1.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco, California
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco, California
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco, California
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
2.
Naomi Watts
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Naomi Ellen Watts is an English actress and film producer. She made her debut in the Australian drama film For Love Alone. Brides of Christ and Home and Away and alongside Nicole Kidman, after moving to America, Watts appeared in films, including Tank Girl, Children of the Corn IV, The Gathering and Dangerous Beauty and had the lead role in the television series Sleepwalkers. After years as an actress, Watts came to attention in David Lynchs psychological thriller Mulholland Drive. The following year she enjoyed success with her role as Rachel Keller in The Ring. Her subsequent films include David O. Russells comedy I Heart Huckabees, the 2005 remake of King Kong, the crime-thriller Eastern Promises, since then, Watts has portrayed Valerie Plame Wilson in the biographical drama Fair Game and Helen Gandy in Clint Eastwoods biographical drama J. Edgar. In 2002, Watts was included in People magazines 50 Most Beautiful People, in 2006, she became a goodwill ambassador for Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, which helps to raise awareness of AIDS-related issues. She has participated in fundraisers for the cause, and she is presented as an inaugural member of AIDS Red Ribbon Awards. Watts was born 28 September 1968, in Shoreham, Kent and she is the daughter of Myfanwy Edwards, an antiques dealer and costume and set designer, and Peter Watts, a road manager and sound engineer who worked with Pink Floyd. Miv was born in England but lived in Australia between the ages of one and seven and her maternal grandfather was Welsh and her maternal grandmother was Australian. Watts parents divorced when she was four years old, after the divorce, Watts and her elder brother, Ben Watts, moved several times across South East England with their mother. Peter Watts left Pink Floyd in 1974, and he and Myfanwy were later reconciled, Two years later, in August 1976, he was found dead in a flat in Notting Hill, of an apparent heroin overdose. During this time, Watts attended a Welsh language school, Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni and she later said of her time in Wales, We took Welsh lessons in a school in the middle of nowhere while everyone else was taking English. Wherever we moved, I would adapt and pick up the regional accent and its obviously significant now, me being an actress. Anyway, there was quite a lot of sadness in my childhood, in 1978, her mother remarried and Watts and her brother then moved to Suffolk where she attended Thomas Mills High School. Watts has stated that she wanted to become an actress after seeing her performing on stage. In 1982, when Watts was 14, she moved to Sydney, Myfanwy established a career in the burgeoning film business, working as a stylist for television commercials, then turning to costume design, ultimately working for the soap opera Return to Eden. After emigrating, Watts was enrolled in acting lessons by her mother, she auditioned for television advertisements
Naomi Watts
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Watts at the
2015 Cannes Film Festival
Naomi Watts
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Watts with filmmaker
David Lynch at the 2001
Cannes Film Festival
Naomi Watts
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Watts at the London premiere of Eastern Promises in 2007.
Naomi Watts
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Watts at the 2011
Deauville American Film Festival.
3.
Pablo Schreiber
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He was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance in Awake and Sing. on Broadway. He also narrated the American Psycho audiobook and he also played William Lewis on Law and Order Special Victims Unit. He will be appearing in the adaptation of American Gods as the leprechaun Mad Sweeney. Schreiber was born on a commune in Ymir, British Columbia, before moving to Winlaw, British Columbia. His American father, Tell Carroll Schreiber, was an actor and his mother, Lorraine Reaveley, is a Canadian body-based psychotherapist. He was named after Chilean poet Pablo Neruda and his parents split when he was 12 and Schreiber moved to Seattle, Washington, with his father. After high school, Schreiber enrolled at the University of San Francisco and he later transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and graduated in 2000 with a degree in Theatre. He appeared in the films The Manchurian Candidate, Lords of Dogtown and he also had a recurring guest role on Law & Order, Special Victims Unit as a sadistic rapist, and appeared in the FX series Lights Out. In 2011, Schreiber starred in the Off-Broadway play Gruesome Playground Injuries at Second Stage Theatre and he appeared on the seventh season of Weeds as Demetri Ravitch, Nancy Botwins drug supplier. BuddyTV ranked him number seventy-seven on its list of TVs Sexiest Men of 2011, in October 2012, Schreiber landed the recurring role of George Pornstache Mendez on the Netflix original drama series Orange Is the New Black. On February 26,2013, he co-starred as Virgil in NBCs drama pilot Ironside, for his role in Orange Is the New Black, Schreiber won the We Love to Hate You Award at the 2014 Young Hollywood Awards. In 2016, he co-starred as Kris Tanto Paronto, GRS team member and former U. S. Army Ranger in American biographical war film 13 Hours, The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. The movie was directed and co-produced by Michael Bay and written by Chuck Hogan, based on Mitchell Zuckoffs 2014 book 13 Hours
Pablo Schreiber
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Schreiber at the 2011
Tribeca Film Festival opening of
The Bang Bang Club
4.
Cinema of the United States
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The cinema of the United States, often metonymously referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917-1960, while the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, the United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welless Citizen Kane is frequently cited in critics polls as the greatest film of all time. T, the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park, Titanic, Avatar, The Avengers, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, muybridges accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices that would capture such motion. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers, the Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used, other major centers of film production also included Chicago, Florida, Texas, California, and Cuba. The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the U. S and they started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood. Griffith then filmed the first movie shot in Hollywood, In Old California, a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York, after hearing about Griffiths success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison, who owned patents on the movie-making process. Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911, Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew, before World War I, movies were made in several U. S. cities, but filmmakers gravitated to southern California as the industry developed
Cinema of the United States
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The
Hollywood Sign in the Hollywood Hills has become a landmark representing the Southern California film industry.
Cinema of the United States
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Cinema of the United States
Cinema of the United States
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The singer and actress
Carmen Miranda participated in 14 films in Hollywood from 1940 to 1953.
Cinema of the United States
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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2015)
5.
