pest, where he was the conductor of the orchestra. Vigadó Concert Hall,
Pest, Hungary 1839.
44.
Hamo Thornycroft
–
Sir William Hamo Thornycroft RA was an English sculptor, responsible for some of London’s best known statues. He was a student of classical sculpture and became one of the youngest members of the Royal Academy. Hamo Thornycroft belonged to the Thornycroft family of sculptors and his father, Thomas, mother Mary, and grandfather John Francis were all distinguished sculptors. Hamos early training was with his parents and he developed a passionate and he subsequently studied at the Royal Academy of Arts, where his primary influence was the painter-sculptor Frederic Leighton. Hamo won the Gold Medal of the Royal Academy in 1876 and he was the leading figure in the movement known as the New Sculpture. His close personal friend, the critic Edmund Gosse, coined the term The New Sculpture in 1894, Thornycroft created a series of statues in the ideal genre in the late 1870s and early 1880s that sought to reanimate the format of the classical statue. These included Lots Wife, Artemis and her Hound, the Homeric bowman Teucer, after 1884, Thornycrofts reputation was secure and he received commissions for a number of major monuments, most notably the innovative General Gordon. Thornycroft continued to be a member of the sculptural establishment. He became increasingly resistant to new developments in sculpture, although his work of the early 1880s helped to catalyze sculpture in the United Kingdom towards those new directions. In sum, he provided an important transition between the neoclassical and academic styles of the 19th century and its fin-de-siècle and modernist departures, a blue plaque commemorates Thornycroft at 2b Melbury Road, Kensington, his studio designed by lifelong friend John Belcher, c.1892. New Haven, Yale University Press,1983, the Alliance of Sculpture and Architecture. Body Doubles, Sculpture in Britain, 1877–1905, New Haven and London, Yale University Press,2004. Our Living Artists, Hamo Thornycroft, A. R. A, magazine of Art,1881, pp. 328–32. Marble and Bronze, The Art and Life of Hamo Thornycroft, New Haven, Yale University Press,1982. Hamo Thornycroft and the Martyr General, lecture to the Sculpture Students of the Royal Academy of Art,1885 reprinted in the Journal of the Walpole Society, vol. Portraits of Hamo Thornycroft at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Hamo Thornycroft
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Sir Hamo Thornycroft, c. 1880
Hamo Thornycroft
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Lot's Wife by Sir Hamo Thornycroft, 1877, Victoria & Albert Museum
Hamo Thornycroft
–
Alfred Lord Tennyson by Thornycroft (
Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge)
Hamo Thornycroft
–
Blue plaque, 2a Melbury Road, London
45.
Joseph Barnby
–
Sir Joseph Barnby was an English musical composer and conductor. Barnby was born at York, as a son of Thomas Barnby and he was conductor of Barnbys Choir from 1864, and in 1871 was appointed, in succession to Charles Gounod, conductor of the Royal Albert Hall Choral Society, a post he held till his death. In 1875 he was precentor and director of music at Eton College and his works include an oratorio Rebekah, The Lord is King, many services and anthems, and 246 hymn tunes, as well as some partsongs and songs and some pieces for the pipe organ. He was largely instrumental in stimulating the love for Gounod’s sacred music among the educated part of the London public. On the other hand, he organized a concert performance of Parsifal at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1884. He conducted the Cardiff Festivals of 1892 and 1895 and he died in London and, after a special service in St Pauls Cathedral was buried in West Norwood Cemetery. A possibly apocryphal story about him got as far as New Zealand, the conductor, Barnby, was shocked, and asked whether Miss – thought she was right to improve on Handel. Well, Sir Joseph, said she, I’ve got an E and I don’t see why I shouldn’t show it off, Miss –, rejoined Barnby, I believe you have two knees, but I hope you won’t show them off here. Dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement
Joseph Barnby
–
Sir Joseph Barnby, caricature by "
Spy "
46.
Edward Bickersteth (Dean of Lichfield)
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The Very Rev. Edward Bickersteth was an Anglican priest in the 19th century. Edward Bickersteth was born in Acton into a family, his father was the Rev John Bickersteth, sometime Rector of Sapcote. He was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1831, ordained in 1839, he began his career with curacies at Chetton and Shrewsbury Abbey. He held incumbencies at Penn and Aylesbury before being appointed Archdeacon of Buckingham, in 1875 he was appointed Dean of Lichfield. He resigned just a few weeks before his death on 9 October 1892 and he was twice married, first, on 13 October 1840, to Martha Mary Anne, daughter of Valentine Vickers of Cransmere in Shropshire. She died on 2 February 1881, and on 12 October 1882, he married Mary Anne, daughter of Thomas Whitmore Wylde-Browne of The Woodlands, Bridgnorth and he also published, The conscience clause, a letter to His Grace the Duke of Marlborough. Diocesan Synods in relation to Convocation and Parliament, London,1867, 8vo and he edited the fifth edition of The Bishopric of Souls, with a memoir of the author, Robert Wilson Evans, and in 1882 contributed an exposition on St. Marks Gospel to the Pulpit Commentary
Edward Bickersteth (Dean of Lichfield)
–
Caricature by
"Spy", 1884
47.
