1.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
2.
Coat of arms of Jersey
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The coat of arms of Jersey is a red shield with three gold leopards. It derives from the seal granted to the island’s bailiff by Edward I in 1279, in 1907, Edward VII sanctioned the claimed usage by the island of the arms. It is very similar to the arms of Normandy, Guernsey, since 1981, the arms have been included in the flag of Jersey
3.
Stephen Dalton
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Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Gary George Dalton, GCB, ADC is a retired Royal Air Force commander and current Lieutenant Governor of Jersey. As commanding officer of XIII Squadron, he deployed on Operation Jural and he then moved on to high command, serving as Head of Air Operations at the Ministry of Defence during the preparations for and conduct of Operation Telic in Iraq. In that capacity he implemented 2,700 redundancies, as determined by the Strategic Defence, Dalton was educated at Clarendon Park Junior School and Lancaster School in Leicester, and then the University of Bath, where he studied Aeronautical Engineering. Dalton was commissioned as a University Cadet on 16 September 1973, Dalton was promoted to flying officer on 15 January 1977, and then flight lieutenant on 15 October 1977. He flew the SEPECAT Jaguar on three tours, operating from the UK and Germany in both attack and tactical reconnaissance roles. Dalton was promoted to squadron leader on 1 July 1984, following the Advanced Staff Course, training to fly the Panavia Tornado, and promotion to wing commander on 1 July 1990, Dalton commanded XIII Squadron. He deployed on Operation Jural, the United Kingdoms contribution to Operation Southern Watch enforcing the No-Fly Zone over Southern Iraq, Dalton was promoted to group captain on 1 July 1994, and in 1997 took command of RAF Coltishall and the RAFs Jaguar force. On promotion to air commodore on 1 January 2000, he was appointed Head of the Eurofighter Typhoon Programme Assurance Group at the Ministry of Defence, following the Higher Command and Staff Course in 2002, Dalton was appointed Head of Air Operations, also at the Ministry of Defence. His tenure in this role was dominated by the preparations for, on promotion to air vice marshal on 14 May 2003, Dalton was appointed Director Information Superiority. He was also appointed Controller Aircraft in 2004, retaining this post upon his appointment as Director Typhoon on 2 May 2006 and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2006 New Year Honours. On 1 May 2007, Dalton was promoted to air marshal, in the 2009 Birthday Honours he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He was promoted to air marshal and appointed Chief of the Air Staff. Dalton was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 2012 Birthday Honours, in light of the Libyan conflict, Dalton warned that there was a heck of a lot to be doing and that the military was nearing the point of exhaustion. Dalton was appointed as Honorary Air Commodore to the RAF Regiment on 21 September 2013 and he became Vice President of the Yorkshire Air Museum in 2009 before taking up the post of President in 2015. It was announced on 20 December 2016 that Dalton would be appointed Lieutenant Governor of Jersey and he was sworn in to office on 13 March 2017. Dalton is married with two grown-up children and his interests include sports, theatre and history. He was awarded a degree by the University of Leicester in 2011. BBC News – Profile, Air Marshal Stephen Dalton
4.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
5.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
6.
Government House, Jersey
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Government House is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey. The building is situated in the parish of St Saviour in Jersey and it is also used for ceremonial functions, receptions and meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries and heads of state. It is also the residence of the Duke of Normandy as head of state when staying in Jersey. The current building is at least the official residence of Governors. Colonel Magnus Kempenfelt is known to have resided in a house belonging to a man named Le Geyt in 1727, at the time of the Battle of Jersey in 1781, Major Moise Corbet resided at Le Manoir de la Motte, where he was apprehended by the French invaders. In 1803, the Rector of St Saviours Church, The Rev. Philip Le Breton, bought the land on which the current Government House is situated and built a family home. This was bought by the ship owner François Janvrin in 1814 who demolished the house and built a small two-storey villa, naming the house Belmont. He brought mahogany from South America in his ships which enabled the use of wood throughout the interior, including the main staircase. It has been the residence of all the Lieutenant Governors of Jersey ever since. But his ADC John Le Couteur criticised the property and wrote that the masonry. is shamefully done, the guardhouse was built at this time at a cost of £215, but the house was regarded as unprepossessing. Projects to add a third storey were entertained, but not carried out until the half of the 19th century. Further improvements were carried out, including the addition of a porte-cochère, the drive was formerly part of La Ruette du Sacrement, leading to Saint Saviours Church. Commemorative trees and monuments are situated around the grounds, the Lieutenant-Governors flag is flown from a flagpole in the grounds when he is in the Island. During the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II, the house was used as the residence of General von Schmettow, the 1989 issue of a £50 Jersey banknote showed an image of Government House on the reverse
7.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II
8.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
9.
Jersey
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Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey, Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination. The Lieutenant Governor on the island is the representative of the Queen. The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands, although the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as the Channel Islands, the Channel Islands are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a relationship to the Crown from the other Crown dependencies of Guernsey. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an identity separate from that of the UK. The definition of United Kingdom in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK, Jersey is not fully part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, notably being treated as within the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods. The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey since William Camdens Britannia, the Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea. Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity, scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jarð or jarl, or perhaps a personal name, Geirr. The ending -ey denotes an island, Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England, the islands recorded history extends over a thousand years. La Cotte de St Brelade is a Palaeolithic site inhabited before rising sea levels transformed Jersey into an island, Jersey was a centre of Neolithic activity, as demonstrated by the concentration of dolmens. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in locations around the island. In June 2012 it was announced what could be Europes largest hoard of Iron Age coins had been found in Grouville by two persons using metal detectors, the hoard may be worth up to £10 M. People had been searching for treasure for 30 years. It was reported that the hoard weighed about three quarters of a tonne and could contain up to 50,000 Roman and Celtic coins, in 2012 the same two men had found 60 Iron Age coins in the same area. Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland, Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the 9th century. In 933 it was annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen and it became one of the Norman Islands
10.
Crown dependencies
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The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories and they are self-governing possessions of the Crown. Internationally, the dependencies are considered territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible rather than as sovereign states, as a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union and they are not part of the European Union, although they are within the EUs customs area. In each case, the head of government is referred to as a Chief Minister, the Crown is defined differently in each crown dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with local status in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties, since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions, Guernsey, which also the nearby islands of Herm and Jethou. Sark, which includes the nearby island of Brecqhou. Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands, the parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes, Guernsey banknotes Coins of the Guernsey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes and they are not legal tender within the UK. There are no parties in any of the parliaments, candidates stand for election as independents. e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels, the Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497, Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes, Jersey banknotes Coins of the Jersey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK but are legal currency backed by deposits at the Bank of England, there are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Mans Tynwald claims to be the worlds oldest parliament in continuous existence, candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties
11.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown
12.