Scream (franchise)
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Scream is an American horror franchise created by Kevin Williamson and Wes Craven. Starring Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, and David Arquette, the series grossed over $604 million in worldwide box-office receipts and consists of four motion pictures directed by Craven. The first series entry, Scream, was released on December 20,1996 and is currently the highest-grossing slasher film in the United States. The second entry Scream 2 was released on December 12,1997 followed by a third installment, Scream 3, eleven years after the previous film, Scream 4 was released on April 15,2011. The films follow the main protagonist, Sidney Prescott, and her war against a succession of murderers who adopt the guise of Ghostface to stalk, Sidney receives support in the films from town deputy Dewey Riley, reporter Gale Weathers, and film-geek Randy Meeks. A tv spin off of the series was released by MTV on June 30,2015, the series follows different characters and new storylines, not connected to the film series. Scream became notable for its use of established and recognizable actors which was uncommon for horror films at the time, the series, particularly the first two films, has received significant critical acclaim. Scream has been credited with revitalizing the horror genre in the late 90s by combining a traditional film with humor, awareness of horror film cliché. Scream was one of the films of 1996 and became, and remains. Its success was matched by Scream 2 which not only broke box-office records of the time, Scream 3 fared worse than its predecessors, both critically and financially, with critics commenting that it had become the type of horror film it originally parodied in Scream. It did, however, receive some positive response, with claims that it was the end to the trilogy. The film series has been the recipient of awards including a Saturn Award for Best Actress and MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance for Campbell. The film series began with Scream, premiering on December 18,1996 at the AMC Avco theater in Westwood, the film focuses on teenager Sidney Prescott as she comes under attack from a mysterious character dubbed Ghostface while dealing with the anniversary of her mothers murder. The film went on to be a success earning back its $15 million budget eleven times over. It is credited with revitalizing the horror genre in the mid 90s and it was particularly notable for its casting of established and popular actors and actresses which was previously uncommon in a horror movie. Like Scream, the film features characters aware of the horror genre, the film again focuses on the character of Sidney Prescott, now a college student, as a series of copycat crimes begin, the killers again using the disguise of Ghostface. The series continued with Scream 3, which received its premiere on February 3,2000 at the AMC Avco theater in Westwood, tingle, being replaced by Ehren Kruger who finalized a script based on several ideas supplied by Williamson. The film focuses on Sidney Prescott who faces a new Ghostface killer, the film, like its predecessors, featured characters who were self-aware of horror conventions, in this case the rules and structure of the final entry in a movie trilogy
Scream (franchise)
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From left to right; Courteney Cox, Neve Campbell and David Arquette, the three principal cast members in the Scream films, in a promotional image for Scream 4.
Scream (franchise)
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The Fun World "Ghostface" mask as it was first discovered by Marianne Maddalena while scouting the
Shadow of a Doubt home.
6.
Ransom (1996 film)
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Ransom is a 1996 American crime thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by Richard Price and Alexander Ignon. The film stars Mel Gibson, Rene Russo, Gary Sinise, Brawley Nolte, Delroy Lindo, Liev Schreiber, Evan Handler, Donnie Wahlberg, Gibson was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. The original story came from a 1954 episode of The United States Steel Hour titled Fearful Decision, in 1956, it was adapted by Richard Maibaum and Cyril Hume into the feature film Ransom. Starring Glenn Ford, Donna Reed, and Leslie Nielsen, the film was also influenced by Ed McBains police procedural novel Kings Ransom. The film received positive reviews, and was a major financial success. While multi-millionaire Tom Mullen and his wife Kate attend a fair, their son Sean is kidnapped. Sean is taken to an apartment by Maris, a caterer for the Mullens, along with criminals Clark, Cubby and Miles, and Detective Jimmy Shaker, Mariss boyfriend, Tom and Kate receive an e-mail from the kidnappers demanding $2,000,000. Tom calls the FBI, who begin operating from his New York City penthouse under Special Agent Lonnie Hawkins, in private, Tom voices his belief that a union machinist, Jackie Brown, who is in prison following one of Mullens business scandals, may have been behind it. They visit Brown in prison, but he denies any involvement with the kidnapping. Tom agrees to the FBIs instructions for delivering the ransom, receiving a phone call from Shaker, who is electronically disguising his voice, Tom follows his instructions. He meets Cubby in a New Jersey quarry but refuses to hand the money over when Cubby fails to give him the directions Shaker had promised him, a fight ensues and the FBI intervene and shoot Cubby. He dies before he can reveal Seans location, Shaker later arranges another drop off. Despite the pleadings of Kate and FBI Special Agent Lonnie Hawkins, Tom sticks to his plan, Shaker lures Kate to a meeting where he tells her to pay the ransom or Sean will die. Tom responds by increasing the bounty to $4,000,000, Shaker calls Tom and demands to be paid, but Tom still refuses, and Shaker fires a gunshot after Tom hears Sean scream for help, leading Tom and Kate to believe their son is dead. The NYPD arrive and find Shaker with Sean, believing Shaker found, Hawkins informs Tom and Kate and they are reunited with their son while Shaker is hospitalized. Shaker later pays Tom a visit to claim the reward and leave the country before investigators discover his connection with Maris, Tom and Sean, however, recognize Shaker as the kidnapper, and Shaker realizes this. Though his initial plan is to everyone in the apartment, Tom persuades him to accompany him to the bank to gain the money. On the way, however, Tom discreetly alerts Hawkins and the police and FBI converge on Tom, a chase ensues in which Tom and Shaker grapple furiously before falling through a shop window, severely injuring both and impaling Shaker through the neck
Ransom (1996 film)
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Theatrical release poster
7.
