1.
Seal of Indiana
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The Seal of the State of Indiana is used by the Governor of Indiana to certify official documents. The seal has gone through several revisions since the region was a part of the Northwest Territory and it is likely the original seal, which is similar to the current one, was created by William Henry Harrison during his administration of the Indiana Territory. The current design of the seal was standardized by the Indiana General Assembly in 1963, the state seal is maintained by the Governor of Indiana. It is used to certify the authenticity of official state documents, the seal is placed on departmental reports, bills the Governor signs into law, and official communications from the Governor to other high-ranking office holders. The seal is used on all commissions granted by the state as proof of the commissions authority. The United States Congress passed legislation on May 8,1792, Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory at that time and a seal was created by the United States Department of State to be used on official papers of the territory. The original seal was maintained by Governor Arthur St. Clair, on May 10,1800, the Indiana Territory was created by an act of Congress, but no provision for an official seal was included in the measure. The earliest recorded use of Indiana Territorys seal was on court documents that were signed by Governor William Henry Harrison in January 1801, the seal he used was an adaptation of the original seal created for the Northwest Territory. Although its origin is uncertain, it is likely that it was Harrison who made the alterations, the constitution of 1816 contained a clause that stated the governor should maintain a state seal and use it in official communication. The design of the seal was first proposed during the first session of the Indiana General Assembly in 1816, the bill was put through a joint conference of both houses of the General Assembly and funds where voted to purchase a printer to create the seal. In 1819, the seal was part of a state crisis. Lieutenant Governor Christopher Harrison became acting-governor when Governor Jonathan Jennings was away conducting negotiations with northern Indianas native tribes, when Jennings returned, Harrison refused to step down as governor, claiming that Jennings actions had invalidated his governorship. Harrison seized the state seal and set up his own governors office, after several weeks of debate in the state legislature, Harrison was forced to return the seal to Jennings and vacate the office of the governor. During 1895, Robert S. Hatcher, the clerk of the Indiana Senate, was directed to ascertain the legal status of the design of the state seal. After a thorough review, Hatcher found that the laws that authorized the seal did not explicitly state what its design should be and he recommended that a bill be passed to standardize the seal. Senator McCord submitted legislation for that purpose, but no action was taken on it, on January 28,1905, an article ran in the Indianapolis News containing information on the origin of the seal, some of it dubious. The article received much attention and started an inquiry into the history of the seal. Jacob Piatt Dunn, the preeminent Indiana historian of the time, consulted several history, Dunn cited the fact the state was young, and the mountains were to the east of the state, not the west—clearly indicating the sun was rising
2.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
3.
Christopher Harrison
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Christopher Harrison was the first Lieutenant Governor of Indiana, serving with Governor Jonathan Jennings. Harrison was briefly acting governor while Jennings was conducting negotiation with the tribes in northern Indiana. Harrison became a Quaker in his life and freed all the slaves he inherited from his family. He lived a life for his era, and died at age 88. There is no relationship between Harrison and an early territorial governor of Indiana, William Henry Harrison. Christopher Harrison was born in Cambridge, Maryland sometime around 1780 and he attended St. Johns College in Annapolis, Maryland. After his graduation Harrison worked as a clerk for William Patterson, hoosier tradition holds that Harrison courted Elizabeth and she at one point promised to marry him. However the match was opposed by her father who forced her to break off the engagement, Harrison secretly continued to carry on a love affair with Elizabeth for some time. In 1803, Elizabeth was introduced to Jérôme Bonaparte who was visiting Baltimore with the French Ambassador, Elizabeth eventually married Jérôme Bonaparte by whom she had a child. After a brief marriage Jerome abandoned Elizabeth at the request of his brother Napoleon Bonaparte, Harrison considered his reputation tarnished from this affair and he left Maryland and moved to Indiana around 1808. He settled near Hanover, Indiana where he lived for five years as a hermit in his cabin with only a dog for company, as settlers begin to move into the territory, Harrison began to emerge from his hermitage. He was one of the investors of 1814 to establish the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, located in Madison. He sold his cabin in 1815 to George Logan and moved to Salem and he served a one year term as Judge of Washington County on the circuit court of the Indiana Territory. In 1816, Jonathan Jennings was elected as Governor of Indiana, Harrison won the election defeating John Vawter and becoming Lieutenant Governor of Indiana. In 1817, Harrison became one of the members of the Grand Lodge of Indiana. In 1818, Jennings left the capitol to conduct negotiations on behalf of the government with the native tribes in northern Indiana. While he was gone, Harrison was left as acting governor, the constitution forbade members of the state government to hold any position in the federal government at the same time. Harrison seized the state seal and setup his own governors office from where he attempted to run the state, Harrison ran against Jennings in the 1819 campaign for governor, but was soundly defeated 9, 168–2,088
4.
