1.
Coles Phillips
–
Clarence Coles Phillips was an American artist and illustrator who signed his early works C. Coles Phillips, but after 1911 worked under the abbreviated name and he is known for his stylish images of women and a signature use of negative space in the paintings he created for advertisements and the covers of popular magazines. Phillips was born in Springfield, Ohio, the son of Anna Seys, from 1902 to 1904, he attended Kenyon College in his native state, where he was a member of Alpha Delta Phi. His illustrations were published in the 1901–1904 editions of the schools yearbook, after leaving Kenyon, Phillips moved to Manhattan, determined to earn a living through his art. He took night classes for three months at the Chase School of Art—his only formal artistic training—before establishing his own advertising agency, one of Phillips employees was the young Edward Hopper, his former classmate. In 1907, Phillips met with J. A. Mitchell, the publisher of Life magazine, Phillips would be associated with the magazine throughout his life. The work of Phillips quickly became popular with the Life readers, in May 1908, he created a cover for the magazine that featured his first fadeaway girl design with a figure whose clothing matched, and disappeared into, the background. Phillips developed this idea in many subsequent covers, Phillips worked in watercolor and always painted from life, according to his biographer, Michael Schau, he refused to work from photographs or to use the pantograph. Phillips produced cover art for other magazines besides Life, including Good Housekeeping. Phillips also created many advertising images for makers of womens clothing and his series depicting women wearing Holeproof Hosiery products was considered daring for its time. Phillips works also appear in the 1921 and 1922 editions of the U. S. Naval Academy yearbook, from 1905 until his death, Phillips lived and worked in New Rochelle, New York. His work habits were regular, his activities included raising pigeons. In December 1907 Phillips met Teresa Hyde, a nurse who became his most frequent model during his early years, in 1924 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the kidney, and for the remainder of his life he was frequently ill. In January 1927, when problems with his eyesight made painting difficult, Phillips died in New Rochelle at his home, of his kidney ailment on June 13,1927, at the age of forty-seven. The funeral service was held on June 14 at the Sutton Manor home in New Rochelle, the body was then taken to Fresh Pond Crematory for cremation. Phillips works are often exhibited alongside those of other graphic artists. In 2002, the Swann Gallerys “American Beauties, Drawings from the Golden Age of Illustration, ” featured Phillips, Charles Dana Gibson, Wladyslaw Benda, weisman Museum of Art at Pepperdine University. In 2015, the Oneida Community Mansion House presented an exhibition focused on Phillips’ ads created for Oneida silverware from 1911 to 1924. com art – Coles Phillips Jim Vadeboncoeurs biography of C
2.
Time (magazine)
–
Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
3.
Henry Luce
–
Henry Robinson Luce was an American magazine magnate who was called the most influential private citizen in the America of his day. He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism, counting his radio projects and newsreels, Luce created the first multimedia corporation. He envisaged that the United States would achieve world hegemony, and, in 1941, Luce was born in Tengchow, Shandong, China, on April 3,1898, the son of Elizabeth Root Luce and Henry Winters Luce, who was a Presbyterian missionary. He received his education in various Chinese and English boarding schools, at 15, he was sent to the US to attend the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut, where he edited the Hotchkiss Literary Monthly. It was there he first met Briton Hadden, who would become a lifelong partner, at the time, Hadden served as editor-in-chief of the school newspaper, and Luce worked as an assistant managing editor. Both went on to Yale College, where Hadden served as chairman, Luce was also a member of Alpha Delta Phi and Skull and Bones. In December 1921, Luce rejoined Hadden to work at The Baltimore News, recalling his relationship with Hadden, Luce later said, Somehow, despite the greatest differences in temperaments and even in interests, we had to work together. At the center of our lives — our job, our function — at that point everything we had belonged to each other, nightly discussions of the concept of a news magazine led Luce and Hadden, both age 23, to quit their jobs in 1922. Later that same year, they partnered with