1.
Zuccotti Park
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The park was created in 1968 by Pittsburgh-based United States Steel, after the property owners negotiated its creation with city officials. It was named Liberty Plaza Park because it was situated beside One Liberty Plaza, the parks northwest corner is across the street from Four World Trade Center. It has been popular with tourists and financial workers. The park was damaged in the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery efforts of 2001. The plaza was used as the site of several events commemorating the anniversary of the attacks. After renovations in 2006, the park was renamed by its current owners, Brookfield Office Properties, the site was the location of the first coffeehouse in colonial New York City, The Kings Arms which opened under the ownership of Lieutenant John Hutchins in 1696. It stood on the west side of Broadway between Crown Street and Little Queen Street and it was perhaps the first public demonstration in opposition to the Tea Act in the American colonies. The park, formerly called Liberty Plaza Park, was created in 1968 by Pittsburgh-based U. S. Steel in return for a bonus for an adjacent building at the time of its construction. The U. S. Steel Building, which replaced the demolished Singer Building, is now known as One Liberty Plaza, the park was one of the few open spaces with tables and seats in the Financial District. As part of the Lower Manhattan rebuilding efforts, the park was regraded, trees were planted, on June 1,2006, the park reopened after an $8 million renovation designed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners. Currently, the park has a variety of trees, granite sidewalks, tables and seats, as well as lights built into the ground. With its proximity to Ground Zero, Zuccotti Park is a popular tourist destination, the World Trade Center cross, which was previously housed at St. Peters Roman Catholic Church, was featured in a ceremony held in Zuccotti Park before it was moved to the 9/11 Memorial. The park won the 2008 American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Regional and Urban Design and was featured in Architectural Record, benjamin Genocchio, an Australian art critic, commented that the sculpture suited the location, nicely echoing the skyscrapers around it. During the Occupy Wall Street Movement, many protesters inhabited Zuccotti Park, although park rules were that overnight stay was not permitted, protesters remained in the park. There had been attempts to clear out the park. However, on November 15,2011, all of the protesters in the park were driven out, the police officers lit up flood lights and began to clear out the park. Tents, tarps, and other forms of shelters were removed in order to clear out the park. In efforts to remain in the park, protesters began to protest against the police, the commotion only led for the pepper-spraying of the protesters as well as getting protesters detained
2.
One Liberty Plaza
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One Liberty Plaza, formerly the U. S. Steel Building, is a skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, in New York City, at the location of the former Singer Building and the former City Investing Building. One Liberty Plaza is currently owned and operated by Brookfield Office Properties, the building is 743 ft tall and has 54 floors. At 2,300,000 sq ft, each floor offers almost 1 acre of office space and its facade is black, consisting of a structural steel frame. The building was commissioned by U. S. Steel. It once housed the headquarters of Merrill Lynch, the building is bordered by Broadway, Cortlandt Street, Church Street, and Liberty Street. South of the building is Zucotti Park, formerly called Liberty Plaza Park, to build One Liberty Plaza, the famous Singer Building was demolished in 1968. The former City Investing Building adjacent to it was torn down. The building had a renovation in 1989, which involved the creation of a new lobby. The lobby and elevators have a security system, and the building has a connection to the New York City Subways Fulton Street/Fulton Center station in the basement. In 2001, Brookfield Office Properties bought the property for $432 Million, the building is adjacent to the World Trade Center site. Following the events of September 11,2001, the building had substantial facade damage, the building needed hundreds of windows replaced that had been blown out on its western facade and the removal of heavy dust and debris from the floors and equipment on the roof. Brooks Brothers on the floor of the building was used as a temporary morgue in the days following the attack. At one point there was a rumor going around that the building was in danger of collapse and it is not and was not in danger of collapse. The building was supposed to be reopened to office workers with a ribbon cutting ceremony on October 22,2001, but the day before it was to happen, it was decided that it was not yet sufficiently safe for employees to return to the office tower. Some found the delay frustrating, while others were not surprised, as of 2016, it was the 656th tallest building in the world. One Liberty Plaza is a hub of Wall Street activity, housing the NASDAQ OMX Group Corporate Headquarters, and RBC Capital Markets trading floors
3.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
4.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
5.
Teacher Retirement System of Texas
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Teacher Retirement System of Texas is a public pension plan of the State of Texas. Nearly 1.4 million public education and higher education employees and retirees participate in the system, TRS is the largest public retirement system in Texas in both membership and assets and the sixth largest public pension fund in the U. S. The agency is headquartered at 1000 Red River Street in the city of Austin. A Board of Trustees governs the retirement system, the Board is composed of nine trustees who are appointed to staggered terms of six years. Three trustees are direct appointments of the Governor, two trustees are appointed by the governor from a list prepared by the State Board of Education. Two trustees are appointed by the governor from the three school district active member candidates who have been nominated for each position by employees of public school districts. One trustee is appointed by the governor from the three higher education active member candidates nominated by employees of institutions of higher education, one trustee is appointed by the governor from the three retired member candidates who are nominated by retired TRS members. The Executive Director of TRS is Brian Guthrie, the budget requested for the 2014-15 biennieum was $4.2 billion USD. The 82nd Texas Legislature passed new legislation in 2011 that will impact the composition of the TRS Board of Trustees beginning in 2017, the current higher education trustee position on the board will become an “open” seat at that time. Beginning with the 2017 board election, TRS retirees, members in school districts. The top three vote recipients’ names will then be submitted to the governor for appointment, the effort to establish the Teacher Retirement System of Texas was a 20-year process which began in 1916, with leadership provided by the Texas State Teachers Association. TSTA was the major organization for Texas teachers in that era. Governor James V. Allred signed the bill into law on June 9,1937, the system is established and operates under Section 67, Article XVI of the Texas Constitution. While its mission to provide retirement benefits remains essentially unchanged, the breadth of its responsibility has increased considerably. 1937 - More than 38,000 eligible members participate during TRS’ first year of existence, with assets totaling $2.25 million, and the yield on investments was 2. 26%. Also, legislation increases prior service annuities for active and retired members to 1. 5% of the prior service compensation. 1949 - TRS retirement plan membership was expanded to all employees of public education institutions, including cafeteria workers. 1951 - Increases in retirement benefits for active and retired members are passed by the 52nd Legislature,1955 - The first major revision in the retirement law is enacted by the 54th Legislature, contingent upon passage of a constitutional amendment
6.
Helmut Jahn
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Jahn was born in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1940, and grew up watching the reconstruction of the city, which had been largely destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns. After attending the Technical University of Munich from 1960 to 1965, in 1966, he emigrated to Chicago to further study architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, leaving school without earning his degree. In 1967, he joined C. F. Murphy Associates as a protégé of Gene Summers and was appointed Executive Vice President and Director of Planning, taking sole control from 1981, the firm was renamed Murphy/Jahn, although the aged Murphy had retired. Generally inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, yet opposed to the application of modernism by his followers, in 1978. Jahn has grown the business into an architectural practice that consistently ranks among top 20 United States architectural firms in terms of gross annual billings. In addition to the seat in Chicago, the company has offices in Berlin. Following is a partial list of completed projects,1974 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri 1976 Kansas City Convention Center,1993 - Outstanding Achievement/Architect Award from the American Academy of Art, Chicago. 1994 - Bundesverdienstkreuz Erster Klasse of the Federal Republic of Germany,2002 - Institute Honour Award of the American Institute of Architects for the Sony Center. 2005 - Murphy/Jahn, Inc. recipient of the AIA Architecture Firm Award, Jahn has an interest in yachting, and in the late 1990s owned at least three yachts named Flash Gordon. In 1995, Jahns Flash Gordon 2 won the annual Chicago to Mackinac Race, in 1997, Flash Gordon 3 won the Admirals Cup. Helmut Jahn at the archINFORM database
7.
Thornton Tomasetti
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Thornton Tomasetti is an American 1, 200+ person structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, the 50-year-old company has locations throughout the world. The engineering firm provided the design for several of the worlds tallest building structures, including the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Other structures designed by the firm include Soldier Field in Chicago, Petco Park in San Diego, among other architects of note, Thornton Tomasetti has collaborated with Cesar Pelli, Santiago Calatrava, Renzo Piano, and Rafael Vinoly. Thornton Tomasetti works to advance design and construction practices. About one-fifth of its staff are LEED accredited professionals, Thornton Tomasetti was the first structural engineering company to sign the AIA2030 Commitment. Thornton Tomasetti immediately began to branch out and enter the market with several innovative designs. The New York City office essentially began in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, Lev Zetlin also embraced the creative use of materials, most notably demonstrated in a bridge design made entirely of paper products for an International Paper ad. In 1993, Thornton Tomasetti acquired Cohen-Barreto-Marchertas and created a Chicago office, founded in 1965 by Eli Cohen, CBM pioneered the use of the now-common composite steel structural system, which combines a reinforced concrete core wall with a light steel floor framing. In the early 1960s, Cohens adaptation of the cooling tower design to high-rise offices required a change in the way the unions worked. Ironworker contracts forbid members of trades to work at higher elevations at job sites. But the proposed system was reviewed with them and they agreed to let concrete workers work above them, on September 8,2015, Thornton Tomasetti announced that it had merged with structural engineering firm Weidlinger Associates. The combined firm will have 1,200 employees operating in 34 cities internationally, in 2008 Thornton was awarded the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum for his work with this program. Thornton Tomasetti Corporate Website ACE Mentor Program
8.
