1.
Kathy Hochul
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Kathleen Courtney Kathy Hochul is an American politician who is the 77th and current Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. Representative for New Yorks 26th congressional district from June 1,2011 to January 3,2013, Hochul served as the County Clerk of Erie County, New York from 2007 until 2011, when she assumed her seat in Congress. Previously, she was a deputy county clerk, a member of the Hamburg town board, an attorney. Hochul was defeated for re-election to Congress by Republican former Erie County Executive Chris Collins and she also worked as a government relations specialist with Buffalo-based M&T Bank. Hochul was born Kathleen Courtney, the second oldest of the six children of John P. Jack Courtney, then a student and clerical worker, and Pat Courtney. Hochuls family struggled financially during her years and for a time lived in a trailer near a steel plant. By the time Hochul was in college, however, her father was working for the technology company which he later headed. She received her B. A. degree from Syracuse in 1980 and her law degree from the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University in Washington, D. C. in 1984. After graduating from law school, Hochul began working for a high-powered Washington D. C. law firm and she then worked on Capitol Hill as a legal counsel-legislative assistant to U. S. Senator Daniel Moynihan, and for the New York State Assembly and she became involved in local issues as a booster of small businesses who tried to counteract the effect of Walmart stores. She was elected as the Democratic and Conservative Party candidate to the Hamburg Town Board in November 1994 and she served on the town board until 2007. While on the board, she led efforts to remove toll booths on parts of the New York State Thruway system, in May 2003, Erie County Clerk David Swarts appointed Hochul as his deputy. When Swarts left office in 2007, Governor Eliot Spitzer appointed Hochul to fill the post, though she had been appointed by Spitzer, she opposed Spitzers proposal to allow illegal immigrants to apply for a drivers license without producing a social security card. She said that if the proposal went into effect, she would call the office to bring such applicants in for questioning. She was elected later in 2007 to fill the remainder of Swarts term and she ran for reelection on four ballot lines, Democratic, Conservative, Independence and Working Families Party, defeating Republican Clifton Bergfeld in November 2010 with 80 percent of the vote. Hochul ran in the special election race of May 24,2011 to fill the seat in New Yorks 26th congressional district left vacant by the resignation of Republican Chris Lee. She was the Democratic Party and Working Families Party nominee, Hochuls residence in Hamburg, just outside the 26th district, became an issue during her campaign, though it did not legally disqualify her from seeking the seat. One month after her victory, she moved into the district, a late April poll had Corwin leading Hochul 36-31 percent, independent Tea Party candidate Jack Davis trailed at 23 percent
2.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
3.
Pierre Van Cortlandt
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Pierre Van Cortlandt was the first Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. He was first elected to the New York Assembly in March 1768, subsequently, he was a member of the Second Provincial Congress, 1775-1776, and Chairman of its Committee of Safety,1776. On July 9,1776, he was among thirty-eight delegates to ratify the Declaration of Independence at White Plains, as a Colonel, and later General, be commanded the Third Westchester Militia Regiment and later was advanced to be a General. Gen. George Washington ever referred to Pierre Van Cortlandt as his most trusted friend and ally. With NY Gov. George Clinton away from the state in active service, Lt. Gov. Van Cortlandt had full charge of the revolutionary government of the state. On November 25,1783 this earnest patriot accompanied General Washington on his triumphant ride into New York City and he was made an original honorary member of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati on July 6,1784. In 1787 he was elected President of the State Convention meeting in Poughkeepsie to ratify the Constitution of the United States and he was born in New York City, the son of Philip Van Cortlandt, and Catherine de Peyster. Pierres uncle Johannes de Peyster, Jr. was Mayor of New York City and his great uncle Jacobus Van Cortlandt was Mayor of New York City, 1719-1720. In 1697, King William III granted by Royal Charter, Van Cortlandt Manor to his grandfather, the Van Cortlandt Manor House was built sometime before 1732 but was not any owners principal residence until Pierre moved there in 1749. In 1748, Pierre inherited from his father the Van Cortlandt Manor House and he diversified and organized the Croton lands to develop income-producing tenant farms. Pierre maintained the Van Cortlandt Manor House and lands as a farmer/planter, upon the survey of the Manor of Cortlandt, Annsville and lands adjoining constituted a portion of Front Lot No. 10, the river portion lot that was bequeathed to Gertrude Beekman, Pierres aunt and daughter and it was on 340 acres of Gertrudes land where Pierre built the Upper Manor House and farm. Two miles to the north was Front Lot No,10, on which another Van Cortlandt mansion, Oldstone, was built, and later near the bay the Fort Independence Hotel. Fort Independence was located on the bluff on the western end of Roa Hook. Where a spacious mansion was built about 1769. “The situation of the Van Cortlandt estate is very fine, covering, as it does, some of the most graceful undulations of a hilly district, diversified with the richest scenery. The old brick mansion erected A. D.1773, occupies a very sequestered and romantic spot on the side of the post road, immediately above the vale of Annsville. ”In 1749, Pierre turned the familys simple hunting lodge into an elegant residence known as Van Cortlandt Manor House. The house remained in the Van Cortlandt family until 1945 and was purchased in 1953 by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to assure its preservation, the restored manor house was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961
4.
Government of New York (state)
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Analogously to the United States federal government, it is composed of three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. The head of the executive is the Governor, the Legislature consists of the Senate and the Assembly, the state is also divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, which are all municipal corporations with their own government. There are also numerous decisions, opinions, and rulings of state agencies, the New York State Legislature is bicameral and consists of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. The Assembly consists of 150 members, the Senate varies in its number of members, the Legislature is empowered to make laws, subject to the Governors power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a majority in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose amendments to the New York Constitution by a majority vote, if so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a referendum. The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York, the permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The New York State Unified Court System interprets and applies the law of New York, ensures equal justice under law, the court system in New York tends to produce mild confusion for outsiders. In general, the system is composed of the trial courts, consisting of the superior courts and the local courts. The Supreme Court also acts as the appellate court for many cases. The New York City courts make up the largest local court system, the state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, which are all municipal corporations with their own government that provide most local government services. Each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution, New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, it also has 10 Indian reservations. In total, the state has over 3400 active local governments, native Americans governments are significantly independent of the state and its local governments. New York cannot interfere with tribal self-government, but may conduct on tribal territory concerning non-Native Americans. For example, federal law forbids states and local authorities to tax Indian lands, however, politics of New York Elections in New York Law of New York NY. gov New York Open Data Portal
5.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
6.
New York State Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
7.
