1.
Chinese name
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Chinese personal names are names used by those from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora overseas. Prior to the 20th century, educated Chinese also utilized a courtesy name or style name called zi by which they were known among those outside of their family and closest friends. From at least the time of the Shang dynasty, the Han Chinese observed a number of naming taboos regulating who may or may not use a given name. In general, using the given name connoted the speakers authority, peers and younger relatives were barred from speaking it. Owing to this, many historical Chinese figures – particularly emperors – used a half-dozen or more different names in different contexts and those possessing names identical to the emperors were frequently forced to change them. Although some terms in the ancient Chinese naming system, such as xìng and míng, are used today, they were used in different. Commoners possessed only a name, and the modern concept of a surname or family name did not yet exist at any level of society.3 billion citizens. In fact, just the top three – Wang, Li, and Zhang – cover more than 20% of the population. This homogeneity results from the majority of Han family names having only one character. Chinese surnames arose from two separate traditions, the xìng and the shì. The original xìng were clans of royalty at the Shang court, the shì did not originate from families, but denoted fiefs, states, and titles granted or recognized by the Shang court. Apart from the Jiang and Yao families, the original xìng have nearly disappeared, xìng is now used to describe the shì surnames which replaced them, while shì is used to refer to maiden names. The enormous modern clans sometimes share ancestral halls with one another, nonetheless, however tenuous these bonds sometimes are, it remains a minor taboo to marry someone with the same family name. In modern mainland China, it is the norm that a woman keeps her name unchanged. A child usually inherits his/her fathers surname, though the law explicitly states that a child may use either parents or the grandparents. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to both parents surnames. In the older generations, it was common for a married woman to prepend her husbands surname to her own. This practice is now almost extinct in mainland China, though there are a few such as the name change of Gu Kailai, but survives in some Hong Kong, Macau
2.
Chinese surname
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Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing or lineage names, and shi or clan names, Chinese family names are patrilineal, passed from father to children. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except in places with more Western influences such as Hong Kong, traditionally Chinese surnames have been exogamous. The colloquial expressions laobaixing and bǎixìng are used in Chinese to mean ordinary folks, prior to the Warring States period, only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was also a difference between clan names or xing and lineages names or shi, Xing were surnames held by the noble clans. They generally are composed of a nü radical which has taken by some as evidence they originated from matriarchal societies based on maternal lineages. Another hypothesis has been proposed by sinologist Léon Vandermeersch upon observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the Shang dynasty through the Zhou, the female radical seems to appear at the Zhou period next to Shang sinograms indicating an ethnic group or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean lady of such or such clan, prior to the Qin Dynasty China was largely a fengjian society. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing, after the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes and the difference between xing and shi blurred. Many shi surnames survive to the present day, according to Kiang Kang-Hu, there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. The following are some of the sources, Xing, These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the royal family. Of these xings, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames. Royal decree by the Emperor, such as Kuang, state name, Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames, name of a fief or place of origin, Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyangting, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang, there are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. Names of an ancestor, Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples,200 of which are two-character surnames, often an ancestors courtesy name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the character of his grandfathers courtesy name Boyuan as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames, seniority within the family, In ancient usage, the characters of meng, zhong, shu and ji were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family
3.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
4.
Premier of the People's Republic of China
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This position was originally known as Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central Peoples Government and changed to its current name in 1954. The Premier is formally approved by the National Peoples Congress upon the nomination of the President, in practice, the candidate is chosen through an informal process within the Communist Party of China. Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years, the Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who took office on 15 March 2013, the Premier is the highest administrative position in the Government of the Peoples Republic of China. The Premier is responsible for organizing and administering the Chinese civil bureaucracy, for example, the Premier is tasked with planning and implementing national economic, social development and the state budget. The Premiers powers and responsibilities are codified into the constitution unlike the Prime Minister from the Westminster system as by convention or traditions, the Premier has been supported by four Vice-Premiers since Deng Xiaopings reform in 1983. The First-ranked Vice Premier will act in the capacity in their absence. As of April 2017, there are three living former premiers, Since the first premier, seven had a spouse during term of office
5.
Comrade
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The term comrade is used to mean friend, mate, colleague, or ally, and derives from the Iberian Romance language term camarada, literally meaning chamber mate, from Latin camera chamber or room. A political use of the term was inspired by the French Revolution, ever since the Russian Revolution, popular media in the Western World have often associated it with Communism. Upon abolishing the titles of nobility in France, and the terms monsieur and madame, the deposed King Louis XVI, for instance, was referred to as Citoyen Louis Capet to emphasize his loss of privilege. When the socialist movement gained momentum in the century, socialists elsewhere began to look for a similar egalitarian alternative to terms like Mister, Miss. In German, the word Kamerad had long used as an affectionate form of address among people linked by some strong common interest, such as a sport, a college. The term was used with political overtones in the revolutions of 1848. In English, the first known use of the word comrade with this meaning was in 1884 in the socialist magazine Justice, as a form of address in international Social Democracy and in the associated parts of the workers movement. For instance, one might be referred to as Comrade Plekhanov or Comrade Chairman, after the Russian Revolution, translations of the term in different languages were adopted by Communists worldwide. As a result, even many other socialists would continue to use Comrade among themselves. This is exemplified in its use in stereotypical portrayals of the Soviet Union in Cold War films. The more neutral form of address would translate as Citizen. That use persisted until the fall of the Soviet Union, the term is also used as part of idioms e. g. tovarishch po neschastyu or as a part of such words as tovarishchestvo that do not associate with communism. The term became popular in some internet forums in. ru and. su domains where users called each other literally камрад, in Chinese, the translation of comrade is 同志, literally meaning the same spirit, goal, ambition, etc. It was first introduced in the sense by Sun Yat-sen to refer to his followers. Chang is a loyal and reliable comrade, nevertheless, the term was promoted most actively by the Communist Party of China during its struggle for power. It was used both as a noun and as a title for anyone in mainland China after the Peoples Republic of China was founded. For example, women were nü tongzhi, children were xiao tongzhi, however, after the 1980s and the onset of Chinas market-oriented reforms, this term has been moving out of such daily usage. It remains in use as a term of public address among middle-aged Chinese
6.