Center City, Philadelphia
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Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the former City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation,1854 which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County. Greater Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015. Center City is bounded by South Street to the south, the Delaware River to the east, the Schuylkill River to the west and this means that Center City occupies the boundaries of the city before it was made coterminous with Philadelphia County in 1854. The Center City District, which has special powers of taxation, uses a complicated, irregularly shaped boundary that includes much but not all of this area, the Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within Center City. The three patrol districts serving Center City are the 6th, 9th, and 17th districts, in March 1987, One Liberty Place broke the gentlemens agreement not to exceed the height of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall. Since the completion of One Liberty Place, no Philadelphia major-league sports team had won a championship for the next two decades, a phenomenon known as the Curse of Billy Penn. In an effort to reverse the curse, a 3-foot statue of Penn was affixed to the top of the Comcast Center upon its completion as the new tallest building in 2007. The Comcast Center, which was completed in 2007, is now the tallest building in Pennsylvania,30 feet taller than One Liberty Place, Two buildings now under construction —1441 Chestnut and the Comcast Technology Center — are also slated to be taller than City Hall. The latter would be the eighth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, the first publicly accessible vantage point higher than City Hall opened at One Liberty Observation Deck on the 57th floor of One Liberty Place in 2015. While Philadelphias population declined, Center Citys rose 10% between 1990 and 2000, in 2007, the city designated the area bound by 11th Street, Broad Street, Chestnut Street and Pine Street as the Gayborhood. Chinatown Fitler Square French Quarter Logan Square Market East Old City Rittenhouse Square Society Hill Washington Square West Sunoco has its headquarters in the BNY Mellon Center, cigna has its corporate headquarters in Two Liberty Place. Aramark is headquartered in Center City, Comcast is headquartered in the Comcast Center. The law firm Cozen OConnor has its headquarters in Center City, kogan Page has its United States offices in Center City. Lincoln National Corporation moved its headquarters from Indiana to Philadelphia in 1999, in Philadelphia Lincoln was headquartered in the West Tower of Centre Square in Center City. In 2007 the company moved 400 employees, including its top executives, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates 5 Fire Stations in the Center City area, Ladder 5, Medic 35, Battalion 1 -711 S. Broad St. Snorkel 2, Medic 44B, Battalion 4, Field Comm. Unit 1 -101 N. 4th St. Engine 11, Medic 21 -601 South St. Pipeline 20, Ladder 23, Medic 1 -133 N. 10th St. Squirt 43, Ladder 9, Medic 7 -2108 Market St
9.
William Penn
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He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed, in 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to appease the debts the king owed to Penns father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware, Penn immediately set sail and took his first step on American soil in New Castle in 1682 after his trans-Atlantic journey. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new proprietor, afterwards, Penn journeyed up the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia. However, Penns Quaker government was not viewed favourably by the Dutch, Swedish and they had no historical allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential city in the new colony, as one of the earlier supporters of colonial unification, Penn wrote and urged for a union of all the English colonies in what was to become the United States of America. The democratic principles that he set forth in the Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution, as a pacifist Quaker, Penn considered the problems of war and peace deeply. He developed a project for a United States of Europe through the creation of a European Assembly made of deputies that could discuss. He is therefore considered the very first thinker to suggest the creation of a European Parliament, a man of extreme religious convictions, Penn wrote numerous works in which he exhorted believers to adhere to the spirit of Primitive Christianity. He was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London due to his faith, and his book No Cross, No Crown, William Penn, Sr. served in the Commonwealth Navy during the English Civil War and was rewarded by Oliver Cromwell with estates in Ireland. The lands were seized from Irish Catholics in retaliation for the failed Irish Rebellion of 1641, Admiral Penn took part in the restoration of Charles II and was eventually knighted and served in the Royal Navy. At the time of his sons birth, Captain Penn was twenty-three, William Penn grew up during the rule of Oliver Cromwell, who succeeded in leading a Puritan rebellion against King Charles I, the king was beheaded when Penn was age 5. Penns father was often at sea, little William caught smallpox at a young age, losing all his hair, prompting his parents to move from the suburbs to an estate in Essex. The country life made an impression on young Penn. Penn was educated first at Chigwell School, by private tutors whilst in Ireland, at that time, there were no state schools and nearly all educational institutions were affiliated with the Anglican Church. Children from poor families had to have a sponsor to get an education. Penns education heavily leaned on the authors and no novelties or conceited modern writers were allowed including William Shakespeare
10.
Philadelphia City Hall
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Philadelphia City Hall, built in 1901 and located at 1 Penn Square, is the seat of government for the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building was designed by Scottish-born architect John McArthur, Jr. in the Second Empire style, City Hall was topped off in 1894, although the interior wasnt finished until 1901. Designed to be the worlds tallest building, it was surpassed during construction by the Washington Monument, with almost 700 rooms, City Hall is the largest municipal building in the United States. The building houses three branches of government, playing host to the executive branch, its legislature. The statue is the tallest atop any building in the world, Calder wished the statue to face south so that its face would be lit by the sun most of the day, the better to reveal the details of his work. Beyond Penn Treaty Park is Pennsbury Manor, Penns country home in Bucks County, yet another version for why the statue pointed generally north instead of south is that it was the current architects method of showing displeasure with the style of the work. By 1894, the design was not in the current. Penns statue is hollow, and an access tunnel through it leads to a small hatch atop the hat. The abrogation of this agreement supposedly brought a curse onto local sports teams, during the 1990s, whenever one of Philadelphias four major sports teams was in contention for a championship, the statue was decorated with the jersey or hat of that team. Other architectural features and history The tower features clocks 8 m in diameter on all four sides of the portion of the tower. This clock was designed by Warren Johnson, City Halls observation deck is located directly below the base of the statue, about 152 m above street level. Once enclosed with chain link fence, the deck is now enclosed by glass. It is reached in a 6-person elevator whose glass panels allow visitors to see the wooden superstructure that supports the tower, stairs within the tower are only used for emergency exit. The ornamentation of the tower has been simplified, the huge garlands that festooned the top panels of the tower were removed, in the 1950s, the city fathers investigated tearing down City Hall for a new building elsewhere. They found that the demolition would have bankrupted the city due to the masonry construction. City Hall became a National Historic Landmark in 1976, in 2006, it was also named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. City Hall is a fully bearing masonry structure with walls up to 22 feet thick, the principal exterior materials are limestone, granite, and marble. City Hall is topped with a 37 foot tall statue of William Penn, City Hall was the tallest building in Pennsylvania from 1901 until 1932, when it was surpassed by the Gulf Tower in Pittsburgh
11.
Willard Rouse
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Willard Goldsmith Rouse III was an American real estate developer. Willard Rouse was a native of Baltimore, Maryland, in 1966, he graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in English. He famously clashed with city planner Edmund Bacon over the landmark development, Rouse was the nephew of developer James Rouse. Rouse founded Rouse and Associates, a real estate development company focused on office. In 1994 the company went public as a UPREIT and is now known as Liberty Property Trust, headquartered in Malvern, Rouse was also involved in the construction of the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts and the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Rouse was married to Susannah Rouse and had eight children, in 2003, he died from lung cancer in his home in Phoenixville, Pa. Philadelphia Business Journal Statement of Governor Rendell Obituary in New York Times
12.
Cigna
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Cigna is an American worldwide health services organization. Cigna also offers Medicare and Medicaid products and health, life and accident insurance coverages primarily to individuals in the U. S. in addition to its ongoing operations described above, Cigna also has certain run-off operations, including a Run-off Reinsurance segment. Their tag line is Together, all the way, Cigna was formed by the 1982 merger of the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company and INA Corporation. Insurance Company of North America was formed in 1792 and is therefore an ancestor of Cigna. The CG was created in 1865 by an act of the Governor of Connecticut. In October 1871, the great Chicago Fire burned for two days, destroyed 2,000 acres and left 100,000 people in Illinois homeless, INA paid $650,000, one of only 51 insurance companies to pay claims in full. The strategy behind the sale was to concentrate on core business, ACE – at that time a key player at the Bermuda and Lloyds insurance market – on the other hand was interested on expanding the international network in the traditional insurance market. Cigna sold the majority of its insurance operations to Lincoln National Corporation in 1997. Cigna now operates in 30 countries, has approximately 35,800 employees and manages around US$53.734 billion in assets, in 2002, it was alleged in violation of the Securities Exchange Act for earnings manipulation. Its common stock price plummeted significantly as a result, the payment would come from an issue of new equity to cover about 20 percent of the value, with the rest funded by additional cash and debt. In June 2015, U. S. health insurer Anthem Inc. announced an offer to acquire Cigna for more than $47 billion in cash, Anthem confirmed it had reached a deal to buy Cigna on July 24,2015. On July 21,2016, the US Justice Department filed an antitrust suit to block the merger. Cigna Global Health Benefits is a unit within Cigna. The company is headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware, close to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, additional Cigna Global Health Benefits operations are located in Visalia, California, and Greenock, Scotland and Shanghai, China and Antwerp, Belgium. Sales offices are located in North America, Europe, Asia, CGHB global health plans typically include medical, dental, behavioral and disability, as well as business travel and life components. Expatriates are defined as employees of companies working outside their home country on short. CGHB maintains its own, in-house international claims platform, and offers a network of physicians, in response to much protest and public scrutiny, Cigna reversed its decision, though Ms. Sarkisyan died awaiting the transplant. However, Cigna offered to pay for the transplant itself when it made the exception to the policy, the California court agreed with Cigna’s position that the Sarkisyans’ claims regarding Cignas decision-making were preempted by federal ERISA law
13.