Constitution of Indiana
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The Constitution of Indiana is the highest body of state law in the U. S. state of Indiana. It establishes the structure and function of the government and enumerates specific rights of Indiana citizens. Under the principles of federalism, Indianas constitution is subordinate only to the U. S, prior to the enactment of Indianas first state constitution and achievement of statehood in 1816, the Indiana Territory was governed by territorial law. The states first constitution was created in 1816, after the U. S. Congress had agreed to grant statehood to the former Indiana Territory, the present-day document, which was enacted in 1851, is the states second constitution. It supersedes Indianas 1816 constitution and has had numerous amendments since its adoption, Indianas constitution is composed of a preamble, articles, and amendments. Among other provisions, it specifies a democratic form of government consisting of three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. The Indiana General Assembly may amend the constitution, subject to ratification by vote of the people, some members of the territorys general assembly, as well as Thomas Posey, governor of the Indiana Territory, objected to statehood at that time. They believed that the limited size and scattered population would make a state government too costly to operate. On December 11,1815, the territorys House of Representatives voted seven to five in favor of the memorial to Congress stating its qualification to become a state. The request was presented in the U. S. House of Representatives on December 28,1815, the bill passed in the U. S. House on March 30,1816, and in the U. S. Senate on April 13. President James Madison signed the Enabling Act into law on April 19,1816, if a majority of the delegates to Indianas constitutional convention agreed, the delegates would proceed to create a state constitution. As outlined in the Enabling Act, election of delegates to Indianas first constitutional convention took place on May 13,1816, the convention at Corydon, the territorial capital in Harrison County, began on Monday, June 10,1816. The conventions elected delegation of men were apportioned among the thirteen counties that were in existence prior the 1815 General Assembly. In the early nineteenth century some of the Indiana Territorys citizens opposed statehood, the major concerns were the loss of financial support from the federal government if it became a state and the fear of a tax increase to pay for the new state government. The minority group preferred to wait until later, when the population was even larger, the majority of the territorys citizens viewed statehood as an opportunity for more self-government and wanted to proceed. At the time the delegates were gathering at Corydon in June 1816, slavery had become a major, the indenture law of 1805 had been repealed, but slavery continued to exist within Indiana. An anti-slavery/pro-democracy group was led by Jonathan Jennings and his supporters, former territorial governor and future U. S. president William Henry Harrisons allies led the pro-slavery/less democratic group. Supporters of Indiana statehood favored democracy, election of state officials, Harrisons allies supported slavery within the territory and maintaining Indianas territorial status with a federally-appointed governor
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
7.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
8.
Indiana Senate
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The Indiana Senate is the upper house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Indiana. The Senate is composed of 50 members representing a number of constituent districts. Senators serve four-year terms without term limits, according to the 2010 census, the average State Senator represents 129,676 people. The Senate convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana, the Indiana State Senate is operated according to a set of internal regulations developed and maintained largely by tradition. These rules are similar to the rules that govern the house most of the state senates in the United States. The Senate convenes its annual session the first Tuesday following the first Monday of January every year, in odd numbered years the senate must meet for 61 days, and must adjourn no later than April 30. This is typically called a long session, in even numbered years, when elections are held, the Senate must meet for 30 days and adjourn no later than March 15. This is typically called the short session, the only time the senate may convene outside of these dates is if the Governor calls a special assembly. The senate must convene by 1,30 pm each day a session is scheduled, two thirds of the senators must be present for the session to begin. Senators must be present at each session unless they are excused by the president-pro-tempore. Members who are not present can be forced to attend the session or be censured and expelled from the body, the Lieutenant Governor of Indiana serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are followed by its members. The President of the Senate takes no part in the debates of the senate, the senate also elects a president-pro-tempore, a majority leader, and a minority leader. The president-pro-tempore is typically a member of majority party. The president-pro-tempore presides over the senate whenever the President of the Senate is not present, the president-pro-tempore is largely responsible for setting the agenda of the senate. When debate occurs in the senate, each senator is granted permission to speak on each issue once, a senator may not speak on an issue more than once without a permission from the rest of the senate, which is attained with a senate vote. A senator can speak for no longer than a half-hour at any one time, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana places several limitation on the size and composition of the senate. The senate can contain no more than 50 members, the term of a senator lasts four years with 25 senators being elected every two years. There is no limit to how many terms a senator may be elected, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana states the qualifications to become a senator
9.