Robert Livingston Johnson, having raised $86,000 of a $100,000 goal, they published the first issue of Time on March 3,1923. Luce served as manager while Hadden was editor-in-chief. Luce and Hadden annually alternated year-to-year the titles of president and secretary-treasurer while Johnson served as vice president, in 1925, Luce decided to move headquarters to Cleveland, while Hadden was on a trip to Europe. Cleveland was cheaper, and Luce’s first wife, Lila, wanted out of New York, when Hadden returned, he was horrified and moved Time back to New York. Upon Haddens sudden death in 1929, Luce assumed Haddens position and he also produced The March of Time weekly newsreel. By the mid 1960s, Time Inc. was the largest and most prestigious magazine publisher in the world, the main target was Luce, who had long opposed Roosevelt. Historian Alan Brinkley argued the move was badly mistaken and said had Luce been allowed to travel, however, stranded in New York City, Luces frustration and anger expressed itself in blatant partisanship. Luce, supported by Editor-in-Chief T. S. Matthews, appointed Whittaker Chambers as acting Foreign News editor in 1944, Luce, who remained editor-in-chief of all his publications until 1964, maintained a position as an influential member of the Republican Party. It has been reported that Luce, during the 1960s, tried LSD, an ardent anti-Soviet, he once demanded John Kennedy invade Cuba, later to remark to his editors that if he did not, his corporation would act like Hearst during the Spanish–American War. To highlight the extent of their alliance, rumors swirled that the publisher shared the wartime mistress of the spymaster with Clare Booth Luce
4.
Photojournalism
–
Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now understood to refer only to still images. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a format that is not only informative. Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a published record of events. Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone, narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level. Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, the practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings, during the Crimean War, the ILN pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton. Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari, similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harpers Weekly. Disaster, including wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days. The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period, Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the people of London. On March 4,1880, The Daily Graphic published the first halftone reproduction of a news photograph, in March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column, during the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches glass negatives. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States. Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, the popular publication Harpers Weekly published six of his images in their April 24,1886 issue
5.
Pathfinder (website)
–
Pathfinder was a landing page with links to various Time Inc. websites. In its initial form, Pathfinder was one of the first Internet portals, the objective of Pathfinder was to be an all-encompassing site that brought the best content from all of Time-Warner under one banner. It started with a staff, which grew rapidly to service a growing list of internal content partners - at its highest point. Most of these content partners were Time Inc. magazines such as Time, People, Fortune and others, Pathfinder. com was controversial within Time Warner. Many content partners were unhappy with the fact Pathfinders existence prevented them from using their own URLs, for example, People Magazine was not allowed to use the domain people. com, but was instead restricted to a directory on Pathfinder. Pathfinders own staff were shocked when Time-Inc senior manager Don Logan publicly derided Pathfinder. com at an external analysts meeting as a hole of unprofitability. Pathfinder went through many managers and editors in its short life, many early tech journalists and writers passed through its doors, including Walter Isaacson, Daniel Okrent, John R. Quain, John Voelcker, Josh Quittner, Lev Grossman, Maura Johnston and Steven Petrow. The site was closed in April 1999, and was considered to be an expensive failure. Some claim that Pathfinder cost Time Inc. between $100 and $120 million, Pathfinder. com transitioned to a landing page, with links to Time Inc. s other sites. Archive of front pages Ghost Sites The Pathfinder. com Museum In The Pathfinder Basement
6.