Comcast Center
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Comcast Center is a skyscraper in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The 58-story, 297-meter tower is the tallest building in Philadelphia, originally called One Pennsylvania Plaza when the building was first announced in 2001, the Comcast Center went through two redesigns before construction began in 2005. Comcast Center was designed by architect Robert A. M. Stern for Liberty Property Trust, at the beginning of 2005, the final redesign and its new name—the Comcast Center—was unveiled. The building is named after its lead tenant, cable company Comcast, leasing 1,094,212 square feet, Comcast takes up 89 percent of the building. The building features retail and restaurant space and a connection to the nearby Suburban Station, in Comcast Centers lobby is the Comcast Experience, which is a 2,000 square feet high-definition LED screen that has become a tourist attraction. Designed to be friendly, the skyscraper is the tallest Leadership in Energy. In 1999, class A office vacancy in the city was at 6. 6%, eventually the developer settled on the location where he constructed this building, a 2-acre, $288 per square-foot parcel owned by Equitable Life Assurance Co. In 2000, architect Robert A. M. Stern began working on a design for a skyscraper being planned by Liberty Property Trust in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 2001, Liberty Property Trust announced its plan to build the 52-story One Pennsylvania Plaza in Center City. Anticipated US$400 million, One Pennsylvania Plaza was to be 750 ft, the site for the future skyscraper was at 17th Street and John F. Kennedy Boulevard, a site occupied by a building that housed the Defender Association of Philadelphia and a parking lot. Demolition of the began in 2002 and ended in 2003. Cable company Comcast had been looking for new headquarters space in anticipation of the end of its lease in Centre Square in 2006. Comcast was looking for more than 400,000 square feet of office space, Comcast was the only employer in the city with major expansion plans at the time. Comcast was considering staying in Centre Square, while also contemplating moving their headquarters to the new Cira Centre building or One Pennsylvania Plaza, Comcast was spread out over 10 floors in two buildings at Centre Square and wanted space on contiguous floors. In January 2004, Liberty Property Trust unveiled a redesign for the building, the redesign turned One Pennsylvania Plaza into a 60-story,962 feet tower, making it the tallest building in the city. In the redesign, the stone was changed to a lighter granite. The redesign was a result of discussions that had begun in 2003 with Comcast about moving into the tower, on January 3,2004, Liberty Property Trust signed a 15½-year lease with Comcast and a construction contract with L. F. Driscoll Co. Liberty Property Trust also unveiled another redesign of the building and its new name, the now 975 feet, 58-story Comcast Center would no longer have a pyramid top and would have a complete glass facade. The architectural model was created by Richard Tenguerian, Liberty Property Trust hoped to get the One Pennsylvania Plaza site designated a Keystone Opportunity Improvement Zone
14.
Topping out
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In building construction, topping out is a builders rite traditionally held when the last beam is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlayed into an event for public relations purposes. Long an important component of timber frame building, it migrated initially to England and Northern Europe, a tree or leafy branch is placed on the topmost wood or iron beam, often with flags and streamers tied to it. A toast is usually drunk and sometimes workers are treated to a meal, in masonry construction the rite celebrates the bedding of the last block or brick. In some cases a topping out event is held at an intermediate point, in New Zealand, completion of the roof to a water-proof state is celebrated through a roof shout, where workers are treated to cake and beer. The tradition of pannenbier is popular in the Netherlands and Flanders and it stays in place until the buildings owner provides free beer to the workers, after which it is lowered. It is considered if it remains flown for more than a few days. The topping out traditions of the high-steel ironworkers, Topping Off. at the Wayback Machine. Http, //www. stp. uh. edu/vol68/160/news/news4. html Tree symbolizes campus growth, The Daily Cougar, Volume 68, Issue 160, Monday,28 July 2003, Topping Off at the Wayback Machine. National Review, December 23,2003 Richtfest. info A German language site about the topping out ceremonies, Topping out Roberts Pavilion Topping out the new athletic building at Claremont McKenna College
15.
Chrysler Building
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At 1,046 feet, the structure was the worlds tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is the tallest brick building in the world, with a steel structure, in addition, The New York Times Building, which opened in 2007, is exactly level with the Chrysler Building in height. The Chrysler Building is an example of Art Deco architecture. In 2007, it was ranked ninth on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects and it was the headquarters of the Chrysler Corporation from 1930 until the mid-1950s. Although the building was built and designed specifically for the car manufacturer, Chrysler decided to pay for it himself, so that his children could inherit it. The Chrysler Building was designed by architect William Van Alen for a project of Walter P. Chrysler, when the ground breaking occurred on September 19,1928, there was an intense competition in New York City to build the worlds tallest skyscraper. Despite a frantic pace, no workers died during the construction of this skyscraper, Van Alens original design for the skyscraper called for a decorative jewel-like glass crown. It also featured a base in which the windows were tripled in height and topped by 12 stories with glass-wrapped corners. The height of the skyscraper was originally designed to be 246 meters. However, the proved to be too advanced and costly for building contractor William H. Reynolds. The design and lease were then sold to Walter P. Chrysler, construction commenced on September 19,1928. In total,391,881 rivets were used and approximately 3,826,000 bricks were manually laid, contractors, builders and engineers were joined by other building-services experts to coordinate construction. Prior to its completion, the building stood about even with a project at 40 Wall Street. Severance increased the height of his project and then claimed the title of the worlds tallest building. In response, Van Alen obtained permission for a 38-meter long spire and had it secretly constructed inside the frame of the building, the spire was delivered to the site in four different sections. On October 23,1929, the section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the buildings dome. The other remaining sections of the spire were hoisted and riveted to the first one in order in just 90 minutes. It was the first man-made structure to stand taller than 1,000 feet, Van Alens satisfaction in these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chryslers later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee
16.
Gable
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A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the system used, which reflects climate, material availability. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the wall, including the gable. A variation of the gable is a gable, which has a stairstep design to accomplish the sloping portion. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the way as the Classic pediment form. But unlike Classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures. Thus, the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading, gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures, with varying degree sloped roofs, dependent on how much snowfall is expected. Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture, the opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof. While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a building faces it with its cullis. The terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its urban situation, front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, such as the Gablefront house, were primarily between the early 19th century and 1920. A wimperg is a German and Dutch word for a Gothic ornamental gable with tracery over windows or portals and it was a typical element in Gothic Architecture especially in cathedral architecture. Wimpergs often had crockets or other elements in the Gothic style. The intention behind the wimperg was the perception of increased height, the gable end roof is a poor design for hurricane regions, as it easily peels off in strong winds. The part of the roof overhangs the triangular wall very often creates a trap that can catch wind like an umbrella. A series of ornamental timber gables, from existing examples in England and France of the 16th Century
17.
Setback (architecture)
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A setback, sometimes called step-back, is a step-like recession in a wall. Setbacks were initially used for reasons, but now are often mandated by land use codes. In densely built-up areas, setbacks also help get more daylight, setbacks were used by ancient builders to increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by the building material such as clay, stone, or brick. This was achieved by reducing the footprint of each level located successively farther from the ground. Setbacks also allowed the natural erosion to occur without compromising the integrity of the building. The most graphic example of a technique is the step pyramids of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. For centuries, setbacks were a necessity for virtually all multi-level load-bearing masonry buildings. As architects learned how to turn setbacks into a feature, most setbacks were however less pronounced than in step pyramids. The introduction of a steel structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks. The use of a frame building technology combined with such as elevators and motorized water pumps influenced the physical growth. Driven by the desire to maximize the usable floor area, some developers avoided the use of setbacks, creating in many instances a range of fire safety and it resulted in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which gave New York Citys skyscrapers their typical setbacks and soaring designs. Today many jurisdictions rely on urban planning regulations, such as zoning ordinances, for example, in high density districts, such as Manhattan in New York, front walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories. Above that height, the buildings are required to set back behind a theoretical inclined plane, called sky exposure plane, in many cities, building setbacks add value to the interior real estate adjacent to the setback by creating usable exterior spaces. These setback terraces are prized for the access they provide to fresh air, skyline views, in addition, setbacks promote fire safety by spacing buildings and their protruding parts away from each other and allow for passage of firefighting apparatus between buildings. In the United States, setback requirements vary among municipalities, the New York City Zoning Ordinance also provided another kind of setback guideline, one that was intended to increase the amount of public space in the city. This was achieved by increasing the minimum setback at street level, creating in each instance an open space, often referred to as plaza, in front of the building
18.