Election ticket
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A ticket refers to a single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat. For example, in the U. S. the candidates for President and Vice President run on the same ticket, a ticket can also refer to a political party. In this case, the candidates for a party are said to be running on the partys ticket. Straight party voting is voting for the party ticket, including every office for which the party has a candidate running. While a ticket usually does refer to a party, they are not legally the same. Depending on the rules, these rogue members may retain the membership of their original party. Thus two individuals from one party can oppose each other under different tickets. This was the case for incumbent Senator Joseph Lieberman, who ran against his Democratic Partys official candidate for re-election in 2006, political party factions may also sponsor tickets in primary elections
10.
United States presidential election
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These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President and Vice President. The candidate who receives a majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President is then elected to that office. The Electoral College and its procedure is established in the U. S, Constitution by Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4, and the Twelfth Amendment. C. Casts the same number of votes as the least-represented state. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by state legislature. Many state legislatures used to select their electors directly, but over all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors. In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the outcome of an election. The Electoral College electors then formally cast their votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals. Congress then certify the results in early January, and the term begins on Inauguration Day. These primary elections are held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections and this was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president, and those who preferred a national popular vote. Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined. With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, however, U. S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College. Constitutionally, the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature, during the first presidential election in 1789, only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote. Gradually throughout the years, the states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors, resulting in the overall. Under the original system established by Article Two, electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president, the candidate with the highest number of votes became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the election of 1800 when Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamiltons influence in the House of Representatives and this added to the deep rivalry between Burr and Hamilton which resulted in their famous 1804 duel
11.
Indiana General Assembly
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The Indiana General Assembly is the state legislature, or legislative branch, of the state of Indiana. It is a legislature that consists of a lower house, the Indiana House of Representatives, and an upper house. The General Assembly meets annually at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, members of the General Assembly are elected from districts that are realigned every ten years. Representatives serve terms of two years and senators serve terms of four years, both houses can create bills, but bills must pass both houses before it can be submitted to the governor and enacted into law. Currently the Republican Party holds supermajorities in both chambers of the General Assembly, Republicans outnumber Democrats in the Senate by a 40-10 margin, and in the House of Representatives by a 71-29 margin. The Indiana General Assembly is made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, Indiana has a part-time legislature that does not meet year-round. The General Assembly convenes on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, during odd-numbered years the legislature meets for 61 days and must be adjourned by April 30. During even-numbered years the legislature meets for 30 days and must be adjourned by March 15, the General Assembly may not adjourn for more than three days without a resolution approving adjournment being passed in both houses. The governor has the authority to call on the General Assembly to convene a special session if legislators are unable to complete necessary work within time allotted by the regular sessions. Special sessions of the General Assembly were rarely called in the early history. The General Assembly delegates are elected from districts, every ten years the districts are realigned by the General Assembly using information from the U. S. Census Bureau to ensure that each district is roughly equal in population. The districting is maintained to comply with the United States Supreme Court ruling in Reynolds v. Sims, the Indiana Senate and House of Representatives each have several committees that are charged with overseeing certain areas of the state. Committees vary in size, from three to eleven members, the committees are chaired by senior members of the majority party. Senators and representatives can be members of multiple committees, most legislation begins within the committees who have responsibility for the area that the bill will affect. Once approved by a committee, a bill can be entered into the agenda for debate and vote in the full chamber, although not common, bills can be voted on by the full house without going through the committee process. Indiana legislators make an annual salary of $22,616, plus $155 for each day in session or at a committee hearing. Article 4, Section 7, of the Indiana Constitution states the qualifications to become a Senator or Representative. The candidate must have been a U. S. citizen for a minimum of two prior to his candidacy and must have been resident of the district that he seeks to represent for one year
12.
Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly
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The Black Day of the General Assembly was February 24,1887, on which date the Indiana General Assembly dissolved into legislative violence. The event began as an attempt by Governor Isaac P. Gray to be elected to the United States Senate and his own party’s attempt to thwart him. It escalated when the Democratic controlled Indiana Senate refused to seat the newly elected Lieutenant Governor, Robert S. Robertson, when Robertson attempted to enter the chamber he was attacked, beginning four hours of intermittent fighting that spread throughout the Indiana Statehouse. The fight ended after Republicans and Democrats began threatening to kill each other, subsequently, the Republican controlled House of Representatives refused to communicate with the Democratic Senate ending the legislative session. This led to calls for United States Senators to be elected by popular vote, Isaac P. Gray, a former Republican, was elected as a Democratic Governor of Indiana in 1884 along with Democratic Lieutenant Governor Mahlon D. Manson. Gray desired to be elected by the Indiana General Assembly to the United States Senate, to create an issue in an attempt to eliminate his candidacy, they convinced Manson to resign from office. Still desiring to be elected, Gray met with the Indiana Attorney General and they both agreed that it would be legal, so the Secretary of State set forth an announcement that an election for the office would take place in the 1886 mid-term election. Gray hoped that a Republican would be elected, hoping that Republicans would support his bid for the Senate knowing that a Republican would succeed him as governor, Democrats and Republicans each put forward a candidate, and Republican candidate Robert S. Robertson won the election. Before the legislative session of 1887 began, Democrats had filed an appeal to prevent Robertson from being seated. When the legislative session began in January, Republicans immediately began making a commotion during the opening prayer, Democrats ignored the Republican minority, and proceeded to elect their own Lieutenant Governor, Alonzo Green Smith. Republicans then likewise filed a case to prevent Smith from being seated. The Marion County Court of Appeals then ordered that neither Robertson nor Smith should be seated until the Indiana Supreme Court could decide on the matter, when the Supreme Court came to session and took the case, the justices decided in favor of Robertson. They stated that the constitution did not put in place any restriction on such an election, on February 24, the Monday following the court ruling, Robertson arrived at the statehouse to take his seat presiding over the Senate. As he entered the Senate chamber, a group of Democratic Senators attacked him and he was beaten to the floor and the Senate president pro tempore ordered the doormen to throw him out of the chamber and bar the door. He was quickly thrown out and the door locked while the Republicans demanded he be allowed to enter, once the door was locked, the Republican Senators began attacking the Democratic Senators. The fight continued for several minutes until one Democratic Senator pulled a gun, the shot ended the fight in the Senate, but startled those in the rest of the building, who began to inquire what was going on. Robertson, who was on the outside, informed them of his treatment, word quickly spread through the Republican-controlled Indiana House of Representatives where the fight began afresh, with Democrats and Republicans fist fighting. It soon spread through much of the building, but Republicans were far more numerous, a mob of at least six hundred Republicans swept the building and began dragging Democrats outside
13.
Citizenship of the United States
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Citizenship in the United States is a status that entails specific rights, duties and benefits. State citizenship may affect tax decisions and eligibility for some state-provided benefits such as higher education, in Article One of the Constitution, the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization is granted explicitly to Congress. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U. S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, a U. S. citizen retains U. S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that countrys laws allow it. Citizenship can be renounced by American citizens who hold another citizenship via a formal procedure at a U. S. Embassy. United States citizens have the right to reside and work in the United States, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights, however, non-citizens, unlike citizens, may have the right taken away. For example, they may be deported if convicted of a serious crime, freedom to enter and leave the United States. United States citizens have the right to enter and leave the United States freely, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights. Unlike permanent residents, U. S. citizens do not have an obligation to maintain residence in the U. S. – they can leave for any length of time, voting for federal office in all fifty states and the District of Columbia is restricted to citizens only. States are not required to extend the franchise to all citizens, for example, several states bar citizen felons from voting, even after they have completed any custodial sentence. The United States Constitution bars states from restricting citizens from voting on grounds of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, failure to pay any tax, or age. Historically, many states and local jurisdictions have allowed non-citizens to vote, however, citizens are not compelled to vote. Freedom to stand for public office, most states have similar requirements, for example California requires that legislators have been citizens for three years, and the Governor have been a citizen for five years, upon taking office. Constitution requires that one be a natural born Citizen and a U. S. resident for fourteen years in order to be President of the United States, the Constitution also stipulates that otherwise eligible citizens must meet certain age requirements for these offices. Jury duty is imposed upon citizens. Johns Hopkins University political scientist Benjamin Ginsberg writes, The professional military has limited the need for citizen soldiers, in the United States today, everyone except those whose income is derived from tax-exempt revenue is required to file a federal income tax return. American citizens are subject to income tax on worldwide income regardless of their country of residence. Consular protection outside the United States, while traveling abroad, if a person is arrested or detained by foreign authorities, the person can request to speak to somebody from the U. S. Embassy or Consulate. Consular officials can provide resources for Americans incarcerated abroad, such as a list of attorneys who speak English
14.
