In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber, also known as Liber Pater, was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of thei
Three Roman votive pillars; the one on the left reads Libero Patri Valerius Daphinus a[nimo] l[ibens] p[osuit]: "Valerius Daphinus erects [this monument] to Liber Pater of his free will."
Bas relief from Arch of Marcus Aurelius showing sacrifice
The Bacchanalia were unofficial, privately funded popular Roman festivals of Bacchus, based on various ecstatic elements of the Greek Dionysia. They were almost certainly associated with Rome's native
Liber
…authorities until 186 BC, shortly after the end of the Second Punic War. Livy, writing 200 years after the event, gives a highly theatrical account of the Bacchanalia's introduction by a foreign soothsayer, a "Greek of mean condition... a low operator of sacrifices". The cult spreads in secret, "like a plague". The…
A Bacchanalian Revel Before a Term, Nicolas Poussin, 1632–1633
Titian, The Bacchanal of the Andrians, 1523–1526
Peter Paul Rubens, Bacchanalia, 1615
Lovis Corinth, Bacchanalia, 1898