Getty Images
–
Getty Images, Inc. is an American stock photo agency, with headquarters in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is a supplier of stock images for business and consumers with an archive of 80 million still images and illustrations and it targets three markets—creative professionals, the media, and corporate. Getty has distribution offices around the world and capitalizes on the Internet, as Getty has acquired other older photo agencies and archives, it has digitized their collections, enabling online distribution. Getty Images now operates a commercial website which allows clients to search and browse for images, purchase usage rights. Costs of images vary according to the resolution and type of rights associated with each image. The company also offers photo services for corporate clients. In 1995, Mark Getty and Chief Executive Officer Jonathan Klein co-founded Getty Investments LLC, Mark Getty is the companys chairman. In September 1997, Getty Communications, as it was called at the time, merged with PhotoDisc, in April 2003, Getty Images entered into a partnership with Agence France-Presse to market each others images. Getty Images acquired the Michael Ochs Archives in February 2007, the Michael Ochs Archives were described by The New York Times as the premier source of musician photography in the world. In 2008, the equity firm Hellman & Friedman acquired Getty Images. In 2012, H&F put Getty up for sale, as of the ensuing sale to Carlyle Group, the company was said to have an archive that included 80 million stills and illustrations. In 2015, Jonathan Klein became the chairman and Dawn Airey was hired as Chief executive officer of Getty Images. By 1999 it had acquired one of the largest agencies, Tony Stone Images, the Hulton collection was sold by the BBC to Brian Deutsch in 1988, when it was renamed Hulton Deutsch. In 1996, the Hulton collection was sold on once more, with the acquisition of the Hulton library, Getty Images took ownership of the rights to some 15 million photographs from the British press archives dating back to the Nineteenth Century. Hulton Getty also included photographs from the Keystone Collection, as well as images by photographers such as Bert Hardy, Bill Brandt, Weegee. Getty has branched out into stock audio, music and sound effects, and also video with the acquisition of EyeWire and Energy Film Library. In 2000, Getty acquired one of its competitors, Archive Photos of New York. The Archive Photos library was combined with the Hulton Getty collection to form a new subsidiary, Archive Photos had been formed in 1990 from the merger of Pictorial Parade and Frederick Lewis Stock Photos, two well-established US photo agencies
7.
Punch (magazine)
–
Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, after the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002, Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon and it was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipons French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari. Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became suggestor in chief until he severed his connection in 1845, the magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 Almanack issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to difficulties the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens, Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the terms widespread use. The illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazines first issues, the cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazines masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and this group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843. Punch authors and artists contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week. In the 1860s and 1870s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, at Evanss café in London, the two journals had Round tables in competition with each other. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould. Among the outstanding cartoonists of the century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968, Kenneth Mahood. Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000, sales declined steadily thereafter, ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 1992 after 150 years of publication. Punch was widely emulated worldwide and popular in the colonies, however, the colonial experience, especially in India, also influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniels Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazines popularity, colonial India was time and again caricatured in Punch and can be seen as a significant source for producing knowledge about India. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, Punch magazine ceased publishing in 1992
8.
Charles Dana Gibson
–
His wife, Irene Langhorne, and her four beautiful sisters, inspired his images. He published his illustrations in Life magazine and other national publications for more than 30 years, becoming editor in 1918. Gibson was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, the son of Josephine Elizabeth and he had a sister Josephine Gibson. One of their great-grandfathers was U. S, senator James DeWolf and a great-great-grandfather was U. S. His sister Josephine inherited Longfield from their grandmother, Abby DeWolf Gibson. A talented youth with an early interest in art, Gibson was enrolled by his parents in New York Citys Art Students League, peddling his pen-and-ink sketches, Gibson sold his first work in 1886 to Life magazine, founded by John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. It featured general interest articles, humor, illustrations, and cartoons and his works appeared weekly in the popular national magazine for more than 30 years. He quickly built a reputation, with his drawings being featured in all the major New York publications, including Harpers Weekly. His illustrated books include the 1898 editions of Anthony Hopes The Prisoner of Zenda and his development of the Gibson Girl from 1890 and her nationwide fame brought Gibson respect and wealth. His sister Josephine Gibson was said to have one of his inspirations for his beautiful modern young woman. In 1895, he married Irene Langhorne, born in Danville, one of her four sisters was Lady Nancy Astor, the first woman to serve as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons. His wife and her elegant Langhorne sisters also inspired his famous Gibson Girls, after the death of John Ames Mitchell in 1918, Gibson became editor of Life and later took over as owner of the magazine. As the popularity of the Gibson Girl faded after World War I, in 1918, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1932. Almost unrestricted merchandising saw his sketches appear in many forms. The Gibson cocktail has been claimed to be named after him, for part of his career, Gibson lived in New Rochelle, New York, a popular art colony among actors, writers and artists of the period. The community was most well known for its number of prominent American illustrators. Gibson owned an island off Islesboro, Maine which came to be known as 700 Acre Island, he and he retired in 1936, the same year Scribners published his biography, Portrait of an Era as Drawn by C. D. Gibson, A Biography by Fairfax Downey, on his death in 1944, Charles Dana Gibson was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts
9.