Oath of office
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Such oaths are often required by the laws of the state, religious body, or other organization before the person may actually exercise the powers of the office or any religious body. It may be administered at an inauguration, coronation, enthronement, or other connected with the taking up of office itself. In some cases it may be administered privately and then repeated during a public ceremony, some oaths of office are a statement of loyalty to a constitution or other legal text or to a person or other office-holder. Under the laws of a state it may be considered treason or a crime to betray a sworn oath of office. The word oath and the phrase I swear refer to a solemn vow, for those who choose not to, the alternative terms solemn promise and I promise are sometimes used. All members of the Australian Parliament are required to take before taking their seat in Parliament an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance before the Governor-General of Australia. The requirement to take the oath is set out in section 42 of the Australian Constitution, the oath is, I, do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her heirs and successors according to law. In addition to swearing, the Oath of Allegiance upon becoming a Member of Parliament, the wording of this oath is not prescribed within the Constitution and is ultimately determined by the Prime Minister of the day. Traditionally the oath has repeated the swearing of allegiance to the Sovereign, the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, Speaker, Ministers take their oath of office. The oath is taken in Bengali, President, The President takes oath from the Speaker, আমি. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Ministers, The members of the cabinet is appointed and sworn in by the President, I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh. I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Speaker, The Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, takes the oath of his or her office as well as the oath, since the acts of president is practiced by the Speaker, whenever necessary. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. The deputy speaker takes a likely oath, Chief Justice, The Chief Justice, Justices of the Appelate Division and High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh takes the following oath of office from the President, আমি. I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh, I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and the laws and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred. Others, The Election Commissioners, members of the Public Service Commission, the representatives of the people in the local government takes oath from the Prime Minister or the minister in charge of the Local Government Division
15.
Indiana Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Indiana, established by Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution, is the highest judicial authority in the state of Indiana. Located in Indianapolis, the Courts chambers are in the wing of the Indiana Statehouse. In December 1816 the Supreme Court of Indiana succeeded the General Court of the Indiana Territory as the high court. During its long history the Court heard a number of high-profile cases, originally begun as a three-member judicial panel, the Court underwent major reforms in 1852 and 1971, as well as several other reorganizations. Court reforms led to a majority of Supreme Court cases being delegated to lower courts, a panel of justices. A board of five commissioners assists the Court in its administrative duties, commissioners are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the governor. The Court offices and chambers are located on the floor in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse. The Court maintains a legal library on the third floor that is open to the public. The Court has no jurisdiction in most cases, meaning that it can only hear cases appealed to the Court after having been previously heard in lower courts. Most cases begin in local courts, where the initial trial is held. The circuit court decision can be appealed to the Indiana Court of Appeals or the Indiana Tax Court, if the parties still disagree with the outcome of the case, they can appeal the decision to the Indiana Supreme Court. The Court can choose to hear the case and possibly overturn the judgment, or it can decline to accept the case. When the Court accepts a case, it reviews the documentation of the trials in the lower court, in some cases the justices will issue a decision without hearing arguments from either side and will base their decision solely on evidence submitted in the lower courts. The Court can order a new trial to take place in the court, overturn the decision of lower courts and enforce its own decision. The Court appoints three commissions to assist it in its jurisdiction over the practice of law in Indiana. The Disciplinary Commission is responsible for investigating grievances filed against members of the bar for misconduct, the Commission for Continuing Legal Education administers, develops, and regulates continuing legal education requirements, mediation training standards, and attorney specialization programs. The Judicial Nominating Commission is responsible for recruiting and interviewing applicants to fill vacancies on the Indiana Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and it then sends three nominees for each vacancy to the governor. The Judicial Qualification Commission investigates complaints of misconduct and files charges where appropriate
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Jesse D. Bright