Xi Jinping
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Xi Jinping is the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the Peoples Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. As General Secretary, Xi holds a seat on the Politburo Standing Committee. The son of Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi Jinping rose through the ranks politically in Chinas coastal provinces, Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, and governor, then party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to Shanghai as party secretary for a period in 2007. Xi joined the Politburo Standing Committee and central secretariat in October 2007, Xi was vice-president from 2008 to 2013 and Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2010 to 2012. Since assuming power, Xi has attempted to legitimize the authority of the Communist Party by introducing far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and he initiated an unprecedented and far-reaching campaign against corruption, leading to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired officials. Xi has also imposed further restrictions over civil society and ideological discourse, Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953. After the founding of the Communist state in 1949, Xis father held a series of posts, including propaganda chief, vice-premier, Xis father is from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan. He is the son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. When Xi was age 10, his father was purged from the Party and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, Xis secondary education was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, Xi was age 15 when his father was jailed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi and he later became the Party branch secretary of the production team, leaving that post in 1975. When asked about this experience later by Chinese state television, Xi recalled, and when the ideals of the Cultural Revolution could not be realised, it proved an illusion. From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his fathers former subordinate Geng Biao and this gained Xi some military background. In 1985, as part of a Chinese delegation to study American agriculture, he visited the town of Muscatine and this trip, and his stay with an American family, has been considered influential in his views on the United States. Xi joined the Communist Youth League in 1971 and the Communist Party of China in 1974, in 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy Party Secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to Secretary, becoming the top official of the county, Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career, Hebei, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990, in 1997, Xi was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
7.
Zhang Gaoli
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Zhang Gaoli is the current first-ranked Vice Premier of the Peoples Republic of China and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chinas highest ruling council. As Premier Li Keqiangs principal lieutenant, Zhangs portfolio spans the fields of finance, economic development, natural resources, the environment, and housing. He is the chair of ad-hoc steering committees overseeing the Three Gorges Dam, the South–North Water Transfer Project, One Belt One Road, Zhang was born in a village in Jinjiang County, Fujian, to an ordinary family of farmers. He was the youngest of five children and his father died when he was three years old. He and his four siblings were raised almost single-handedly by his mother, as a child, Zhang helped his family with farm work and also caught fish in a neighboring river. Zhang attended Jinjiang Qiaosheng High School, in 1965, Zhang entered Xiamen University to study economics. After graduating in August 1970, Zhang was sent to an oil company logistics team in Maoming to work as a labourer, stocking materials in a warehouse and he joined the Communist Party of China in November 1973. He spent nearly 14 years in the company, eventually becoming very involved in the companys Communist Party branch. By 1984, he was made a manager in the company, in 1984, Zhang was named deputy party chief of Maoming. This was Zhangs first foray into politics, a year later he was named chair of the Guangdong Economic Commission. By 1988, he became Vice Governor of Guangdong, in 1993, at age 47, he made it onto the provincial Party Standing Committee, becoming one of the top leaders of the province. He also served in such as the head of the coordination agency in charge of developing the Pearl River Delta. In 1997, Zhang became party chief of Shenzhen, by the fall of that year he was named an alternate member to the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1998, he was deputy provincial party chief of Guangdong while holding onto his municipal leadership position in Shenzhen. He served under then-provincial party chief Li Changchun and alongside executive vice governor Wang Qishan, during this time it was said that he received praise from Jiang Zemin. He was also said to have visited and tended to the needs of party veteran Xi Zhongxun. In 1999 Zhang was named a professor of macroeconomics at the prestigious Tsinghua University and also an honorary president. In late 2001, Zhang was transferred to the coastal province of Shandong to become Governor
8.
Liu Yandong
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Liu Yandong is a Chinese politician. She is currently serving as Vice Premier of the Peoples Republic of China and she previously held the post of State Councilor between 2007 and 2012, and headed the United Front Work Department of the Communist Party between 2002 and 2007. A graduate of Tsinghua University, Lius career has long associated with her fellow alumnus. As such Chinese-language media has sometimes labelled Liu as part of the so-called Tuanpai, since the retirement of Wu Yi, Liu has been the highest-ranked female political figure in China, and one of only two women with a seat on the Politburo, the other being Sun Chunlan. Liu Yandong was born in Nantong County, Jiangsu, in what was then Republic of China and her father Liu Ruilong was one of the founders of the 14th Army of the Reds, an early Communist revolutionary militia force. As her father was of a background, she has been classified by some analysts as a princeling. Liu entered the prestigious Tsinghua University in 1964, weathered the Cultural Revolution, while in college, Liu was a part-time political instructor. Shortly after graduation, Liu began work at a production plant in Tangshan. In 1980, she was transferred to work for the party organization in Beijing, in 1982, Liu began working for the Communist Youth League, where she worked with contemporaries Wang Zhaoguo, Hu Jintao, and Song Defu. She worked at the Youth League for nine years, during this time she served as Chairwoman of the All-China Youth Federation. In March 1991, she began working at the United Front Work Department as its deputy secretary-general, the mandate of the United Front is essentially to keep non-Communist political and civic organizations in line with the overarching ideologies of the Communist Party. During her term at the department, she gained on-the-job masters and doctorate degrees at Renmin University, between 2002 and 2007, she served as the head of the United Front Work Department. In March 2002 she was also elected Vice Chair of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. Having long been an ally of Party General Secretary Hu Jintao and ascended from the ranks of the Communist Youth League, she entered the 17th Politburo of the Communist Party of China in 2007. Widely speculated to become Vice-Premier in an upcoming leadership reshuffle, by 2007, Liu was the woman with a seat on the Politburo. At the 2008 National Peoples Congress she was elected State Councilor and she was also deputy chair of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. At the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012 and she became the first woman since Deng Yingchao to serve consecutive terms on the Politburo. Since 2013, Liu has been the leader of the Leading Group for Health Care Reform, on April 13,2009, Stony Brook University conferred upon Madame Liu Yandong an Honorary Doctor of Laws
9.
