1.
Urban areas of New Zealand
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Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas of New Zealand for statistical purposes. The urban areas comprise cities, towns and other conurbations of a people or more. In combination, the areas of the country constitute New Zealands urban population. At the 2001 census, the population made up 86% of New Zealands total population. There are three classes of area, Main urban areas, with a population of 30,000 or more. These 17 areas mostly correspond to the known by New Zealanders as cities. Secondary urban areas are the 14 urban areas with a population of 10,000 to 30,000, minor urban areas make up the remainder of the urban population of the country, towns with 1,000 to 10,000 people. There are 103 minor urban areas, Statistics New Zealand also defines rural centres with a population of 300 to 999 people. While these do not fit the standard definition of an urban population. The current placement of urban areas into the three classes is based on populations at the 2013 census, and does not reflect population changes since then, placements are revised after every census. The population figures shown are Statistics New Zealands resident population estimates at the June 2016, for rankings in various criteria see the ranked list of New Zealand urban areas. Four main urban areas are subdivided into urban zones, the following cities are listed by location from north to south. The following towns are listed by location north to south. Whakatane, From Coastlands to Ōhope Beach and south to Poroporo, Taupo, From Wairakei to Taupo Airport. Levin, From Waitarere Beach to Ohau, greymouth, From Runanga to Southbeach and Camerons. Rangiora, From the Ashley River to Flaxton Ashburton, From Fairton to Winslow, timaru, From Washdyke to Scarborough and west to Gleniti. Queenstown, From Fernhill and Kelvin Heights to Frankton Oamaru, From Pukeuri to Weston and Holmes Hill
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
4.
Manawatu-Wanganui
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Manawatu-Wanganui is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council, which for trading purposes is known as Horizons Regional Council, although in recent years both the Whanganui River and Whanganui District have been renamed, the region is currently spelled without an h. The region covers all or part of ten territorial authority areas, parts of five of these are covered by five other regions of New Zealand, the most of any region. The largest city is Palmerston North, with a population of 85,300 and it is the only territorial authority in the region to be administered by a city council. It is also responsible for public transport, the region is dominated and defined by two significant river catchments, the Whanganui and the Manawatu. The Whanganui River, in the northwest, is the longest navigable river in New Zealand, the river was extremely important to early Māori as it was the southern link in a chain of waterways that spanned almost two-thirds of the North Island. It was one of the areas of Māori settlement with its easily fortified cliffs. Legends emphasise the importance of the river and it remains sacred to Whanganui iwi, Māori along the coast and lowland plains grew kumara and other crops. The Manawatu River runs across the centre of the region, from rolling hill country in the east to the fertile Manawatu Plains in the west. The main city of Palmerston North is located on these plains and this river is unusual, in that it passes from hill country to plains through a gorge cut into much higher country, an indication that the hills have risen since the river formed. To the southeast, a further, more populated area lies between the sources of the Manawatu River and the Pacific coast. The two river catchments have very different natures, while the open Manawatu Plains became more densely settled by Europeans, inland Ruapehu, Rangitikei and Whanganui remained more Māori-dominated, remote and independent, and is still heavily forested. As late as the 1950s the Whanganui River remained a river of mystery, since then exploitation of the rivers commercial potential has opened up the area, often causing friction with local Māori, who have long-standing grievances. Manawatu-Wanganui as a whole is one of the most important pastoral areas in New Zealand, much of Manawatu-Wanganui was fertile and bush-covered when Europeans arrived and developed the area as a source of timber. Saw milling and flax milling dominated the 19th century, followed by an influx of farmers who exploited the newly cleared ground. Deforestation, burn-offs of timber and scrub and large scale combined with overgrazing. In the early 1900s authorities realised that careful management was needed to maintain this important agricultural area, Manawatu-Wanganui takes up a large proportion of the lower half of the North Island. It is the second-largest local government region in the North Island, the region stretches from north of Taumarunui to south of Levin on the west coast, and across to the east coast from Cape Turnagain to Owhanga
5.
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
6.
Horowhenua District
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Horowhenua is a district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It forms part of the Manawatu-Wanganui Region and its name roughly means shaking or rippling earth. The main town and seat of the council is Levin, and other towns in the district include Foxton, Shannon. The population of the district is 31,900, Levin Ward Waiopehu Ward Miranui Ward Kere Kere Ward Much of the area was once an extensive wetland and the centre of a substantial flax industry. It has been drained and converted to productive but flood-prone farmland, with a mixture of loam. Some parts of the wetland, particularly those around Lake Horowhenua are being returned to their state as a conservation area. One of the tribal authorities is the Muaūpoko Tribal Authority. In cricket, a Horowhenua-Kapiti team has competed in the Hawke Cup since 2002, Official website Official Tourism website Horowhenua facebook page
7.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
8.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
9.
North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
10.
Lake Horowhenua
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Lake Horowhenua is located in the Horowhenua, an area of the southern Manawatu-Wanganui region in New Zealands North Island. It covers an area of 3.9 square kilometres, the lake, also known as Punahau, lies on a sandy plain 2 kilometres west of Levin and 5 kilometres from the coast of the Tasman Sea. It is a lake, only some 2 metres deep, fed by various small streams. The lake was surrounded by podocarp forest as the centre of a rich wetland ecosystem. Today the trees are gone and the wetland has been substantially drained, the lake is owned by the Māori Muaūpoko iwi, who, with the help of the Horowhenua Lake Trust, are actively attempting to restore the wetland system to its former state as a conservation area. In the 1820s the Muaūpoko were attacked by Te Rauparaha and the Ngati Toa, two island pā on the lake were destroyed and heavy casualties suffered by the Muaūpoko people. Between 1952 and 1987 treated sewage from Levin was dumped into the lake and this has contributed significantly to the current eutrophic state of the lake. Waitangi Tribunal report on Lake Horowhenua
11.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
12.