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Jesse David Bright was the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Indiana and U. S. Senator from Indiana who served as President pro tempore of the Senate on three separate occasions and he was the only senator from a Northern state to be expelled for being a Confederate sympathizer. As a leading Copperhead he opposed the Civil War, born in Norwich, New York, Bright was born into a German family. Bright moved to Madison, Indiana, with his parents in 1820 and he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831, commencing practice in Madison. In 1842, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Indiana and served as such from 1843 to 1845, Bright was elected a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1844, was reelected in 1850 and 1856, serving from 1845 to 1862. In the Senate, Bright was not known as a great orator, one enemy of his was Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas after he voted against keeping Bright in the Senate. He was, however, a close friend and confidant of William Hayden English. In 1857, President James Buchanan offered him the post of Secretary of State, the issue was brought up when Minnesota Senator Morton S. Wilkinson introduced the Senate to a letter dated March 1,1861, written to Davis and signed by Bright, involving firearm trades. The letter was found on a captured gun trader crossing the Confederate border during the First Battle of Bull Run and he was the fourteenth senator expelled from Congress during the Civil War, and was the last senator ever to be expelled. Soon after his expulsion from the Senate, Union authorities confiscated his property in Port Fulton, Indiana, which became Jefferson General Hospital and he was an unsuccessful candidate in filling the vacancy caused by his own expulsion in 1863. Instead, Brights longtime intra-party rival, Prussian minister and War Democrat Joseph A. Wright, after losing his home in Indiana, Bright moved to Covington, Kentucky. He moved to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1874 and died there May 20,1875 and he was interred in Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore. Party politics in Indiana during the civil war, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Oliver P. Morton
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Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton, commonly known as Oliver P. Morton, was a U. S. He served as the 14th Governor of Indiana during the American Civil War, during the war, Morton thwarted and neutralized the Democratic-controlled Indiana General Assembly. He was criticized for arresting and detaining political enemies and suspected southern sympathizers, during his second term as governor, and after being partially paralyzed by a stroke, he was elected to serve in the U. S. Senate. He was a leader among the Radical Republicans of the Reconstruction era, in 1877, during his second term in the Senate, Morton suffered a second debilitating stroke that caused a rapid deterioration in his health, he died later that year. Morton was mourned nationally and his funeral procession was witnessed by thousands and he is buried in Indianapoliss Crown Hill Cemetery. Morton was an Indiana native born in Wayne County near the settlement of Salisbury on August 4,1823, to James Throck. His grandfather had shortened the surname, Throckmorton, to Morton. He was named for Oliver Hazard Perry, the victorious Commodore in the Battle of Lake Erie, Morton disliked his name from an early age, and before beginning his political career he shortened it to Oliver Perry Morton, dropping the middle names of Hazard and Throck. His mother died when he was three, and he was raised by his maternal grandparents and he spent most of his young life living with them in Ohio. Morton returned to eastern Indiana as a man, and joined his family at Centerville. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, Morton briefly worked as an apothecarys clerk, in 1845 he returned to Centerville and was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1846. Morton formed a law practice with Judge Newman and became a successful, Morton married Lucinda Burbank in 1845. The couple had five children, but only two survived infancy, in 1852 Morton campaigned and was elected to serve as a circuit court judge, but resigned after only a year, he found that he preferred to practice law. By 1854 he was active in Indiana politics, initially, Morton was an anti-slavery Democrat, but living in a region dominated by the Whig Party he had little hope of furthering a political career without changing his party affiliation. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromises ban on slavery in the western territories, as the Democrats divided over the issue, Morton took a stand with the Free Soil supporters and opposed the Act. Senator Jesse D. Bright, the states Democrats expel its members, including Morton. That same year Morton joined with other factions to form the Peoples party. He also served as a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, thirty-two-year-old Morton became the Peoples/Republican candidate for governor of Indiana in 1856
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United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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Jonathan Jennings
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Jonathan Jennings was the first governor of Indiana and a nine-term congressman from Indiana. Born in either Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the part of the Indiana Territory and settled near Charlestown. He was elected as the Indiana Territorys delegate to the U. S. Congress by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters, by 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his allies took control of the territorial assembly. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816 and he was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the states first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong branch of government. In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32 and he pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Marys to open up central Indiana to American settlement. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on internal improvements, Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, Jenningss alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm, when his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and Charlestown farm. Senator John Tipton purchased Jenningss farm and permitted him to living there. After Jenningss death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, historians have offered varied interpretations of Jenningss life and impact on the development of Indiana. More critical historians during the era, such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jenningss importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolens assessment that the state owes him more than she can compute. Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either Readington Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, or Rockbridge County, Virginia and he was the sixth of the Jenningss eight children. His father was a doctor, Presbyterian missionary, and a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church