Wang Yang (politician)
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Wang Yang is a high-ranking Chinese politician. He is one of the four Vice Premiers of China in Premier Li Keqiangs Government, until January 2013, he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong, the southern Chinese provinces top office. He served as the party secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, first as the holder of an important regional post, and now as a vice premier, Wang also holds a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the countrys ruling council. He is widely considered to be one of the most strongly liberal members of the Chinese elite, advocating for economic, Wang was born in Suzhou, Anhui, to an ordinary urban working-class family. His father was a manual labourer, between 1972 and 1976, he worked as a food processing factory hand before being promoted to supervisor. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1975 and he subsequently joined the local Party School as an instructor, before going on to study political economics at the dawn of Deng Xiaopings economic reforms at the Central Party School in 1979. He returned to his hometown as a party policy instructor before joining the local Communist Youth League organization – where he would ascend to the organization by 1984. He then moved on to work as the Deputy Director and Director of the Anhui Provincial Sports Bureau until 1988 and his first tenure with civil administration was in Tongling, Anhui, beginning in 1988. He would rise to become the provincial Governors assistant the following year, Wang served as the Party Committee Secretary in Chongqing, a western interior municipality, from 2005 to 2007. Wangs track record in Chongqing earned him attention, for his work of bringing a geographically remote. In Chongqing, Wang won praise for handling a sensitive urban demolition case and he was also the pioneer of media reforms in the municipality. In 2007 Wang was succeeded as Chongqing party secretary by Bo Xilai, after taking Wangs place, Bo orchestrated a sweeping campaign against alleged local gangsters. As part of a reshuffle of regional leaders, Wang Yang was slated to become Party Committee Secretary of Guangdong after the 17th Party Congress. He took on the post formally in November 2007, as the post was considered one of the most important regional leadership offices in China, he also earned a seat on the Communist Partys Politburo, the countrys second-highest ruling council. In Guangdong, Wang increasingly branded himself as a bold reformer and he was instrumental in pushing Guangdong province, already dubbed Chinas breeding ground of reform, towards even greater economic and political freedoms. Additionally, Wang sought to diversify the economy away from manufacturing. Wangs unique leadership style set him apart from normally colourless and risk-averse provincial administrators who parrot the party line and he was often compared to Bo Xilai by political observers, as both Wang and Bo were seen as rising stars of Chinese politics vying for top office. Both held important regional offices that could be used as testing grounds for policies that could eventually be implemented nationally, amid the global financial crisis of 2008, Guangdong faced a mass wave of bankruptcies of small to medium-sized enterprises
10.
Ma Kai
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Ma Kai is one of the four Vice Premiers of China. He was formerly a State Councilor and Secretary General of the State Council of China, ma Kai was born in Jinshan, Shanghai in 1946. He received his Masters degree from Renmin University of China in 1982 and his portfolio also includes putting forth Chinese policies with regard to global warming. He was a member of the 16th and the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and he was elected to 18th Politburo of the Communist Party of China in 2012. In 2003 he was given responsibility for the National Development and Reform Commission, an organisation which has broad administrative and planning control over the Economy of China
11.
Han Zheng
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Han Zheng is a Chinese politician, the Communist Party Secretary of Shanghai, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. He served as Mayor of Shanghai between 2003 and 2012 and briefly acted as Party Secretary between 2006 and 2007 when his predecessor Chen Liangyu was removed from power, in November 2012 he was promoted to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai, the top political post in the city. Han was once considered a member of the Shanghai clique and he was born in Shanghai, but traces his ancestry to Cixi, in neighbouring Zhejiang province. He began work as a labourer at a warehouse in the years of the Cultural Revolution. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1979 and he then worked at a chemical equipment company in an administrative role. Beginning in 1986, Han began working as an administrator at the municipal chemical engineering college. By 1988, Han oversaw the party organization at the Shanghai Greater China Rubber Shoe Factory, in November 1992 he was named governor of Luwan District. During his tenure in the district, Han spearheaded the Huaihai Road revitalization initiative, Han also focused on fixing the ecology of the district and expanding its green spaces. He then obtained a degree from East China Normal University. In December 1997, he was named a member of the municipal Party Standing Committee for the first time, in February 1998 he was named vice-mayor of Shanghai, in May 2002 he was named Deputy Party Secretary of Shanghai. Han joined the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at the 16th Party Congress in 2002, in 2003 he was named the Mayor of Shanghai at age 48, the youngest Mayor the city has seen in fifty years. A vocal advocate of the Shanghai real estate boom, Han has a positive image with the Shanghai citizenry for his openness. On 25 September 2006, Han became the acting Communist Party Chief of Shanghai after the dismissal of Chen Liangyu over corruption probes during the Shanghai pension scandal, Xi later became the top leader of China. Han proved to be a political survivor however, having served under party chiefs Chen Liangyu, Xi Jinping, and Yu Zhengsheng in the Mayors office. Han assumed the party chief post in November 2012, shortly after the conclusion of the 18th Party Congress, at the time of his elevation, Han was one of only a small handful of top provincial-level leaders who was born in the jurisdiction in which they serve. Han was born, raised, and spent his career in Shanghai. This meant that compared to Jiang Zemins days, the representation of Shanghai officials at the Central Committee was vastly decreased, xinhuanet announces Hans appointment CityMayors profile
12.