Norman Rockwell
–
Norman Perceval Rockwell was a 20th-century American author, painter and illustrator. His works enjoy a broad appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. Rockwell is most famous for the illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly five decades. Among the best-known of Rockwells works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He also is noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America, during which he produced covers for their publication Boys Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout is Reverent and A Guiding Hand. Norman Rockwell was born on February 3,1894, in New York City, to Jarvis Waring Rockwell and Anne Mary Nancy Rockwell and he had one brother, Jarvis Waring Rockwell, Jr. older by a year and a half. Jarvis Waring, Sr. was the manager of the New York office of a Philadelphia textile firm, George Wood, Sons & Company, Rockwell transferred from high school to the Chase Art School at the age of 14. He then went on to the National Academy of Design and finally to the Art Students League, as a student, Rockwell was given small jobs of minor importance. His first major breakthrough came at age eighteen with his first book illustration for Carl H. Claudys Tell Me Why, after that, Rockwell was hired as a staff artist for Boys Life magazine. In this role, he received 50 dollars compensation each month for one completed cover and it is said to have been his first paying job as an artist. At 19, he became the art editor for Boys Life and he held the job for three years, during which he painted several covers, beginning with his first published magazine cover, Scout at Ships Wheel, which appeared on the Boys Life September edition. Rockwells family moved to New Rochelle, New York, when Norman was 21 years old and they shared a studio with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythes help, Rockwell submitted his first successful cover painting to the Post in 1916 and he followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman, Gramps at the Plate, Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins, People in a Theatre Balcony, and Man Playing Santa. Rockwell was published eight times on the Post cover within the first year, ultimately, Rockwell published 323 original covers for The Saturday Evening Post over 47 years. His Sharp Harmony appeared on the cover of the issue dated September 26,1936, it depicts a barber, the image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion of the art. During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U. S. Navy but was refused entry because, at 140 pounds, to compensate, he spent one night gorging himself on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough to enlist the next day. He was given the role of a military artist, however, in 1943, during World War II, Rockwell painted the Four Freedoms series, which was completed in seven months and resulted in his losing fifteen pounds
10.
John Ames Mitchell
–
John Ames Mitchell was a publisher, architect, artist and novelist from the United States. He was regarded as a Renaissance man who kept to himself, Mitchell was a Harvard University educated architect who studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1883 he co-founded Life magazine with Andrew Miller, serving as president, Mitchell held a 75 percent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller in his job as secretary-treasurer. Both men retained their holdings until their deaths and it covered the literary scene as well as political and social issues. In 1875, Ames was hired by his uncle, Oliver Ames, Mitchell penned a half dozen novels, the most famous of which, Amos Judd, was made into the 1922 silent film, The Young Rajah, starring Rudolph Valentino. Life was purchased in 1936 by another Ridgefield resident, Henry Luce, Mitchell died suddenly on June 29,1918 at his home in Ridgefield, Connecticut, of apoplexy. He is buried in Fairlawn Cemetery in Ridgefield, windover, his estate, was subdivided years ago, but the main house is still on West Lane. Its owner also operates the Herald Square Hotel, once Mitchells Life headquarters, Works by John Ames Mitchell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Ames Mitchell at Internet Archive John Ames Mitchell at Find a Grave
11.
The New Yorker
–
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
12.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
13.
Harry S. Truman
–
Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period
14.