Palmerston North
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Palmerston North, commonly referred to by locals as Palmerston, or colloquially Palmy, is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. Palmerston North is located inland, in the eastern Manawatu Plains, the city is 35 km from the rivers mouth and 12 km from the end of the Manawatu Gorge. It is about 140 km north of the capital, Wellington, the city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres. The citys location was once more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of indigenous Māori. In the mid 19th century, it was discovered and settled by Europeans, on foundation, the settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston, in honour of Viscount Palmerston, a former Prime Minister of Great Britain. The suffix North was added in 1871 by the Post Office to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island, the Māori transliteration of Palmerston North, is Pamutana. However, Te Papaioea is the preferred Māori name, Palmerston North is the countrys seventh-largest city and eighth largest urban area, with an urban population of 84,300. Ngāti Rangitāne were the local Māori iwi living in the known as Te Ahu-ā-Tūranga. He came on a ship and explored possibly as far inland as the site of Woodville. He reported his discovery on arrival back to Porirua, colonel Wakefield heard of the potential that the Manawatu had for development and visited in 1840. In 1846 Stephen Charles Hartley, another trader, heard from tangata whenua of a clearing in the Papaioea forest and he proceeded through the bush and forest. In 1858, the Government began negotiations with local iwi to purchase land in Manawatu, there was a dispute at the time between rival iwi Ngāti Rangitāne and Ngāti Raukawa as to who has the right to sell. The dispute is resolved in favour of Rangitāne, in 1864, Te Ahu-a-Turanga Block was sold by Rangitāne to the Government for £12,000, in an effort to open the Manawatu to settlement. Stewart returned in 1866 on behalf of the Wellington Provincial Council and made the original survey, the focal point was an open space of 17 acres subsequently known as The Square. On 3 October 1866, Palmerston was formally endorsed after Isaac Earl Featherston signed a proclamation defining the boundaries of the settlement, the first sections were sold after. Among the first settlers included Scandinavians, who arrived in 1871 and they established settlements at Awapuni and Whakarongo/Stoney Creek. Later the same year, the suffix North was added to distinguish the settlement of the name in the South Island. In 1872 a petition was launched to change the name of the settlement, a public meeting in 1873 ends with no clear decision on the name
13.
Whanganui
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Whanganui, also spelt Wanganui, is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The Whanganui River, New Zealands longest navigable waterway, runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea, Whanganui is part of the Manawatu-Wanganui region. Like several New Zealand centres, it was designated a city until administrative reorganisation in 1989. Whanganui is located on the South Taranaki Bight, close to the mouth of the Whanganui River and it is 200 kilometres north of Wellington and 75 kilometres northwest of Palmerston North, at the junction of State Highways 3 and 4. Most of the lies on the rivers northwestern bank, due to the greater extent of flat land. Much of the town is on the rivers northwest bank, the river is crossed by four bridges – Cobham Bridge, City Bridge, Dublin Street Bridge and Aramoho Railway Bridge. Suburbs of the include, Gonville, Castlecliff, Tawhero, Springvale, St. Johns Hill, Otamatea, Aramoho, Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill. Of these, all except Wanganui East, Bastia Hill, Durie Hill, both Mount Ruapehu and Mount Taranaki can be seen from Durie Hill and other vantage points around the city. The area around the mouth of the Whanganui river was a site of pre-European Māori settlement. The pā named Pūtiki was and is home to the Ngāti Tūpoho hapū of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and it took its name from the legendary explorer Tamatea-pōkai-whenua, who sent a servant ashore to find flax for tying up his topknot. In the 1820s coastal tribes in the area assaulted the Kapiti Island stronghold of Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha retaliated in 1830 sacking Pūtiki and slaughtering the inhabitants. The first European traders arrived in 1831, followed in 1840 by missionaries Octavius Hadfield, on 20 June 1840, the Revd John Mason, Mrs Mason, Mr Richard Matthews and his wife Johanna arrived to establish a mission station of the Church Missionary Society. Revd Richard Taylor joined the CMS mission station in 1843, the Revd Mason drowned on 5 January 1843 while crossing the Turakina River. By 1844 the brick built by Mason was inadequate to meet the needs of the congregation. A new church was built under the supervision of Taylor, with the timber supplied by each pā on the river in proportion to its size, after the New Zealand Company had settled Wellington it looked for other suitable places for settlers. The settlement was threatened in 1846 by Te Mamaku, a chief from up the Whanganui River, the British military arrived on 13 December 1846 to defend the township. Two stockades, the Rutland and York, were built to defend the settlers, two minor battles were fought on 19 May and 19 July 1847 and after a stalemate the up river iwi returned home. By 1850 Te Mamaku was receiving Christian instruction from Revd Taylor, there were further incidents in 1847 when four members of the Gilfillan family were murdered and their house plundered
14.
Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company
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Its successful operation in private ownership was unusual for early railways in New Zealand. The government of Sir George Grey had approved the construction of the line, the final details of the survey were completed, and the first workers for the construction of the line were hired on 21 August 1879. A short section of the line, from Wellington to Wadestown, was partially constructed, however, Greys government was defeated at the September 1879 general election and left office in October 1879. The government of Sir John Hall took office and he had the line removed from the Public Works Estimates, Hall then created a Royal Commission to review the governments public works programme, with a view to reducing government expenditure. The Commission reviewed the Wellington-Manawatu line in March 1880, and concluded that work should be abandoned, backed by the Wellington Chamber of Commerce, a group of prominent Wellington businessmen decided to form a company to fund the railways construction. They did so on 15 February 1881, issuing 100,000 shares at £5 each. By May 188143,000 shares had been sold, including a package to Māori land owners in the Manawatu. In May 1881 the company signed a contract with the government to purchase the land, formation, the total land grants were valued at £96,000.00. The contract stipulated the line was to be built five years of commencement. The contract also included a clause for the government to purchase the company in the future at a fair value, the Act had the effect of authorising the WMRs operations. Construction of the line recommenced on 25 September 1882, construction was completed on 27 October 1886, with the first through train running on 3 November. The WMR was relatively successful, and generated considerable revenue and its land holdings proved to be a major revenue stream for the company, as sections of the lines opened, the land value around it increased and thus the WMR profited from its own operations. The railways operations were advanced by standards of the time, having comfortable carriages, dining cars, electric lighting, by comparison, the government-operated network did not introduce dining cars until 1902. The WMR was bought by the government in 1908 and integrated into the New Zealand Railways Department from Monday 7 December 1908, the WMR line ran for about 134 kilometres. From the Thorndon terminus it wound up through the hills to Johnsonville and it then proceeded to Tawa, roughly along the line of the State Highway 1 motorway. This section was bypassed by the Tawa Flat deviation from 19 June 1937, from Tawa to Longburn the North Island Main Trunk line generally follows its route, through Porirua, Paekakariki, Paraparaumu, Otaki, and Shannon. A number of new towns were established along the route, notably Plimmerton, named after company director, Levin, named after William Hort Levin, and Shannon, named after George Vance Shannon, were also named after directors of the company. Wellington and Longburn station buildings were provisional, as the government procrastinated in building joint stations, fifth Class, Crofton, Khandallah, Porirua, Plimmerton, Paekakariki
15.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
16.
Levi
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Levi was, according to the Book of Genesis, the third son of Jacob and Leah, and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Levi. Certain religious and political functions were reserved for the Levites and these scholars suspect that it may simply mean priest, either as a loan word from the Minaean lawiu, meaning priest, or by referring to those people who were joined to the ark of the covenant. In the Book of Jubilees 28, 14-15, it says that Levi was born in the new moon of the first month which means that he was born on 1 Nissan, in the narratives found in the Book of Genesis, Levi’s youth is marked by impetuosity. He and his brother, Simeon, exterminate the city of Shechem in revenge for the rape of Dinah, seizing the wealth of the city and killing the men. The brothers had earlier misled the inhabitants of Shechem by consenting to Dinahs rapist marrying her, in the Blessing of Jacob, Jacob is described as imposing a curse on the Levites, by which they would be scattered, in punishment for Levis actions in Shechem. Nevertheless, Isaac, Levis grandfather, give a special blessing about the lineage of priest of God, in the Book of Genesis, Levi is described as having fathered three sons—Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. The Masoretic Texts version of Levis genealogy thus implies that Levi also had a daughter, the names of Levis sons, and possible daughter, are interpreted in classical rabbinical literature as being reflections on their future destiny. In some apocryphal texts such as the Testament of Levi, and the Book of Jubilees, Levis wife, his childrens mother, is named as Milkah, a daughter of Aram. Some scholars attribute the genealogy to a hypothetical Book of Generations, some Biblical scholars suspect that the Elohist account offers both matrilinial and patrilinial descent from Levites in order to magnify the religious credentials of Moses. In accordance with his role as founder of the Levites, Levi is referred to as being particularly pious, in the Testament of Levi, Levi is described as having had two visions. The first vision covered eschatological issues, portraying the seven heavens, the Jewish Messiah, and Judgement Day. According to some scholars this is to be expected, since the Testament of Levi is believed to have been written during Maccabean rule. Levite Miscegenation Testament of Levi Tribe of Levi “The Tribe, The Cohen-Levi Family Heritage”
17.
New Zealand State Highway 1
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State Highway 1 is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand roading network, running the length of both main islands. It appears on maps as SH1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield. SH1 is 2,033 kilometres long,1,081 km in the North Island and 952 km in the South Island, for the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway, with at-grade intersections and property accesses, in both rural and urban areas. These sections have some passing lanes, around 215 km of SH1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of February 2017,191 km in the North Island and 23 km in the South Island. Current road construction will see an extra 102 km in the North Island and 11 km in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022. SH1 starts at Cape Reinga, at the tip of the Aupouri Peninsula. The highway crosses into the Auckland Region, and passes through Wellsford and Warkworth, near Puhoi, on the Hibiscus Coast, SH1 becomes the Auckland Northern Motorway, the main road north of New Zealands largest urban area. The first 7.5 km of the motorway is a toll road. At Orewa, the motorway becomes toll-free, crossing farmland to the North Shore of Auckland, the road crosses through suburbs to the Waitemata Harbour, which it briefly follows before crossing it by the Auckland Harbour Bridge. The motorway comes off the bridge into Aucklands city centre, at this junction, SH1 becomes the Auckland Southern Motorway, and, after sweeping around the southern end of central Auckland, proceeds in a south-easterly direction. The motorway continues in a broadly southeast direction across the Auckland isthmus, then through Manukau and Papakura to the top of the Bombay Hills, at Bombay, SH1 becomes the Waikato Expressway, a four-lane dual-carriageway expressway. The expressway takes the highway down the Bombay Hills to Mercer, where SH1 meets the Waikato River, the Waikato Expressway temporarily ends at Longswamp and becomes a three-laned dual carriageway, resuming at Te Kauwhata before reverting to single carriageway just south of Ohinewai. SH1 runs as a single carriageway through Huntly to Taupiri, the expressway ends in north-western Hamilton. The highway bypasses the city centre to the west, before crossing to the east side, the expressway resumes at Tamahere, bypassing Cambridge to the north before reverting to a single carriageway east of the town. The highway continues eastward to the town of Tirau, where it turns south to pass through Putaruru and Tokoroa, at Wairakei, SH1 takes an eastern route to bypass Taupo and meet the Lake Taupo shoreline south of the town near the airport. SH1 follows the shore of the lake for 50 km to Turangi. The road between Rangipo and Waiouru is commonly known as the Desert Road, and is closed by snow during winter. At km 794 on the Desert Road, SH1 is 1,074 metres above sea level - the highest point on the New Zealand State Highway network
18.