Condominium
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A condominium, usually shortened to condo, is a type of real estate divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas jointly owned. Unlike apartments, which are leased by their tenants, condominium units are owned outright, the common areas, amenities and utilities are managed collectively by the owners through their association, such as a homeowner association. Scholars have traced the earliest known use of the form of tenure to a document from first century Babylon. The word condominium originated in Latin, the term condominium is used throughout the United States and in most Canadian provinces, where such a property is also colloquially known as a condo. Italy uses condominio, which is simply the modern Italian form of condominium, both condo and condominium are used colloquially in the Canadian Province of Quebec, where the official term is copropriété divise or co-property devise. In France, however, the term is simply copropriété, co-property, spanish-speaking nations and regions often use the term propiedad horizontal, literally meaning horizontal property but abstractly meaning that all owners of the property have equal interest. The word condominio is also used, Condominium is a Latin word formed by adding the prefix con- to the word dominium. Its meaning is therefore shared property, condominia originally referred to territories over which two or more sovereign powers shared joint dominion. This technique was used to settle border disputes when multiple claimants could not agree on how to partition the disputed territory. For example, from 1818 to 1846, Oregon was a condominium over which both the United States and Great Britain shared joint sovereignty, mainly in the context of the United States The difference between an apartment complex and condominium is purely legal. There is no way to differentiate a condominium from an apartment simply by looking at or visiting the building, what defines a condominium is the form of ownership. A building developed as a condominium could actually be built at another location as an apartment building, as a practical matter, builders tend to build condominiums to higher quality standards than apartment complexes because of the differences between the rental and sale markets. Technically, a condominium is a collection of home units. Individual home ownership within a condominium is construed as ownership of only the air space confining the boundaries of the home, the boundaries of that space are specified by a legal document known as a Declaration, filed on record with the local governing authority. Typically, these boundaries will include the surrounding a condo. Anything outside this boundary is held in an ownership interest by a corporation established at the time of the condominiums creation. The corporation holds this property in trust on behalf of the homeowners as a group—it may not have ownership itself, Condominiums have conditions, covenants, and restrictions, and often additional rules that govern how the individual unit owners are to share the space. It is also possible for a condominium to consist of single-family dwellings and these structures are preferred by some planned neighborhoods and gated communities
19.
Westin Hotels & Resorts
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Westin Hotels & Resorts is an American upscale hotel chain owned by Marriott International. As of 2013, Westin operated over 192 hotels in multiple countries across the globe, in 1930, Severt W. Thurston and Frank Dupar of Seattle, Washington met unexpectedly during breakfast at a diner in Yakima, Washington. The competing hotel owners decided to form a management company to all their properties. The men invited Peter and Adolph Schmidt, who operated five hotels in the Puget Sound area, to join them, the chain consisted of 17 properties,16 in Washington and one in Boise, Idaho. Western expanded to Vancouver, British Columbia and Portland, Oregon in 1931, by the early 1950s, Western also had properties in Montana and Utah. Early management developed each property individually, after more than two decades of rapid growth, many of its properties were merged into a single corporate structure in 1958, focusing on bringing the hotels together under a common chain identity. Western Hotels managed a floating hotel aboard the ocean liner QSMV Dominion Monarch, the chain also managed the restaurant atop the Space Needle, which they continued to manage until 1982. The company was renamed Western International Hotels in 1963, to reflect its growth overseas and that same year, the company went public. On November 1,1965, Western International announced an agreement with Hotel Corporation of America. In 1970, Western International was acquired by UAL Corporation, at the end of its 50th anniversary on January 5,1981, the company changed its name again to Westin Hotels. In 1987, UAL Chairman Richard Ferris announced a plan to make UAL into Allegis, a conglomerate based around United Airlines, Hertz Rent a Car, Hilton Hotels. This strategy failed, however, and Westin was sold in 1988 to Aoki Corporation of Japan, in 1994 Aoki sold it to Starwood Capital, real estate investment firm and parent of Starwood Lodging, and Goldman Sachs, an investment bank. In 1998 Starwood assumed full ownership of the company, Westin claims to have been the first hotel chain to introduce guest credit cards, 24-hour room service, and personal voice mail in each room. Westin markets certain amenities available in its properties to the public under the brand name Heavenly, in 2005, Westin became the first hotel company to gain a national retail store presence when Nordstrom started carrying the Heavenly Bed line in more than 60 stores. Westin refreshed its partnership with United Airlines in 2008 and these amenities were stopped following the merger with Continental Airlines. Especially in the last decade, Westin has focused on expanding globally, since 2005, the number of hotels has grown from 120 locations in 24 countries to over 192 locations in 37 countries as of 2013. In 2016, Marriott International acquired Starwood, becoming the worlds largest hotel company, the Westin Palace Madrid - historic 1912 luxury hotel in Madrid The Westin San Jose - Formerly the Saint Claire and Hyatt Saint Claire. Westin Hamburg - opened in 2016 and located in Hamburgs iconic Elbphilharmonie concert hall The Westin Sydney Westin Alumni Association, www. westinalumni. org Westin Hotels & Resorts Westin Hotel Store
20.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
21.
Dome
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A dome is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. The precise definition has been a matter of controversy, there are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them. A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum, and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives, a lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome. Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud, snow, stone, wood, brick, concrete, metal, glass, and plastic over the centuries. The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary, celestial, and governmental traditions that have developed over time. Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia, which may explain the forms spread and they are found in Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world, as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions. They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture, and there are examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period, advancements in mathematics, materials, and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types. The domes of the world can be found over religious buildings, legislative chambers, sports stadiums. The English word dome ultimately derives from the Latin domus —which, up through the Renaissance, labeled a revered house, such as a Domus Dei, or House of God, the French word dosme came to acquire the meaning of a cupola vault, specifically, by 1660. A dome is a rounded vault made of either curved segments or a shell of revolution, sometimes called false domes, corbel domes achieve their shape by extending each horizontal layer of stones inward slightly farther than the lower one until they meet at the top. A false dome may also refer to a wooden dome, true domes are said to be those whose structure is in a state of compression, with constituent elements of wedge-shaped voussoirs, the joints of which align with a central point. The validity of this is unclear, as domes built underground with corbelled stone layers are also in compression from the surrounding earth, as with arches, the springing of a dome is the level from which the dome rises. The top of a dome is the crown, the inner side of a dome is called the intrados and the outer side is called the extrados. The haunch is the part of an arch that lies halfway between the base and the top. The word cupola is another word for dome, and is used for a small dome upon a roof or turret. Cupola has also used to describe the inner side of a dome. Drums, also called tholobates, are cylindrical or polygonal walls with or without windows that support a dome, a tambour or lantern is the equivalent structure over a domes oculus, supporting a cupola
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Storey
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A storey or story is any level part of a building that could be used by people. The plurals are storeys and stories respectively, the terms floor, level, or deck can also be used in this sense, except that one may use ground floor and ground level for the floor closer to what is considered the ground or street level. The words storey and floor also generally exclude levels of the building that have no roof, houses commonly have only one or two floors. Buildings are often classified as low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise according to how many levels they contain, the tallest skyscraper in the world, Burj Khalifa, has 163 floors. As of 2013, the tallest planned skyscraper, Sky City, is planned to have 202 floors, the height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane. Generally this is around 10 feet total, however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it, storeys within a building need not be all the same height — often the lobby is more spacious, for example. Additionally, higher levels may be smaller in volume than the ones beneath them, in English, the principal floor or main floor of a house is the floor that contains the chief apartments, it is usually the ground floor, or the floor above. In Italy the main floor of a home is usually above the ground level, the attic or loft is a storey just below the buildings roof, its ceiling is often pitched and/or at a different height than that of other floors. A penthouse is an apartment on the topmost storey of a building. A basement is a storey below the main or ground floor, split-level homes have floors that offset from each other by less than the height of a full storey. A mezzanine, in particular, is typically a floor halfway between the floor and the next higher floor. Homes with a split-level entry have the main floor raised half a storey height above the street entrance level. In Macys Herald Square, there is a one and a floor between the first and second, this can be considered a split level floor. There are also car parks, also known as parking garages. Floor numbering is the scheme used for a buildings floors. There are two major schemes in use across the world, in one system, used in the majority of European countries, the ground floor is the floor literally on the ground and often has no number or is assigned the number 0. Therefore, the floor up is assigned the number 1 and is the first floor. The other system, used primarily in the United States and Canada, counts the bottom floor as the first floor, the existence of two incompatible conventions is a common source of confusion in international communication, sometimes even between communities who speak the same language
23.