Union Jack
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The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the national flag of the United Kingdom. Further, it is used as a flag in some of the smaller British overseas territories. The Union Jack also appears in the canton of the flags of several nations, the claim that the term Union Jack properly refers only to naval usage has been disputed, following historical investigations by the Flag Institute in 2013. The origins of the flag of Great Britain date back to 1606. King James also began to refer to a Kingdom of Great Britaine, the present design of the Union Flag dates from a Royal proclamation following the union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Notably, the country of Wales is not represented separately in the Union Jack, being only indirectly represented through the cross of St George. The terms Union Jack and Union Flag are both historically correct for describing the de facto flag of the United Kingdom. Whether the term Union Jack applies only when used as a flag on a ship is a modern matter of debate. According to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Until the early 17th century England and Scotland were two independent kingdoms. This changed dramatically in 1603 on the death of Elizabeth I of England, because the Queen died unmarried and childless, the English crown passed to the next available heir, her cousin James VI, King of Scotland. England and Scotland now shared the same monarch under what was known as a union of the crowns, in 1606, James VI gave orders for a British flag to be created which bore the combined crosses of St. George and of St. Andrew. The result was the Union Jack, Jack being a shortening of Jacobus, the institute also notes, it is often stated that the Union Flag should only be described as the Union Jack when flown in the bows of a warship, but this is a relatively recent idea. In 1908, a government minister stated, in response to a parliamentary question, notwithstanding Their Lordships circular of 1902, by 1913 the Admiralty described the Union Flag and added in a foot note that A Jack is a Flag to be flown only on the Jack Staff. However, the authoritative A Complete Guide to Heraldry published in 1909 by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies uses the term Union Jack, the term Union Flag is used in King Charles Is 1634 proclamation. Andrew and St. Patrick Quarterly per Saltire, counterchanged Argent and Gules, when the first flag representing Britain was introduced on the proclamation of King James I in 1606, it became known simply as the British flag or the flag of Britain. The royal proclamation gave no name to the new flag. The word jack was in use before 1600 to describe the maritime bow flag, by 1627 a small Union Jack was commonly flown in this position. Reinforcing the distinction the Kings proclamation of the day concerning the arms
13.
Jersey pound
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The pound is the currency of Jersey. It can be exchanged at par with sterling coinage and notes. For this reason, ISO4217 does not include a separate code for the Jersey pound. Both Jersey and Bank of England notes are legal tender in Jersey and circulate together, alongside the Guernsey pound, the Jersey notes are not legal tender in the United Kingdom but are legal currency, so creditors and traders may accept them if they so choose. The livre was the currency of Jersey until 1834 and it consisted of French coins which, in the early 19th century, were exchangeable for sterling at a rate of 26 livres =1 pound. After the livre was replaced by the franc in France in 1795, because the sous remained the chief small-change coins, when a new copper coinage was issued for Jersey in 1841, it was based on a penny worth 1⁄13 of a shilling, the equivalent of 2 sous. This system continued until 1877, when a penny of 1⁄12 of a shilling was introduced, along with the rest of the British Isles, Jersey decimalized in 1971 and began issuing a full series of circulating coins from ½p to 50p. £1 and £2 denominations followed later, as of December 2005, there was £64. 7m of Jersey currency in circulation. A profit of £2. 8m earned on the issue of Jersey currency was received by the Treasurer of the States in 2005, £1 coins have a different design each year. Initially, each new coin featured one of the coats of arms of the 12 parishes of Jersey and these were followed by a series of coins featuring sailing ships built in the island. The motto round the edge of Jersey pound coins is. Jersey £1 coins will cease to be legal tender in Jersey on 15 October 2017 to coincide with the withdrawal of the circular £1 coin in the UK, the UKs new 12-sided £1 coin will be the only £1 coin that is legal tender in the Island. Because the sous remained the chief small-change coins, when a new coinage was issued for Jersey in 1841, it was based on a penny worth 1⁄13 of a shilling. In 1841, copper 1⁄52, 1⁄26 and 1⁄13 shilling coins were introduced, followed by bronze 1⁄26, in 1877 a penny of 1⁄12 of a shilling was introduced, and the system changed to 12 pence to the shilling. Bronze 1⁄48, 1⁄24 and 1⁄12 shilling were introduced and this was the only issue of the 1⁄48 shilling denomination. Between 1949 and 1952 the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands was marked by one million commemorative Liberation pennies that were struck for Jersey, in 1957, a nickel-brass 3 pence coin was introduced carrying the denomination one fourth of a shilling. The 1957 and 1960 issues were round, with a version introduced in 1964. In 1968,5 and 10 pence coins were introduced, followed by 50 pence in 1969 and ½p, all had the same composition and size as the corresponding British coins
14.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
15.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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States of Jersey
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The States of Jersey is the parliament and government of the British Crown dependency of Jersey. The origins of the legislature of Jersey lie in the system of self-government according to Norman law guaranteed to the Channel Islands by King John following the division of Normandy in 1204. The Assembly of the States of Jersey has exercised uncontested legislative powers since 1771, members are also able to ask questions to find out information and to hold Ministers to account. Executive powers are exercised by a Chief Minister and nine ministers, elected from among the members of the States of Jersey, Ministers are accountable to the Assembly for the conduct of their departments. The constitution of the States is set out in the States of Jersey Law 2005, in the current assembly, elected voting members comprise eight Senators, twenty-nine Deputies, and twelve Connétables. In previous assemblies, the number of Senators was ten, the reduction in the number of Senators was politically controversial and attempts were made, unsuccessfully, to prevent the Privy Council from approving the proposal. The clerk of the Assembly is known as the Greffier of the States, the Viscount is the executive officer of the States. Under the States of Jersey Act 2005,22 of the 51 members form the executive, ten as ministers in the Council of Ministers, elections are held every three years, with the most recent being in 2014. In the 2008-2011 assembly, four members were affiliated to the Jersey Democratic Alliance, in the 2011 elections, all candidates stood as independents. In the 2014 elections, candidates stood for the newly formed Reform Jersey for the first time, a main type of legislation made by the States is known in English simply as a Law, and in French as a Loi. After a Law is adopted by the States it must receive Royal Assent, members of the Assembly are responsible for scrutinizing the work of the Council of Ministers, ministers and their departments. The real utility of the panels is said to be that of independent critique which holds ministers to account, the legislature derives its name from the estates of the Crown, the Church and the people from whom the assembly was originally summoned. Jerseys political history begins as part of the Duchy of Normandy, in 1259 Henry III signed the Treaty of Paris resigning his claim to the Duchy of Normandy except the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were not absorbed into the Kingdom of England, originally the Royal Court had legislative power but by the sixteenth century a legislative assembly within the Royal Court was convened. The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly, the earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524. In the early seventeenth century separate minutes of the States of Jersey were first recorded, when the monarchy was restored, King Charles II who had escaped to Jersey on his way to exile in France rewarded Jersey with the power to levy customs duties. The States voted on 6 November 1856 to adopt a law to add 14 Deputies to the assembly to counterbalance the mismatch of population, the first Deputies were elected 12 January 1857. The first election by secret ballot was held 1 December 1891, in 1948 the Jurats were replaced in the legislature by Senators, who at first were elected on an island-wide basis for mandates of 9 years
17.