New Zealand State Highway 57
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The highway is classified by the NZTA as a national strategic road. State Highway 57 broadly follows the route of the North Island Main Trunk railway line to Linton, for its entire length, the highway is single carriageway with occasional passing lanes and at-grade intersections. State Highway 57 starts south of Levin,2 km north of the locality of Ohau, the highway immediately crosses the North Island Main Trunk at level, before heading eastwards on Kimberley Road for two kilometres. SH57 then turns left onto Arapaepae Road and heads northwards. SH57 proceeds straight to Ihakara, before winding its way over Laws Hill to the southeastern corner of the town of Shannon. The highway S-bends through the town, ending up running parallel to the North Island Main Trunk as it exits the town. SH57 runs straight parallel to the NIMT for five kilometres to Makerua, the highway moves its route away from the railway line, meandering to the east slightly and crossing the many branches of the Tokomaru River, a tributary to the Manawatu River. SH57 then passes through Tokomaru, then runs parallel to the NIMT again for the last time before the NIMT crosses the Manawatu River to Palmerston North. SH57 continues in a direction through the locality of Linton, then proceeds to the Linton Military Camp. West of the camp, SH57 intersects with Tennant Drive. As the connection from Tennant Drive to SH57 southbound is given priority, SH57 itself turns right onto Old West Road, passing south of the campus of Massey University, to Summerhill. At Summerhill, SH57 turns right onto Aokautere Drive, while the road to the proceeds into Palmerston North. The highway passes north of the International Pacific College and through the outlying Palmerston North suburb of Summerhill, much of Summerhill has only been developed since the late 1990s, so most of the suburb has been built with State Highway 57 as the arterial route. Leaving Summerhill, the road meets up with the Manawatu River, at Aokautere, the highway intersects with the northern end of the Pahiatua Track, a local route over the northern foothills of the Tararua Ranges to the town of Pahiatua. This road is heavily trafficked in the event of the closure of the Manawatu Gorge due to slips, State Highway 57 between Aokautere and Ashhurst is then used to take traffic from State Highway 3 to the Pahiatua Track. From Aokautere, the highway proceeds straight on the banks of the Manawatu River to the western end of the Manawatu Gorge. Two kilometres southeast of the town of Ashhurst, and one form the western end of the Manawatu Gorge, State Highway 57 meets State Highway 3. SH57 once started in central Levin, turning right off SH1 Oxford Street into Queen Street East, the route was later moved 4 km south to Kimberley Road, avoiding Levin
19.
North Island Main Trunk
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The North Island Main Trunk is the main railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, connecting capital city Wellington with the countrys largest city, Auckland. The line is 682 kilometres long and passes through Paraparaumu, Palmerston North, Taihape, National Park, Taumarunui, Te Kuiti, Hamilton, most of the NIMT is single track with frequent passing loops, built to the New Zealand rail gauge of 1,067 mm. The line is double track between Wellington and Waikanae, between Hamilton and Te Kauwhata, and between Meremere and Auckland Britomart, the first section of what became the NIMT opened in 1873 in Auckland. Construction of the Wellington end began in 1885, and the line was completed in 1908, the line is credited for having been an economic lifeline for the young nation, and for having opened up the centre of the North Island to European settlement and investment. In the early days, a journey could take more than 20 hours, today. Aucklands first railway was the 13 km line between Point Britomart and Onehunga via Penrose, opened in 1873, the section from Penrose to Onehunga is now called the Onehunga Branch. This line reached Mercer by 20 May 1875, with 29 km from Ngaruawahia being constructed by the Volunteer Engineer Militia and it was extended to Frankton by December 1877, and to Te Awamutu in 1880. An economic downturn stalled construction for the five years. There were also protracted negotiations with local Māori, and the King Country was not accessible to Europeans until 1883, the Wellington-Longburn section was constructed between 1881 and 1886 by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company. The company was acquired by the New Zealand Railways Department in 1908, from Te Awamutu it was proposed that the line be built via Taupo or via Taumarunui, the eventual route. Construction of the central section began on 15 April 1885. It was 23 years before the two met, as the central section was difficult to survey and construct. The crossing of the North Island Volcanic Plateau with deep ravines required nine viaducts, by the beginning of 1908, there was a 39 km gap between Erua and Ohakune, with a connecting horse-drawn coach service. From Ohakune south to Waiouru the Public Works Department operated the train, but much of the new section was temporary, with some cuttings north of Taonui having vertical batters and some unballasted sections of track. Ward drove the last spike on 6 November 1908, and the Last Spike monument is at Manganui-o-te-Ao 39°16. 44′S 175°23. 37′E, a two-day NIMT service started on 9 November, with an overnight stop at Ohakune. The dining car went on the express from Wellington to Ohakune, then transferred to the southbound express. Under T. Ronaye the general manager from 1895 to 1913 the section south to Parnell was duplicated and improvements made to the worst gradients, under his successor E. H. Hiley the second Parnell Tunnel with two tracks and an easier gradient was completed in 1915-1916. On the Kakariki bank between Halcombe and Marton a deviation reduced the 1 in 53 grade to 1 in 70, in 1927 automatic colour light signalling was installed from Otahuhu to Mercer
20.