Phantoms (film)
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Phantoms is a 1998 American science fiction horror film adapted from Dean Koontzs 1983 novel of the same name. Directed by Joe Chappelle with a screenplay by Koontz, the film stars Peter OToole, Rose McGowan, Joanna Going, Liev Schreiber, Ben Affleck, Nicky Katt, and Clifton Powell. The film takes place in the town of Snowfield, Colorado. It is up to a group of people to stop it or at least get out of Snowfield alive. Dr. Jennifer Pailey brings her sister Lisa to the town of Snowfield, Colorado. Once in town, the sisters find no one around but a few corpses, at first, their suspicions are that of a serial killer loose in town. When they arrive at a hotel, the group finds the writing of a victim on the mirror reading Timothy Flyte. Moments later, Shanning investigates a sound outside with the others finding only his gun, hat and shoes while the rest of him is gone. After implying the creature could be the Devil as it went after him first, Lisa later encounters Wargle while in the bathroom before she and others find his body missing from the morgue. Flyte also learns that the body is physiologically almost identical to crude oil. However, other than the amount they have, the issue remains to get the bacteria into the nucleus that is within the main body of the Enemy. But because the Ancient Enemy is extremely proud, the group has Flyte call it all in its entirety as he played on its god complex by revealing their plan up front. When the boy grabbed the last vial he had, Bryce shoots at it to expose the creature to its contents as it dies from the bacteria. Some time later, watching Flyte being interviewed about his book, The Ancient Enemy, hearing laughter nearby, the patrons turn to see Wargle as he asks them if they want to see something interesting. Phantoms received a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 reviews, roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4, saying If only we could learn to think more kindly of those who digest us, this movie could have ended happily. The film grossed $5.6 million at the box office, Phantoms at the Internet Movie Database Phantoms at Box Office Mojo Phantoms at Rotten Tomatoes Phantoms at Metacritic
Phantoms (film)
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Theatrical release poster
8.
The Sum of All Fears (film)
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The Sum of All Fears is a 2002 American spy thriller film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, based on Tom Clancys novel of the same name. The film, which is set in the Jack Ryan film series, is a reboot taking place in 2002. The film is about a plot by an Austrian Neo-Nazi to trigger a war between the United States and Russia, so that he can establish a fascist superstate in Europe. CIA analyst Jack Ryan is the person who realizes that the Baltimore bomb was a black market weapon. With the clock ticking, Ryan has to find a way to stop the nuclear war. The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, MFP Munich Film Partners, on June 4,2002, the original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Elektra Records music label. The soundtrack was composed and orchestrated by musician Jerry Goldsmith, the Sum of All Fears premiered in theaters in the United States on May 31,2002, grossing $118,907,036 in box office revenue. Its worldwide theatrical run ended with a total of $193,921,372 in business, considering its production budget of $68 million and related marketing costs, the film was considered a major financial success. Despite this, the film received mixed reviews from critics. He sells it to a South African black market arms trafficker named Olson and he then sells it to a far-right group led by Austrian billionaire and neo-Nazi Richard Dressler. Dresslers aim is to start a war between the United States and Russia that will devastate them both, and leave a united Fascist Europe to rule the world. CIA analyst Jack Ryan is summoned by CIA Director William Cabot to accompany him to Russia to meet President Nemerov, Cabot sends operative John Clark to Russia to investigate. Ryan and his colleagues discern that a crate from the facility in Ukraine was flown to the Canary Islands, Ryan warns Cabot, who is attending a football game in Baltimore with the President, about a bomb threat. The President is evacuated before the bomb detonates, but the city is destroyed, to escalate the situation, a corrupt Russian Air Force general who has been paid by Dressler sends Tu-22M Backfires to attack a U. S. aircraft carrier in the North Sea. In Syria, Clark tracks down Ghazi, one of the men who found the bomb and he tells Clark that he sold the bomb to Olson, who lives in Damascus. Ryans colleagues at Langley infiltrate Olsons computer and download files that implicate Dressler as the person who bought the plutonium, Nemerov agrees to do so as President Fowler follows suit. The participants in the conspiracy, including Dressler, are assassinated, presidents Fowler and Nemerov announce new measures to counter nuclear proliferation in joint speeches at the White House, as Ryan and his fiancee Dr. Catherine Muller listen in. During this time, writer Akiva Goldsman wrote multiple drafts of the script, however, on June 8,2000, it was announced that Ford dropped out of the film after he and director Phillip Noyce were unable to work out script problems
The Sum of All Fears (film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Sum of All Fears (film)
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Baltimore, where a key element of the plot occurs.
The Sum of All Fears (film)
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Ben Affleck, the third actor in the
film series to portray the character of
Jack Ryan.
The Sum of All Fears (film)
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Olympic Stadium in
Montreal, where the football game scenes were filmed.
9.
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
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X-Men Origins, Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the installment and the first spinoff of the standalone Wolverine trilogy from the X-Men film series. The film was directed by Gavin Hood, written by David Benioff and Skip Woods and it co-stars Liev Schreiber, Danny Huston, Dominic Monaghan and Ryan Reynolds. The film is a prequel/spin-off focusing on the violent past of the mutant Wolverine, the film was mostly shot in Australia and New Zealand, with Canada also serving as a location. Filming took place from January to May 2008, a second Wolverine film titled The Wolverine was released in 2013 to positive reviews and much greater success. In 1845, James Howlett, a boy living in Canada, the trauma activates the boys mutation, bone claws protrude from his knuckles, and he impales Thomas, who reveals that he is Jamess real father before dying. James flees along with Thomass other son Victor Creed, who is thus Jamess half-brother and has a healing factor mutation like James and they spend the next century as soldiers, fighting in the American Civil War, both World Wars, and the Vietnam War. In Vietnam, the increasingly violent Victor attempts to rape a Vietnamese woman, James happens upon the fight and defends Victor, resulting in the pair being sentenced to execution by firing squad, which they survive due to their mutant healing abilities. Major William Stryker approaches them in custody and offers them membership in Team X, a group of mutants including Agent Zero, Wade Wilson, John Wraith, Fred Dukes. They join the team for a few years, with James now using the alias Logan, but Victor, six years later, Logan is working as a lumberjack in Canada, where he lives with his girlfriend Kayla Silverfox. Stryker and Zero approach Logan at work, Stryker reports that Wade and Bradley have been killed, and he thinks someone is targeting the teams members. Logan refuses to rejoin Stryker, but after finding Kaylas bloodied body in the woods and he finds him at a local bar, but Logan loses the subsequent fight. Afterward, Stryker explains that Victor has gone rogue, and offers Logan a way to become strong enough to get his revenge, Logan undergoes a painful operation to reinforce his skeleton with adamantium, a virtually indestructible metal. Zero kills them the morning and tries to kill Logan. Logan locates John and Fred at a boxing club, Fred explains that Victor is still working for Stryker, hunting down mutants for Stryker to experiment on at his new laboratory, located at a place called The Island. Fred mentions Remy Gambit LeBeau, the one who escaped from the island. John and Logan find LeBeau in New Orleans, then both fight Victor, who kills John and extracts his DNA, agreeing to help release mutants that Stryker has captured, Gambit takes Logan to Strykers facility on Three Mile Island. Logan learns that Kayla is alive, having been coerced by Stryker into surveilling him in exchange for her sisters safety
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
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Theatrical release poster
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
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Hugh Jackman, Ryan Reynolds, Taylor Kitsch, Liev Schreiber, Lynn Collins, and will.i.am at the premiere in
Tempe, Arizona.