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Ratliff Boon
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Ratliff Boon was the second Governor of Indiana from September 12 to December 5,1822, taking office following the resignation of Governor Jonathan Jennings after his election to Congress. Ratliff Boon was born January 18,1781 in Franklin County, North Carolina, at a young age he moved with his parents to Warren County, Kentucky where he attended a public grade school and later apprenticed as a gunsmith in Danville, Kentucky. In 1801 he was married to Delilah Anderson, together the couple had seven children, in 1809 he moved to what is now Boon Township of Warrick County, Indiana. Boonville, the county seat, was named in his honor. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Boon joined the Indiana Territorial militia, Warrick County was organized in 1813 and Boon was appointed by Governor Thomas Posey to the position of County Treasurer. In 1816 he was elected to the first state legislature where he served two one-year terms, during his terms, his primary accomplishment was successfully promoting legislation to divide Warrick County into three separate counties. He was elected to the senate in December 1818 but resigned after winning the election to become the second Lieutenant Governor in December 1819. Christopher Harrison had resigned his position as Lieutenant Governor after a scandal, two other men briefly competed against Boon for the position, but he defeated them in the general election,7,397 votes to his closest competitors 3,882. In 1820 the legislature passed laws to lower the wolf population, wolves had been creating havoc on the frontier. They offered a reward for wolf pelts, Boon capitalized on the new law. His success led to the repeal of the law which quickly became a drain on the states limited resources. In 1822 he was re-elected as Lieutenant Governor on a ticket with William Hendricks and his proposal was adopted by the General Assembly, which organized county governments and created three seats in the assembly to provide representation to the subjects of the census. Boon returned to the lieutenant governors office and remained in position until January 30,1824. His resignation occurred just days before Hendricks also resigned, therefore, the two resignations caused the governorship to devolve upon James B. Ray, the only Indiana Senate President-Pro-Tempore to be elevated to the position of governor, Boon was elected as a Jacksonian and served in Congress from March 4,1825 to March 3,1827. He was unsuccessful in his attempt in 1826, defeated by Thomas H. Blake who ran on an internal improvement platform which Boons party was opposed to. During the term he sat out of office, he was instrumental in establishing the Democratic Party in Indiana, up until that time, there were no formal political parties in the state, and all politicians loosely affiliated with the Democratic-Republican Party. He ran again for the office in 1828, and won and he served in Congress again from March 4,1829 to March 3,1839
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Indiana State House
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The Indiana State House is the state capitol building of the U. S. state of Indiana. Built in 1888, it is the building to house the state government. The first statehouse, located in Corydon, Indiana, is standing and is maintained as a state historic site. The second building was the old Marion County courthouse which was demolished and replaced in the early 20th century. The third building was a structure modeled on the Parthenon, but was condemned in 1877 because of structural defects, when Indiana became a state in 1816, the capital was located in Corydon. The first capitol building was a humble, two-story limestone building constructed in 1813 to house the legislature of the Indiana Territory, the building was constructed by a company owned by Dennis Pennington, a member of the early territorial legislature. Construction cost $1,500, paid for by the citizens of Harrison County and it measured forty-feet square with walls two-feet-thick and ten-foot ceilings. The building was made of limestone cut from a quarry and. The capitol contained three rooms and quickly became too small for the government, which had to erect additional office buildings across the street for the states administration. The lower floor of the statehouse was used by the Indiana House of Representatives, the upper floor was split into two rooms, one for the Indiana State Senate and another for the Indiana Supreme Court, with a narrow hall between them. The building was abandoned as the capitol in 1824 and was given to Harrison County to use as a courthouse, the old capitol building is still preserved and is now a state historic site. When the state government relocated to Indianapolis in December 1824, the government was housed in the Marion County Courthouse, the courthouse had been constructed with state funds in 1822 after Indianapolis was chosen as the site for the new capitol. The courthouse served as the capitol building for twelve years. At the time Indianapolis was a site, nearly 60 miles from the nearest settlement of significance. The relocation to Indianapolis was an arduous task, at the time it was an eleven-day journey by horseback from Corydon to the new capital. To complicate matters, no road existed and a path for the wagons had to be cut through the forests during the winter transit as the long caravan moved north. Colonel Samuel Merrill, the treasurer, was authorized by the General Assembly to oversee the move. Ultimately, it more than a month to relocate the government to Indianapolis
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Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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