Capital Connection
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The Capital Connection is a long-distance commuter train between Palmerston North and Wellington on the North Island Main Trunk in New Zealand. It is operated by KiwiRail Scenic Journeys and it is the only unsubsidised commuter service in New Zealand. The service started on Monday 15 April 1991 as the Cityrail Express, from 1991 the train was operated by New Zealand Rail suburban passenger division CityRail, which was re-branded Tranz Metro in 1995 when New Zealand Rail itself was rebranded Tranz Rail. The train operates Monday-Friday from Palmerston North to Wellington in the morning, returning in the evening, on Sunday 19 June 1994 a weekend service from Palmerston North to Wellington and return started. The power/baggage van, catering car and 50-seat day car made up the consist and it attracted minimal patronage and was withdrawn in 1994. Concerns were raised once the Kapiti Line services were extended north from Paraparaumu to Waikanae. In 2010 KiwiRail stated it would consider changes after evaluating what impact the system has on the Capital Connections patronage. The extension to Waikanae was opened in 2011, by July 2012 the future of the service seemed to be very uncertain. KiwiRail announced it would make a decision on the service in August 2012, nZTAs public transport funding criteria require that a service must reduce traffic on a congested road. In August 2012 Greater Wellington Regional Council and Horizons proposed a business case for a subsidy which was evaluated by NZTA. In March 2013 the Member of Parliament for Palmerston North, Iain Lees-Galloway, in May 2014 he said that he was not surprised at the drop in patronage following a fare rise. In April 2013 KiwiRail said to keep the operating, it would have increased ticket prices by 40 percent. But it only increased fares by 10% from May, KiwiRail Scenic Journeys said there would be maintenance and repairs for each of the carriages, at staggered intervals over the next 12 months, to improve the service. In 2016 it was reported patronage on the service had increased for the first time in three years, in November 2014, Palmerston North City Councillor Chris Teo-Sherrell suggested truncating the service to Waikanae, to connect with services operated by Tranz Metro. In December 2016, Palmerston North Mayor Grant Smith suggested the service should run more than once during the daytime, Smith argued the train could return to Palmerston North at 8, 30am after arriving at Wellington in the morning, returning to Wellington for the evening run. Later, a former Endeavour car with luggage space at one end, later still, up to five more Masterton cars, a Northerner car, the second Northerner catering car and the sole InterCity spare buffet car saw service. Before these carriages were replaced, the service was running with a van. Seating arrangement is both alcove and airline-style, using their British Rail InterCity 72 seats, since October 2016, fire suppressed DFB class locomotives have been assigned to the service
21.
Northern Explorer
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The Northern Explorer is a long-distance passenger train between Auckland and Wellington in the North Island of New Zealand, along the North Island Main Trunk. It replaced the Overlander from 25 June 2012, three services operate per week in each direction between Aucklands The Strand Station and Wellington Railway Station. The arrival of the Blue Streak and later Silver Fern railcars saw an end for a time to regular carriage trains, at the time of its cessation, The Overlander was usually hauled by DC or EF locomotives with NZR 56-foot carriages. In 2012, passenger numbers were in decline, kiwiRail decided to replace the Overlander with the Northern Explorer, from Monday 25 June 2012. The new service uses one AKC and three AK class carriages, an AKL class luggage van and an AKV class power/viewing van from the Coastal Pacific. The timetable was accelerated by eliminating intermediate stops except Paraparaumu, Palmerston North, Ohakune, National Park, Otorohanga, Hamilton, since October 2016, fire suppressed DFB class locomotives have been assigned to the service. The Northern Explorer carried 39,419 passengers in the year to 30 June 2014, about 1,500 more than in 2012–13, kiwirail Scenic Journeys - Northern Explorer
22.
Jack Afamasaga
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Jack Taualii Afamasaga is a New Zealand professional rugby league player of Samoan heritage, currently playing for the Western Suburbs Rosellas in the Newcastle Rugby League competition. His main position is second row, Afamasaga is a cousin of Hurricanes and All Blacks player Maa Nonu. He is eligible to represent Samoa and he began playing in the junior grades at the Parramatta club during the 2003 season, impressing with his skill, power and pace. Afamasago made his first grade debut during the 2004 season against the Wests Tigers at Leichhardt Oval and he then went on to play five games for the club and showed glimpses of the great potential he possessed eventually going on to win the Eric Grothe Rookie of the Year award. During the next two seasons with the club, Afamasaga played another six games but could not hold down a permanent first-grade position. Afamasaga was offered a new deal at the Eels at the completion of the 2006 NRL season but signed for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles instead and he appeared in the 2007 Grand Final, which Manly lost to Melbourne. However, after failing to crack a regular spot in 2008 he has now been released by Manly. Afamasaga was signed to a deal with the Melbourne Storm for the rest of the 2011 season. Signed before the 30 June deadline, Afamasaga is now free to play with the Victorian side and he had recently been playing in France for Racing Club Lescure-Arthès XIII and played in the Queensland Cup for the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in 2010. After his stint with Storm, Afamasaga moved to Newcastle, New South Wales to play with the Western Suburbs Rosellas for the 2012 season, in 2009 he was named as part of the Samoan side for the Pacific Cup
23.