Mary Donohue
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Mary O’Connor Donohue is a retired Judge of the New York Court of Claims and was Lieutenant Governor of New York. She was first elected lieutenant governor in 1998 and reelected 2002 on a ticket with Gov. George Pataki, Donohue is a former teacher and lawyer who was once an aide to State Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno. She graduated from The College of New Rochelle and received a degree in Education from Russell Sage College. In 1983, she received a law degree from Albany Law School, in addition to working for Bruno, Donohue was an assistant county attorney in Rensselaer County. During her time in the county office, she worked on Family Court. Donohue served as the attorney of Rensselaer County for several years in the 1990s. During her two terms as attorney, she prosecuted over 5000 cases a year. In 1996, she was elected as a justice of the New York State Supreme Court, serving as a state judge, Donohue handled both civil and criminal cases. She resigned from her judgeship in 1998, when Pataki picked her as a running mate, Donohue was sworn in as lieutenant governor on January 1,1999, replacing Betsy McCaughey Ross. She was not known to be a lieutenant governor or to enjoy a close relationship with Pataki. She has been loyal to Pataki and never opposed him. In 2005, it was reported that she was spending time in Albany because of her dissatisfaction with Pataki and her hope that he would leave office early. When she became lieutenant governor, Pataki appointed Donohue to head a task force on school violence issues. He said he designated Donohue to head the force because of her background as a teacher. According to her website, Donohue spent a year traveling the state meeting with teachers, parents, students. As a part of her work, Donohue formulated a series of recommendations, since 1999, Donohue started to spend time traveling the state promoting school violence prevention and to implement the recommendations of her task force. In 2005, Donohue led a program, comprising several agencies. In 2000, Pataki appointed Donohue to chair a task force looking in quality communities in New York, Donohues task force met around the state to discuss land use policies, economic development, and growth issues
8.
Land-use planning
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Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within their jurisdictions. In doing so, the unit can plan for the needs of the community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use. Often one element of a plan, a land-use plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of development in neighborhoods, districts, cities. Despite confusing nomenclature, the function of land-use planning remains the same whatever term is applied. Land-use planning often leads to regulation, which typically encompasses zoning. The ambiguous nature of the term “planning”, as it relates to use, is historically tied to the practice of zoning. Zoning in the US came about in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to protect the interests of property owners, the practice was found to be constitutionally sound by the Supreme Court decision of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. in 1926. Soon after, the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act gave authority to the states to regulate land use, even so, the practice remains controversial today. The “taking clause” of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the government from taking property for public use without just compensation. The case of Dolan v. City of Tigard demonstrated the criteria that determine the threshold of what is considered taking, one interpretation of the taking clause is that any restriction on the development potential of land through zoning regulation is a “taking”. A deep-rooted anti-zoning sentiment exists in America, that no one has the right to another what he can or cannot do with his land. Ironically, although people are averse to being told how to develop their own land. The urban sprawl that most US cities began to experience in the century was, in part. Zoning without planning created unnecessarily exclusive zones, thoughtless mapping of these zones over large areas was a big part of the recipe for suburban sprawl. It was from the deficiencies of this practice that land-use planning developed, to envision the changes that development would cause, as America grew and sprawl was rampant, the much-loved America of the older towns, cities, or streetcar suburbs essentially became illegal through zoning. Unparalleled growth and unregulated development changed the look and feel of landscapes and communities and they strained commercial corridors and affected housing prices, causing citizens to fear a decline in the social, economic and environmental attributes that defined their quality of life. Zoning regulations became politically contentious as developers, legislators, and citizens struggled over altering zoning maps in a way that was acceptable to all parties, Land use planning practices evolved as an attempt to overcome these challenges
9.
Betsy McCaughey
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She unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party nomination for Governor after Pataki dropped her from his 1998 ticket, and she ended up on the ballot under the Liberal Party line. In August 2016 the Donald Trump presidential campaign announced that she had joined the campaign as an economic adviser. A historian by training, with a Ph. D. from Columbia University, McCaughey has, over the years and her 1993 attack on the Clinton healthcare plan was likely a major factor in the initially-popular bills defeat in Congress. Also, it brought her to the attention of Republican Pataki and she has been a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute and Hudson Institute thinktanks and has written numerous articles and op-eds. She was married for a while to business magnate Wilbur Ross, McCaughey and her twin brother, William, were born in Pittsburgh to Albert Peterken, a factory janitor, and his wife, Ramona. McCaughey recalled her parents difficulty in affording medical treatment, my brother was a serious asthmatic as a child, I remember my parents sitting at the kitchen table wondering if they could afford to take to the hospital. McCaughey attended public schools in Westport through the 10th grade, spending much of her time at the library. She received a scholarship to attend Vassar College, where she majored in history and she wrote her senior thesis on Karl Marx and Alexis de Tocqueville, won several fellowships, and received her B. A. with distinction, in 1970. McCaughey went on to school at Columbia University in New York City, earning her M. A. in 1972. She also contributed a chapter about Johnson to the 1979 book The American Revolution, Changing Perspectives by William M. Fowler and Wallace Coyle. While completing her Ph. D. McCaughey trained in the banking department at Chase Manhattan Bank, and she served as a loan officer in the Food, Beverage. She also took courses in accounting at Columbias School of Business, McCaugheys father died in 1970 at the age of 60. Her mother, an alcoholic, died the year of liver disease at the age of 42. In 1972, she married Thomas K. McCaughey, a Yale College graduate she had met in college and he was then moving up as an investment banker. The McCaugheys separated in 1992 and divorced in 1994, with McCaughey and she married wealthy investment banker and prominent Democratic Party fundraiser Wilbur Ross, Jr. in December 1995. He filed for divorce in November 1998, McCaughey taught history as a visiting assistant professor at Vassar College in 1977–1978 and was a lecturer in 1979–1980. From 1986 to 1988, she served as a guest curator at the New-York Historical Society and was responsible for the museums exhibit commemorating the bicentennial of the US Constitution and she also authored a book, Government by Choice, Inventing the United States Constitution, which cataloged the exhibit. In the late 1980s, McCaughey briefly considered a career in TV news, casey Supreme Court decision, restricting abortion rights
10.