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
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Hugh Jackman at the Tempe Premiere.
10.
Taking Woodstock
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Taking Woodstock is a 2009 American comedy-drama film about the Woodstock Festival of 1969, directed by Ang Lee. The screenplay by James Schamus is based on the memoir Taking Woodstock, A True Story of a Riot, a Concert, and a Life by Elliot Tiber and Tom Monte. The film premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, and opened in New York and Los Angeles on August 26,2009, a hippie theater troupe, The Earthlight Players, rents the barn, but can hardly pay any rent. Due to financial trouble, the motel may have to be closed, the family is given until the end of the summer to pay up. Elliot plans to hold a musical festival, and has, for $1. When he hears that the organizers of the Woodstock Festival face opposition against the planned location, he offers his permit. Elliot comes to agreement about the fee for the motel more smoothly, initial objections by his mother quickly disappear when she sees the cash paid in advance. Elliot and Yasgur encounter a little bit of expected opposition, the local diner refuses to serve Elliot anymore, inspectors target the motel for building code violations, and some local boys paint a swastika and hate words on the hotel. However, resistance quickly dissolves in the wave of peace. The Tiber family works hard serving the influx of visitors. A cross-dressing veteran, Vilma, is hired as a security guard, Elliot also struggles with hiding his homosexuality from his family, when he connects romantically with one of the event organizers staying at the motel. On the first day of the concert, Elliot, his father, elliots father, transformed and enlivened by all the new life in town, tells Elliot to go and see the concert. Elliot hitches a ride through the traffic jam on the back of a benevolent state troopers motorcycle. There, he meets a couple, who invite him to join them on an LSD trip in their VW Bus a short distance from the crowd. Elliot has trouble relaxing at first, but gradually melts into a union with them. When they finally emerge after sundown, Elliot watches the vast crowd, Elliot returns home from his liberating experience and has breakfast with his parents. He suggests to his mother that now have enough money to replace him. Elliot storms out, facetiously suggesting his mom eat the hash brownies Vilma has just offered, the once-brittle family is united in joy and delirious affection
Taking Woodstock
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Theatrical release poster
Taking Woodstock
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Elliot Tiber is the author of the memoir on which the movie is based (
Bologna, June 2009).
11.
Salt (2010 film)
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Salt is a 2010 American action thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce, written by Kurt Wimmer, and starring Angelina Jolie, Liev Schreiber, Daniel Olbrychski, August Diehl and Chiwetel Ejiofor. Jolie plays Evelyn Salt, who is accused of being a Russian sleeper agent, originally written with a male protagonist, with Tom Cruise initially secured for the lead, the script was ultimately rewritten by Brian Helgeland for Jolie. Filming took place on location in Washington, D. C. the New York City area, action scenes were primarily performed with practical stunts, computer-generated imagery being used mostly for creating digital environments. The film had a panel at the San Diego Comic-Con on July 22 and was released in North America on July 23,2010, the DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released December 21,2010, and featured two alternate cuts providing different endings for the film. Evelyn Salt is being tortured in a North Korean prison on suspicion of being an American spy and her boyfriend, arachnologist Mike Krause, generates so much publicity that the CIA is forced to arrange a prisoner exchange, despite the agencys policy against it. Salts CIA colleague Ted Winter greets Salt at the border, as they drive away, Mike proposes marriage, despite Salts admission that she is in fact a CIA operative. Two years later, on Salt and Mikes wedding anniversary, a Russian defector named Oleg Vasilyevich Orlov walks in to Salts office, Salt interrogates him, with Winter and CIA counterintelligence officer Darryl Peabody observing. Orlov reveals that KA-12 is named Evelyn Salt, and lie detectors confirm his entire story, Peabody orders Salt be detained, while Orlov kills two agents and escapes. In the confusion, Salt is able to escape from the building, running barefoot through the street, while the CIA is searching for her, she discovers that her husband was kidnapped. Later at the funeral, Salt appears to succeed in killing President Matveyev, Salt escapes again and heads to a barge where Orlov is hiding with other sleeper agents. In a series of flashbacks, Salt recalls growing up in the Soviet Union, on the barge, Orlov welcomes her back and has Mike killed in front of her. When Salt shows no reaction, Orlov is convinced she is loyal and she is to rendezvous with another KA who will help her assassinate the American president. She then meets with KA Shnaider, who uses his cover as a NATO liaison to get Salt into the White House, once inside, Shnaider launches a suicide attack to force agents to move the President to an underground bunker, accompanied by Winter. Salt follows them and manages to enter the bunker before it is sealed, the U. S. President learns that Russia has mobilized its nuclear arsenal in response to their presidents death. He orders American nuclear weapons readied in response, CIA Agent Winter suddenly kills everyone except the President and introduces himself as Nikolai Tarkovsky, another member of the KA. Winter incapacitates the President and begins aiming nuclear missiles at Mecca, Winter refuses her entry and reveals that Mikes kidnapping and her blown cover were his idea. Winter plans to place blame for the nuclear attacks on Salt. Salt breaks into the room before he can launch the missiles, the two wrestle for control of the nuclear football, with Salt aborting the missile strikes before being captured
Salt (2010 film)
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Theatrical poster
Salt (2010 film)
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Schreiber was chosen for his "hidden emotionality" and his performance in
Defiance.