Wen Jiabao
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Wen Jiabao was the sixth Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China, serving as Chinas head of government for a decade between 2003 and 2013. In his capacity as Premier, Wen was regarded as the figure behind Beijings economic policy. From 2002 to 2012, he held membership in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, the de facto top power organ. He worked as the chief of the Party General Office between 1986 and 1993, and accompanied Party general secretary Zhao Ziyang to Tiananmen Square during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. In 1998, he was promoted to the post of Vice Premier under Premier Zhu Rongji, his mentor, Wen was dubbed the peoples premier by both domestic and foreign media. Instead of concentrating on GDP growth in cities and rich coastal areas, Wen advocated for advancing policies considered more favourable towards farmers. Wens government reduced taxes and pursued ambitious infrastructure projects. Following the global crisis of 2008, Wens government injected four trillion yuan as part of a stimulus program. He left office in 2013 and was succeeded by Li Keqiang, a native of Beichen District, Tianjin, Wen Jiabao went to the Nankai High School from which his predecessor premier Zhou Enlai graduated. He joined the Communist Party of China in April 1965 and entered the force in September 1967. Wen has a background in engineering and holds a degree from the Beijing Institute of Geology. He studied geomechanics in Beijing and began his career in the bureau of Gansu province. From 1968–1978, he presided over the Geomechanics Survey Team under the Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau, Wen succeeded in office, rising as chief of the Gansu Provincial Geological Bureau and later as Vice-minister of Geology and Mineral Resources. Wen was discovered by then-general secretary Hu Yaobang, and joined the ranks of the Central Committee, after Wen was promoted to work in Beijing, he served as Chief of the Partys General Affairs Office, an organ that oversaw day-to-day operations of the partys leaders. He remained in the post for eight years, Wen has built a network of patronage during his career. Throughout this period Wen was said to be an administrator and technocrat, having earned a reputation for meticulousness, competence. Wen served as Secretary of the Central Financial Work Commission from 1998 to 2002, Wens most significant political recovery occurred after accompanying Zhao on his visit to students demonstrating in Tiananmen Square in 1989. Wen Jiabao is the only Chief of the Partys General Affairs Office to have served under three General Secretaries, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, and Jiang Zemin
13.
Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
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The Vice Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China is a high-ranking executive assistant to the Premier. Generally, the title is held by individuals at one time. The highest-ranked office holder is called the First-ranked Vice Premier. The 1st-ranked VP takes over duties of the Premier at the time of the latters incapacity, current Vice Premiers, in order of rank, are Zhang Gaoli, Liu Yandong, Wang Yang and Ma Kai. The most prominent case of this is Deng Xiaoping between 1978 and 1980
14.
Zhang Dejiang
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Zhang Dejiang is a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of China. He currently serves as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress, Zhang has extensive regional governance experience unmatched by his Standing Committee contemporaries. He has successively served as the Party Secretary of the provinces of Jilin, the SARS outbreak began in Guangdong and occurred during Zhangs term as the provincial party chief there. In March 2012, Zhang replaced Bo Xilai as the party secretary of Chongqing, Zhang also held a seat on the 25-member Politburo of the Communist Party of China since 2002. After serving two terms on the body, Zhang was promoted to the Politburo Standing Committee at the 18th Party Congress in 2012, Zhang, a native of Taian County, Liaoning, attended Yanbian University in Yanji, Jilin, where he studied the Korean language. Zhang enrolled in Kim Il-sung University in North Korea in August 1978 and his connections to North Korea and his handling of illegal immigration from that country as a local official in Jilin are believed to be key factors in his rise to power. Zhang rose to prominence during the era of general secretary Jiang Zemin, first in Jilins Yanbian Prefecture, Zhang accompanied Jiang on a visit to North Korea in March 1990 and was promoted to deputy party secretary for Jilin soon after. Jiang described Yanbian under Zhang as a model later that year. In 1995, he was party secretary of Jilin, beginning a long road of serving as the first-in-charge of various provincial-level jurisdictions. In 1998, Zhang became party secretary of Zhejiang, Zhang was popular among business leaders in Zhejiang due to his relatively laissez-faire attitude towards private enterprise. Zhang was known for allowing private business to operate freely, within the bounds of the law, in 2001, Zhang wrote an article attacking the idea of allowing business owners to join the Communist Party, claiming that doing so would ruin the party. In November 2002, Zhang was transferred to Guangdong to become its Party Secretary and he also earned a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. During his tenure in Guangdong Zhang focused on such as the privatisation of the economy, education. Zhangs appointment came immediately after the beginning of the SARS crisis, Zhang initially responded to the outbreak by restricting the flow of information to the public about SARS. Zhang made it a top priority to stimulate the provinces economy, during his five-year tenure, Zhang worked to integrate the economies of the Pearl River Delta. Critics called Pan-Pearl Delta economic integration an empty concept and alleged that Zhang was pushing the policy as a platform for future promotion. A senior journalist compared Zhangs ambitions to that of Bo Xilai, Bo Xilai manipulates the media to promote himself, critics accuse Zhang of suppressing freedom of the press and the right to protest. In addition to being criticised for poor handling of the SARS outbreak, the shooting incident is believed to have led to as many as 20 deaths
15.