Deportation
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Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. The term expulsion is often used as a synonym for deportation, through expulsion is often used in the context of international law. Definitions of deportation apply equally to nationals and foreigners, transportation is by way of punishment of one convicted of an offense against the laws of the country. Extradition is the surrender to another country of one accused of an offense against its laws, there to be tried, deportations widely occurred in ancient history. Deportation was practiced as a policy toward rebellious people in Achaemenid Empire, one notable example was the deportaion of the Mards in Charax, near Rhages by Phraates I. The 10,000 Roman prisonors of war after the Battle of Carrhae appear to have been deported to Alexandria Margiana near the border in 53 BC. It is hypothesized that some of them founded the Chinese city of Li-Jien after becoming soldiers for the Hsiung-nu, Deportation was widely used by the Sasanians, especially during the wars with the Romans and the Byzantines. During Shapur Is reign, the Romans who were defeated at the Battle of Edessa were deported to Persis, other destinations were Parthia, Khuzestan, and Asorestan. There were cities which were founded and were populated by Romans prisoners of war, including Shadh-Shapur in Meshan, Bishapur in Persis, Wuzurg-Shapur, agricultural land were also given to the deportees. These deportations initiated the sread Christianity in the Sassanian empire, in Rēw-Ardashīr, Persis, there was a church for the Romans and another one for Carmanians. After the Arab incursion into Persia during Shapur IIs reign, he scattered the defeated Arab tribes by deporting them to other regions, some where deported to Bahrain and Kirman, possibly to both populate these unattractive regions and bringing the tribes under control. The author of the text Liber Calipharum has praised the king Yazdegerd I for his treatment of the deportees, major deportations occurred during the Anastasian War. Major deportations occurred during the campaigns of Khosrau I from the Roman cities of Sura, Beroea, Antioch, Apamea, Callinicum, the city was founded near Ctesiphon especially for them, and Khosrow reportedly did everything in his power to make the residents want to stay. The number of the deportees is recorded to be 292,000 in another source, in 1954, the executive branch of the U. S. government implemented Operation Wetback, a program created in response to public hysteria about immigration and immigrants from Mexico. Operation Wetback led to the deportation of nearly 1.3 million Mexicans from the United States, already in natural law of the 18th century, philosophers agreed that expulsion of a nation from the territory that it historically inhabits is not allowable. Deportation often requires a process that must be validated by a court or senior government official. It should not be confused with administrative removal, which is the process of a country denying entry to an individual at a port of entry and expelling them. Deportation can also happen within a state, when an individual or a group of people is forcibly resettled to a different part of the country, if ethnic groups are affected by this, it may also be referred to as population transfer
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Naturalization
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Naturalization is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done by a statute, without any effort on the part of the individual, or it may involve an application, an oath or pledge of allegiance is also sometimes required. In some rare cases, laws for mass naturalization were passed, since World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of refugees, most of them economic refugees. The Peoples Republic of China gives citizenship to persons with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other countries, the country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there. Furthermore, individuals may apply for nationality if they have a relative with Chinese nationality, if they have settled in China. In practice, only few people gain Chinese citizenship, as of 2010, the naturalization process starts with a written application. Applicants must also submit original copies of a passport, a residence permit, a permanent residence permit. The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for the entire country, the provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 in Part II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship Act 1986, the Citizenship Act 1992, the Citizenship Act 2003, and the Citizenship Ordinance 2005. The Citizenship Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004, the Citizenship Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005. Following these reforms, Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis as opposed to the jus soli, Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No. The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus soli, the Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for persons under the age of 18. After reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship, Israels Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan. The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization, the Law of Return and the Israeli nationality law, the Law of Return, enacted on July 15,1950, gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel. This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship, in fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli citizens. On July 14,1952, the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law. The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine, the inhabitants of Israel on July 15,1952, because of Israels relatively new and culturally mixed identity, Israel does not grant citizenship to persons born on Israeli soil. Instead, the government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system, there is currently no legislation on second-generation immigrants
19.
Charles II of England
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Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, Charles IIs father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim, after 1660, all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charless English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England, Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the treaty of Dover. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oatess revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charless brother, the crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed, Charless wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James, Charles II was born in St Jamess Palace on 29 May 1630. His parents were Charles I and Henrietta Maria, Charles was their second son and child. Their first son was born about a year before Charles but died within a day, England, Scotland and Ireland were respectively predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, at or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested. During the 1640s, when Charles was still young, his father fought Parliamentary, by spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646, at The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married
20.
Sinecure
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A sinecure means an office that requires or involves little or no responsibility, labour, or active service. Sinecures have historically provided a potent tool for governments or monarchs to distribute patronage, while recipients are able to store up titles, a sinecure is not necessarily a figurehead, which generally requires active participation in government, albeit with a lack of power. A sinecure can also be given to an individual whose primary job is in another office, for example, the Government House Leader in Canada is often given a sinecure ministry position so that he or she may become a member of the Cabinet. Similar examples are the Lord Privy Seal and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the British cabinet, other sinecures operate as legal fictions, such as the British office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds, used as a legal excuse for resigning from Parliament. Such sinecure rectories were expressly granted by the patron and they were abolished by parliament under the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act of 1840. Such cases eventually ceased to exist, the term is also used of any office or place to which salary emoluments or dignity but no duties are attached. They were prevalent in the 18th century, but were abolished by statutes during that. Below is a list of extant sinecures by Country, Lord Mackay of Clashfern Halsburys Laws of England, 4th ed. Vol.14, Ecclesiastical Law, Smith, W. A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, Being a Continuation of the Dictionary of the Bible, J. B. Burr Pub. Co. pp. Sinecure. Definition on Enciclopedia Treccani Maurilio Guasco, Storia del clero, Bari, Laterza, p.20
21.