George Pataki
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George Elmer Pataki is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki was a lawyer who was elected mayor of his town of Peekskill, later going on to be elected to State Assembly. In 1994, Pataki ran for governor against three-term incumbent Mario Cuomo, Pataki, as of January 2017 is the last Republican to serve as Governor of New York. In early 2015, Pataki began exploring a candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, on December 29,2015, Pataki withdrew his presidential candidacy. Pataki was born in Peekskill, New York, Patakis paternal grandfather was János Pataki of Aranyos-Apáti, Austria-Hungary, who came to the United States in 1908 and worked in a hat factory. János had married Erzsébet, also Hungarian-born, around 1904 and their son, Patakis father, was Louis P. Pataki, a mailman and volunteer fire chief, who ran the Pataki Farm. Patakis maternal grandfather was Matteo Laganà, who married Agnes Lynch of County Louth and their daughter, Margaret Lagana, is Patakis mother. Pataki has a brother, Louis. George Pataki can still speak a little Hungarian today, as well as Spanish, French, after graduating from Peekskill High School, Pataki entered Yale University with George W. Bush in 1964 on an academic scholarship, and graduated in three years. While there Pataki served as Chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union and he received his J. D. from Columbia Law School in 1970. While practicing law at Plunkett and Jaffe, P. C. in Peekskill, finnegan, who would go on to be the architect of Patakis ascendancy to power. Finnegan would go on to manage Patakis campaigns for Mayor, State Assembly, State Senate, finnegan was then appointed chief counsel to the governor in 1995, and played the key role in developing and negotiating nearly all of Patakis early legislative success. George Pataki first won elected office in November 1981, Pataki was elected Mayor of the City of Peekskill, which is located in the Northwestern part of Westchester County. Pataki defeated the Democratic incumbent Fred Bianco Jr. winning 70% of the vote, in November 1983, Pataki was re-elected Mayor, winning 74% of the vote. In November 1984, George Pataki was elected to the New York State Assembly, by defeating the one-term Democratic incumbent William J. Ryan, in November 1986, Pataki defeated Ryan in a rematch, capturing 63% of the vote. Pataki won a term in November 1988, winning 74% of the vote against Democratic candidate Mark Zinna. Pataki won a fourth and final term in November 1990, winning over 90% of the vote and he was an assemblyman in the 186th, 187th, 188th and 189th New York State Legislatures. From 1983 to 1992, the 91st Assembly district included parts of Westchester, Orange, Rockland, however, in 1992, Assembly Democrats substantially redrew the district boundaries, placing the newly renamed 90th Assembly district entirely within Westchester County
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
Stan Lundine
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Stanley Nelson Lundine is a politician from Jamestown, New York who served as Mayor of Jamestown, a United States Representative, and Lieutenant Governor of New York. While he was Mayor, Jamestown received national attention as a result of the Labor Management strategy that Lundine implemented, Jamestown, long the center of labor strife, became a model for labor/management co-operation. As a Congressman, Lundine brought his labor/management ideas to Washington and he focused on finance, banking and economic development policy, and also served on the Science Committee. He was a chairman on the House Banking Committee. He graduated from Duke University in 1961 and from the New York University School of Law in 1964, in 1986, Lundine declined to seek reelection to Congress in order to be Mario Cuomos running mate for Lieutenant Governor of New York. The pair was elected in 1986 and re-elected in 1990, as lieutenant governor, Lundine worked on housing, technology, economic development, and job training programs and policies. He was an advocate for the creation of a rail link connecting New York State cities together. He was a frequent surrogate speaker for Cuomo around the state and he also used his position as President of the State Senate to handle legislative liaison for Cuomo. There were reports that Lundine accepted the lieutenant governorship under the belief that Cuomo would be elected President and he would succeed to the governorship, in 1993, Lundine came the closest to the governorship, when Cuomo was considered for a Supreme Court appointment. During most of 1993 and 1994, Cuomo had hesitated on announcing whether or not he would seek reelection, Lundine stated in a 1994 press conference that if Cuomo would not run then he would seek the Democratic nomination. Surprised by this, Cuomo flew to New York City and after discussions with the financial backers. In 1994, Cuomo and Lundine were defeated for reelection by State Sen. George Pataki, Lundine retired from elective politics at this point, though he briefly considered a bid for governor in 1998. He also unsuccessfully sought appointment as President of State University of New York Fredonia, in 2002 he was an early supporter of Carl McCall for governor. He currently is chair of the board of the Robert H. Jackson Center in Jamestown, New York, stan Lundine retired from the Chautauqua County Health Network as Executive Director effective July 13,2007. He is currently chairing a commission studying local government reform in New York State, a position he was appointed to by former Gov. Eliot Spitzer, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
13.
Mario Cuomo
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Mario Matthew Cuomo was an American Democratic politician. He served as the 52nd Governor of New York for three terms, from 1983 to 1994, Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1979 to 1982, and Secretary of State of New York from 1975 to 1978. Cuomo was known for his views and public speeches, particularly his keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention where he criticized Ronald Reagans policies. His legacy as a reluctant standard-bearer for the Democrats in presidential elections led to him being dubbed Hamlet on the Hudson, Cuomo was defeated for a fourth term as governor by George Pataki in the Republican Revolution of 1994, and he subsequently retired from politics. He was the father of five, including Andrew Cuomo, the current Governor of New York and he died of natural causes due to heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, on New Years Day,2015. Cuomo was born in the Briarwood section of the New York City borough of Queens to a family of Italian origin and his father, Andrea Cuomo, was from Nocera Inferiore, and his mother, Immacolata, was from Tramonti, Campania. The family owned a store in South Jamaica, Queens, in New York City, Cuomo attended New York City P. S. 50 and St. Johns Preparatory School, batting helmets were not yet required equipment, and Cuomos injury was severe enough that he was hospitalized for six days. After his recovery, Cuomo gave up baseball and returned to St. Johns, deciding on a legal career, Cuomo attended St. Johns University School of Law, from which he graduated tied for first in his class in 1956. Cuomo clerked for Judge Adrian P. Burke of the New York Court of Appeals, in addition to practicing law, Cuomo was an adjunct professor at St. Johns Law School. He later represented another Queens residents group, the Kew Gardens–Forest Hills Committee on Urban Scale, Cuomo described his experience in that dispute in the book Forest Hills Diary, and the story was retold by sociologist Richard Sennett in The Fall of Public Man. After Carey and Krupsak were elected, the new governor appointed Cuomo Secretary of State of New York in January 1975, two years later, Cuomo ran for Mayor of New York City at Careys urging. Incumbent Mayor Abraham Beame was very unpopular and Cuomo was one of five major challengers to Beame in the Democratic primary, in a close and highly fractured election, U. S. Representative Ed Koch finished first with 19. 81% of the vote, as no candidate cleared 40% of the vote, Koch and Cuomo advanced to a runoff. Koch emerged victorious with 54. 94% of the vote to Cuomos 45. 06%, during the mayoral campaign, placards appeared saying, Vote for Cuomo, not the homo in reference to rumors about Kochs sexuality. Cuomo ran on his opposition to the penalty, which backfired amongst New Yorkers as crime was very high. Cuomo then went negative with ads that likened Koch to unpopular former mayor John Lindsay, meanwhile, Koch backers accused Cuomo of antisemitism and pelted Cuomo campaign cars with eggs. Cuomo was also defeated by Koch in the election, taking 40. 97% to Kochs 49. 99%
14.
Liberal Party of New York
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The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American political party that has been active only in the state of New York. Its platform supports a set of socially liberal policies, it supported the right to abortion, increased spending on education. ALP leaders like Dean Alfange helped lead a walkout to the Liberal Party, however, Willkies unexpected death later in 1944 left the Liberals without any truly national figures to lead the party. The Liberal Party was one of minor parties that fulfill a role almost unique to New York State politics. New York law allows electoral fusion – a candidate can be the nominee of multiple parties, several other states allow fusion, but only in New York is it commonly practiced. In fact, since each party is listed with its own line on New York ballots, by supporting agreeable candidates and threatening not to support disagreeable ones, the Liberal Party hoped to influence candidate selection by the major parties. Other currently active parties pursuing a strategy in New York include the Conservative Party. In 1960 the Liberal Party endorsed John F. Kennedy for president, on September 14,1960 he accepted the nomination, giving almost a 20-minute speech defending American Liberalism and his campaign. Here he also gave a quote about liberalism, stating Im proud to say Im a Liberal. While the Liberal Party generally endorsed Democratic candidates, this was not always the case, in 1977, after Mario Cuomo lost the Democratic nomination for mayor of New York to Ed Koch, the Liberal Party endorsed Cuomo, who proceeded to again lose narrowly in the general election. In the general election for Senator in 1980, it was assumed that Javits took Jewish votes away from Elizabeth Holtzman, the Liberal Party declined in influence following the 1980 election. Its 1998 candidate for governor, Lieutenant Governor Betsy McCaughey Ross, the party endorsed Hillary Clintons successful campaign for the United States Senate in 2000, but this did not revive its fortunes. In 1999, The New York Observer called it an ideologically bereft institution more interested in patronage than in policy. In 2009, Harding pleaded guilty to having accepted more than $800,000 in exchange for doing favors for Alan G. Hevesi. After the surge in Working Families Party voting, the Liberal Party failed to qualify for ballot status. As of 2010, the Working Families and Independence parties have ballot access. It has not fielded a candidate for governor in 2006,2010 or 2014, however, nothing came of these rumors. In 2006 for the first time since the early 1940s, there was no Liberal candidate for Governor, edward Culvert was the partys candidate for governor in 2010, but the party lacked the resources to get him onto the ballot
15.