Wang Qishan
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Wang Qishan is a senior leader of the Communist Party of China. Since 2012 he has been a member of the seven-man Politburo Standing Committee and he concurrently serves as Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, and has emerged as the public face of General Secretary Xi Jinpings anti-corruption campaign since 2013. Wang gained prominence in Chinas financial sector in the late 1980s, in 1994, Wang became the Governor of the China Construction Bank. Wang then successively served in three roles, Vice-Governor of Guangdong, Party Secretary of Hainan, and Mayor of Beijing. Wang then served as Vice-Premier in charge of finance and commercial affairs under premier Wen Jiabao from March 2008 to March 2013, Wang Qishan was born in Qingdao, Shandong, but his ancestral hometown is considered Tianzhen, Shanxi. After graduating high school, Wang worked as a youth in the countryside. In 1973, Wang was admitted as a Worker-Peasant-Soldier student at Northwest University in Xian, Wang met Yao Mingshan, the daughter of Yao Yilin, in Yanan and the two later wed. After graduation, Wang worked in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, researching late imperial Chinese history, in 1982, Yao Yilin became an alternate member of the Central Secretariat, and Wang was elevated to the Secretariats office on rural policy research. This marked the beginning of Wangs political career, from 1982 to 1988, Wang worked in various posts in policy research. In 1988, Wang was transferred to become the executive of the Agricultural Investment Trust of China. A year later he became Vice Governor at China Construction Bank, Wang became Governor of the China Construction Bank in 1994 and served until 1997. In 1997, Wang was transferred to Guangdong to become its Executive Vice Governor, at the height of the Asian Financial Crisis, Wang assisted then Guangdong Party Secretary Li Changchun in managing non-performing loans of various state owned enterprises in the province. Since then, Wang developed a reputation for being a financial specialist, next, Wang served as the General Office chief of the State Economic Structural Reform Commission. Wang took over from disgraced Beijing mayor Meng Xuenong when SARS struck the Chinese capital in spring 2003, after arriving in Beijing, Wang took an open approach to the release of information about SARS to the public. In contrast to the lack of transparency during the administration of his predecessor, Wang was confirmed as Mayor of Beijing in early 2004. As mayor, Wang also served as the chair of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. In March 2005, during a radio show, Wang apologized on air to the Beijing public for an ongoing natural gas supply shortage in the city. The action won praise in the media and was said to have decreased the distance between government officials and the public
16.
Party chief of the Communist Party of China
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In most cases, it is the de facto highest political office of its area of jurisdiction. The term can also be used for the position of Communist Party organizations in state-owned enterprises, universities, hospitals. In post-Cultural Revolution Chinese political theory, the Communist Party is responsible for the formulation of policies, at every level of jurisdiction, a government leader serves alongside the party secretary. For example, in the case of a province, the provincial Party Secretary is the de facto highest office, the Governor is usually the second-highest-ranking official in the partys Provincial Committee, and holds the concurrent title of Deputy Party Committee Secretary. A similar comparison can be made for municipal Party Secretaries and Mayors, there have been rare instances where both Party Secretary and Governor positions were held by the same person, though this is not the common practice since the end of the Cultural Revolution. The Party Secretary is usually assisted by numerous Deputy Party Secretaries, until the 1980s, the leading position of a local party organization was called the First Secretary, its deputy the Second Secretary. The local party organizations each had its own Secretariat with numerous secretaries, at the provincial level, the party chief is known as CPC Provincial Committee Secretary, while the corresponding government position is known as Governor. At the prefecture or municipal level, the party chief is known as CPC Municipal Committee Secretary, at the county level, the party chief is known as CPC County Committee Secretary, while the corresponding government position is known as the County Governor. At the township level, the party chief is known as CPC Township/town Committee Secretary, at the village level, the local party chief, known as the Village Party Branch Secretary heads a committee of around ten people to make executive decisions related to the village. The process is not entirely formal, and therefore the party chief at this level is not considered part of the Chinese civil service. In writing and the media, the CPC designation before the title is not used often because it is assumed that Provincial Committee Secretary refers to the Communist Party secretary. Generally, a top government official will also hold the first deputy party chief position, a Deputy Party Secretary assists in the work of the Party Secretary. In provincial and most prefecture-level jurisdictions, there are two deputy party chiefs, the higher-ranked deputy party chief is generally also concurrently the head of the government of the party committees area of jurisdiction. The other deputy party chief is known as the zhuanzhi fushuji, literally, generally, the zhuanzhi deputy party chief is also the head of the party school of any given jurisdiction. A Party Branch or Party Group exists in almost all institutions of state which are not formally part of the Communist Party organization and these include government organs, Peoples Congresses, ministries, provincial and municipal departments and so on. These organizations are created by mandate of a Party Committee, serve to ensure that the policy guidelines of the party is followed at each respective institution. The Party Branch Secretary or Party Group Secretary is an office from that of the Party Committee Secretary. They do not have the organization and bureaucracy that is commonplace with a Party Committee
17.
Liaoning
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Liaoning is a province of China, located in the northeast of the country. The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and it was also known as Mukden province at the time, for the Manchu pronunciation of Shengjing, the former name of the provincial capital Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945, Liaoning is the southernmost part of Manchuria, the Chinese Northeast. The Yalu River marks its border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea, the characters forming the provinces modern Chinese name are 辽 and 宁. They are the forms of the traditional characters 遼 and 寧. The first character literally means far, distant but is actually a reference to the Liao River which flows through the territory. The second literally means peace, calm but in such Chinese place names actually has the sense of pacified, made peaceful, here in reference to the turbulent situation of Manchuria in the late 1920s. In both English and Chinese, however, it is most common to gloss the name as the more literal Peace on the Liao, the provinces one-character abbreviation in Chinese is 辽. Liaoning is located in the part of Northeast China. In the past, it formed part of Korean kingdoms as Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae, as well as Chinese polities such as the Yan State and it was also inhabited by non-Han peoples such as Xiongnu, Donghu, Xianbei. In addition, the Khitan, Jurchen, Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan ruled Liaoning, the Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this Liaodong Wall was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides. Despite the Liaodong Wall, the Manchus conquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Manchu dynasty, styled Later Jin, established its capital in 1616–1621 in Xingjing and it was moved to Dongjing, and finally in 1625 to Shengjing. Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing after it fell to the Qing in 1644, in the Governors words, Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants. West of the Liaohe, only Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and Guangning had any significant populations remaining, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province
18.