Edmund Bacon (architect)
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Edmund Norwood Bacon was an American urban planner, architect, educator, and author. Bacon was born in West Philadelphia, the son of Helen Atkinson and he grew up in the Philadelphia suburbs and graduated from Swarthmore High School in 1928. After college, while traveling the world on an inheritance, Bacon found work as an architect in Shanghai, China. After a year in China, he returned to Philadelphia where he worked for architect William Pope Barney, saarinen sent Bacon to Flint, Michigan to guide a WPA traffic survey. This project transformed into a permanent position for Bacon at the Flint Institute for Planning, Bacon became very active in civic life in Flint, helping to establish the Flint Housing Association and reforming the citys Planning Commission. During his time in Flint, Bacon witnessed the 1936-37 Flint Sit-Down Strike, Bacon gained close contacts with individuals who were active in establishing the Federal Housing Authority, such as Catherine Bauer and Lewis Mumford. Through these contacts he helped secure federal housing dollars for Flint, however, the local real-estate industry came to see this Federal funding for public housing as a threat to their business. The funding was turned down, and Bacon was effectively run out of Flint in 1939, from Flint, Bacon returned to Philadelphia to serve as Managing Director of the Philadelphia Housing Association. He served in the United States Navy aboard the USS Shoshone in the Pacific in World War II, in 1949, Bacon succeeded Mitchell as Executive Director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission. His face graced the cover of TIME magazine in 1964, and in 1965 and that same year, Bacon was appointed by President Johnson to serve as a member of the White Houses Conference on Recreation and Natural Beauty. In 1967, he wrote Design of Cities, still considered an important architectural text and it was during his tenure at the City Planning Commission that Bacon and his staff conceived and implemented numerous large- and small-scale design ideas that shaped todays Philadelphia. These design concepts became Penn Center, Market East, Penns Landing, Society Hill, Independence Mall, not all of the concepts that Bacon supported materialized. Three of the four expressways were built, however, the Crosstown Expressway faced significant local opposition and was never built, other concepts conceived during Bacons tenure, such as Schuylkill River Park, included in the 1963 Center City Plan, came into being many years later. After Bacons retirement from the Planning Commission in 1970, he served as president for the private planning firm Mondev U. S. A. That custom, known as the Gentlemens Agreement, was broken forever by developer Willard G. Rouse IIIs One Liberty Place. I think its very, very destructive that he and he alone has chosen to destroy a historical tradition that set a fine and disciplined form for the city. Bacon was present at the groundbreaking, which place in May 1985. Of course, Rouse was not capable of changing the custom
24.
Philadelphia Daily News
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The Philadelphia Daily News is a tabloid newspaper that serves Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The newspaper is owned by Philadelphia Media Network which also owns Philadelphias other major newspaper The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Daily News began publishing on March 31,1925, under founding editor Lee Ellmaker. By 1930, the circulation exceeded 200,000. In 1954, the newspaper was sold to Matthew McCloskey and then again in 1957 to publisher Walter Annenberg. In 1969, Annenberg sold the Daily News to Knight Ridder, in 2006 Knight Ridder sold the paper to a group of local investors. The Daily News has won the Pulitzer Prize three times and it is currently published as an edition of The Philadelphia Inquirer. The Philadelphia Daily News began publishing on March 31,1925, in its early years, it was dominated by crime stories, sports and sensationalism. By 1930, daily circulation of the morning paper exceeded 200,000, Circulation dropped over the years, and by 1954, the money-losing paper was sold to Matthew McCloskey, a contractor and treasurer of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party. In December 1956, the financial condition was so bad that McCloskey got permission from the unions for a 90 percent cut in the workforce. In 1957, McCloskey sold the paper to Walter Annenberg, publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer, Annenberg killed off the Daily News Sunday edition and made the tabloid into an afternoon paper. In 1969, Annenberg sold both papers to Knight Newspapers Inc. which eventually became Knight Ridder following a merger, under the new ownership, the Daily News returned to morning publication and aimed to be taken more seriously. The papers journalists have won the Pulitzer Prize three times, the paper continues to struggle financially. It was surpassed in circulation, but not readership, by the free daily Metro, when the sale of Knight Ridder to The McClatchy Company was announced in March 2006, there were rumors that McClatchy would close the Daily News. However, in May, before the sale was finalized, it was announced that the Inquirer, a local group led by advertising executive Brian Tierney and co-founder of the Toll Brothers homebuilding firm, Bruce Toll. The deal became official on June 29,2006, the group intended to strengthen the online presence of both papers, and began an extensive ad campaign. Falling circulation and ad revenue caused Philadelphia Media Holdings to make the Daily News into an edition of The Philadelphia Inquirer. Without making any changes to the Daily News, making it part of The Inquirer would combine the circulation numbers of both papers by the Audit Bureau of Circulation. The idea was to make the more attractive to advertisers
25.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
26.
University of Pennsylvania School of Design
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The University of Pennsylvania School of Design is the design school of the University of Pennsylvania. It is currently ranked 3rd in urban planning by The Best Colleges, 10th in urban planning by Planetizen, the School of Design is known for its distinguished faculty, which have included architects Louis Kahn and Robert Venturi and pioneer of landscape architecture Ian McHarg. Denise Scott Brown graduated from the School of Design in 1960, architectural courses were first offered by the University of Pennsylvania in 1868, making the school the second oldest architectural program in the United States. In 1903, these architects were joined by Frenchman Paul Philippe Cret, the School of Fine Arts joined with the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the Museum School to offer programs in painting and sculpture. In 1924, Landscape Architecture was made into an autonomous department, in the 1950s the school was under the leadership of G. Holmes Perkins, recruited from Harvard to reinvigorate the offerings. Perkins, founded the city planning department and focused the landscape architecture program on urban ecology, the Department of Architecture saw the arrival of structural engineers Robert LeRicolais and August Komendant, along with architects Romaldo Giurgola, Robert Venturi, Robert Geddes. He included 1924 Penn graduate Louis I. Kahn among the architecture faculty, a dedicated educator and philosopher, Kahn became the spiritual leader of the revived Philadelphia School at Penn. In 1958 the School was renamed the Graduate School of Fine Arts, and before long, a renewed Department of Landscape Architecture came under the dynamic leadership of Ian McHarg, while Peter Shepheard, architect, landscape architect and planner, succeeded Perkins as dean. A Civic Design Program later renamed Urban Design and led by David Crane was established as a joint offering by Architecture, the Fine Arts Department became a full-fledged professional program under the leadership of Piero Dorazio, Neil Welliver, and Robert Engman. And in the early 1980s, the added a program in Historic Preservation. The Graduate Program in Historic Preservation is headed by Randall F Mason, as Chair, John Moore brought internationally renowned artists and critics to the School of Design, including Robert Storr, Robert Hughes, Chuck Close and Eric Fischl. Other associated centers and institutes include the T. C. Chan Center for Building Simulation and Energy Studies, the Center for Redevelopment Excellence, and she has replaced outgoing Dean Gary Hack. A. /M. C. P. PDF archive available here Via Publications viaPublications is a student-edited and student-managed publishing entity based at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, viaPublications includes VIA Journal, and viaBooks. WORK The WORK series of publications documents student work in architectural design studios and courses each year, as well as events, faculty news and it also includes abstracts of PhD dissertations defended that year. The building houses student works and studios for arts students. Duhring Wing Attached to the Fisher Fine Arts Library, anne and Jerome Fisher Fine Arts Library The historic library is the major masterpiece of Philadelphias most important Victorian architect, Frank Furness. Combining genius in planning and form, it is a seminal library design that expresses function while merging the imagery of cathedral, additions in 1916,1922, and 1931, Restored from 1986-91 by Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. The 1931 McGoodwin addition, is home to the Arthur Ross Gallery, Meyerson Hall Meyerson Hall houses the University of Pennsylvanias School of Design
27.
Philadelphia City Council
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The Philadelphia City Council, the legislative body of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, consists of ten members elected by district and seven members elected at-large. The council president is elected by the members from among their number, each members term is four years, and there are no limits on the number of terms a member may serve. While William Penns original 1691 charter for the city of Philadelphia included a common council and its successor, the Proprietors Charter of 1701, constituted the city as a municipal corporation with a non-elected council made up of major city officials who selected their own successors. It was replaced with a single 21-member chamber in 1919, which remained in effect until the adoption of a Home Rule charter in 1951, the 1951 Home Rule Charter established the council as the legislative arm of Philadelphia municipal government, consisting of seventeen members. Ten council members are elected by district and seven from the city at large, at-large council members are elected using limited voting with limited nomination, guaranteeing that two minority-party candidates are elected. Each is elected for a term of four years with no limit on the number of terms that may be served, the members of City Council elect from among themselves a president, who serves as the regular chairperson of council meetings. In consultation with the majority of members, the President appoints members to the various standing committees of the council. The president is responsible for selecting and overseeing most Council employees. Every proposed ordinance is in the form of an introduced by a Council member. Passage of a bill requires the vote of a majority of all members. A bill becomes law upon the approval of the mayor, if the mayor vetoes a bill, the council may override the veto by a two-thirds vote. Under the rules of the council, regular sessions are held weekly, usually on Thursday morning at 10, 00am, in Room 400. Council normally breaks for the months of July and August
28.