Eliot Spitzer
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Prior to being elected governor of New York, he was elected to two four-year terms as the Attorney General of New York from 1999 to 2006. Spitzer grew up in the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx, New York and he received a Bachelors degree at Princeton University and his Juris Doctor at Harvard Law School. Spitzer resigned as New Yorks governor in 2008 in the midst of a scandal concerning his solicitation of prostitutes, after his resignation, he has worked as a television host and an adjunct instructor, Spitzer also ran for office and made private investments in a start-up company. Spitzer was born on June 10,1959, in the Bronx, the son of Anne, an English literature professor, and Bernard Spitzer and his paternal grandparents were Galician Jews, born in Tluste, Poland. His maternal grandparents, born in the 1890s, were Jewish immigrants from Palestine, Spitzer is the youngest of three children. He was raised in the affluent Riverdale section of The Bronx in New York City and his family was not religious, and Spitzer did not have a Bar Mitzvah. He is a 1977 graduate of Horace Mann School, after scoring 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Test, Spitzer attended Princeton University and majored in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. At Princeton, he was elected chairman of the student government. He has reported he received a score on the Law School Admission Test, and went on to attend Harvard Law School. Spitzer was an editor of the Harvard Law Review and he stayed there for less than two years before leaving to join the New York County District Attorneys office. Spitzer joined the staff of Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau and his biggest case came in 1992, when Spitzer led the investigation that ended the Gambino crime familys organized crime control of Manhattans trucking and garment industries. Spitzer devised a plan to set up his own sweatshop in the garment district, turning out shirts, pants and sweaters. The shop manager eventually got close to the Gambinos, and officials were able to plant a bug in their office, the Gambinos, rather than being charged with extortion – which was hard to prove – were charged with antitrust violations. Spitzer left the District Attorneys office in 1992 to work at the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, from 1994 to 1998 he worked at the law firm Constantine and Partners on a number of consumer rights and antitrust cases. When he announced his intention the Senate election was almost two years in the future, Abrams won the nomination in the Democratic primary but narrowly lost to DAmato in the general election in November 1992. Ten months later, in September,1993, Abrams announced that he would resign his position as Attorney General as of December 31,1993, although he still had one year remaining in his term. To fill this vacancy the New York State Legislature elected Assemblyman G. Oliver Koppell to serve out the remainder of the Attorney Generals term during 1993, at the time, Spitzer was a young and relatively unknown defense attorney representing white-collar criminals. When he announced his campaign Spitzer suggested that, if elected, Spitzer was the only candidate to support the death penalty
16.
Malcolm Wilson (governor)
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Charles Malcolm Wilson was the 50th Governor of New York from December 18,1973 to December 31,1974. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1939 to 1958 and he also served in the Navy during World War II. Wilson lost the 1974 gubernatorial election to Hugh Carey, in 1994, the Tappan Zee Bridge was renamed in Wilsons honor. There is also a park in Yonkers, New York named for him, Wilson was born in New York City into a Roman Catholic family of Irish and Scottish extraction. His father, Charles H. Wilson, was a patent attorney who ran for a seat in the State Assembly in 1912. His mother, Agnes, was a Republican activist and local party leader, the family moved to Yonkers, New York when Wilson was eight, and Wilson continued to reside there after he began his career. Wilson was admitted to the bar and joined the White Plains, New York firm that would become known as Kent, Hazzard, Jaeger, Greer, Wilson. Wilson practiced law at this firm for his career, and was made a partner in 1946. He sat in the 162nd, 163rd, 164th, 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th, 170th, during his tenure as a legislator, Wilson sponsored a large number of bills that became law. Among his bills that came into law was the Wilson Pakula Act which prevented candidates from running in a party if they were not members of that party. His political and legal careers were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, Wilson joined the United States Navy in 1943 and served on an ammunition ship, traveling to Europe several times. He was discharged in 1945 as a Lieutenant, Junior Grade, while he was at war, Wilson won re-election to the Assembly in absentia. In 1958, Wilson decided to support Rockefeller for Governor despite the fact that the latter was a political novice, Wilson took pains to introduce Rockefeller to many politically powerful people in the state. They would frequently travel in Wilsons personal car, in order to play down the candidates wealth, the Rockefeller-Wilson ticket defeated the incumbent Democrat W. Averell Harriman. After Wilsons election as Lieutenant Governor, he would go on to serve in that position for nearly 15 years, the Rockefeller-Wilson ticket was re-elected in 1962,1966 and 1970. Throughout his tenure, he tended to agree with Rockefellers liberal republicanism, with the exception of abortion. Wilson defined himself as a conservative and a human-rights liberal. During this time, another liberal Republican, Louis Lefkowitz, served as Attorney General, while governor, Malcolm Wilson greatly improved passenger rail service in New York State
17.
Nelson Rockefeller
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Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was an American businessman and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford from 1974 to 1977 and he also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also an art collector. Rockefeller, a Republican, was considered politically liberal and progressive. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just before the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, in his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960,1964, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with Ford, marking his retirement from politics. Ford later selected then-Senator Bob Dole from Kansas for his new running mate but ultimately lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter and his running mate, Rockefeller remains, as of 2017, the last Vice President who declined to seek re-election. As a businessman he was president and later chairman of Rockefeller Center, Inc. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, Rockefeller was born in 1908 in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist. He had a sister, Abby, and four brothers, John III, Laurance, Winthrop and their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930 he graduated cum laude with an A. B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet, Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon. Following his graduation, he worked in a number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank, Rockefeller Center, Inc. From 1932 to 1979 he served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, where he served as treasurer, 1935–39. He and his four brothers established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a philanthropy, in 1940, where he served as trustee, 1940–75 and 1977–79, Rockefeller was a patient of famous psychic Edgar Cayce. Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health and his service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America. He became fluent in the Spanish language, Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U. S
18.
Bernadette Castro
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Bernadette Castro is a businesswoman and former New York politician who served in the Cabinet of former New York Governor George Pataki. She is the CEO of Castro Convertibles, a furniture company based in Locust Valley. She is also a partner with her family in Castro Properties, after earning her masters degree at the University of Florida, Bernadette worked in the advertising and promotions department of Castro Convertibles. While raising her four children, Bernadette worked in the business on a limited basis, in 2009 Bernadette bought back the Castro Convertibles furniture business with her family, relaunching the legendary brand with two all-new convertible ottomans designed for contemporary living. Bernadette has four children, Terri Keogh, David Austin, Jonathan Austin and Bernard Austin, Terri Keogh, Bernadette’s daughter, is CEO of Castro Properties. Bernadettes son Jonathan Austin is also in the real estate business. Castro Properties flagship property is The Castro Building, which is located in Manhattans Flatiron District at 43 West 23rd Street, Bernard Castro, founder of Castro Convertibles, purchased the property in 1972 and all eight floors were the well-known flagship showroom for Castro Convertibles. In 1995, Bernadette was appointed Commissioner of the New York Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation by Governor George E. Pataki, a cabinet post she held for twelve years. During her tenure from 1995 to 2006, New York State preserved over one million acres of land acquisition for state parks. Much of this was funded by a $1.75 billion environmental bond, among her many accomplishments as Commissioner, Bernadette worked with Speaker Newt Gingrich and the Trust for Public Land in 1996 to acquire the 18,000 acre Sterling Forest property for $55 million. The property protects approximately 25% of New Jerseys drinking water, Sterling Forest II, an additional 1,065 acres, was purchased later in Castros term for $8 million. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Bernadette the Vice Chair of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The following year, Bernadette and her agency brought the United States Open Golf Championship to Bethpage State Park, in accordance with the deal Castro struck with the US Open, the Golf Championship returned to Bethpage State Park in 2009. In 2003, the National Recreation and Park Association awarded New York State Parks, also in 2003, the agency was recognized for its comprehensive efforts to save Governors Island in New York City which was transferred from the federal government back to the people of New York. In 1994, Bernadette decided to pursue her passion for politics, running for the U. S. Senate, Bernadette acts as fundraising auctioneer for a number organizations, as well as the Master of Ceremonies for New York Presbyterian Hospital. Bernadette also lends her support to such as Tomorrows Hope Foundation, The INN, the Ocala Royal Dames for Cancer Research. Bernadette is a member of the Advisory Board of Volunteers for Wildlife, Bernadette became involved with the Castro Convertibles business at a very early age. As a 4-year-old child, Castro starred in the iconic television commercials that ran over 40,000 times
19.