Wen Shizhen
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Wen Shizhen, also known as S. T. Wen, was a politician and diplomat in the Republic of China. He was Mayor of Tianjin during the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, Wen Shizhen graduated from the Beiyang Naval College in 1898. He served for 4 years in the Chinese Navy as a lieutenant while he went to the United Kingdom for training, later he transferred to the staff of Li Hongzhang. In 1906 he was appointed a secretary for foreign affairs to the Viceroy of Liangguang, in 1913 Wen Shizhen was appointed advisor in foreign affairs to the Military Governor Zhejiang. In 1916 he was given an additional post as High Diplomatic Advisor to the Military Governor Jiangxi Li Chun, in August 1917 Li Chun became Military Governor Jiangsu, Wen accompanied him. In October 1920 he was appointed Superintendent of Customs of Nanjing, the next month he became concurrently Commissioner of Foreign Affairs in Nanjing. The next year he became a member of the Chinese Delegation to the Washington Naval Conference as the honorary councilor, in 1923 Wen Shizhen was treated as an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. With the Zhili cliques support, Wen was appointed Commissioner of Foreign Affairs and that year the Zhili clique was beaten by the Fengtian clique in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War, and Wen was invited by the Fengtian cliques Military Governor Yang Yuting. Later the National Revolutionary Army occupied Shanghai, so Wen defected to Japan, in December 1937 Wang Kemin established the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. Wen also participated in it, and was appointed Superintendent of Customs of Tianjin, Inspector of the Bank of Hebei Province, at that time Pan Yugui was appointed Mayor of Tianjin Special City. However, his birthplace was not Tianjin, so the figures of Tianjin. While Wen Shizhen was born in Tianjin, his work was better than Pans, Pan and Wen struggled with each other, in 1939, Pan resigned his post and Wen became the mayor. In March 1940 the Wang Jingwei regime was established, while Wen stayed at his post, in February 1943 he resigned Mayor. However, Wen was not executed while he was imprisoned in Tianjin, at the end of 1948, because the Peoples Liberation Armys entering Tianjin was coming, Wen was released by the Kuomintang authority. The following January he was rearrested by the Tianjin Peoples Government, Wen Shizhen was executed by the authority of the Peoples Republic of China in 1951
19.
Henan
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Henan is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is 豫, named after Yuzhou, a Han Dynasty state that parts of Henan. Although the name of the province south of the river, approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou which literally means central plain land or midland, although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is the birthplace of Chinese civilization with over 3,000 years of recorded history, and remained Chinas cultural, economical, numerous heritages have been left behind including the ruins of Shang Dynasty capital city Yin and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng, with an area of 167,000 km2, Henan covers a large part of the fertile and densely populated North China Plain. Its neighbouring provinces are Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Henan is Chinas third most populous province with a population of over 94 million. If it were a country by itself, Henan would be the 12th most populous country in the world, behind Mexico, Henan is the 5th largest provincial economy of China and the largest among inland provinces. However, per capita GDP is low compared to eastern and central provinces. The economy continues to depend on its dwindling aluminum and coal reserves, as well as agriculture, heavy industry, tourism, high-tech industry and service sector is underdeveloped and is concentrated around Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Widely regarded as the Cradle of Chinese civilization along with Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, Henan is known for its historical prosperity, the economic prosperity resulted from its extensive fertile plains and its location at the heart of the country. However, its location also means that it has suffered from nearly all of the major wars in China. In addition, the floods of the Yellow River have caused significant damage from time to time. Kaifeng, in particular, has been buried by the Yellow Rivers silt seven times due to flooding, archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such as the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture were active in what is now northern Henan since the Neolithic Era. The more recent Erlitou culture has been identified with the Xia Dynasty. Virtually the entire kingdom existed within what is now north and central Henan, the Xia Dynasty collapsed around the 16th century BC following the invasion of Shang, a neighboring vassal state centered around todays Shangqiu in eastern Henan. The Shang Dynasty was the first literate dynasty of China and its many capitals are located at the modern cities of Shangqiu, Yanshi, and Zhengzhou. Their last and most important capital, Yin, located in modern Anyang, is where the first Chinese writing was created, in the 11th century BC, the Zhou Dynasty of Shaanxi arrived from the west and overthrew the Shang Dynasty
20.
Communist Youth League of China
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The league is organized on the party pattern. Its leader is its First Secretary, who is also a member of the CPC Central Committee, the current First Secretary is Qin Yizhi. The Communist Youth League is responsible also for guiding the activities of the Young Pioneers, founded in May 1920, it was originally named as the Socialist Youth League of China. Whilst the Party was officially established in July 1921, the Chinese Socialist Youth League was organized with the Party being set up throughout the country. In May 1922, the 1st National Congress of the League was held under the leadership of the Party, in the 3rd National Congress in January 1925, the Chinese Socialist Youth League was renamed as the Chinese Communist Youth League. After the Sino-Japanese War, in order to adapt to the new social and political situation, later in May 1957, its name as the Chinese Communist Youth League was resumed, historically combining the congresses of all three leagues. From 1978 to 2008, six congresses were held, the Communist Youth League has contributed a number of top echelon leaders of the Communist Party-led government of the Peoples Republic of China. The proliferation of leaders with a Youth League background has led to the informal name Youth League faction being used to describe members of the leadership at different times. The first Youth League faction was represented by Hu Yaobang, the second Youth League faction is represented by Hu Jintao. While there is no direct lineage between the two Hus, Hu Jintaos administration has formally elevated the memory of the earlier Hu. In 2005, the 90th anniversary of Hu Yaobangs birth, a new museum, the scandalous death of the son of Ling Jihua and Gu Liping, a couple associated with the Communist Youth League, may have tarnished the reputation of the organization as a path to power. The national leading organization is the National Congress and the Central Committee, the National Congress are held each 5 years, but can be held earlier or later under special circumstances. CPC and is considered to be the CPCs assistant and backup, by the end of 2002, there were approximately 210,000 committee members of fundamental organizations. 2007 estimates put the number of Youth League members at 73 million, Central Committee reported at the end of 2006, students accounted for 49. 9% of the league. CYLCs official newspaper is the China Youth Daily, in EAs game series Command and Conquer Generals, the flag of the Youth League is used as an icon for the Nationalism upgrade. loc. gov/frd/cs/. - China Official website Site for the youth, promoting things such as patriotism, youth employment
21.