James Edwin Thorold Rogers
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James Edwin Thorold Rogers, known as Thorold Rogers, was an English economist, historian and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1886. He deployed historical and statistical methods to analyse some of the key economic, as an advocate of free trade and social justice he distinguished himself from some others within the English Historical School. Rogers was born at West Meon, Hampshire the son of George Vining Rogers and his wife Mary Ann Blyth and he was educated at Kings College London and Magdalen Hall, Oxford. After taking a degree in 1846, he received his MA in 1849 from Magdalen and was ordained. A High Church man, he was curate of St. Pauls in Oxford, Rogers was instrumental in obtaining the Clerical Disabilities Relief Act, of which he was the first beneficiary, becoming the first man to legally withdraw from his clerical vows in 1870. For some time the classics were the field of his activity. He devoted himself to classical and philosophical tuition in Oxford with success, the Victorian journalist George W. E. Russell relates an exchange between Rogers and Benjamin Jowett, Another of our Professors – J. E. He was fond of writing sarcastic epigrams, and of reciting them to his friends, to which Jowett replied, in his quavering treble, Thats a false antithesis, Rogers. Its quite possible to bluster and blunder, too, simultaneously with these occupations he had been studying economics. He became the first Tooke Professor of Statistics and Economic Science at Kings College London, during this time he also held the Drummond professorship of political economy at All Souls College, Oxford between 1862 and 1867, when Bonamy Price was elected in his stead. Rogers said of Cobden, he knew that, was, or ought to be, eminently inductive, and that an economist without facts is like an engineer without materials or tools. He served as President of the first day of the 1875 Co-operative Congress and he was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Southwark in 1880 and held the seat until it was divided under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. At the 1885 general election he was elected MP for Bermondsey, Rogers also lectured in political economy at Worcester College, Oxford in 1883 and was re-elected Drummond professor in 1888. A History of Agriculture and Prices in England from 1259 to 1793,7 vols, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, Part I, VII, Part II Speeches on questions of public policy by John Bright, M. P. Preface by James E. Thorold Rogers, editor, adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,2 vols. revised edition, on line at Osmania University, Digital Library of India, Internet Archive. Preface by Thorold Rogers pp. v–xxx1x and v. II Historical Gleanings, A Series of Sketches, London, Macmillan Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, edited by John Bright and James E. Thorold Rogers, London, T. Fisher Unwin. V.1 ISBN 1-84702-915-9 v.2 ISBN 1-4254-9223-1, third ed. on line at Library of Economics and Liberty Cobden, essays on certain political topics, London, Macmillan Questia, on line. A Complete Collection of the Protests of the Lords, With Historical Introductions, Oxford, Clarendon Press, London, Macmillan & Co
James Edwin Thorold Rogers
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Thorold Rogers
James Edwin Thorold Rogers
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Rogers caricature by
Leslie Ward from Vanity Fair
48.
George du Maurier
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George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier was a Franco-British cartoonist and author, known for his cartoons in Punch and for his novel Trilby. He was the father of actor Sir Gerald du Maurier and grandfather of writers Angela du Maurier and he was also the father of Sylvia Llewelyn Davies and grandfather of the five boys who inspired J. M. Barries Peter Pan. George du Maurier was born in Paris, the son of Louis-Mathurin du Maurier and Ellen Clarke and he was brought up to believe that his aristocratic grandparents fled France during the Revolution, leaving vast estates behind in France, to live in England as émigrés. However, du Mauriers grandfather, Robert-Mathurin Busson, was actually a tradesman who left Paris in 1789 to avoid fraud charges, Du Maurier studied art in Paris, and moved to Antwerp, Belgium, where he lost vision in his left eye. He consulted an oculist in Düsseldorf, Germany, where he met his future wife and he followed her family to London, where he married Emma in 1863. The couple settled in Hampstead around 1877, first in Church Row and they had five children, Beatrix, Guy, Sylvia, Marie Louise and Gerald. He became a member of the staff of the British satirical magazine Punch in 1865 and his most common targets were the affected manners of Victorian society, the bourgeoisie and members of Britains growing Middle Class in particular. His most enduringly famous cartoon, True Humility, was the origin of the good in parts. In an earlier cartoon, du Maurier had coined the expression bedside manner by which he satirized actual medical skill, another of du Mauriers notable cartoons was of a videophone conversation in 1879, using a device he called Edisons telephonoscope. Among several other novels he illustrated was Misunderstood by Florence Montgomery in 1873, owing to his deteriorating eyesight, du Maurier reduced his involvement with Punch in 1891 and settled in Hampstead, where he wrote three novels. His first, Peter Ibbetson, was a modest success at the time and later adapted to stage and screen, most notably in Peter Ibbetson and his second novel Trilby, was published in 1894. It fitted into the horror genre which was undergoing a revival during the fin de siècle. The story of the artists model Trilby OFerrall, transformed into a diva under the spell of the evil musical genius Svengali. The plot inspired Gaston Lerouxs 1910 novel Phantom of the Opera, Du Maurier eventually came to dislike the persistent attention given to his novel. The third novel was a long, largely autobiographical work entitled The Martian, George du Maurier was a close friend of Henry James, the novelist, their relationship was fictionalised in David Lodges Author, Author. He was buried in St John-at-Hampstead churchyard in Hampstead parish in London. Peter Ibbetson –1891, adapted in 1935 by Henry Hathaway into a film starring Gary Cooper, also adapted as an opera by Deems Taylor Trilby –1894, the Martian –1897 Social Pictorial Satire-1898 Trilbymania Richard Kelly. The Art of George du Maurier, routledge & Kegan Paul, London,1969
George du Maurier
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George du Maurier
George du Maurier
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A Legend of Camelot Illustration by du Maurier for
Punch magazine, 17 March 1866, parodying
Pre-Raphaelitism.