William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford
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General William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, 1st Marquis of Campo Maior, GCB, GCH, PC /ˈwɪlɪəm kɑː ˈberɪsfəd/ was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician. Beresford was the son of The 1st Marquess of Waterford. He was the brother of Admiral Sir John Beresford, 1st Baronet, Beresford entered the British Army in 1785 as an ensign in the 6th Regiment of Foot and the next year he was blinded in one eye due to an incident with a musket. He remained in the service being promoted to captain by 1791 with the 69th Regiment of Foot and he distinguished himself at Toulon, in Egypt and in South Africa. From there crossed the South Atlantic to South America to invade the River Plate region, with a small British force of 1,500 men, departing on 14 April 1806. Following his move to Cape Town in Cape Colony, Beresford, spurred on by Home Popham, no attempt was made to gain authorization from the Crown for this undertaking. In the invasion of the River Plate, Buenos Aires was occupied for 46 days, however, the British force could not maintain itself against the army gathered by Santiago de Liniers. After a relentless two-day fight with the Buenos Aires and Montevideo militias between 10 and 12 August 1806, the British were defeated and forced to capitulate. Beresford had to surrender, remaining prisoner for six months, in the end, he managed to escape and arrived in England in 1807. In that same year Beresford was sent to Madeira, which he occupied in name of the King of Portugal, remaining there for six months as Governor and Commander in Chief. The Portuguese government asked Britain to appoint Arthur Wellesley to this role, Wellesley indicated he could not do the justice due to his prior engagements. He was appointed Marshal and Commander in Chief of the Army by Decree of 7 March 1809, at that time, French general Marshal Soult had already crossed into Portugal where he occupied Porto. The allied armies marched to the North, wellingtons troops made a forced crossing of the Douro and defeated the French, forcing their Marshall-general Jean-de-Dieu Soult to withdraw from Porto. Soult was outnumbered and expelled from Portugal, the positioning of Beresfords forces compelled the French to leave Portugal by the roads through Montalegre. They managed to cross the border only after sacrificing their artillery and baggage, the Second French Invasion of Portugal was defeated and the allied armies moved back to the South, the British concentrating at Abrantes and the Portuguese at Castelo Branco. From Lisbon he dispatched numerous orders and instructions for the reform of the Portuguese military, in this way he improved the functioning of the Portuguese Army so that they might face the forces of Napoleon invading the country for the third time. As the French forces retreated from the Lines of Torres Vedras, Beresford marched towards Badajoz, having, however, received notice that Soult was approaching, he lifted the siege and posted his army at Albuera in a defensive position. There he defeated the French forces on 16 May 1811, after the bloody Battle of Albuera the French were forced to retreat, though the siege of Badajoz had to be subsequently abandoned
22.
Anthony Ughtred
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Sir Anthony Ughtred, Knight banneret, was as an English soldier and military administrator during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Ughtred fought in Ireland, the Anglo Scottish border and both on land and at sea in France and he served with distinction as captain of Berwick, marshal of Tournai and governor of Jersey. Around 1531, he married Elizabeth Seymour, sister to Jane, the Ughtred family can be traced back to the early thirteenth century, however, it was Thomas Ughtred who ensured their place as one of the most prominent families in Yorkshire. Following an outstanding career, Thomas Ughtred was summoned to Parliament as Baron Ughtred from 1343 to 1364. On his death in 1365, the barony became extinct as it was not passed on to his descendants and his son and heir, Sir Thomas, despite a distinguished career and a knighthood was never summoned to parliament. Sir Anthony Ughtred was the son of Sir Robert Ughtred of Kexby, Yorkshire and Katherine, daughter of Sir William Eure of Stokesley. Sir Robert and his wife had four sons and two daughters, Robert Ughtred Sir Henry Ughtred was created a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Henry VIII in 1509, Sir Robert Ughtred, married Elizabeth, daughter of William Fairfax, of Steeton. He was knighted by the Duke of Suffolk on the River Somme in December,1523, Anthony Ughtred George Ughtred Henry Ughtred Eleanor Ughtred, married Thomas Malyverer. Sir Anthony Ughtred Christopher Ughtred of Buttercrambe, Yorkshire Jane Ughtred Eleanor Ughtred, married Sir Anthony Browne and their daughter, Anne Browne married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. When Sir Robert Ughtred died in 1487, his son, Sir Henry Ughtred, since the death of his eldest son. After Sir Henrys death in 1510, his eldest son, Robert, still a minor and they had been leased to Sir Anthony and his brother Christopher for the life of the longer liver by their father, the elder Sir Robert Ughtred. Anthony Ughtred participated in Edward Poynings campaign to subdue Ulster, leading a troop of soldiers in 1496. He was knighted at Eltham in 1512, took part in Edward Howards naval expedition to Brittany in August 1512 and he accompanied King Henry VIII to France in July 1513 and was appointed marshal of Tournai after the citys fall in September, where he remained until February 1515. By April 1513, Ughtred was vice-captain and subsequently served as captain of Berwick from February 1515 until August 1532, as the most northerly of Englands garrison towns Berwick played a vital role in the defence of the Anglo-Scottish border. Ughtred was responsible for organising Berwicks defences, and was involved in intelligence gathering. In 1519 he received a grant in reversion of the offices of steward, constable and gatekeep of the castle and lordship of Bamborough, Northumberland. In 1525, as a knight for the body, he was granted the reversion of the office of governor of Jersey, there was a further licence granted in 1527 to export woollen cloths. In August 1532 he replaced Sir Hugh Vaughan at the castle of Mont Orgueil as captain, in 1532, Elizabeth presented the king with A fine shirt with a high collar as a new years gift
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Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden
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He was educated at Cambridge University. His mother was the aunt of queen consort Catherine Parr, while his wife, Elizabeth Cheney, was a first cousin of the sixth. In 1527, he accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on his embassy to France, Vaux privately disapproved of King Henry VIIIs divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. In 1531, he took his seat in the House of Lords, in 1532, he attended Henry VIII to Calais and Boulogne and was made Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He was Lieutenant Governor of Jersey in 1536, schism from Rome caused him to sell his offices, he did not attend Parliament between 1534 and 1554. Instead, Vaux retired to his seat until the accession of Mary I. Vaux was the friend of other poets such as Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard. Thomas father, Nicholas, had previously married to Elizabeth FitzHugh, daughter of Henry FitzHugh, 5th Lord FitzHugh of Ravensworth Castle and Lady Alice Neville. From that marriage, Vaux had three older paternal half-sisters, Katherine Throckmorton, Alice Sapcote, and Anne Strange, by Elizabeths first marriage to Sir William Parr, she was the mother of Anne Parr, the mother of Thomas wife, Elizabeth Cheney. Elizabeth FitzHugh was also the mother to Sir Thomas Parr, thus making her the grandmother of Queen Catherine Parr. On 6 May 1511, Sir Thomas, aged two, was contracted to marry Elizabeth Cheney, Thomas married Elizabeth between 25 April 1523 and 10 November 1523. William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden Nicholas Vaux Anne Vaux, married Reginald Bray of Stene, nephew of Edmund Braye, Thomas Vaux died in October 1556. Sketches of Vaux and his wife by Holbein are at Windsor, two of his poems were included in the Songes and Sonettes of Surrey, published in 1557. They are The assault of Cupid upon the fort where the lovers hart lay wounded, and how he was taken, representinge the Image of Deathe, which the grave-digger in Shakespeares Hamlet misquotes. Thirteen pieces in the Paradise of Dainty Devices, published in 1576, are signed by him and these are reprinted in Alexander Grosarts Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies Library. Canons of Elizabethan poetry This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Vaux of Harrowden, Thomas Vaux. Woudhuysen, H. R. Vaux, Thomas, second Baron Vaux
24.