Kay Cohen
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Kay Cohen is an Australian fashion designer and business woman based in Sydney, Australia. Cohen was raised on a farm and first discovered fashion at the age of 12 and she attended Wellington Polytechnic in nearby Wellington, majoring in Clothing and Textile design. After graduation, she qualified and continued as a lecturer at the school, the first 15 years of Cohens career were spent designing fashion outerwear. Cohen later qualified with an MBA from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Cohen transitioned to Lingerie design in 1992 when she joined Triumph International, in Brisbane, Australia. At Triumph she was responsible for direction for brands including Triumph, Sloggi. In 1997 Cohen returned to New Zealand and was appointed Group General Manager of Brands for the New Zealand Lingerie group Bendon, during her tenure as creative director of Elle Macpherson Intimates, the label was credited as the top fashion underwear brand in Australian and UK department stores. In 1997 Cohen launched Macpherson Men, Elle Macphersons mens underwear label which rapidly achieved success in the Australian. The combined success of both Elle Macpherson Intimates and Macpherson Men prompted Bendon to increase the distribution of the Elle Macpherson underwear brands to the United Kingdom, in 2001 it was announced that the label would be stocked in Selfridges and House of Fraser in their London Stores. In 2002, Cohen relaunched Expozay, a swimwear label employing Sophie Monk, Cohens Expozay swim launch in Auckland New Zealand also featured Jennifer Hawkins two years before Hawkins won the Miss Universe title. In 2002 after the Bendon group was acquired by the Pacific Retail Group, within 6 months Cohen had become disillusioned by the prospect of putting new blood into old brands. Cohen perceived a niche in Lingerie design, a fusion of fashion, fit, by early April 2004 reports of an Australian Fashion Week launch of Cohens new luxury lingerie brand Pleasure State began to appear. Cohen Launched Pleasure State at the Mercedes Australian Fashion Week 2004 in Sydney, prior to launch the brand had been picked up by Australian department store David Jones and Harrods, Selfridges, Bentalls, Liberty and House of Fraser in the United Kingdom. The initial collection featured vintage French leavers laces and silks, complemented by the reintroduction of woven fabrics, the garments were accented with Swarovski crystal details, and are credited with originating this trend in lingerie design. The first collection was underpinned by wider bra straps and smooth-line tailoring, the fabrics included blends of pure silk with tactel and lycra, intended to enhance the performance of garments for everyday wearability, which are predominantly sourced from France and Italy. By March 2005 Cohens label had over 300 stockists globally, including department stores Galeries Lafayette in Paris, in November 2005 Cohens label was available across Russia in 90 Wild Orchid Stores and opened the retailers fashion show at the Moscow Manege, quickly becoming their best selling brand. Pleasure State is currently available in 35 Countries and over 1000 stores globally, concurrently the brand shifted its Australian department store distribution to rival retailer Myer with a national roll out of in store boutiques. Cohens designs were further bolstered by celebrities Jessica Simpson, Ashlee Simpson, by mid-2007 Cohens label was turning over more than $30 million per annum AUD, at this time Cohen announced the launch of the Biofit Bra. Cohens Biofit uplift bra had the biggest Bra launch in Limited Brands history, Cohens innovation was to engineer a push up bra customized to each cup size, delivering a graduation of cleavage appropriate to the womans bust size
24.
Joy Cowley
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Cassia Joy Cowley DCNZM OBE, best known as Joy Cowley, is a New Zealand author of childrens fiction, novels, and short stories. Her first novel, Nest in a Fallen Tree, was adapted into the 1971 film The Night Digger by screenwriter Roald Dahl, Cowley has also published several collections of short stories, including Two of a Kind and Heart Attack and Other Stories. Cowley is known primarily for her childrens fiction and her childrens novel The Silent One, was made into a 1985 film, other works include Bow Down Shadrach and its sequel Gladly, Here I Come. She has written 41 picture books, which include The Duck in the Gun, The Terrible Taniwha of Timberditch, Salmagundi, the Duck in the Gun and Salmagundi are explicitly anti-war books. She has been involved in teaching early reading skills and helping those with reading difficulties. Cowley was awarded a 1990 Commemoration Medal for services to New Zealand, the following year she was granted an honorary doctorate from Massey University, and was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. In the 2005 Queens Birthday Honours List, Cowley was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to childrens literature. In 1993, Cowley became the recipient of the Margaret Mahy Award, whose winners present. In 2004, she became a patron of the Storylines Childrens Literature Foundation, at least one of her books has been on the Storylines Notable Books List every year since it was established in 2000, other than 2009 and 2011. In 2002, she was awarded the Roberta Long Medal, presented by the University of Alabama at Birmingham for culturally diverse childrens literature. In 2004, she was awarded the A. W. Reed Award for Contribution to New Zealand Literature, Cowley also won the Childrens Choice award in this category for Friends, Snake and Lizard in 2010. She won the now defunct Fiction category in 1992 for Bow Down Shadrach, an additional five of her books have been short-listed as finalists in the Picture Book category at the awards, and an additional three in the Junior Fiction category. Cowley has been married three times, first at 20 years old to dairy farmer Ted Cowley, with whom she had four children, Sharon, Edward, Judith and James. After their marriage ended in 1967, Cowley married Malcolm Mason, in 1989, Cowley married her current husband, Terry Coles. She lived with him, and an assortment of animals, for years in the Marlborough Sounds. As Coles health deteriorated, Wellingtons stairs and traffic became too much for him, and the couple moved again to Featherston and she has 13 grandchildren and is still writing full-time. 1986 - Turnips For Dinner, illustrated by Jan van der Voo, ISBN 0-87449-368-41986 - The Kings Pudding, illustrated by Martin Bailey, 16pp. ISBN 0-87449-370-62007 – Snake and Lizard, illustrated by Gavin Bishop, ISBN 978-0-9582787-3-72009 – Friends, Snake and Lizard, illustrated by Gavin Bishop, 144pp
25.