Sandra Frankel
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Sandra L. Frankel is the former Supervisor of the Town of Brighton, Monroe County, New York. In 1998, Frankel won the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of New York in the 1998 statewide Primary Election and she lost the general election on a ticket with then New York City Council Speaker Peter Vallone. Republican Mary Donohue won the lieutenant governorship on a ticket with George Pataki, Frankel was one of many names mentioned as a potential candidate for the New Yorks 29th congressional district election,2010. She declined to run, leaving the race to Matthew Zeller, in 2011, Frankel was the Democratic nominee for Monroe County Executive. She lost the race to incumbent Maggie Brooks, 57%-43% and she was again Democratic nominee for Monroe County Executive in 2015. She lost to County Clerk Cheryl DiNolfo 59%-41%, Governor, Peter Vallone Lieutenant Governor, Sandra Frankel Comptroller, Carl McCall Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer U. S. Reiter,1. 4% Campaign website Brighton Town Supervisor official website
20.
Charles J. Hynes
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Charles Joseph Hynes was the district attorney of Kings County, New York. A Democrat, Hynes was elected to office in 1989, Hynes lost to Kenneth P. Thompson in the 2013 Democratic primary and then again in the General Election on the Republican and Conservative lines. Hynes was born and raised in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn and he attended St. Anns Academy in Manhattan, and received both his bachelors degree, in 1957, and his J. D. in 1961 from St. Johns University in Jamaica, Queens. In 1963, Hynes began working for the Legal Aid Society as an associate attorney and he joined the Kings County District Attorneys Office in 1969, as an Assistant District Attorney. In 1971, Hynes was appointed as Chief of the Rackets Bureau, Hynes testified before Congress in 1976, in favor of legislation establishing state fraud control units and providing federal funding. The legislation became law in 1977, now,48 states have Medicaid Fraud Control Units. Hynes was appointed the 24th New York City Fire Commissioner by Mayor Edward I. Koch on November 5,1980 upon the resignation of Augustus A. Beekman, Hynes served in that position until his resignation on October 22,1982. He served as a Commissioner for the New York State Commission of Investigation between 1983 and 1985, by appointment of New York State Assembly Speaker Stanley Fink, in 1985, Governor Mario Cuomo appointed District Attorney Hynes as Special State Prosecutor for the New York City Criminal Justice System. In 1987 Hynes investigated the death of Michael Griffith, an African-American teen, Hynes secured three homicide convictions against the defendants and published a book about the case. DTAP is available for nonviolent predicate felons with a history of addiction and has been held up as a model for similar prosecution based drug treatment programs across the country. In 1999 Hynes created the ComALERT public safety program which supports individuals on probation or parole as they re-enter their Brooklyn communities, the program was validated by a Harvard University study which found it reduced recidivism by more than half. Giuliani implemented a program to monitor convicted domestic violence offenders. In 2005, Hynes narrowly beat a primary challenge from State Senator John L. Sampson who won 37 percent of the vote to Hynes 41 percent. The race had attracted attention because Mr. Hynes, a fixture in Brooklyn politics, was seen as vulnerable after four terms in office. The New York Times reported that the three-way Democratic primary race in 2013 poses a threat to Mr. Hynes. In the Democratic primary in 2005, when Mr. Hynes had four opponents, he won with 41 percent of the vote,4 percent more than John L. Sampson, a state senator from Brooklyn. In the previous primary, a candidate, Sandra E. Roper. The Times writes that while Mr, in 1997, Hynes successfully prosecuted lawyer John OHara for voting in the wrong election district
21.
Sam Hoyt
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Sam Hoyt III is a Democratic politician and economic development professional from New York State. Hoyt was a member of the New York State Assembly and he represented the 144th Assembly district, consisting of part of Buffalo, New York, and all of Grand Island, New York, from 1992 to 2011. Hoyt was first elected to succeed his father, William Hoyt. He is also Interim Chairman of the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation, sam’s career in public service reflects community-centric change. He also attended Ohio Wesleyan University, prior to entering elected office, Hoyt served as Western New York regional director for U. S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and was marketing and promotions director for the Buffalo Bisons minor league baseball team and he represented the 144th Assembly District, encompassing part of Buffalo, New York, and all of Grand Island, New York from 1992 to 2011. Sam was first elected in a 1992 special election following the death of his father, Hoyt, who held the office prior to him. From 1992 to 2010, Sam won all elections for his seat with voting percentages between 51% to 79% in his favor. Sams complete electoral history has been tracked, online, at Our Campaigns, there were also 31 write-in votes in this election, accounting for 0. 10%. Sam also received votes on both the Independent and Working Family lines in this election, Sam also ran on the Liberal ticket in this election. In the Assembly, Hoyt served as Majority Whip, as a senior member of the Assembly, he chaired several Assembly committees. In 2007, Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver appointed Hoyt as the Chairman of the Assembly Local Governments Committee, prior to becoming chairman of this committee, Hoyt was the Chairman of the Assembly Oversight, Analysis and Investigations Committee. He is also both a former Chairman of the Assembly Task Force on Demographics and Reapportionment, and the Assembly Alcoholism and he also co-chaired both the Anti-Flipping and High Speed Rail Task Forces. Hoyt concentrated on the redevelopment of Upstate New York cities, the passage of the Smart Growth Public Infrastructure Policy Act, Land Bank Program, and State Historic Preservation Tax Credit are among his legislative accomplishments. In 2009, Hoyt sponsored legislation that was passed to allow the City of Buffalo school district to start the phase of its Joint Schools reconstruction project. As a lifelong environmentalist, in 2008, Hoyt passed a new law to protect old growth forests, the same year, Hoyt sponsored a new law that passed to fund bike paths across New York State, and has worked for their protection. An advocate of equality, Hoyt supported the Marriage Equality Act. In 2006, Sam proposed that an area between the Peace Bridge to Canada and Porter Avenue be transformed into a park
22.