Salt (2010 film)
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Jolie at the Moscow premiere of the film on July 25, 2010
Salt (2010 film)
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Jolie at the
San Diego Comic-Con in 2010 on the Salt panel. The actress' performance was considered one of the film's strong points.
12.
Goon (film)
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The main plot depicts an exceedingly nice but somewhat dimwitted man who becomes the enforcer for a minor league ice hockey team. A sequel, Goon, Last of the Enforcers, was released on 17 March 2017, Doug Glatt, is a polite, kind hearted but simple, dim-witted bouncer at a bar in Massachusetts. Doug feels ostracized from society, especially since his father and brother are both successful physicians, Doug attends a minor league hockey game with his best friend Pat. Pat taunts the team during a fight and one of their players climbs into the stands. Doug, whose brother is gay, steps in and easily beats up the opposing player, soon after, Doug gets a phone call from the coach of his hometown team who offers him a job as an enforcer. Meanwhile, veteran enforcer and Dougs idol Ross The Boss Rhea is demoted to the minors after serving a 20-game suspension for slashing an opponent in the head from behind. After earning the nickname The Thug, Doug was hired by a team in Canada where Laflamme plays. Doug becomes romantically involved with Eva, a fan with a penchant for players. With four games left on their schedule, the Highlanders need two wins to secure a playoff spot, Doug encounters Rhea at a diner, where Rhea dismisses Dougs claim that he is a hockey player, calling him a goon. Though Rhea acknowledges Dougs physical prowess and gives Doug his respect, Rhea warns him if they ever meet on the ice. The Highlanders, with Doug suspended and Laflamme hospitalized, lose to the Shamrocks, Doug reaches out to Laflamme, and promises him he will always have his back on the ice. In their next game, the Highlanders lead 1–0 thanks to strong teamwork between Doug and Laflamme, in the final seconds, Doug blocks a slapshot with his face and his ankle is injured in the ensuing scramble. The Highlanders win, but need a win against Rhea and the Shamrocks in their last game for a playoff spot, after two periods, the Shamrocks are beating the Highlanders 2–0. Rhea and Doug drop the gloves in the third period, Doug is knocked down first, but Rhea calls off the linesmen and allows him to get back up. Doug manages to break Rheas nose, but breaks his previously injured ankle in the process, Doug manages to stand back up and knocks out Rhea with a vicious left hook. Eva and his teammates help a seriously injured Doug off the ice and Laflamme, inspired by Dougs efforts and Rheas defeat, scores a hat trick. As the game enters its final minute, the scene has Eva comforting Doug in the locker room as he comments. The book was discovered by Jesse Shapira and his producing partner David Gross, along with Baruchel and Goldberg, they developed the script and then proceeded to package and independently finance the movie
Goon (film)
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Theatrical release poster
13.
Pawn Sacrifice
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Pawn Sacrifice is a 2014 American biographical drama film. It was directed by Edward Zwick and written by Steven Knight, the film stars Tobey Maguire as Bobby Fischer, Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky, Lily Rabe as Joan Fischer, and Peter Sarsgaard as William Lombardy. It was released in the United States on September 16,2015, the film starts with an adult Bobby Fischer in a paranoid state, worried he is being spied upon by the Soviets. The film flashes back to when Fischer is 6 years old, the late 1940s and his mother, a Russian immigrant, supports his general fears, telling him she thinks a socialist revolution could begin in the U. S. and hence they are spied upon. He immerses himself into learning and becoming a chess player. His mother, worried that chess is becoming his obsession, takes him to a chess club. He impresses the resident chessmaster and is accepted as a student and his coaching leads him into the world of professional chess championships. He soon becomes the youngest grand master ever, personal tensions lead to frequent outbursts. He quits the tournament and ends his professional career, when he returns to the USA, a lawyer says that he will help him modify the tournament rules, offering his services free of cost to give Fischer a fair chance to win future tournaments. Fischer re-enters the world of professional chess and he selects William Lombardy, a former World Junior Chess Champion who is now a Catholic priest, as his second. Lombardy tries to calm Fischers excessive demands, which leads Fischer back to winning tournaments and he overcomes most of the grand masters across the world and gets close to the world championship. He becomes a celebrity with the American public, which makes him overconfident and he loses against Boris Spassky, the current world champion. It is the height of the Cold War era and the US is desperate to challenge the Russian dominance in the world of chess, the White House closely monitors his progress. The pressure to win every game drives Fischer towards psychosis and his sister suspects that he is under severe mental stress fearing for his life because he might defeat Spassky. Reporters and fans all assemble at Reykjavík, Iceland to witness the match between Fischer and Spassky. Spassky concedes to all his demands to make sure the match continues so that he can win the 24-game match in the right spirit, Bobby loses the first game, and doesnt show up for the second therefore losing by forfeit, but wins the third using unconventional tactics. Americans are thrilled with Bobbys victory, game four is a draw but Fischer wins game five after Spassky himself begins showing signs of paranoia. With the match now more interesting, experts speculate that the game will determine the outcome of the tournament
Pawn Sacrifice
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Theatrical release poster
14.