Hefei
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Hefei, formerly known as Hofei, Luzhou, or Luchow, is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in Eastern China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast and Luan to the west. Hefei has an area of 11,434.25 km2 and, at the 2015 sampling survey, from the 8th to the 6th century BC, Hefei was the site of many small states, later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made, the name Hefei was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC. In the 3rd century AD, the famous Three Kingdoms battle, Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, was fought at what is currently Xiaoyao Ford in Hefei, general Zhang Liao of the Kingdom of Wei commanding 800 picked cavalry defeated the 200, 000-man army of the Kingdom of Wu. Several decades of warring in Hefei between Wu and Wei followed this battle, during the 4th to the 6th century AD, this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over, its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui and Tang periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture—a title it kept until the 15th century, the present city dates from the Song dynasty, the earlier Hefei having been some distance farther north. The city of Hefei reached its peak by then, during the 10th century, it was for a while the capital of the independent Wu kingdom and was an important center of the Southern Tang state. After 1127 it became a center of the defenses of the Southern Song dynasty against the Jin invaders in the Jin–Song wars, when the Chinese Republic was founded in 1911, the superior prefecture was abolished, and the city took the name of Hefei. The city was known as Luchow or Liu-tcheou during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Hefei was the temporary capital for Anhui from 1853 to 1862. It was renamed as Hefei County in 1912, following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Hefei was made the capital of Anhui. Before World War II, Hefei remained essentially an administrative center and it was a collecting center for grain, beans, cotton, and hemp, as well as a center for handicraft industries manufacturing cloth, leather, bamboo goods, and ironware. The construction in 1912 of the Tianjin–Pukou railway, farther east, for a while made Hefei a provincial backwater, in 1932–36, however, a Chinese company built a railway linking Hefei with Yuxikou to the southeast and with the Huai River at Huainan to the north. While this railway was primarily to exploit the rich coalfield in northern Anhui, it also did much to revive the economy of the Hefei area by taking much of its produce to Wuhu. Although Hefei was a market town of only about 30,000 in the mid-1930s. The citys administrative role was strengthened by the transfer of the government from Anqing in 1949. A cotton mill was opened in 1958, and a generating plant. It also became the seat of an industry producing industrial chemicals, in the late 1950s an iron and steel complex was built
22.
Anhui
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Anhui is a landlocked province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the eastern region of the country. The name Anhui derives from the names of two cities, Anqing and Huizhou, the abbreviation for Anhui is Chinese, 皖, pinyin, wǎn after the historical State of Wan, Mount Wan, and the Wan river. The province of Anhui was formed in the 17th century, before then, there was no coherent concept of Anhui. In terms of culture, Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain together with modern-day Henan province, northern Jiangsu, Central Anhui was densely populated and constituted mostly of fertile land from the Huai River watershed. In contrast, the culture of Southern Anhui, bordered mostly along the Yangtze, was closer to Jiangxi, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own. In the 2007 book China Road, author Rob Gifford stated that the Chinese refer to Anhui as a big agricultural province, according to Gifford, this is an euphemism for a very poor area and that people have referred to Anhui as the Appalachia of China. The north of the province is part of the North China Plain while the areas are part of the Huai River watershed. Both of these regions are flat and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui, the Yangtze River finds its way through south Anhui in between these two mountainous regions. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of Huangshan in southeastern Anhui and it has an altitude of 1873 m. Major rivers include the Huai River in the north and the Yangtze in the south, the largest lake is Lake Chaohu situated in the center of the province, with an area of about 800 km2. The southeastern part of the province near the Yangtze River has many lakes as well, as with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate and has more clearcut seasons, january temperatures average at around -1 to 2 °C north of the Huai River, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai River, in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding, major cities, Anhui is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities, The sixteen prefecture-level divisions of Anhui are subdivided into 105 county-level divisions. Those are in turn divided into 1,845 township-level divisions, the Politics of Anhui Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Anhui is the official in the Peoples Government of Anhui. Agriculture in Anhui varies according to the zones that the province crosses. To the north of the Huai River, wheat and sweet potatoes are grown, while to the south of the Huai River it is rice, natural resources of Anhui include iron in Maanshan, coal in Huainan, and copper in Tongling
23.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
24.
Communist Party of China
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The Communist Party of China is the founding and ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China. It was founded in 1921, chiefly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the CPC is currently the worlds second largest political party with a membership of 88.76 million as of 2016. It also controls the worlds largest armed force, the Peoples Liberation Army, the highest body of the CPC is the National Congress, convened every fifth year. The partys leader holds the offices of General Secretary, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, through these posts the party leader is the countrys paramount leader. The current party leader is Xi Jinping, elected at the 18th National Congress, the CPC is still committed to communist thought and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties each year. The official explanation for Chinas economic reforms is that the country is in the stage of socialism. The planned economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy, the CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. Other influences stemming from the Bolshevik revolution and Marxist theory inspired the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao was the first leading Chinese intellectual who publicly supported Leninism and world revolution. In contrast to Chen Duxiu, Li did not renounce participation in the affairs of the Republic of China, both of them regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. The CPC was modeled on Vladimir Lenins theory of a vanguard party, Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, the rudiments. Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, the founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, the CPC organization, while it was originally planned to be held in Shanghai French Concession, police officers interrupted the meeting on 3 July. Because of that, the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, only 12 delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend. Chen sent a representative to attend the congress. The resolutions of the called for the establishment of a communist party. The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT, a party organized on Leninist lines, when KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists. Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiangs arrival, he turned on them, Chiangs army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CPC General Ye Ting and his troops
25.