Tom Golisano
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Blase Thomas Tom Golisano is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder of Paychex, which offers payroll and human services to businesses. He sold the Sabres and its assets to multi-billionaire Terrence Pegula in February 2011, Golisano made a bid for the bankrupt Los Angeles Dodgers franchise in early 2012, but his group was eventually outbid by a consortium led by Magic Johnson and the Guggenheim Partners. In order to keep the team in western NY, he also made a bid for the Buffalo Bills when that franchise came up for sale in 2014. Golisano has a degree from Alfred State College. He is a member of the Independence Party of New York. Although he was never elected, his percentage of the vote increased with each election and he spent a combined $93 million on the three campaigns. By receiving more than 50,000 votes each time, Golisano brought the Independence Party an automatic ballot line for the four years. There was speculation that he would run for governor again on the Republican ticket, but it was announced, on May 15,2009, that he was moving to Florida. After New Yorks Republican governor, George Pataki announced he would not run again in the 2006 election and he changed his party affiliation to Republican, with the Independence Partys chairmans blessing, in October 2005, apparently in preparation for another gubernatorial run. On February 1,2006, however, Golisano announced that he would not run for the governorship, in August 2008, Golisano contributed $1 million to the Democratic National Convention. In July 2008, Golisano formed a PAC called Responsible New York, the PAC gives money to candidates for the New York state legislature, regardless of party. The PAC is aiming to support candidates for property tax cuts, in October 2008, Golisano voiced his opinion in favor of term limits for public offices in the New York City. Golisano vowed to fight Mayor Michael Bloombergs proposal to extend term limits, in June 2009, Golisano took partial credit for creating the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis in which Republican seized control of a body that still retained a Democratic majority. He orchestrated the defection of Democratic senators Pedro Espada Jr. and Hiram Monserrate, Thomas Golisano Foundation in 1985 with an initial gift of $90,000. The Foundation awards grants to organizations dedicated to providing opportunities for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the Foundation has assets exceeding $32 million and awards about $2 million in grants annually to organizations primarily in western and upstate New York and Florida. Golisanos personal and Foundation philanthropy to health care, education and other organizations now totals more than $267 million, there are three childrens hospitals named for him. In September 2016, Golisano gave $7.5 million to Nazareth College for a new Athletic Training Center that will be a model of inclusion and it is expected to open in 2018
23.
Al Lewis (actor)
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Later in life, he was also a restaurant owner, political candidate, and radio broadcaster. Lewis was born Albert Meister on April 30,1923 and he had originally given his birth year as 1910. His reputed early radio work in the mid-1930s would indicate the earlier date, as did an off-the-cuff remark on the TVLegends interview,2002. Ted Lewis, his son, firmly said his father was born in 1923. to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. Other sources placed his birth in Wolcott, New York, but no record of his birth has been published to date. The Times wrote, Lewis was born Albert Meister, probably in 1923 and this, and Lewiss many other questionable stories, means that much of the actors life is a broth of conjecture that his fans will no doubt squabble over for years to come. On his application for a Social Security number, completed sometime between 1936 and 1950, Lewis gave his date of birth as April 30,1923, the 1940 census lists an Albert Meister born age 16 living on Douglass Street in Brooklyn, New York. In a 1998 interview with Walt Shepperd, Lewis said, My mother was a worker and my mother was an indomitable spirit. They lived in Poland or Russia, every five years it would change and my mother being the oldest daughter, they saved their money, and when she was about sixteen they sent her to the United States, not knowing a word of English. She went to work in the garment center, worked her back and rear-end off and brought over to the United States her five sisters, I remember going on picket lines with my mother. My mother wouldnt back down to anyone, Lewis attended Thomas Jefferson High School, which he left in his junior year. His acting career begins the well-documented portion of his life and he worked in burlesque and vaudeville theaters, then on Broadway in the dramas The Night Circus and One More River and as the character Moe Shtarker in the musical comedy Do Re Mi. His earliest television work includes appearances on the Beverly Garland crime drama Decoy, from 1959-63, he appeared in four episodes of Naked City. But he is best remembered as Grandpa on The Munsters, which ran on CBS from 1964–66, Lewis first well-known television role was as Officer Leo Schnauser on the NBC sitcom Car 54, Where Are You. From 1961–63, also starring Fred Gwynne, Lewis reprised the role in the 1994 movie of the same name). In the series, Lewis first played Al Spencer the Auto Body Man in two early first season episodes before landing the more familiar role of Officer Schnauser, in 1967, Lewis played the part of Zalto the wizard in the Lost in Space episode, Rocket to Earth. His first role in a movie was as Machine Gun Manny in Pretty Boy Floyd and he had small roles in The World of Henry Orient, They Shoot Horses, Dont They. He appeared as Hanging Judge Harrison in Used Cars and his last film role was in Night Terror
24.
Attorney General of New York
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The Attorney General of New York is the chief legal officer of the State of New York and head of the New York state governments Department of Law. The office has been in existence in some form since 1626, the current Attorney General is Eric Schneiderman. He was elected on November 2,2010 and took office on January 1,2011, the Attorney General advises the executive branch of state government and defends actions and proceedings on behalf of the state. The Attorney General acts independently of the Governor of New York, the departments regulations are compiled in title 13 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The legal functions of the Department of Law are divided primarily into five divisions, Appeals and Opinions, State Counsel, Criminal Justice, Economic Justice. In 1693, the Attorney General earned a salary of 50 pounds, from 1777 to 1822, the Attorney General was appointed by the Council of Appointment. From 1823 to 1846, the Attorney General was elected by the New York State Legislature for a three-year term, attorneys General have been elected by the voters since 1847. Justia. com U. S
25.
Randy Daniels
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Randy Daniels is an American journalist and educator who served as Secretary of State of New York from 2001 to 2005. He resides in Westchester, New York and is employed as Vice Chairman of Gilford Securities. Daniels was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York in 1997 and he was previously the senior vice president for economic revitalization at the Empire State Development Corporation. He was nominated for positions by former Governor George Pataki. Daniels launched an unsuccessful Republican primary bid for Governor of New York in 2006, Daniels held important positions in a number of different government entities. He served as the Director of Communications for the New York City Council Presidents Office from 1986 to 1988, in 1992, he briefly became Deputy Mayor of New York City under David Dinkins. Prior to his career in service, Daniels worked for many years as a correspondent for CBS News. Daniels grew up in Chicago in a project with nine siblings. The family later moved to suburban Markham, Illinois and he holds a bachelors degree in government and journalism from Southern Illinois University. He is a former journalist and public relations professional and he began his journalism career in Chicago, as a reporter for WVON radio. He was then employed with CBS News, first as a war correspondent for throughout the 1970s and he became a familiar face on the evening news, covering eight wars and the Iranian Revolution. During this time he also worked adjunct Journalism professor at both the City College of New York and Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism, in 1986 he became Communications Director for Andrew J. Stein, President of the New York City Council. He later became Press Secretary for the Prime Minister of the Bahamas in 1988, Daniels began his career as a Democrat, but changed his party registration to Republican in 2002. He was briefly the Deputy Mayor of New York City under former Mayor David Dinkins and he was appointed as Patakis Secretary of State in 2001 and served in that capacity until 2005. He was considered a running mate for Pataki in 2002 for lieutenant governor. Daniels was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of New York in 2006 and he was considered the most articulate speaker in the race, and gained support from party leaders in Central New York, particularly in Syracuse. Daniels also won support from leaders of the states Conservative Party, on April 9,2006 it was reported that Daniels would end his campaign the next day and endorse former Assembly Minority Leader John Faso for governor. He denied that he was seeking to be Fasos running mate for lieutenant governor, Faso later choose Rockland County Executive C. Scott Vanderhoef as his running mate
26.