Spotlight (film)
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Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer. It is based on a series of stories by the Spotlight team that earned The Globe the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. The film stars Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci, Brian dArcy James, Liev Schreiber, Spotlight was shown in the Out of Competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival. It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival and the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was released on November 6,2015, by Open Road Films and grossed $90 million worldwide. It won numerous guilds and critics awards, and was named one of the finest films of 2015 by various publications. Spotlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Best Original Screenplay from six nominations in total and this also marks the first film to win Best Picture from a different mini-major studio than Lionsgate, Summit, Miramax, or TWC. In 1976, at a Boston Police station, two policemen discuss the arrest of a Catholic priest for child molestation and the presence of a high ranking cleric talking to the mother of the children. The Assistant District Attorney then enters the precinct and tells the cops not to let the press get wind of what happened, the arrest is hushed up, and the priest is released. In 2001, The Boston Globe hires a new editor, Marty Baron, Baron meets Walter Robby Robinson, the editor of the newspapers Spotlight team, a small group of journalists writing investigative articles that take months to research and publish. Journalist Michael Rezendes contacts Garabedian, who declines to be interviewed. Though he is not to, Rezendes reveals that he is on the Spotlight team. Through Phil Saviano, who heads the victims rights group Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and they learn through Richard Sipe, a former priest who worked at trying to rehabilitate pedophile priests, that statistically there should be approximately 90 abusive priests in Boston. Through their research, they develop a list of 87 names, when the September 11 attacks occur, the team is forced to deprioritize the story. They regain momentum when Rezendes learns from Garabedian that there are publicly available documents that confirm Cardinal Law was made aware of the problem and ignored it. The story goes to print with a web link to the documents that expose Cardinal Laws inaction, the following morning, the Spotlight team is inundated with phone calls from victims coming forward to tell their stories. Mark Ruffalo as Michael Rezendes Michael Keaton as Walter Robby Robinson Rachel McAdams as Sacha Pfeiffer Liev Schreiber as Marty Baron John Slattery as Ben Bradlee, Jr. When McCarthy was asked how he and his co-author tackled the research and writing process, he stated, As I said, that’s probably some indication of how intimidating it was. And yeah, it was a lot of work, but it was exciting work and it was really interesting work, parsing through details of not just the investigation, but its findings, and trying to determine what was most helpful in telling our story
Spotlight (film)
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Theatrical release poster
15.
Glengarry Glen Ross
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Glengarry Glen Ross is a play by David Mamet that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1984. It is based on Mamets experience having worked in a similar office. The world premiere was at the National Theatre in London on September 21,1983, the play opened on Broadway on March 25,1984, and closed on February 17,1985. The production was directed by Gregory Mosher and starred Joe Mantegna, Mike Nussbaum, Robert Prosky, Lane Smith, James Tolkan, Jack Wallace and J. T. Walsh. The production was nominated for four Tony awards including Best Play, Best Director, Richard Ricky Roma, The most successful salesman in the office. Although Roma seems to think of himself as a cowboy and regards his ability to make a sale as a sign of his virility. He is ruthless, dishonest and immoral, but succeeds because he has a talent for figuring out a clients weaknesses and he is a smooth talker and often speaks in grand, poetic soliloquies. Shelley The Machine Levene, An older, once-successful salesman, who has fallen on hard times and has not closed a big deal in a long time. In Mamets original 1983 stage version, Levene reveals his daughters plight as a ploy to gain Williamsons sympathy to get better leads. However, in the 1992 film version, Levenes discussion of his daughter also includes comments, James Lingk, A timid, middle-aged man who becomes Romas latest client. Lingk is easily manipulated and finds Roma highly charismatic, upon consulting his wife, he becomes desperate to regain the money that Roma has closed on him. George Aaronow, An aging salesman with low self-esteem who lacks confidence and hope and his frustration begins to boil up when the office is robbed, and he worries about being convicted based upon Detective Baylens interrogation. Ironically, he and Roma end up the two salesmen for the firm after Shelley is found out, and gives up Moss as his co-conspirator. Dave Moss, A big-mouthed salesman with big dreams and schemes, Moss resents Williamson and agency owners Mitch and Murray for putting such pressure on him and plans to strike back at them by stealing all their best sales leads and selling them to a competitor. Moss sees Aaronow as an accomplice, but eventually convinces Levene to work with him in selling the leads to Jerry Graff. During his final rant against Roma, his indignation reveals that his jealousy extends towards even his fellow salesmen and he appears in the final act to investigate the office break-in and interrogate each cast member behind closed doors. Mitch and Murray, The unsavoury unseen characters are the owners of the estate agency. They have a sales contest, which puts pressure on the salesmen to produce or to lose their jobs
Glengarry Glen Ross
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Poster for 1983
National Theatre production. Designed and illustrated by Richard Bird with photograph of briefcase by Conroy-Hargrave. © National Theatre
16.
Everything Is Illuminated (film)
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Everything Is Illuminated is a 2005 biographical drama film, written and directed by Liev Schreiber and starring Elijah Wood and Eugene Hütz. It was adapted from the novel of the name by Jonathan Safran Foer. After traveling through much of rural Ukraine, they eventually find Augustinas sister, alexs grandfather kills himself after it was revealed he was Jewish and managed to survive the war himself by hiding his religion. Jonathan returns home after saying farewell to Alex, to whom he has grown close, both Jonathan and Alex sprinkle soil gathered from the site of the massacre, on their respective grandfathers grave. Alexs grandfather is given a Jewish burial, the band members of Gogol Bordello play the band in the train station where the character Alex has come to meet his US client, Jonathan Foer. DeVotchKas single How It Ends is featured in the trailer, roger Ebert praised the film, assigning it 3 and a half stars out of 4, and suggested that one might well see it a second time to understand the journey it takes. The film lost money at the box office, as the gross receipts never surpassed even the budget of the production
Everything Is Illuminated (film)
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Everything Is Illuminated movie poster
17.
Everything Is Illuminated
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Everything Is Illuminated is the first novel by the American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, published in 2002. It was adapted into a film of the same name starring Elijah Wood, the books writing and structure received critical acclaim for the manner in which it switches between two stories, both of which are autobiographical. The real town of Trochenbrod was an exclusively Jewish shtetl located in the Wołyń Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic before the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland, the ghetto was liquidated during the Holocaust. In August and September 1942 nearly all Jews of Trochenbrod were murdered by the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in the presence of only a few German SS men. According to Virtual Shtetl over 5,000 Jews were massacred,3,500 of them from Zofiówka and 1,200 from nearby Lozisht among other settlements. Alexander studied English at his university, and even though his knowledge of the language is not first-rate, alexs blind grandfather and his deranged seeing-eye bitch, Sammy Davis, Jr. Jr. accompany them on their journey. Names of cities are given in their Russian version, although the Polish or Ukrainian naming would have been correct for the scenes in Trachimbrod, upon its initial release the book received enthusiastic reviews particularly in The Times stating that Foer had staked his claim for literary greatness. Exploratory site for Everything Is Illuminated Trochenbrod & Lozisht community website The Journey to Trochenbrod and Lozisht aug 2006 Everything Is Illuminated at the Internet Movie Database
Everything Is Illuminated
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Front cover of
hardcover edition.