Rebecca Gibney
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Rebecca Catherine Gibney is a New Zealand actress known for her roles on Australian television in The Flying Doctors, Halifax f. p. Packed to the Rafters, Winter and Wanted and she is a Gold Logie winner and has featured in a number of Australian films including Mental and The Dressmaker. Gibney was born the youngest of six children, born in Levin, New Zealand and she recounted that she was a bit odd as a child, stating I was a bit like Wednesday Addams in The Addams Family. I walked around with this headless doll that I took everywhere, Gibney moved to Australia at the age of 19 after graduating from high school. Gibney worked as a model, then appeared on television in the New Zealand kidult series Sea Urchins from 1980 to 1984 and she broke into Australian television with the role of Julie Davis in the childrens series Zoo Family in 1985. She went on to play mechanic Emma Plimpton in the drama series The Flying Doctors. In 1991 she starred in the Channel Nine sitcom All Together Now, after her departure, she starred in Snowy. The title character of Dr. Jane Halifax in Halifax f. p. was created especially for her by the producers of her previous show Snowy. Halifax f. p. debuted in 1994 with the episode Acts Of Betrayal, the series was an immense success and cemented Gibneys status as a household name within Australia. She has also appeared in other mini-series, like Kangaroo Palace, in 2002 and 2003, Gibney had a role in Stingers, and from 2003 until 2006, she had a role in the telemovie trilogy Small Claims as Chrissy, co-starring with Claudia Karvan. She appeared in the adaptation of Stephen Kings novel Salems Lot, released in 2004. In 2006, she played the role of Lydia, a restaurant owner. In 2007, she had a role in the film Clubland, starring Brenda Blethyn. The film is known as Introducing the Dwights in the United States, a series of Australian television adverts for Advil in 2006/07 have featured Gibney and her family. A new television advert with only Gibney appeared in October 2007, the film was released in 2008. From August 2008 until its conclusion in 2013, Rebecca Gibney played the lead of Julie Rafter on the Seven Networks Packed to the Rafters. Her role in the show proved popular for Gibney, and she won the Gold Logie in 2009 for the show, in 2010, she played the lead role on Channel Tens telemovie Wicked Love, The Maria Korp Story. Rebecca starred in the 2012 movie Mental alongside Toni Collette, on 23 October 2013, the Seven Network announced that Gibney will star in and produce a new crime drama, The Killing Field, which was released in 2014
26.
Nathan Guy
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Allen Nathan Guy is a New Zealand politician, and currently serves as a member of Parliament representing the National Party. Guy is a farmer from near Levin and he has been involved in various agricultural sector trusts and councils, and studied farming at Massey University. He has served terms on the Horowhenua District Council. In the 2005 election, Guy was a candidate for the National Party, standing in the Ōtaki electorate and he narrowly lost the election to Labours Darren Hughes, by a margin of 1. 00% or 382 votes. He entered Parliament as a list MP, in the 2008 election he was again the candidate for Ōtaki, this time defeating Hughes by 1,354 votes. He increased his majority to 5,231 votes at the 2011 general election, on 14 December 2011 Guy was sworn in as the Minister of Immigration, Racing, Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister for Primary Industries. Guy voted against the Marriage Amendment Bill, a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry in New Zealand, Nathan Guy MP official site Profile at National party Profile at New Zealand Parliament Releases and speeches at Beehive. govt. nz
27.
Nicky Hager
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Nicky Hager is a New Zealand investigative journalist. He has produced six books since 1996, covering such as intelligence networks, environmental issues. He is the only New Zealand member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Hager was born in Levin to a middle-class socially aware family. His father was from Vienna, Austria, a manufacturer who emigrated to New Zealand as a refugee from the Nazis. His mother was born in Zanzibar, where her father studied tropical medicine and his surname Hager is pronounced Har-gar, rhyming with lager. Hager studied physics at Victoria University of Wellington, where he also did a degree in philosophy. He stood as a Values Party candidate for Pahiatua in the 1978 general election, Hager is an investigative journalist who has written six books. Hager works on a number of projects at any time, gathering information about them and looks for sources. Some projects come together but others can continue for a number of years, secret Power – New Zealands Role in the International Spy Network, published in 1996, was Hagers first book. The book investigates various spying techniques, including Signals Intelligence, a form of electronic eavesdropping between countries, the book makes special mention of GCSBs facilities at Waihopai and Tangimoana. It revealed aspects of New Zealands participation in the UKUSA Agreement facilitating intelligence gathering and sharing between the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, since the Edward Snowden revelations, this partnership has become more commonly known as the Five Eyes. As a result, the insights into the workings of the GCSB provide information about the allied agencies as well. In particular, Hager documented the US-coordinated ECHELON system, through which the five agencies intercept and process huge volumes of international e-mail, fax, Hager was one of the earliest to write about the secretive ECHELON worldwide electronic spy network. As a result of his book, in 2001 he testified before the European Parliament on his research into the network, secrets and Lies, The Anatomy of an Anti-Environmental PR Campaign was co-authored with Bob Burton and published in 1999. It documents the public relations information put out by Timberlands West Coast Limited in order to win support for logging of native forests on the West Coast of New Zealand. Seeds of Distrust, The Story of a GE Cover-up was a study of government processes, the book traces the stages of industry lobbying and government decision making leading up to a decision to regard the incident as insignificant and keep it secret from the public. The book was released in July 2002, just as an election was called. The Christchurch newspaper The Press studied the documents and concluded, In November 2006 Hagers book The Hollow Men
28.