Winston Churchill
–
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD PC DL FRS RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his overall, in 1963, he was the first of only eight people to be made an honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough and his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young officer, he saw action in British India, the Anglo–Sudan War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns, at the forefront of politics for fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary, during the war, he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Gallipoli Campaign caused his departure from government. He then briefly resumed active service on the Western Front as commander of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He returned to government under Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, at the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, Churchill became Prime Minister and he led Britain as Prime Minister until victory over Nazi Germany had been secured. After the Conservative Party suffered a defeat in the 1945 general election. He publicly warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet influence in Europe, after winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral and his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate amongst writers and historians. Born into the family of the Dukes of Marlborough, a branch of the noble Spencer family, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, like his father. His ancestor George Spencer had changed his surname to Spencer-Churchill in 1817 when he became Duke of Marlborough, to highlight his descent from John Churchill, Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, two months prematurely, in a bedroom in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. From age two to six, he lived in Dublin, where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy, Churchills brother, John Strange Spencer-Churchill, was born during this time in Ireland
15.
Douglas MacArthur
–
Douglas MacArthur was an American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and he received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz, he conducted a reconnaissance mission, in 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd Division. From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U. S, Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny, in 1925, he became the Armys youngest major general. He served on the martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army, as such, he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D. C. in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, MacArthurs forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, upon his arrival in Australia, MacArthur gave a speech in which he famously promised I shall return to the Philippines. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor, after more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japans surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, as the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951 and he later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand. A military brat, Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at Little Rock Barracks, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Arthur MacArthur, Jr. a U. S. Army captain, Pinkney came from a prominent Norfolk, Virginia, family. Two of her brothers had fought for the South in the Civil War, Arthur and Pinky had three sons, of whom Douglas was the youngest, following Arthur III, born on 1 August 1876, and Malcolm, born on 17 October 1878. The family lived on a succession of Army posts in the American Old West, conditions were primitive, and Malcolm died of measles in 1883. In his memoir, Reminiscences, MacArthur wrote I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed and this time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the family moved to Washington, D. C. where Douglas attended the Force Public School
16.
V-J Day in Times Square
–
The photograph was published a week later in Life magazine, among many photographs of celebrations around the United States that were presented in a twelve-page section titled Victory Celebrations. A two-page spread faces three other kissing poses among celebrators in Washington, D. C, kansas City, and Miami opposite Eisenstaedts, which was given a full-page display. S. President Harry S. Truman at seven oclock, similar jubilation spread quickly with the news. Because he was photographing rapidly changing events during the celebrations, Eisenstaedt did not have an opportunity to get the names, the photograph does not clearly show the face of either person involved, and numerous people have claimed to be the subjects. The photograph was shot just south of 45th Street looking north from a location where Broadway, soon afterward, throngs of people crowded into the square and it became a sea of people. The photograph was taken at 5,51 p. m. ET, according to Donald W. Olson and it was taken with a Leica IIIa. In two different books he wrote, Alfred Eisenstaedt gave two different accounts of taking the photograph and of its nature. From Eisenstaedt on Eisenstaedt, In Times Square on V. J, Day I saw a sailor running along the street grabbing any and every girl in sight. Whether she was a grandmother, stout, thin, old, I was running ahead of him with my Leica looking back over my shoulder but none of the pictures that were possible pleased me. Then suddenly, in a flash, I saw something white being grabbed, I turned around and clicked the moment the sailor kissed the nurse. If she had dressed in a dark dress I would never have taken the picture. If the sailor had worn a uniform, the same. It was done within a few seconds, only one is right, on account of the balance. In the others the emphasis is wrong — the sailor on the side is either too small or too tall. People tell me that when I am in heaven they will remember this picture, from The Eye of Eisenstaedt, I was walking through the crowds on V-J Day, looking for pictures. I noticed a sailor coming my way and he was grabbing every female he could find and kissing them all — young girls and old ladies alike. Then I noticed the nurse, standing in that enormous crowd, I focused on her, and just as Id hoped, the sailor came along, grabbed the nurse, and bent down to kiss her. Now if this hadnt been a nurse, if shed been dressed dark clothes
17.