Joel Giambra
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Joel Giambra is the former County Executive in Erie County, New York. The county seat is Buffalo, New York, where Giambra currently resides, Giambra was born and raised in Buffalo, in 1951, to a single mother, Shirley, and also raised by his grandmother. He lived in the Lakeview Housing Project, near the east bank of the Niagara River and he later said, It was an environment where everybody was poor but we didn’t know it. His mother eventually remarried to Salvatore Babe Panaro, and Giambra considers Panaro to be his father and his mother and stepfather had a daughter, Angela. Giambra attended Grover Cleveland High School and Erie Community College, Giambra married Michelle Lettieri in 1982, and they have four children, Gabriella, Nicholas, Dominic, and Joel. Giambra experienced throat cancer, but later recovered, Giambra was one of the youngest Buffalo Common Council members ever, and also served as Buffalo City Comptroller early in his career. He was a Democrat who changed his affiliation to Republican in 1999 to better position himself to run for County Executive. He was seen as a statewide candidate and in 2002 was considered by Governor George Pataki as a running mate for lieutenant governor. He won a closer than expected re-election in 2003 against a weak Democratic rival, investigations into the mismanagement of a highway garage and exorbitant prices paid for county office furniture to a Giambra campaign contributor preceded the 2005 budget problems. Then-New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer initiated a lawsuit against the company for the overcharges. Some have accused Giambra of providing jobs to associates. His county staff measured 18, while Monroe Countys executive had only four staffers, Giambras boyhood friend Victor Getz was particularly singled out for notice, for his salary as an executive assistant and driver to Giambra. A panel appointed by Giambra found that Giambras and other county employees salaries should be raised by 40%, the county then had to accept either massive reductions of services or increases in taxation. Giambra said that an end to county government as we know it would occur without a tax hike, ending county libraries, snowplows. In 2005, a Control Board was implemented by the state to monitor county finances and this, coupled with an investigation into patronage positions, led to Giambras announcement that he would not seek reelection in 2007. Following the adoption of his red budget, Giambras popularity dropped, in the 2005 election, candidates vied to distance themselves from him. Many county legislators either chose not to run for re-election or were defeated by new candidates, the Buffalo News published an Op-Ed agreeing with Giambras statements that drug legalization should be studied further. Since 2012, Giambra has been the co-host of the debate program 2 Sides on WGRZ
27.
Andrew Cuomo
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Andrew Mark Cuomo is an American politician and attorney who has been the 56th Governor of New York since January 1,2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 2010, holding the position his father, Mario Cuomo. Born in Queens, New York City, Cuomo is a graduate of Fordham University and Albany Law School of Union University, New York in New York. He began his working as the campaign manager for his father. He founded HELP USA, and was appointed Chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, in 1993, Cuomo joined the Clinton Administration, when he was appointed Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development in the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. From 1997 to 2001, he was U. S. Secretary of Housing, in 2006, Cuomo was elected Attorney General of New York. In May 2010, Cuomo announced he was running for Governor in the 2010 election, during his first term, New York legalized same-sex marriage and toughened gun control. In 2014, he was elected to a term with 54% of the vote. Cuomo was born on December 6,1957, in the New York City borough of Queens and his parents were both of Italian descent, his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in South Italy, while his maternal grandparents were both from Sicily. His younger brother is CNN journalist Chris Cuomo and he graduated from St. Gerard Majellas School in 1971 and Archbishop Molloy High School in 1975. He received a B. A. from Fordham University in 1979, from 1984 to 1985, Cuomo was a New York assistant district attorney, and briefly worked at the law firm of Blutrich, Falcone & Miller. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged in 1986 and left his law firm to run HELP full-time in 1988, budgets enacted during his term contained initiatives to increase the supply of affordable housing and home ownership, and to create jobs and economic development. During Cuomos tenure as HUD Secretary, he called for an increase in home ownership and he also pushed government-sponsored lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to buy more home loans issued to poor homeowners, in an attempt to end discrimination against minorities. Some believe that this lead to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. Edward J. Pinto, former chief credit officer at Fannie Mae, Cuomo was pushing mortgage bankers to make loans and basically saying you have to offer a loan to everybody. But others disagree with the assessment that Cuomo caused the crisis, dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said Cuomo was a contributor in terms of him being a cheerleader, but I dont think we can pin too much blame on him. He championed a new program called Community Builders, created without appropriation by Congress, in a June 16,1999, speech, Cuomo declared that one purpose of the program was to fight against HUDs abolition. In August 1999, Community Builders distributed a letter to community groups to fight against proposed tax cuts, in 1999, Gaffneys office concluded that most Community Builders goals were activities rather than actual accomplishments
28.
Green Party of the United States
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The Green Party of the United States is a green and progressive political party in the United States. On the political spectrum the party is seen as left-wing. The GPUS was founded in 2001 as the evolution of the Association of State Green Parties, the ASGP had increasingly distanced itself from the G/GPUSA in the late 1990s. The Greens gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election. Nader was vilified by many Democrats and even some Greens, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, the degree of Naders impact on the 2000 election remains controversial. The GPUS had several members elected in state legislatures, including in California, Maine, a number of Greens around the United States hold positions on the municipal level, including on school boards, city councils and as mayors. The organization conducted grassroots organizing efforts, educational activities, and electoral campaigns and those who saw electoral strategies as a crucial engine of social change. The G/GPUSA was recognized by the FEC as a political party in 1991. The compromise agreement subsequently collapsed and two Green party organizations have co-existed in the United States since, the Green Politics Network was organized in 1990 and The National Association of Statewide Green Parties formed by 1994. Divisions between those pressing to break onto the political stage and those aiming to grow roots at the local level continued to widen during the 1990s. The Association of State Green Parties encouraged and backed Naders presidential runs in 1996 and 2000, by 2001, the push to separate electoral activity from the G/GPUSA issue-based organizing led to the Boston Proposal and subsequent rise of the Green Party of the United States. The G/GPUSA lost most of its affiliates in the following months, in 2016, Mark Salazar set a new record for a Green Party nominee for U. S. Congress. Running in the Arizona 8th district, against incumbent Republican Congressman Trent Franks, the GPUS follows the ideals of green politics, which are based on the Four Pillars of the Green Party, Ecological wisdom, Social justice, Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence. An avocado is Green on the outside and Green on the inside and it goes on to explain that Greens have a vital role in bringing Democracy to the otherwise undemocratic two party system of the U. S. The Green Party does not accept donations from corporations, political committees,527 organizations or soft money. The partys platforms and rhetoric harshly criticize any corporate influence and control over government, media, the state parties also appoint delegates to serve on the various standing committees of the GNC. The National Committee elects a Steering Committee of seven Co-chairs, a Secretary, the National Committee performs most of its business online, but also holds an Annual National Meeting to conduct business in person. Californians have elected 55 of the 226 office-holding Greens nationwide as of June 2007, other states with high numbers of Green elected officials include Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Maine
29.