Wilson Goode
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W. Wilson Goode is a former Mayor of Philadelphia and the first African American to hold that office. He served from 1984 to 1992, a period included the controversial MOVE police action. Goode was also a community activist, commissioner for the state Public Utility Commission, Goode was born into a family of tenant farmers in North Carolina, arriving in Philadelphia in 1954. After graduating from John Bartram High School in January,1957, after African-American state senators complained that there had never been an African-American member of the state Public Utility Commission, Governor Milton Shapp began actively searching for one. His aide, Terry Dellmuth, knew Goode from his community and political activities, Shapp nominated him and the state senate, despite its record of obstructing Shapps PUC choices, confirmed him. He was soon elevated to the chairmanship of the PUC, where he continued his pro-consumer policies, Green kept his promise by appointing Goode as managing director at the urging of members of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce and key members of the black community. Goode used this position to make himself visible, frequently attending community events all over the city. During the primary election of 1983, Green decided not to seek re-election when his wife, Patricia, Goode jumped into the race and defeated former Mayor Frank Rizzo in a racially polarized primary election. Goode went on to win the election over former Green fund-raiser and Philadelphia Stock Exchange Chairman John Egan. Goode continued his heavy public schedule as Mayor, during the final assault on the building, the police dropped an improvised bomb made of C-4 plastic explosive and Tovex, an explosive gel used in underwater mining. This caused the house to fire, and ignited a massive blaze which eventually consumed almost 4 city blocks, killed 11 people. While public opinion initially supported Goode, an investigation by an appointed by Goode held extensive public hearings in which Goodes judgement was held up to public scrutiny. Goode defeated Rendell for the nomination and then defeated Rizzo, who became the Republican nominee, in both primary and general elections, Philadelphias black voters stuck by Goode, although with less enthusiasm than he had aroused in 1983. In an attempt to re-balance the citys budget, Goode pushed through tax increases that raised the citys wage tax to a high of 4.96 percent. His successors, Edward G. Rendell and John Street were able to reduce the city wage tax incrementally, in the election of 1991, Goode was unable to maintain Philadelphias black vote as a unified bloc. White withdrew before the primary and Rendell won the nomination, Goode stayed active after leaving as mayor by attending community meetings, hosting a radio show on WDAS, and holding mid-level positions in the U. S. Department of Education. He became active for a time in the development programs of Landmark Education, including the Landmark Forum. He currently serves as an adviser to Public/Private Ventures where he oversees Amachi
29.
Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)
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Chestnut Street is a major historic street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was originally named Wynne Street because Thomas Wynnes home was there, william Penn renamed it Chestnut Street in 1684. It runs east–west from the Delaware River waterfront in downtown Philadelphia through Center City, the road crosses the Schuylkill River on the Chestnut Street Bridge. It serves as eastbound Pennsylvania Route 3 between 63rd and 38th Streets
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Pennsylvania Route 3
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Pennsylvania Route 3 is a 24. 3-mile state highway located in the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania. The route connects U. S. Route 322 Business in West Chester with PA611 in Philadelphia, the route begins in downtown West Chester and heads east out of town as a one-way pair of streets. Between West Chester and Upper Darby Township, PA3 follows a divided highway known as West Chester Pike through suburban areas. Along this stretch, the passes through Edgmont, Newtown Square, Broomall. The route has an interchange with Interstate 476 between Broomall and Havertown, upon reaching Upper Darby, PA3 heads into Philadelphia along Market Street. Kennedy Boulevard and ending at Philadelphia City Hall, Philadelphia and West Chester were linked by a dirt road dating back to 1793. The Philadelphia and West Chester Turnpike Company was created to build a road between the two places in 1848. The turnpike was built as a road between Philadelphia and Newtown Square in the 1850s before becoming a stone road in the 1880s. A horse-drawn rail line was built part of the turnpike in the 1850s. The state took over the West Chester Pike in 1918, in 1927, the route was designated as part of PA5. PA3 replaced the PA5 designation between West Chester and Philadelphia in 1937, Trolley service was replaced by buses in the 1950s to allow for the widening of PA3 between West Chester and Philadelphia to four lanes. By 1960, PA3 was shifted to end at US13 in Southwest Philadelphia, the routing was shifted to US13 west of University City by 1970 before the route was extended east to Philadelphia City Hall during the 1970s. PA3 begins at an intersection with US322 Bus. in the area of the borough of West Chester in Chester County near the historic Chester County Courthouse. From here, the route heads northeast on the pair of East Market Street eastbound. The one-way streets carry two lanes in each direction as they pass downtown businesses, at the intersection with Matlack Street, the westbound direction of PA3 shifts from East Chestnut Street to East Gay Street. PA3 leaves West Chester for West Goshen Township and comes to an eastbound exit, at this point, both directions of the route come together and head east along four-lane divided West Chester Pike, passing through residential areas. PA3 comes to an interchange with the US 202/US322 freeway and runs past businesses, the road curves east-southeast at the Strasburg Road intersection and crosses into East Goshen Township, where it continues past suburban neighborhoods and commercial establishments. PA3 enters Westtown Township and reaches an intersection with PA352, the road heads east through wooded areas with residential subdivisions as it continues into Willistown Township
31.
Glazier
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A glazier is a skilled tradesman responsible for cutting, installing, and removing glass. Glaziers may work with glass in various surfaces and settings, such as windows, doors, shower doors, skylights, storefronts, display cases, mirrors, facades, interior walls, ceilings, the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the U. S. Uses and maintains tools and equipment 2, performs routine activities Block B – Commercial Window and Door Systems 4. Fabricates commercial window and door systems 5, installs commercial window and door systems Block C – Residential Window and Door Systems 6. Installs residential door systems Block D – Specialty Glass and Products 8, fabricates and installs specialty glass and products 9. Installs glass systems on vehicles Block E – Servicing 10, services commercial window and door systems 11. Services residential window and door systems 12, tools used by glaziers include cutting boards, glass-cutting blades, straightedges, glazing knives, saws, drills, grinders, putty, and glazing compounds. Some glaziers work specifically with glass in motor vehicles, other work specifically with the safety glass used in aircraft. Glaziers are typically educated at the high school diploma or equivalent level and learn the skills of the trade through an apprenticeship program, in the U. S. apprenticeship programs are offered through the National Glass Association as well as trade associations and local contractors associations. Construction-industry glaziers are frequently members of the International Union of Painters, in Ontario, Canada, apprenticeships are offered at the provincial level and certified through the Ontario College of Trades. Other provinces manage their own apprenticeship programs, the Trade of Glazier is a designated Red Seal Trade in Canada. Occupational hazards encountered by glaziers include the risks of being cut by glass or tools, according to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, there are some 45,300 glaziers in the United States, with median pay of $38,410 per year in 2014. Among the 50 states, only Connecticut and Florida require glaziers to hold a license, architectural glass Glazing in architecture Insulated glazing Stained glass Glass manufacturing Glassblowing Media related to Glaziers at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Conrail
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Conrail, formally the Consolidated Rail Corporation, was the primary Class I railroad in the Northeastern United States between 1976 and 1999. Conrail is a portmanteau of consolidated and rail from the name of the company, the Federal Government created Conrail to take over the potentially profitable lines of multiple bankrupt carriers, including the Penn Central Transportation Company and Erie Lackawanna Railway. With the benefit of regulatory requirements being reduced, Conrail began to turn a profit in the 1980s and was turned over to private investors in 1987. Following Surface Transportation Board approval, CSX and NS took control in August 1998, the old company remains a jointly-owned subsidiary, with CSX and NS owning respectively 42 percent and 58 percent of its stock, corresponding to how much of Conrails assets they acquired. Each parent, however, has a voting interest. The primary asset retained by Conrail is ownership of the three Shared Assets Areas in New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Detroit, both CSX and NS have the right to serve all shippers in these areas, paying Conrail for the cost of maintaining and improving trackage. They also make use of Conrail to perform switching and terminal services within the areas, Conrail also retains various support facilities including maintenance-of-way and training, as well as a 51 percent share in the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. In the years leading to 1973, the railroad system of the United States was collapsing. Its largest Eastern railroad, the Penn Central Railroad, had declared bankruptcy in 1970, at its lowest point, PC was losing over $1 million a day and trains were becoming lost all over the railroad. In 1972, Hurricane Agnes damaged the rundown Northeast railway network and threatened the solvency of other railroads, in mid-1973, officials with the bankrupt Penn Central threatened to liquidate and cease operations by years end if they did not receive government aid by October 1. This threat to U. S. freight and passenger traffic galvanized the Congress to quickly create a bill to nationalize the bankrupt railroads, the Association of American Railroads, which opposed nationalization, submitted an alternate proposal for a government-funded private company. Judge Fullam forced the Penn Central to operate into 1974, when, on January 2, after threatening a veto, President Richard Nixon signed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 into law. The 3R Act, as it was called, provided funding to the bankrupt railroads. The USRA was incorporated February 1,1974, and Edward G. Jordan, arthur D. Lewis of Eastern Air Lines was appointed chairman April 30, and the remainder of the board was named May 30 and sworn in July 11. Under the 3R Act, the USRA was to create a Final System Plan to decide which lines should be included in the new Consolidated Rail Corporation, unlike most railroad consolidations, only the designated lines were to be taken over. Other lines would be sold to Amtrak, various governments, transportation agencies. Controlled railroads and jointly owned railroads such as Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, the EL had been formed in 1960 as a merger of the Erie Railroad and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It too was bankrupt, but was somewhat stronger financially than the others and it was ruled reorganizable under Chapter 77 on April 30,1974, but on January 9,1975, with no end to its losses in sight, its trustees reconsidered and asked for inclusion
33.