18.
Showtime (TV network)
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The Showtime brand is used by a number of channels and platforms around the world, but primarily refers to the group of eight multiplex channels in the United States. As of July 2015, Showtimes programming is available to approximately 28.693 million television households in the United States, the channel and its corresponding networks are headquartered at Paramount Plaza on the northern end of New York Citys Broadway district. The following week on July 8, Showtime launched on Viacom Cablevisions system in Dublin, California, the first program and television special to be broadcast on Showtime was Celebration, a concert special featuring performances by Rod Stewart, Pink Floyd and ABBA. By the end of its first year on the air, Showtime had a total of 55,000 subscribers nationwide. On March 7,1978, Showtime became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, turning it into a competitor with HBO, in 1979, Viacom sold a 50% ownership interest in Showtime to the TelePrompTer Corporation. On July 4,1981, Showtime adopted a 24-hour programming schedule,1982 saw the premiere of Showtimes first made-for-cable movie Falcons Gold and its first original series and childrens program Faerie Tale Theatre. The three companies announced their agreement in principle to acquire interests in TMC on November 11,1982. Subsequently, in late December of that year, the U. S. Department of Justice launched a preliminary inquiry into the proposed partnership. On January 7,1983, Viacom International added itself as a partner, under the revised proposal, the four studios would each own a 22. 58% stake in the two networks, with American Express owning a 9. 68% minority interest. In addition, the consortium would appoint a management team separate from those employed by the two channels – which would continue to operate as separate services – to operate the joint venture, on August 10,1985, after Time Inc. and cable provider Tele-Communications Inc. The subsidiary was renamed Showtime Networks, Inc. in 1988, also in 1988, the company formed Showtime Event Television as a pay-per-view distributor of special event programming. In 1990, Showtime ventured into acquiring and premiering independent films exclusively for the channel as part of the 30-Minute Movie short film anthology series. One of its first premieres,12,01 PM, was nominated for an Academy Award, in the years that followed, Showtime expanded its acquisitions into the realm of feature-length fare, including the Adrian Lyne-directed 1997 remake of Lolita. In 2000, Showtime launched Showtime Interactive 24.7, a service that provided DVD-style interaction of its entertainment offerings. On June 14,2005, Viacom decided to separate itself into two companies, both of which would be controlled by Viacom parent National Amusements, amid stagnation of the stock price. A new company assumed the Viacom name kept Paramount Pictures, the MTV Networks and BET Networks cable divisions. Showtime broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules and this planned extension to the multiplex did not come to fruition – although a third multiplex service, Showtime 3, would make its debut in 1996. Three additional themed channels made their debut in March 2001, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next and Showtime Women do not have distribution by most pay television providers as extensive as the other Showtime multiplex channels
Showtime (TV network)
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Showtime
19.
Ray Donovan
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Ray Donovan is an American television crime drama series created by Ann Biderman for Showtime. The twelve-episode first season premiered on June 30,2013, the pilot episode broke records of viewership, becoming the biggest premiere of all time on Showtime. Showtime renewed the show for a season, which premiered on June 26,2016. On August 11,2016, Showtime renewed the show for a fifth season, the drama is set in Los Angeles, California, where Irish-American Ray Donovan, originally from South Boston, works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous. Donovan is a fixer, a person who arranges bribes, payoffs, threats, good at his job, and no common hood, Ray is normally a devoted family man as well. He experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan, is unexpectedly released from prison. Liev Schreiber as Raymond Ray Donovan, paula Malcomson as Abby Donovan, Rays wife. Eddie Marsan as Terrence Terry Donovan, Rays older brother, a former boxer, suffers from Parkinsons disease. Dash Mihok as Brendan Bunchy Donovan, Rays younger brother, identifies himself as an alcoholic and a sexual anorexic. Pooch Hall as Daryll Donovan, Rays younger half-brother, a professional boxer, trained by Terry, he also drives limos. Steven Bauer as Avi Rudin, Rays right-hand man, former IDF soldier and ex-Mossad agent. Katherine Moennig as Lena Barnum, Rays investigative assistant, kerris Dorsey as Bridget Donovan, Rays daughter. Devon Bagby as Conor Donovan, Rays son, Jon Voight as Mickey Donovan, Rays father. Ray Donovan has received reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the show has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 36 critics, tim Goodman, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, said that Showtime has another gem on their hands and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was gold. The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 10,2014, the second season was released on both media on May 26,2015. The third season was released on both media on December 29,2015, official website Ray Donovan at the Internet Movie Database Ray Donovan at TV. com Ray Donovan at Metacritic Ray Donovan at Rotten Tomatoes
Ray Donovan
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Ray Donovan
20.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award
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The Golden Globe statuette
21.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
HBO
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The RCA Satcom domestic communication satellite launched on December 13, 1975, spurred the
cable television industry to unprecedented heights – with the assistance of HBO.
HBO
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Filmmaker
Alexandra Pelosi and former
New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey at the New York City premiere of Pelosi's HBO documentary about McGreevey,
Fall to Grace, in March 2013.
HBO
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Example of Festival's monthly guide provided to subscribers (January 1988).
22.