David Paterson
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David Alexander Paterson is an American politician who served as the 55th Governor of New York, in office from 2008 to 2010. He was the first African American governor of New York and also the second legally blind governor of any U. S. state after Bob C, riley, who was Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975. After graduating from Hofstra Law School, Paterson worked in the District Attorneys office of Queens County, New York, and on the staff of Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins. In 1985, he was elected to the New York State Senate to a seat that was held by his father, former New York Secretary of State Basil Paterson. In 2003, he rose to the position of Senate Minority Leader, Paterson was selected as running mate by then-New York Attorney General and Democratic Party gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer in the 2006 New York gubernatorial election. Spitzer and Paterson were elected in November 2006 with 69 percent of the vote, when Spitzer resigned in the wake of a prostitution scandal, Paterson was sworn in as governor of New York on March 17,2008. Paterson launched a campaign for a full term as governor in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but announced on February 26,2010. David Paterson was born in Brooklyn to Portia Paterson, a homemaker, Basil Paterson was later a New York state senator and secretary of state, and served as deputy mayor of New York City. According to a New York Now interview, Paterson traces his roots on his mothers side of the family to pre-Civil War African American slaves in the states of North Carolina and his paternal grandmother, a Jamaican, Evangeline Rondon Paterson was secretary to Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. His paternal grandfather was Leonard James Paterson, a native of Carriacou who arrived in the United States aboard the S. S. Vestris on May 16,1917 and it was reported by The Genetic Genealogist in March 2008 that Paterson had recently undergone genetic genealogy testing. At the age of three months, Paterson contracted an ear infection which spread to his optic nerve, leaving him with no sight in his left eye, Paterson was the first disabled student in the Hempstead public schools, graduating from Hempstead High School in 1971. Paterson received a B. A. in History from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1977, after law school, he went to work for the Queens District Attorneys Office, but did not pass the New York bar examination, thus not becoming an Attorney at law. He claimed that his failing the New York bar was partially the result of insufficient accommodation for his visual impairment, while he was governor, Patersons staff read documents to him over voice mail. Paterson was the first governor of New York to be partly blind, Paterson and his wife, Michelle Paige Paterson, separated after 19 years of marriage in September 2012. In 1985, Paterson resigned from the Queens District Attorneys office so he could join the campaign of city clerk David Dinkins to win the Democratic nomination for Manhattan Borough President. That summer, on August 6, state senator Leon Bogues died, in mid-September, a meeting of 648 Democratic committee members on the first ballot gave Paterson 58% of the vote, giving him the party nomination. That October, Paterson won the virtually uncontested special State Senate election, at the time, the 29th Senate district covered the Manhattan neighborhoods of Harlem, Manhattan Valley and the Upper West Side, the same district that Patersons father had represented. Upon his election, Paterson became the youngest State Senator in Albany
30.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
31.
Rockland County, New York
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Rockland County is the southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U. S. state of New York, part of the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is New City, the name derives from rocky land, as the area was described by early Dutch and English settlers. Rockland County is the smallest county by area in New York State outside of New York City and it comprises five towns and nineteen incorporated villages, with numerous unincorporated villages and hamlets. Rockland County is designated as a Preserve America Community, and roughly one-third of the county is parkland, the county has the largest Jewish population per capita of any U. S. county, with 31. 4%, or 90,000 residents, being Jewish. Rockland also ranks 9th on the list of counties by median household income in the United States with $75,306 according to the 2000 census. In 2015, Suffern was named as the best place to start a business in New York by NerdWallet, NerdWallet also included the villages of Haverstraw, West Haverstraw and Spring Valley in their report. On February 14,2017 Edwin J. Day, County Executive of Rockland County proclaim February 14,2017 as Rockland County Local History Day, the area that would become Rockland County was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Aboriginals, including Munsees, or Lenni Lenape. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in the area and these settlers, eager to escape city life, moved from Manhattan to Rockland. A number of unique Dutch-style red sandstone houses still stand, when the Duke of York established the first twelve counties of New York in 1683, present-day Rockland County was part of Orange County known then as Orange County South of the Mountains. Orangetown was created at the time under a royal grant. Around this time, as the English began to colonize Nyack and Tappan, the natural barrier of the Ramapo Mountains and the size of the county made it difficult to carry out governmental activities. At one point there were twin governments, one on side of the Ramapo Mountains. For this reason, Rockland split off from Orange in 1798 to form its own county and that same year the county seat was transferred from Tappan to New City, where a new courthouse was built. Haverstraw was separated from Orangetown in 1719 and became a town in 1788, it included the present-day Clarkstown, Ramapo, Clarkstown and Ramapo became towns in 1791, followed by Stony Point in 1865. George Washington had headquarters for a time at John Sufferns tavern, British Major John André met with American traitor Benedict Arnold near Stony Point to buy the plans for the fortifications at West Point. André was captured with the plans in Tarrytown on his way back to the British lines, he was brought to Tappan for trial in the Tappan church, found guilty, two days later Washington visited Sir Guy aboard a British war vessel. On this day the Kings Navy fired its first salute to the flag of the United States of America, in the decades following the Revolution, Rockland became popular for its stone and bricks. These products, however, required quarrying in land that many believed should be set aside as a preserve
32.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
33.
Thomas DiNapoli
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Thomas P. DiNapoli is the 54th Comptroller of the state of New York. He is a state assemblyman in New York, who was elected by the state legislature as New York State Comptroller on February 7,2007. He was formerly the Chairman of the Assembly Environmental Conservation Committee, DiNapoli is a Democrat from Long Island. He is a resident of the Village of Great Neck Plaza, in November 2014, he won reelection, leading the statewide ticket with the most votes. DiNapoli has been active in politics since he was a teenager, at the age of 18 in 1972, he was the youngest person in New York State history elected to public office. He served on the board for 10 years. In 1976, DiNapoli graduated magna cum laude from Hofstra University with a degree in history. After college he worked for New York Telephone and AT&T, in 1988, he received a masters degree in human resources management from The New School Universitys Graduate School of Management and Urban Professions. DiNapoli worked as an aide for Assemblyman Angelo F. Orazio and he also served as a District Representative for Congressman Robert J. Mrazek. DiNapoli was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 2007, sitting in the 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd and he represented the 16th District, located in Northwest Nassau County. DiNapoli was later elected as Chairman of the Nassau County Democratic Committee. In 2001, he lost the Democratic nomination for Nassau County Executive to Thomas Suozzi, DiNapoli applied to be State Comptroller to replace Alan Hevesi, who resigned in December 2006. He was interviewed by a panel of two former State Comptrollers, a former New York City Comptroller and a group of legislators on January 24,2007, DiNapoli was not amongst the three finalists recommended by the review panel. On February 7,2007, in a joint session of the New York State Legislature, DiNapoli was elected as New York State Comptroller, in lieu of a transition committee, DiNapoli established a commission to review the Comptrollers office. The commission was headed by former Mayor of New York Ed Koch, also included in this commission were Nassau County Executive Tom Suozzi, Chancellor of Syracuse University Nancy Cantor, and New York City Comptroller William Thompson. In March 2007, as one of DiNapolis first public statements as Comptroller, he criticized Governor Eliot Spitzers proposed budget, DiNapoli stated that, at the rate proposed by Spitzers budget, there would be a $13 billion deficit in three years time. As Comptroller, DiNapoli makes periodic, public reports on a variety of issues affecting state, local, in March 2010, he reported that non-profits have been hurt by the recession as well as by delays in state contracts. By April 2010, DiNapoli gained a reputation as a critic of the States budget deficit and he has proposed major reforms in the state budget process
34.
Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola