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
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Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset KG was Lord Protector of England from 1547 until 1549 during the minority of his nephew, King Edward VI. He was the eldest brother of Queen Jane Seymour, the wife of King Henry VIII. Edward Seymour was born circa 1500, the son of Sir John Seymour by his wife Margery Wentworth, in 1514 aged about 14 he received an appointment in the household of Mary Tudor. When Edwards sister Jane Seymour married King Henry VIII in 1536, he was created Viscount Beauchamp on 5 June 1536 and he became Warden of the Scottish Marches and continued in royal favour after his sisters death on 24 October 1537. Upon the death of Henry VIII, Seymours nephew became king as Edward VI. Henry VIIIs will named sixteen executors and these executors were supplemented by twelve men of counsail who would assist the executors when called on. The final state of Henry VIIIs will has occasioned controversy, some historians suggest that those close to the king manipulated either him or the will itself to ensure a shareout of power to their benefit, both material and religious. In this reading, the composition of the Privy Chamber shifted towards the end of 1546 in favour of the Protestant faction, in addition, two leading conservative Privy Councillors were removed from the centre of power. Stephen Gardiner was refused access to Henry during his last months, whatever the case, Henrys death was followed by a lavish hand-out of lands and honours to the new power group. Henry VIIIs will did not provide for the appointment of a Protector and it entrusted the government of the realm during his sons minority to a Regency Council that would rule collectively, by majority decision, with like and equal charge. Nevertheless, a few days after Henrys death, on 4 February, thirteen out of the sixteen agreed to his appointment as Protector, which they justified as their joint decision by virtue of the authority of Henrys will. Seymour may have done a deal with some of the executors and he is known to have done so with William Paget, private secretary to Henry VIII, and to have secured the support of Sir Anthony Browne of the Privy Chamber. Hertfords appointment was in keeping with historical precedent, and his eligibility for the role was reinforced by his successes in Scotland. In March 1547, he secured letters patent from King Edward granting him the almost monarchical right to appoint members to the Privy Council himself, in the words of historian G. R. Elton, from that moment his autocratic system was complete. He proceeded to rule largely by proclamation, calling on the Privy Council to do more than rubber-stamp his decisions. Somersets takeover of power was smooth and efficient, wriothesley, a religious conservative, objected to Somerset’s assumption of monarchical power over the Council. He then found himself dismissed from the chancellorship on charges of selling off some of his offices to delegates. Somerset faced less manageable opposition from his younger brother Thomas, who has described as a worm in the bud. As King Edwards uncle, Thomas Seymour demanded the governorship of the king’s person, Somerset tried to buy his brother off with a barony, an appointment to the Lord Admiralship, and a seat on the Privy Council—but Thomas was bent on scheming for power
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Hugh Paulet
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Sir Hugh Paulet of Hinton St. George in Somerset, was an English military commander and Governor of Jersey. Born after 1500, he was the eldest son of Sir Amias Paulet of Hinton St. George and he was the grandson of Sir William Paulet of Hinton St. George, by his wife Elizabeth Deneland, daughter and heiress of John Deneland of Hinton St. George. A younger brother, John Paulet, became in 1554 the last Roman Catholic Dean of Jersey. In 1532 Hugh was in the commission of the peace for Somerset, on 18 October 1537 he was knighted by King Henry VIII and was invited to the baptism of his son Prince Edward two days later. In 1544 he was treasurer of the English army at the siege of Boulogne, on the accession of King Edward VI he was one of those charged by Henry VIIIs executors, on 11 February 1547, with the good order of the West Country shires. In 1549 he was knight-marshal of the army raised by John Russell and he led the pursuit against the rebels, and defeated them at Kings Weston, near Bristol. In 1550 he was a commissioner to inquire into the liturgy in the island of Jersey, and to put down obits, dispose of church bells, and to enact other Protestant reforms. He was shortly afterwards appointed Captain of Jersey and Governor of Mont Orgueil Castle, in the place of Edward Seymour, Paulet arrived in the Aide with Count Montgomerie and with £5,000 on 17 December 1562. On 1 April 1563 he conferred unsuccessfully with the Rheingrave, was sent to England in June, on 23 July 1563 he met the constable Montmorency, and on 28 July articles for the surrender of Le Havre were agreed upon. On the 29th the English evacuated Le Havre, bringing the plague with them to London, in November Paulet was one of the commissioners to settle the debts incurred in the expedition. Sir Hugh was knight of the shire for Somerset in the parliament which met on 8 May 1572, nicholas Paulet, of Minty, Gloucestershire George Paulet, Bailiff of Jersey from 1583 to 1611. Anne Paulet Jane Paulet, 2nd wife of Christopher Copleston of Copleston, Devon, Sheriff of Devon in 1560, whose 1st wife had been Mary Courtenay, daughter of George Courtenay. Secondly, before December 1560 he married Elizabeth Blount, daughter of Walter Blount of Blounts Hall, Staffordshire, the widow of Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Trinity College, Oxford. Sir Hugh visited the college with her in 1560,1565, and 1567, assisted the fellows in a lawsuit against Lord Rich in 1561 and she died without progeny in 1593, and was buried in Trinity College Chapel. Paulet died probably in December 1572, a monument in the north aisle of the church at Hinton St. George, with the effigies of a man in armour and his lady, with an inscription, probably commemorates Sir Hugh and his first wife. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Paulet
26.
Amias Paulet
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Sir Amias Paulet of Hinton St. George, Somerset, was an English diplomat, Governor of Jersey, and the gaoler for a period of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the son of Sir Hugh Paulet of Hinton St George by his wife Philippa Pollard, Paulet went to Jersey in 1550 when his father was made Governor and immediately acted as his assistant. The following year he was sent by his father to complain to the Privy Council that officials in Normandy were refusing to hand over six thieves who had escaped from Jersey. He was sent to Paris with a letter for the Constable of France, in 1556 he was formally appointed Lieutenant-Governor and by the end of the decade he was effectively running the island in his fathers absence. He kept this post until 1573, nothing happened because the death of the French king brought a temporary cessation to threats against the Channel Islands. If I had the Queens leave, I would ask no aid, Amias continued his fathers work on strengthening Mont Orguiel Castle, despite the lack of funds available from Elizabeth. He wrote in 1557, Though I have husbanded Her Majestys money well I have been constrained to employ more than I received, and our walls want a third part yet. And in 1563, I am much deceived, considering the depth of the foundation, and again in 1573, A strong piece of work, begun four or five years ago, lacks completion of one third. Four hundred pounds will be needed this year and four hundred next, like his father, Amias was strongly anti-Catholic, although more Calvinist than Protestant. His appointment to the Town Church of Guillaume Morise, a Huguenot minister from Anjou, in 1576 Queen Elizabeth raised him to knighthood, appointed him Ambassador to Paris and at the same time put the young Francis Bacon under his charge. Paulet was in this embassy until he was recalled November,1579, in 1579, he took into his household, the young Jean Hotman, son of Francis Hotman, to tutor his two sons Anthony and George. When the family returned to England, the tutor and his two charges settled at Oxford and his duties increasingly meant that Amias was absent from the island for long periods. He was appointed resident Ambassador in France for three years in 1576 and appointed Guillaume Lempriere, Seigneur of Trinity, his Lieutenant-Governor. He was present in Jersey in 1583 for the swearing-in of his son Anthony as Lieutenant-Governor and his brother George as Bailiff, before leaving to join the Privy Council. A fanatical Puritan with a character, Paulet was appointed gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots, by Elizabeth in January 1585. He remained her keeper until Marys execution at Fotheringhay Castle on 8 February 1587 and he was present at her eventual execution in 1587. He was the appointed Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, Anthony Paulet, eldest surviving son and heir, who also succeeded his father as Governor of Jersey. His son was John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett, sarah Paulet, second wife of Sir Francis Vincent, 1st Baronet of Stoke dAbernon, in Surrey
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Anthony Paulet
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Sir Anthony Paulet of Hinton St George, Somerset, was Governor of Jersey from 1588 until his death in 1600. He was born at Hinton St George, Somerset the eldest son of Sir Amias Paulet by his wife Margaret Hervey, Anthony accompanied his father to Paris where Amyas was Ambassador. In 1579 Amyas took into his household as a tutor, Jean Hotman, son of the author and professor of law Francis Hotman. When Amias was recalled in November 1579, Hotman accompanied the family back to England and he graduated as a Master of Arts at Oxford and eventually succeeded his father as Governor of Jersey. Susan Poulett, wife of Sir Peter Prideaux, 2nd Baronet of Netherton, margery Poulett, wife of John Sydenham of Combe, Dulverton, Somerset, by whom she had 4 daughters. He held the manor of East Lydford, Anthony died on 22 July 1600 and was buried in St Georges Church, Hinton St George
28.
Walter Raleigh
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Sir Walter Raleigh was an English landed gentleman, writer, poet, soldier, politician, courtier, spy and explorer. He was cousin to Sir Richard Grenville and younger half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and he is also well known for popularising tobacco in England. Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh, later, he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish. He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585, Raleigh was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, which paved the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queens ladies-in-waiting, without the Queens permission, for which he, after his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset. In 1594, Raleigh heard of a City of Gold in South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of El Dorado. After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, in 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost and he returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, was arrested and executed in 1618. Raleigh was one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era, in 2002, he was featured in the BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Little is known about Raleighs birth, some historians believe that he was born on 22 January 1552, although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography currently favours a date of 1554. He grew up in the house of Hayes Barton, a farmhouse near the village of East Budleigh and he was the youngest of five sons born to Catherine Champernowne in two successive marriages. His half-brothers John Gilbert, Humphrey Gilbert, and Adrian Gilbert, Catherine Champernowne was a niece of Kat Ashley, Elizabeths governess, who introduced the young men at court. Raleighs family was highly Protestant in religious orientation and had a number of near escapes during the reign of Roman Catholic Queen Mary I of England, in the most notable of these, his father had to hide in a tower to avoid execution. As a result, Raleigh developed a hatred of Roman Catholicism during his childhood, in matters of religion, Elizabeth was more moderate than her half sister Mary. In 1569, Raleigh left for France to serve with the Huguenots in the French religious civil wars, in 1572, Raleigh was registered as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford, but he left a year later without a degree. Raleigh proceeded to finish his education in the Inns of Court, in 1575, he was registered at the Middle Temple. At his trial in 1603, he stated that he had never studied law and his life is uncertain between 1569 and 1575, but in his History of the World he claimed to have been an eyewitness at the Battle of Moncontour in France. In 1575 or 1576, Raleigh returned to England, between 1579 and 1583, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the Desmond Rebellions
29.
John Peyton (soldier)
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Sir John Peyton was an English soldier, MP and administrator. He was born in Knowlton, Kent to John Peyton and Dorothy Peyton and he entered Parliament in 1572 as MP for Kings Lynn and was re-elected to the same seat in 1584 and 1593. He was knighted in 1586 and served under Robert Dudley and he was Lieutenant-Governor of Bergen op Zoom from 1586 to 1587 and was a colonel in the forces for the defence of the queens person against the threatened attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588. He was Sheriff of Norfolk for 1588 and he served as a deputy lieutenant of Cambridgeshire under Roger North in 1596 and MP for Middlesex in 1597. He was appointed lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1597 to 1603 and he sat in Parliament for the last time in 1601 as member for Weymouth. He later served as Governor of Jersey from 1603 to 1630, on 8 June 1578, Peyton married Dorothy Bell, the widow of Sir Robert Bell, co-heiress of Edward Beaupré of Beaupré Hall, Outwell, Norfolk, and his second wife, Catherine Beddingfield. Peyton gained a position in the county of Norfolk from his wifes property, helen M. E. Evans, Peyton, Sir John, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,2004, accessed 7 May 2005
30.