Zhongnanhai
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The term Zhongnanhai is closely linked with the central government and senior Communist Party officials. It is often used as a metonym for the Chinese leadership at large, China Central Television frequently shows footage of meetings inside the compound, but limits its coverage largely to views of the interior of buildings. These two lakes are part of a series of projects carried out during the construction of the nearby Forbidden City. Also part of the system is the Northern Sea, or Beihai, now a public park. The Northern, Central. And the Shichahai is connected to Beihai at the north, the Taiye Lake were originally an imperial garden called Xiyuan, with parklands on the shores, enclosed by a red wall in the west part of the Imperial City, Beijing. Most of the pavilions, shrines, and temples survive from this period, whereas the Northern sea had a religious focus, the shores of Central and Southern seas were dotted with a number of palaces. During the Jin dynasty, the Emperor Zhangzong of Jin built the northern lake, the northern section of Zhongnanhai was the Taiye Lake, with an attached palace called the Palace of Great Peace. During the Yuan Dynasty, Taiye Lake was included in the Imperial City and it was also expanded, covering approximately the area occupied by the Northern and Central Seas today. Three palaces were built around the lake, after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, construction on the existing Imperial Palace began in 1406. The Ming palace was to the south of the Yuan palace, as a result, a new Southern Sea was dug to the south of the old lake. The excavated soil, together with that from construction of the moat, was piled up to form Jingshan, at this time, the three lakes were connected and were collectively called the Taiye Lake. The three lakes were divided by bridges, the lakes were part of an extensive royal park called Xiyuan to the west of the Imperial Palace. After the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing, the government reduced the size of the park to within a small walled area around the three lakes. Several successive emperors built pavilions and houses along the lake shores, during the reign of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the Empress Dowager and the Emperor would often live in the Zhongnanhai compound, travelling to the Forbidden City only for ceremonial duties. During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the Russian army occupied Zhongnanhai, almost all artifacts and decorations in the compound were looted. Later, the Eight-Nation Alliance commander also lived in Zhongnanhai, when Puyi was crowned Emperor, his father as the Prince Regent lived for a short time in the compound. Zhongnanhai attained political significance during the Republic of China era, when the Beiyang Government under Yuan Shikai placed its presidential palace in the Zhongnanhai compound from 1911, the current main gate, Xinhua Gate or Gate of New China, was created by Yuan Shikai. The present gatehouse was previously a pavilion located on the shore the Southern Sea
26.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
27.
Peking University
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Peking University, is a major Chinese research university located in Beijing and a member of the C9 League. It is the first modern national university established in China, founded as the Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the ancient Taixue or Guozijian and it also served as the highest administration for education in China at the beginning of its founding. By 1920, it had become a center for progressive thought, Peking University is consistently ranked as the top higher learning institution in mainland China. In addition to academics, Peking University is especially renowned for its campus grounds, and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture. Throughout its history, the university has educated and hosted many prominent modern Chinese thinkers, including such as, Mao Zedong, Lu Xun, Gu Hongming, Mao Dun, Li Dazhao. Peking University was influential in the birth of Chinas New Culture Movement, May Fourth Movement, when it was established on July 3,1898, the school was known as the Imperial University of Peking. It was established to replace Taixue or Guozijian, or Imperial Academy, in 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution, the Imperial University was renamed National Peking University. Cai, inspired by the German model of freedom, recruited an intellectually diverse faculty that included Hu Shih, Chen Duxiu. In 1919, students of Peking University formed the bulk of the protesters of the May Fourth Movement, efforts by the Beiyang government to end the protests by sealing off the Peking University campus led to Cais resignation. In 1920, Peking University became the first Chinese university to accept female students, after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Peking University moved to Changsha and formed the Changsha Temporary University along with Tsinghua University and Nankai University. In 1938, the three schools moved again, this time to Kunming, and formed the National Southwestern Associated University, in 1946, after World War II, Peking University moved back to Beijing. At that time, the university comprised six schools, and an institute for humanities. The total student enrollment grew up to 3,000, in 1949, after the Peoples Republic of China was established, Peking University lost its national appellation to reflect the fact that all universities under the new socialist state would be public. In 1952, Mao Zedongs government re-grouped the countrys higher education institutions with individual institutions tending to specialize in a field of study. As a result, some arts and science faculties of Tsinghua University, at the same time, however, the university lost its Law, Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture schools. These schools and faculties were merged into other universities or to found new colleges. During the re-grouping, Yenching University was closed up, Peking University moved from downtown Beijing to the former Yenching campus. The first disturbances of the Cultural Revolution began at Peking University in 1966, in 2000, Beijing Medical University was merged back into Peking University and became the Peking University Health Science Campus
28.
Li Keqiang Government
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The Li Keqiang Government is the incumbent State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. Premier Li Keqiang took office on 15 March 2013 and it succeeded the Wen Jiabao government. It was appointed by the National Peoples Congress, in the 12th National Peoples Congress 1st meeting, Li Keqiang was appointed to replace Wen Jiabao as Premier of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinas head of government. According to the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, the Premier nominates the Vice Premiers, the nominations was confirmed by the 2013 National Peoples Congress. Ministry-level Ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Ministry-level Ministry-level Ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Xi–Li Administration Wen Jiabao Government
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