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 625,249, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. Bucks County is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border. Bucks County is one of the three counties created by colonial proprietor William Penn in 1682. Penn named the county after Buckinghamshire, the county where he lived in England and he built a country estate called Pennsbury Manor in Falls Township, Bucks County. Bucks County was originally larger than it is today. Northampton County was formed in 1752 from part of Bucks County, general George Washington and his troops camped in Bucks County as they prepared to cross the Delaware River to take Trenton, New Jersey, by surprise on the morning of December 26,1776. Their successful attack on Britains Hessian forces was a point in the American War of Independence. The town of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania and Washington Crossing Historic Park were named to commemorate the event. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 622 square miles. Bucks County shares a border with Montgomery County, and also borders Philadelphia to the southwest. From north to south, it is linked to Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, tohickon Creek and Neshaminy Creek are the largest tributaries of the Delaware in Bucks County. Tohickon Creek empties into the river at Point Pleasant and Neshaminy at Croydon, the population density was 1,034.7 people per square mile. 4. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 218,725 households, and 160,981 families residing in the county. There were 225,498 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. 20. 1% were of German,19. 1% Irish,14. 0% Italian,7. 5% English and 5. 9% Polish ancestry, according to Census 2000. 21. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County Courthouse
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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The Mercer Museum in Doylestown Borough
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Levittown, aerial view, circa 1959
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is home to a number of
covered bridges, 10 of which are still open to highway traffic and two others (situated in parks) are open to non-vehicular traffic. Shown here is the Schofield Ford Covered Bridge over the Neshaminy Creek in Tyler State Park.
23.
Belgians
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Belgians are the citizens of the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, settling primarily the United States, Canada, Belgians are a relatively new people. The 1830 revolution led to the establishment of an independent country under a provisional government, the Belgian people are descendants of the Celtic Belgae and Germanic peoples such as the Frisians, Franks, and the Saxons. The Latin name was revived in 1790 by the short-lived United Belgian States which was created after a revolution against Austrian rule took place in 1789, from the sixteenth century, the The Low Countries or The Netherlands, were referred to as Belgica in Latin. Belgians are primarily a nationality or citizen group, by jus soli, also known as birthright citizenship, since many Belgians are at least bilingual, or even trilingual, it is common for business, social and family networks to include members of the various ethnic groups composing Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region occupies a unique political and cultural position since geographically and linguistically it is an enclave within the unilingual Flemish Region. Since the independence of Belgium in 1830, the title of the Belgian head of state is the King of the Belgians rather than the King of Belgium. Within Belgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language, however, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, Walloons are a French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia. Walloons are a community within Belgium, important historical and anthropological criteria bind Walloons to the French people. More generally, the term refers to the inhabitants of the Walloon Region. They may speak languages such as Walloon. Though roughly three-quarters of Belgiums French speakers live in Wallonia, it is important to note that French-speaking residents of Brussels tend not to identify as Walloons, the German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three constitutionally recognized federal communities of Belgium. Bordering the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen, the German-speaking community is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. However, in these localities, the German language is endangered due to the adoption of French. Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgiums majority religion with approximately 65% of the Belgians declaring themselves to be Catholics, however, by 2004, nationwide Sunday church attendance was only about 4 to 8%. Belgium had a population of 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, between 1990 and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on 1 January 2010 was 6,251,983,3,498,384 and 1,089,538, list of Belgians Flemish people Walloons Belgian American Belgian Brazilian Flemish Canadian
Belgians
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Map of the medieval
County of Flanders.
Belgians
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Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels, 1944
Belgians
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Belgian students at an event
24.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
Dutch people
Dutch people
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The conversion of the Frankish king
Clovis to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.
Dutch people
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The
Act of Abjuration, signed on July 26, 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries.
Dutch people
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A typical November scene in the Dutch town
Middelburg,
Netherlands
25.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
English people
English people
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"The Arrival of the First Ancestors of Englishmen out of Germany into Britain": a fanciful image of the Anglo-Saxon migration, an event central to the English
national myth. From A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence by
Richard Verstegan (1605)
English people
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A reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon burial chamber at
Sutton Hoo,
East Anglia.
English people
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King Harold II of England (right) at the Norman court, from the
Bayeux Tapestry
26.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
French people
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Louis XIV of France "The Sun-King"
French people
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Row 1:
Joan of Arc
French people
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Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix
French people
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French people in Paris, August 1944
27.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
Irish people
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Carrowmore tomb, circa 3000 BC
Irish people
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Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish scientist and
father of chemistry, whose family obtained land in the plantations
Irish people
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Finnian of Clonard imparting his blessing to the "
Twelve Apostles of Ireland "
Irish people
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Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century
28.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
Germans
Germans
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Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 AD
Germans
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Extent of
Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with
Kingdom of Germany marked in blue
Germans
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18 January 1871: The proclamation of the
German Empire in the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles.
Bismarck appears in white. The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm, leading the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later
Friedrich III, stands on his father's right.
29.
Norwegians
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Norwegians are a Germanic ethnic group native to Norway. They share a culture and speak the Norwegian language. Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Proto-Indo-European speaking Battle-Axe peoples migrated to Norway bringing domesticated horses, agriculture, cattle, during the Viking age, Harald Fairhair unified the Norse petty kingdoms after being victorious at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in the 880s. Two centuries of Viking expansion tapered off following the decline of Norse paganism with the adoption of Christianity in the 11th century, during The Black Death, approximately 60% of the population died and in 1397 Norway entered a union with Denmark. In 1814, following Denmark-Norways defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, Norway entered a union with Sweden, rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained officially neutral in World War I, the country was allied with the Entente powers. In World War II Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but was occupied for five years by Nazi Germany. In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO, discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norways economic fortunes but in referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include integration of a fast growing immigrant population, maintaining the countrys generous social safety net with an aging population, as with many of the people from European countries, Norwegians are spread throughout the world. There are more than 100,000 Norwegian citizens living abroad permanently, mostly in the U. S, Norwegian Vikings travelled north and west and founded vibrant communities in the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. They conducted extensive raids in Ireland and founded the cities of Cork, Dublin, in 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when Erik Bloodaxe captured York. Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions, the first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson. In the year 874 he settled in Reykjavík, after his expulsion from Iceland Erik the Red discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers. Viking settlements were established in the fjords of the southern and western coast. Eriks relative Leif Eriksson later discovered North America, during the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam. The Netherlands was the second most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark, loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people. The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring, young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam. Young men took employment as sailors, large parts of the Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes
Norwegians
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7% of the population in
Saskatoon in
Canada is of Norwegian ancestry.
Norwegians
Norwegians
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Leif Ericson discovers Canada and North America.
Norwegians
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Smalahove is course served in parts of
Western Norway.