Thomas Jermyn (died 1645)
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Sir Thomas Jermyn was an English politician, courtier and Royalist who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1604 and 1640. Jermyn was the son of Sir Robert Jermyn of Rushbrooke, Suffolk and he was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1585. He was knighted at Rouen, France in 1591 and became Knight of the Bath in 1603, in 1604, Jermyn was elected Member of Parliament for Andover and held the seat until 1611. In 1614, he was elected MP for Bury St Edmunds and he was re-elected for Bury St Edmunds in the elections in 1621,1623,1625,1626 and 1628. In 1629 King Charles decided to rule for eleven years without parliament, in April 1640, Jermyn was re-elected MP for Bury St Edmunds in the Short Parliament. He became Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk in 1640, and also served as Comptroller of the Household between 1639 and 1641 and he fought as a Royalist during the English Civil War and became disabled through injury in 1644. He died a year later at the age of 72, Jermyn married Catherine Killigrew a daughter of Sir William Killigrew of Hanworth, Middlesex, a courtier to Queen Elizabeth I and to King James I, whom he served as Groom of the Privy Chamber. Her portrait by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger survives in the collection of the Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut, USA. By his wife he had children including their eldest surviving son, Thomas Jermyn, also MP for Bury St Edmunds, and Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans
31.
Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans
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Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans, KG was an English politician and courtier. He sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1625 and 1643 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn and he was baptised at St Margaret’s Lothbury, London on 25 March 1605. In 1625 Jermyn was elected Member of Parliament for Bodmin, and was re-elected MP for the seat in 1626 and he was MP for Liverpool in 1628. He won the favour of Henrietta Maria of France, Queen consort of Charles I of England whose vice-chamberlain he became in 1628, in April 1640, Jermyn was elected MP for Corfe Castle in the Short Parliament together with his brother Thomas. The brothers were both elected MPs for Bury St Edmunds in the Long Parliament in November 1640 and were active, Jermyn took a prominent part in the First Army Plot of 1641, and on its discovery fled to France. Returning to the Kingdom of England in 1643, he resumed his attendance on the queen. He accompanied Henrietta Maria in 1644 to France, where he continued to act as her secretary, also in 1643, Jermyn was made governor of Jersey, whence he conducted the Prince of Wales to Paris. When Charles II went to Breda, Jermyn remained in Paris with Henrietta Maria, gossip which the historian Hallam accepted as authentic, but which is supported by no real evidence, asserted that Jermyn was secretly married to the widow of Charles I. Francis Robinson of Nathaniel Angelo, a Windsor clergyman, asserting that all the children were Jermyns bastards. At the Restoration St Albans became Lord Chamberlain, and received other appointments. It was a design in itself, and from its inspiration grew the whole of the West End of London. He was a friend and patron of Abraham Cowley and Sir William Davenant, although accused of having dissolute morals, he was really no more or less moral than most other men of his time. He was much addicted to gambling, which was a popular pastime in his era. St Albans died in St James Square in January 1684 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. And updated using material from Anthony Adolphs book The Kings Henchman, Henry Jermyn, Stuart Spymaster and Architect of the British Empire
32.
Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet
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Major-General Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet was a Welsh soldier during the English Civil War, and Commander-in-Chief in Scotland during the Restoration. At 16, having at that time little knowledge of any language but Welsh, Morgan fought in the Low Countries and in particular assisted the Dutch in the decisive victory at the battle of the Slaak in 1631. He fought under Fairfax in the English Civil War, in 1645 he was appointed parliamentary governor of Gloucester. In 1646 he took Chepstow Castle and Monmouth, and besieged Raglan Castle, from 1651 to 1657 he assisted General George Monck in Scotland and was promoted to major-general. He was second in command in Flanders in 1657 and knighted on his return in 1658 and he rejoined Monck in Scotland, and played a conspicuous part in the Restoration in Edinburgh. He established the English Expedition to Portugal to help the Portuguese fight the Spanish and he was appointed Governor of Jersey in 1665 repairing the Jersey forts and reorganising the militia. A pamphlet narrating his acts in France and Flanders in 1657 and 1658 and his family home was the Old Court at Llangattock Lingoed, Monmouthshire
33.
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
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Field Marshal Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham PC was a British soldier and Whig politician. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance Temple led a force of 4,000 troops on a raid on the Spanish coastline which captured Vigo, in Parliament he generally supported the Whigs but fell out with Sir Robert Walpole in 1733. He was known for his ownership of and modifications to the estate at Stowe Park and for serving as a political mentor to the young William Pitt. After becoming a captain in Babingtons Regiment in 1689, he fought under William III during the Williamite War in Ireland, promoted to lieutenant colonel on 10 February 1702, he was given his own regiment to command. He fought under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough at the Battle of Venlo in September 1702 and he also took part in the Battle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and the Siege of Lille in Autumn 1708. For his good conduct at Lille he was sent home to present the despatches to Queen Anne, in Parliament he supported the Whigs and voted for the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 which allowed Protestants fleeing from the continent to enter Great Britain. Promoted to major-general on 1 January 1709, he fought again at the Battle of Malplaquet in September 1709 and was promoted to lieutenant general on 1 January 1710. In Parliament, in accordance with Whig party policy, he voted for the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, in recognition of his service in the field, Temple was appointed colonel of the Princess Anne of Denmarks Regiment of Dragoons in April 1710. In 1713 the Harley Ministry stripped Temple of his colonelcy for voting against the Treaty of Utrecht, however, after George I ascended the throne, Temple became ambassador to Vienna and was created Baron Cobham in October 1714. He also became colonel of The Royal Regiment of Dragoons in 1715 and he was made a Privy Councillor in July 1716 and created Viscount Cobham in April 1718. Temple was a mentor and Patron to a number of young Whigs, collectively they became known as Cobhams Cubs. Two of them, Pitt and Temples nephew George Grenville went on to be Prime Minister. In September 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance Temple led a force of 4,000 troops on a raid on the Spanish coastline which captured Vigo and occupied it for ten days before withdrawing. Temple generally supported the government of Sir Robert Walpole once it came to power in April 1721 and was rewarded with the colonelcy of the Kings Own Regiment of Horse later that year and he became Governor of Jersey in May 1723 and Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire in March 1728. Temple fell out with Prime Minister Robert Walpole in 1733 and formed a faction in the Whig Party to oppose the Excise Bill which resulted in his being stripped of his colonelcy again and he was promoted to full general on 27 October 1735. Temple provided patronage to the star of the Whig Party, William Pitt. The group of Temples young supporters were known as Cobhams Cubs and included Richard Grenville, George Grenville and George Lyttelton, after Walpoles fall as Prime Minister in 1742, they turned their attacks on his replacement – a government led by Lord Wilmington and Lord Carteret. He died at Stowe Park on 13 September 1749 and was buried there
34.