The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company
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The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L. L. C. is the parent company to the luxury hotel chain, The Ritz-Carlton Hotels. Ritz-Carlton operates 91 luxury hotels and resorts in cities around the world, the hotel company is today a subsidiary of Marriott International. The story of The Ritz-Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz who was known in the hotel industry as the king of hoteliers. Ritz redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris, the restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I. Although Ritz died in 1918, his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name, the Ritz-Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller, who bought and franchised the name in the United States. The first Ritz-Carlton Hotel in the U. S. opened in New York in 1911 and it was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue. Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there, the Ritz-Carlton Montreal opened in 1912, not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada. Kellers Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921, the trust sold $2.1 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower. The 18-story, 201-foot brick building, designed by Strickland, Blodget & Law Architects, was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time. Construction had started on the floor when Wyner was persuaded by then-Mayor James Michael Curly to make the Mayflower a world-class, 300-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel. Room rates were $5 to $15 per night, $40 per night for suites, after a hugely successful opening, the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties. The Wyner family funded the hotel’s operating losses during the early 1930s, still in 1933, when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel, Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance the hotel was full. The Philadelphia location was converted to a building after only a few years in operation. The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s, the New York hotel was demolished in 1951, leaving only the Boston location. Edward Wyner died of an attack on December 5,1961. His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel, but were unable to overcome difficulties, the unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel. But Cabot, Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested.8 million, “Out of the 20 years I owned it, it made money three years. In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz-Carlton name in North America, in June 1978, Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz-Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration
34.
Default (finance)
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A national or sovereign default is the failure or refusal of a government to repay its national debt. The term default should be distinguished from the terms insolvency and bankruptcy, default essentially means a debtor has not paid a debt which he or she is required to have paid. Insolvency is a term meaning that a debtor is unable to pay his or her debts. Default can be of two types, debt services default and technical default, Debt service default occurs when the borrower has not made a scheduled payment of interest or principal. Technical default occurs when an affirmative or a covenant is violated. Affirmative covenants are clauses in contracts that require firms to maintain certain levels of capital or financial ratios. The most commonly violated restrictions in affirmative covenants are tangible net worth, working capital/short term liquidity, negative covenants are clauses in debt contracts that limit or prohibit corporate actions that could impair the position of creditors. Negative covenants may be continuous or incurrence-based, violations of negative covenants are rare compared to violations of affirmative covenants. With most debt a covenant is included in the contract which states that the total amount owed becomes immediately payable on the first instance of a default of payment. Generally, if the debtor defaults on any debt to the lender, in corporate finance, upon an uncured default, the holders of the debt will usually initiate proceedings to foreclose on any collateral securing the debt. Even if the debt is not secured by collateral, debt holders may still sue for bankruptcy, there are several financial models for analyzing default risk, such as the Jarrow-Turnbull model, Edward Altmans Z-score model, or the structural model of default by Robert C. Sovereign borrowers such as nation-states generally are not subject to courts in their own jurisdiction. One example is Greece, which defaulted on an IMF loan in 2015, in such cases, the defaulting country and the creditor are more likely to renegotiate the interest rate, length of the loan, or the principal payments. In the 1998 Russian financial crisis, Russia defaulted on its internal debt, as part of the Argentine economic crisis in 2002, Argentina defaulted on $1 billion of debt owed to the World Bank. Experts who favor this approach to solve a debt crisis typically argue that a delay in organising an orderly default would wind up hurting lenders. When a debtor chooses to default on a loan, despite being able to service it, in this latter case, default is colloquially called jingle mail—the debtor stops making payments and mails the keys to the creditor, generally a bank. Sovereign borrowers such as nation-states can also choose to default on a loan, in 2008, Ecuadors president Rafael Correa strategically defaulted on a national debt interest payment, stating that he considered the debt immoral and illegitimate. Consumer default frequently concern arrears in rent or mortgage payments, consumer credit, even internet illiteracy has been associated with increased default, potentially caused by these households being less likely to find their way to the social benefits they are often entitled to
35.
TIAA
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TIAA, formerly TIAA—CREF, is a Fortune 100 financial services organization that is the leading retirement provider for people who work in the academic, research, medical and cultural fields. TIAA serves over 5 million active and retired employees participating at more than 16,000 institutions and has $889 billion in combined assets under management, much of TIAA operates on a not-for-profit basis, with surplus returned to participants. In 2013, TIAA ranked 97th on Fortunes list of the 500 largest corporations in America. As of 2016, TIAA is the largest global investor in agriculture, the 2nd largest grower of wine grapes in the United States, TIAA was created to replace the system of free pensions provided by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching for professors. Later, in 1952, CREF was created to allow professors to invest in the market through the nations first variable annuity. Its core business continues to be retirement plan administration and annuity products, the company also offers 401 and 457 plans, Keogh plans, and Supplemental Retirement Plans. Contributions from these plans are typically invested in the traditional or variable annuities or its line of mutual funds. In recent years the company has expanded its capabilities and advisory services. Internally it has focused on developing customer support IT infrastructure and leadership development and these investments are offered to the general public, and TIAA is no longer limited to the academic community. While TIAA is considered to be an academic pension option at universities in the US, so, if a workers lifetime pension is affected at a university, TIAA is not operated as a party involved in labor-management or management-management disputes. Funding was provided by a combination of grants from the foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York, as well as ongoing contributions from participating institutions and individuals. In 1921, the policyholders voted to nominate Professor Samuel M. Lindsay of Columbia University to represent them on the TIAA board of trustees, policyholder representation on the TIAA board was consistent with the Carnegie Foundation desire that educators assume a role in running the organization. Conservative investing allowed TIAA to survive the 1929 stock market crash, in 1933, Albert Einstein became a participant, a fact that TIAA–CREF later used in a notable 2001 advertising campaign. After World War II, in reaction to rising inflation and lengthening life expectancies, bill, TIAA recognized the need for its participants to invest in equities in order to diversify their retirement funds. In 1952, TIAA created the College Retirement Equities Fund, a variable annuity, on June 15,2007, TIAA became one of the first U. S. companies to voluntarily adopt, and the first to implement, a policyholder advisory vote on executive compensation policy. On August 12,2008, TIAA–CREF announced the opening of a new office in London, the office will be staffed by local investment professionals who will extend TIAA–CREF Global Real Estates activities in the United Kingdom and Europe. On September 14,2012, TIAA–CREF bought Festival Place, a center in Basingstoke. GGP will continue to oversee the management of the project
36.