George Silk
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He was born in New Zealand, and served as a photojournalist for Life for 30 years. Silks career as a war began in 1939, when he was a combat cameraman for the Australian government, covering action in the Middle East, North Africa. Trapped with the famed Desert Rats at Tobruk in Libya, he was captured by German Field Marshal Erwin Rommels forces and he began working for Life magazine in 1943. He photographed many events from World War II and he covered the war on the Italian front, the Allied invasions of France and the Pacific. In New Guinea, Silk walked 300 miles with Allied forces and he was with U. S. forces in the Battle of the Bulge in 1944 and was wounded by a grenade during a river crossing in Germany. His co-worker Will Lang Jr. reported on the Battle of the Bulge and he shot the first pictures of Nagasaki, Japan, after the atomic bomb was dropped, as well as Japanese war criminals awaiting trial in postwar Tokyo. He became a U. S. citizen in 1947, in December 1972, Silk was in Nepal, shooting an assignment on Himalayan game parks, when he received news that the magazine had folded. According to the 1977 book That Was the Life, he replied by saying, please send one-half million dollars additional expenses. He was named magazine photographer of the four times by the National Press Photographers Association
29.
Carlos Spencer
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Carlos James Spencer is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer and most recently the head coach of the Eastern Province Kings. During his playing days, he played at fly-half for the Blues and Lions in Super Rugby and he has generally specialised in the position of fly-half, also known as first five-eighth or number 10, although he has also played fullback at national and international levels. Spencer first rose to prominence when he starred alongside Christian Cullen in a Ranfurly Shield challenge in 1991, Auckland coach Graham Henry spotted Spencers talent and recruited him to play for the Auckland team. He played for the Blues Super 12 team from the inception of the competition in 1996 until 2005, in 1996, Spencer played for the Blues in the first ever Super 12-match, kicking off the professional era of rugby union. He went on to score 608 points for the Blues in the Super Rugby competition, in 2005 he signed to the English club, Northampton Saints, where he stayed until 30 January 2009. On 3 February 2009 he signed for Gloucester on a 17-month contract, in January 2010 Spencer signed with the Johannesburg-based Golden Lions, to play for the team in the 2010 and 2011 Super Rugby seasons. The contract offered to him was said at the time to be the highest ever in South Africa and he subsequently took up a coaching role with the team, before being released following the 2012 season. He moved to the Durban-based Sharks for the 2013 season, in December 2013, he signed a five-year contract to become the kicking and specialist skills coach at Port Elizabeth-based side, the Eastern Province Kings. He was appointed as their coach on 20 February 2014. He was in charge of just one Currie Cup season in 2014, brent Janse van Rensburg was appointed as head coach for the 2015 Currie Cup Premier Division season with Spencer reverting to kicking and specialist skills coach. However, Spencer left the staff a month later. Spencer first played for the All Blacks in a non-test tour match on 4 November 1995 and his test debut was against Argentina at Athletic Park in Wellington on 28 June that year. He scored 33 points in that match alone and his All Black appearances as a starter were somewhat irregular thereafter, as Andrew Mehrtens was generally preferred as the first-choice flyhalf for the side during the period from 1995–2002. He was selected for the 1999 All Blacks World Cup squad but became injured in training at London, in 2004, Carlos Spencer struggled to find the same form he had displayed the previous year, and Mehrtens replaced him for the final game of that years Tri Nations. He was then ruled out of the final All Black tour of the year through injury, in 2005 Spencer lost form early in the Super 12 competition and then suffered a fractured cheekbone in training. He agreed to play for the New Zealand Māori against the touring Lions, as a player, Spencer is valued for his imaginative kicking and passing game, and his ability to unlock defences. He is also a handy, if not entirely reliable, goal kicker, only four players have scored more test points than Spencer for New Zealand — Grant Fox, Andrew Mehrtens, Daniel Carter and most recently, Aaron Cruden. On 3 December 2011, Spencer stepped into the ring against Rugby Leagues Awen Guttenbeil in Fight for Life 2011 in Auckland
30.
Australian Idol (season 3)
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The third season of Australian Idol debuted on 26 July 2005. The first of three semi-finals was held on 16 August 2005 with three of the Final 12 contenders announced the night on 17 August 2005. 2Day FM radio host Kyle Sandilands replaced former judge Ian Dickson, for the first time in Australian Idol history, thirteen contestants instead of twelve, made it to the weekly finals rounds. As in past years, the Wildcard show would give a further three contestants a spot in the Final Twelve - two chosen by the judges and one by the Australian public. Following the second-chance wildcard performance show the night, on 5 September 2005. The public choice was revealed to be Daniel Spillane. Unfortunately this would mean, the elimination of two people with the lowest votes, the following week, the Grand Finale was held on 21 November 2005, with the winner being revealed as Kate DeAraugo. Runner up Emily Williams lost by 1% in the closest percentage ever in an Idol finale and she was originally signed to Sony BMG as a solo artist, but the agreement fell through and she ended up joining the girl band the Young Divas. Lee Harding finished in position and was signed to Sony BMG and released a #1 single. His second single from his debut album proved to be less successful and he is currently touring and performing with his band Bedrock. Other contestants from Season 3 have released numerous independent material and have toured and performed with several bands, winner Kate and runner-up Emily, later formed the all-girl group, Young Divas, with past Idol contestants Paulini Curuenavuli and Jessica Mauboy and previously, Ricki-Lee Coulter. Commentators has theorised over the reasons why this has occurred, ranging from the public being tired of the format due to Sandilands replacing the popular Dickson. This would later bring about a major Idol revamp for Season 4 which led Season 4 being one of the highest rating seasons yet. Kate never scored a touchdown from judge Mark Holden, but was the contestant from this series who was never actually in the bottom three or two. Kate released a platinum selling album and a one single. She is also a member of the platinum selling group, Young Divas with Emily Williams, Paulini. Emily was in the three only once and scored three touchdowns over the course of the season, from judge, Mark Holden. Top 7, I Wanna Dance With Somebody by Whitney Houston Bottom 2 Up Close & Personal, How Come You Dont Call Me. by Prince Top 6, River Deep, Top 5, Im Every Woman by Chaka Khan ~ TOUCHDOWN