George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
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General George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle KG PC, styled Viscount Bury until 1754, was a British soldier and nobleman. He is best known for his capture of Havana in 1762 during the Seven Years War and he came from a wealthy and powerful Dutch family from Gueldres close to the Princes of Orange that had moved to England in the seventeenth century. His father was Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, through his mother, Lady Anne Lennox, he was a great-grandson of King Charles II of England. He started his career in the Netherlands fighting against the French and in 1745 participated in the Battle of Fontenoy as an aide to Prince William. Appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland in February 1745, was promoted to captain, the next year, he was promoted colonel and made aide-de-camp to the King on 24 April 1746. He had fought at the Battle of Culloden with his father, Bury, later 3rd Earl of Albemarle, was returned as Member of Parliament for Chichester in 1746. He was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to the Duke of Cumberland in 1748, on 1 November 1749, he was given the colonelcy of the 20th Regiment of Foot. He succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in 1754, on 8 April 1755, he became colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Dragoons. He was promoted major-general on 1 February 1756 and lieutenant-general on 1 April 1759 and he was appointed Governor of Jersey on 26 January 1761 and sworn a Privy Counsellor on 28 January. Keppel was the commander-in-Chief of the invasion and occupation of Havana, Augustus and Col. William Keppel, both took part in the expedition as well. After a difficult siege, wherein the troops suffered heavily from yellow fever, Havanas Morro Castle was taken, Keppel was made a Knight of the Garter in 1765 was appointed Keeper of Bagshot Park in 1766. In 1770, he married Anne Miller, daughter of Sir John Miller, 4th Baronet by whom he had a son, politically, he was a prominent member of the Rockingham Whigs in the House of Lords. He was made a general on 26 May 1772, and died in October of that year, great Britain in the Seven Years War The Capture of Havana,1762 Greenwich maritime museum Doyle, James William Edmund
35.
Henry Seymour Conway
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Field Marshal Henry Seymour Conway was a British general and statesman. A brother of the 1st Marquess of Hertford, and cousin of Horace Walpole and he eventually rose to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Conway was the son of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway by his third wife. He entered Eton College in 1732 and from that time enjoyed a friendship with his cousin Horace Walpole. Conway joined the Molesworths Regiment of Dragoons on 27 June 1737 as a lieutenant and he was transferred to the 1st Foot Guards and was promoted to captain on 14 February 1741 and to captain-lieutenant on 10 May 1742. During the War of Austrian Succession he served on the staff of Field Marshal George Wade at Dettingen in June 1743, appointed colonel of the 48th Foot on 6 April 1746, he took part in Culloden later that month during the Jacobite Rebellion. His next battle, in July 1747, was at Lauffeld, in which he escaped death, being captured by the French. In July 1749, he transferred from the 48th Foot to the 34th Foot, Conway was elected unopposed to the Irish Parliament in 1741 for Antrim County, and to the British Parliament for Higham Ferrers in December 1741 on the recommendation of Sir Robert Walpole. He was elected in 1747 for Penryn and for St Mawes in 1754 and he was promoted to major-general on 12 March 1755. In April 1755, he was unexpectedly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland by William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington and he then finally took his seat for County Antrim in the Irish House of Commons in October 1755. He became a Groom of the Bedchamber in April 1757 to both George II and George III, Conway was the British military second in command on the Rochefort expedition in 1757, and repeatedly advocated an attack on Fort Fouras, but his colleagues would only agree a night attack. Ultimately the expedition returned to Portsmouth having achieved nothing, though Mordaunt was acquitted by his court-martial, the affair damaged both their reputations. In his displeasure, George II refused to employ Conway on the 1758 campaigns and he was not employed again until the next reign, except that he was sent to sign a cartel for an exchange of prisoners at Sluys in 1759. On 21 April 1759 he became colonel of the 1st The Royal Dragoons, in 1761, he served in Germany as deputy to John Manners, Marquess of Granby, the British commander in the army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and he was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy Council. This led to the publication of accusation and counter-accusation in pamphlets, following his resignation in January 1768, Conway returned to the military, and was made a full general on 26 May 1772 and Governor of Jersey on 22 October 1772. He remained an important figure in the Commons, opposing the British attempt to suppress the American Revolt and he was rewarded with a cabinet position and the office of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the new Rockingham ministry in March 1782
36.
George Howard (British Army officer)
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Field Marshal Sir George Howard KB, PC was a British military officer and politician. He went on to command a brigade at the Battle of Warburg during the Seven Years War and he subsequently became the Governor of Minorca. He was promoted to captain in 1737 and transferred to the 3rd Regiment of Foot in 1739, promoted to lieutenant colonel on 2 April 1744, he commanded the 3rd Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He then returned to the continent and fought at the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747 and he succeeded his father as colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Foot in August 1749. He was promoted to lieutenant-general on 14 March 1761, Howard became Member of Parliament for Lostwithiel in 1761 and, having been appointed a Knight Companion of the Bath in early 1763, he became colonel of the 7th Regiment of Dragoons in August 1763. He acquired Stoke Place in Buckinghamshire for use as a home in 1764. Howard stood down from Parliament and became Governor of Minorca in 1766, after retiring as Governor of Minorca, he became governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in February 1768 and was elected as Member of Parliament for Stamford that same year. Promoted to full general on 6 September 1777, Howard became colonel of the 1st Dragoon Guards in April 1779 and he was promoted to field marshal on 18 October 1793 and appointed to the honorary post of Governor of Jersey in July 1795. He died at his London home in Grosvenor Square on 16 July 1796 and was buried at Great Bookham in Surrey, in February 1747, Howard married Lady Lucy Wentworth, they had one daughter Anne. After the death of his first wife, Howard married Elizabeth Beckford, the British Field Marshals, 1736–1997, A Biographical Dictionary