Starwood
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Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is an American hotel and leisure company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut. One of the worlds largest hotel companies, it owns, operates, franchises and manages hotels, resorts, spas, residences, and vacation ownership properties under its 11 owned brands. As of 1 December 2014, Starwood Hotels and Resorts owned, managed, or franchised over 1,200 properties employing over 180,400 people, of whom approximately 26% were employed in the United States. On November 16,2015, Marriott International announced it would purchase Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide for $13.6 billion, the merger was finalized on September 23,2016 after gaining the final approval from the American authorities. After the acquisition by Marriott was approved, the Starwood Preferred Guest program announced it would provide reciprocal benefits with Marriotts guest reward program, the two programs will be merged under a single brand in the future. The Westin Hotels and Resorts brand is Starwoods largest upscale hotels and it was bought by Starwood in 1994 and is also the oldest brand within Starwood, dating back to 1930 and still continuing with it. Sheraton is Starwoods flagship brand, providing hotel and resort accommodation. It began operating in 1937 and was sold to Starwood in 1998 by ITT, also under the Sheraton brand are 7 Vacation Ownership properties. The flagship of the division was The St Regis in New York City, the majority of the CIGA hotels were folded into the ITT Sheraton Luxury Collection. Both ITT Sheraton and later Starwood kept CIGAs original logo for The Luxury Collection brand logo until 2010, after Starwood bought Sheraton, they established a separate brand identity for The Luxury Collection and expanded it. Many hotels in The Luxury Collection are smaller establishments in converted palaces or other significant buildings, launched in 1995 under the Sheraton Groups brand, this brand is a set of mid-range hotels that replaced the Sheraton Inn sub-brand of Sheraton. W Hotels is Starwoods luxury boutique hotel brand, generally marketed towards a younger crowd, for example, the lobbies of all the hotels are known as the Living Room. W Hotels attempt to include the letter W wherever possible - the swimming pool is known as Wet, the concierge is known as Whatever Whenever, the bag in every room is known as Wash. St. Regis is Starwoods main luxury brand, launched in 1999, in the 1930s, head bartender Fernand Petiot, introduced the Bloody Mary cocktail. It has a total of 137 properties operating or in the worldwide, with its first property being Le Méridien Etoile in Paris. Certain locations offer guests complimentary access to art galleries and museums through collaborations, Le Méridien has a partnership with the Italian coffee roasting company Illy, serving and promoting Illy-branded coffee and products throughout its hotels around the world. Aloft, was launched in 2005 as Aloft, a Vision of W Hotels, in a relationship with W similar to Four Points by Sheraton and its brand parent, Aloft is a mid-scale, urban-style business/boutique hotel brand. Announced in 2006, and originally known as Element by Westin, the designs include energy and water efficient features
37.
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
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Palm Beach Gardens is a city in Palm Beach County in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 48,452, the city has a number of gated communities. The city has an area of 55.3 square miles. Prior to development, the land that became Palm Beach Gardens was primarily cattle ranches and pine forests, in 1959, wealthy landowner and insurance magnate John D. MacArthur announced plans to develop 4,000 acres and build homes for 55,000 people. He chose the name Palm Beach Gardens after his initial choice, Palm Beach City, was denied by the Florida Legislature, MacArthur planned to build a garden city so he altered the name slightly. The city was incorporated as a town in 1959. The 1960 Census recorded that the city officially had a population of one, rapid development took place in the 1960s. By 1970 the city had a population approaching 7,000 people, to showcase his new community, MacArthur purchased an 80-year-old banyan tree located in nearby Lake Park, that was to be cut down to enlarge a dentists office. It cost $30,000 and 1,008 hours of manpower to move it, a second banyan was moved the following year. These trees still remain at the center of MacArthur Boulevard near Northlake Boulevard and are featured on the city shield. In January 2007, the great-grandson of impressionist artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alexandre Renoir and it is currently on display at the city hall on North Military Trail. City growth was slow but steady throughout the 1970s and 1980s, development of this property happened quickly and led to much new growth in the city. The city adopted an Art in Public Places ordinance in 1989 and has amassed a collection of works. The city suffered damage to its tropical landscaping in the hard freezes of 1985 and 1989. The city was hit by Hurricane Frances, Hurricane Jeanne, much of the city lost power for days at a time after each storm, and many traffic signals and directional signs in the city were destroyed. Many homes and businesses were damaged during the first two storms and contractors and construction materials were at a premium. Hundreds of homes were only nearing final repair when Hurricane Wilma hit the following year damaging or destroying many of those completed or ongoing repairs, the Professional Golfers Association of America has its headquarters in the city. There are 12 golf courses within the city limits, including a course owned by the municipality, the Honda Classic has been held at two Palm Beach Gardens locations, from 2003 to 2006 at the Country Club at Mirasol and since 2007 at the PGA National Resort and Spa
38.
Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia
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The Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia is a luxury hotel and residential complex in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Girard Trust Bank – also known as Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank Building – was built as the headquarters and main branch of the Girard Bank, the Beaux Arts building was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, and was conceived by architect Frank Furness. The commission was shared between the Philadelphia firm of Furness, Evans & Company and the New York firm of McKim, the building was begun in 1905 and completed in 1907. While its masonry dome is hemispherical on the exterior, the interior is octagonal, the soaring, 4-story Main Banking Room is used as the hotels restaurant and ballroom. Girard Trust Building – also known as Girard Trust Company Office Building – is a 394 feet 30-story skyscraper facing City Hall and it was designed by McKim, Mead & White, and built as an office building in 1930-31. It was later renamed Two Mellon Plaza, the adjacent One Meridian Plaza was connected to this building. Shortly after One Meridian Plazas demolition, the building was converted in 2000 into a 330-room Ritz-Carlton hotel, responsible for the buildings conversion are James Garrison and Dr. George C. The building is located on the formerly occupied by the West End Trust Building by Furness. On the former site of One Meridian Plaza stands The Residences at the Ritz Carlton, the Ritz-Carlton at emporis. com Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings The Girard Trust Company Building at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
39.
Unisys
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Unisys Corporation is an American global information technology company based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, that provides a portfolio of IT services, software, and technology. It is the proprietor of the Burroughs and UNIVAC line of computers. Unisys traces its roots back to the founding of American Arithmometer Company in 1886, Unisys predecessor companies also include the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, which developed the worlds first commercial digital computers, the BINAC and the UNIVAC. In September 1986 Unisys was formed through the merger of the mainframe corporations Sperry and Burroughs, the name was chosen from over 31,000 submissions in an internal competition when Chuck Ayoub submitted the word Unisys which was composed of parts of the words united, information and systems. The merger was the largest in the industry at the time. At the time of the merger, Unisys had approximately 120,000 employees, michael Blumenthal became CEO and Chairman after the merger and resigned in 1990 after several years of losses. James Unruh, became the new CEO and Chairman after Blumenthals departure and continued in that role until 1997, by 1997, layoffs had reduced world-wide employee count to approximately 30,000. In addition to hardware, both Burroughs and Sperry had a history of working on U. S. government contracts, Unisys continues to provide hardware, software, and services to various government agencies. In 1988 the company acquired Convergent Technologies, makers of CTOS, joseph McGrath served as CEO and President from January,2005, until September,2008, he was never named chairman. On October 7,2008, J. Edward Coleman replaced J. McGrath as CEO and was named Chairman of the board as well. On November 10,2008, the company was removed from the S&P500 index as the market capitalization of the company had fallen below the S&P500 minimum of $4 billion. On October 6,2014, Unisys announced that Coleman would leave the company effective December 1,2014, Unisys share price immediately fell when this news became public. On January 1,2015, Unisys officially named Peter Altabef as its new president and CEO, paul Weaver, who was formerly Lead Independent Director, was named Chairman. Unisys promotes itself as an information technology company that solves complex IT challenges for some of the world’s largest companies. Including the CIA, FBI, INS, ICE, and the U. S. military, the company maintains a portfolio of over 1,500 U. S. and non-U. S. The companys mainframe line, Clearpath, is capable of running not only mainframe software, the Clearpath system is available in either a UNISYS 2200-based system or an MCP-based system. In 2014, Unisys phased out its CMOS processors, completing the migration of its ClearPath mainframes to Intel x86 chips, the company announced its new ClearPath Dorado 8380 and 8390 systems in May,2015, its most powerful Dorado systems ever. In 2014, CRN ranked Unisys Stealth on its list of Top 10 products for combatting advanced persistent threat, Platform among the Top 10 coolest servers of 2014
40.
Blue Bell, Pennsylvania
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Blue Bell is a census-designated place in Whitpain Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 6,067, Blue Bell was originally known as Pigeontown, after the large flocks of the now-extinct passenger pigeons that once gathered there. The town was renamed in 1840 after the historically prominent Blue Bell Inn, Blue Bell is known for its large executive-style homes, major business parks, community shopping facilities, and small businesses. It is one of the most affluent areas outside of the Main Line communities in the Philadelphia area, in July 2005, Money magazine ranked Blue Bell 14th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States. Whitpain Public School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, Blue Bell is located at 40°8′41″N 75°16′8″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.4 square miles. The boundary between area codes 215 and 610 runs through Blue Bells center. As of the 2010 census, the CDP was 86. 4% White,2. 9% Black or African American,8. 1% Asian,0. 4% were Some Other Race,1. 5% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,395 people,1,424 households, the population density was 1,183.0 people per square mile. There were 2,503 housing units at a density of 463. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 90. 32% White,6. 52% Asian,2. 42% African American,0. 02% Native American,0. 22% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 14% of the population. 20. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.03. In the CDP, the population was out, with 23. 8% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,24. 9% from 25 to 44,29. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $106,617, and the median income for a family was $115,541. Males had an income of $75,462 versus $50,481 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,813, about 1. 8% of families and 2. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 1% of those under age 18 and 1. 5% of those age 65 or over. Blue Bell is home to the headquarters of Unisys, a provider of information technology services
41.
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point. Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands, having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network, ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE802.11 protocols, respectively. A1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, the first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method used in Wi-Fi to unsmear the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997 and this was updated in 1999 with 802. 11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009,14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents and this led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. In 2016, the local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australias contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia. The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand, the Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was a little catchier than IEEE802. 11b Direct Sequence. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
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