Victory over Japan Day
–
Victory over Japan Day is the day on which the Empire of Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect ending the war. August 15 is the official V-J Day for the UK, while the official U. S. commemoration is September 2, the name, V-J Day, had been selected by the Allies after they named V-E Day for the victory in Europe. On September 2,1945, a surrender ceremony was performed in Tokyo Bay, Japan. In Japan, August 15 usually is known as the day for the end of the war. This official name was adopted in 1982 by an issued by the Japanese government. On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima, on August 9, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. The Japanese government on August 10 communicated its intention to surrender under the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, the news of the Japanese offer, however, was enough to begin early celebrations around the world. Allied soldiers in London danced in a line on Regent Street. Americans and Frenchmen in Paris paraded on the Champs-Elysées singing Dont Fence Me In, American soldiers in Berlin shouted Its over in the Pacific, and hoped that they would now not be transferred there to fight the Japanese. Germans stated that the Japanese were wise enough to—unlike themselves—give up in a hopeless situation, moscow newspapers briefly reported on the atomic bombings with no commentary of any kind. While Russians and foreigners alike could hardly talk about anything else, in Chungking, Chinese fired firecrackers and almost buried in gratitude. In Manila, residents sang God Bless America, on Tinian island, B-29 crews preparing for their next mission over Japan were told that it was cancelled, but that they could not celebrate because it might be rescheduled. S. President Harry S Truman via the Swiss diplomatic mission in Washington, a nationwide broadcast by Truman was aired at seven oclock p. m. on August 14 announcing the communication and that the formal event was scheduled for September 2. In his announcement of Japans surrender on August 14, Truman said that the proclamation of V-J Day must wait upon the signing of the surrender terms by Japan. In Australia, the name V-P Day was used from the outset, the Canberra Times of August 14,1945, refers to VP Day celebrations, and a public holiday for VP Day was gazetted by the government in that year according to the Australian War Memorial. In Washington, D. C. a crowd attempted to break into the White House grounds as they shouted We want Harry, in San Francisco two women jumped naked into a pond at the Civic Center to soldiers cheers. The largest crowd in the history of New York Citys Times Square gathered to celebrate. S, in the Garment District, workers threw out cloth scraps and ticker tape, leaving a pile five inches deep on the streets. A coast-to-coast frenzy of kissing occurred, with Life publishing photographs of such kisses in Washington, Kansas City, Los Angeles, one of the best-known kisses that day appeared in V-J Day in Times Square, one of the most famous photographs ever published by Life
18.
George Cary Eggleston
–
George Cary Eggleston American author and brother of fellow author Edward Eggleston. Sons of Joseph Cary Eggleston and Mary Jane Craig, after the American Civil War he published a serialized account of his time as a Confederate soldier in The Atlantic Monthly. These serialized articles were collected and expanded upon and published under the title A Rebels Recollections. He also served as an editor of Hearth and Home magazine in the early 1870s and his boyhood home at Vevay, Indiana, known as the Edward and George Cary Eggleston House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. New York, Hurd and Houghton, Cambridge, The Riverside Press,1875, George Cary Eggleston - The Authors - The Atlantic
19.
Robert E. Sherwood
–
Robert Emmet Sherwood was an American playwright, editor, and screenwriter. His aunts included the notable American portrait artists Lydia Field Emmet, Jane Emmet de Glehn and his first cousin, Sherwood was educated at Fay School, Milton Academy and then Harvard University. He fought with the Royal Highlanders of Canada, CEF in Europe during World War I and was wounded, after his return to the U. S. he began working as a movie critic for such magazines as Life and Vanity Fair. The career of Robert E. Sherwood was one of the members of the Algonquin Round Table. He was close friends with Dorothy Parker and Robert Benchley, who were on the staff of Vanity Fair with Sherwood when the Round Table began meeting in 1919, author Edna Ferber was also a good friend. Sherwood stood 6 feet 8 inches tall, Dorothy Parker, who was 5 feet 4 inches, once commented that when she, Sherwood, and Robert Benchley walked down the street together, they resembled a walking pipe organ. When asked at a party how long he had known Sherwood, Benchley stood on a chair, raised his hand to the ceiling, and said, I knew Bob Sherwood back when he was only this tall. Sherwoods first Broadway play, The Road to Rome, a comedy concerning Hannibals botched invasion of Rome, introduced one of his favorite themes, many of his later dramatic works employed variations of that motif, including Idiots Delight, which won Sherwood the first of four Pulitzer Prizes. According to legend, he admitted to the gossip columnist Lucius Beebe, “The trouble with me is that I start with a big message and end up with nothing but good entertainment. ”Sherwoods Broadway success soon attracted the attention of Hollywood. While some of his work went uncredited, his films included many adaptations of his plays and he also collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock and Joan Harrison in writing the screenplay for Rebecca. With Europe in the midst of World War II, Sherwood set aside his anti-war stance to support the fight against the Third Reich. His 1940 play about Russias invasion of Finland, There Shall Be No Night, was produced by the Playwrights Company which he co-founded and starred Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, katharine Cornell produced and starred in a 1957 TV adaptation on NBC. Sherwood publicly ridiculed isolationist Charles Lindbergh as a Nazi with a Nazis Olympian contempt for all democratic processes, during this period Sherwood also served as a speechwriter for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He recounted the experience in his book Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History, which won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, Sherwood is credited with originating the phrase that eventually evolved to arsenal of democracy, a frequent catchphrase in Roosevelts wartime speeches. Sherwood was quoted on May 12,1940 by the New York Times, This country is already, in effect, the 1946 film, which explores changes in the lives of three servicemen after they return home from war, earned Sherwood an Academy Award for Best Screenplay. Sherwood died of an attack in New York City in 1955. A production of Small War on Murray Hill debuted at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on January 3,1957, Sherwood was portrayed by the actor Nick Cassavetes in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. The Road to Rome The Love Nest The Queens Husband, adapted into the 1931 film The Royal Bed, waterloo Bridge - adapted into two American films and two Brazilian soap-operas This is New York, adapted into the 1932 film Two Kinds of Women
20.
Humor
–
Humour is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The term derives from the medicine of the ancient Greeks. People of all ages and cultures respond to humour, most people are able to experience humour—be amused, smile or laugh at something funny—and thus are considered to have a sense of humour. The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable, strange, for example, young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons, whose physical nature makes it accessible to them. By contrast, more sophisticated forms of such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context. Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves, the benign-violation theory, endorsed by Peter McGraw, attempts to explain humours existence. The theory says humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. Others believe that the use of humour can facilitate social interactions. Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained, white once said, Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. Counter to this argument, protests against offensive cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and this process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but begs attention towards its politics and assumed universality. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of humour to mean any type of comedy, however, both humour and comic are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of humour as opposed to comic are said to be that of response versus stimulus, additionally, humour was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual, the paradigmatic case being Shakespeares Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term humour, in French, non-satirical humour can be specifically termed droll humour or recreational drollery. As with any art form, the acceptance of a style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that the more you know humour, later, in Greek philosophy, Aristotle, in the Poetics, suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour. Each rasa was associated with a specific bhavas portrayed on stage, due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija. They viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublesome beginnings, after the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term comedy thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature
21.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
22.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
23.
Cupid
–
In classical mythology, Cupid is the god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection. He is often portrayed as the son of the love goddess Venus and he is also known in Latin as Amor. Although Eros is generally portrayed as a winged youth in Classical Greek art. During this time, his iconography acquired the bow and arrow that represent his source of power, a person, or even a deity, in myths, Cupid is a minor character who serves mostly to set the plot in motion. He is a character only in the tale of Cupid and Psyche. Although other extended stories are not told him, his tradition is rich in poetic themes and visual scenarios, such as Love conquers all. In art, Cupid often appears in multiples as the Amores, or amorini in the terminology of art history. Cupids are a frequent motif of both Roman art and later Western art of the classical tradition, in the 15th century, the iconography of Cupid starts to become indistinguishable from the putto. Cupid continued to be a figure in the Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, a renewed interest in classical philosophy endowed him with complex allegorical meanings, in contemporary popular culture, Cupid is shown drawing his bow to inspire romantic love, often as an icon of Valentines Day. The Romans reinterpreted myths and concepts pertaining to the Greek Eros for Cupid in their own literature and art, in the Greek tradition, Eros had a dual, contradictory genealogy. He was among the gods who came into existence asexually, after his generation. In Hesiods Theogony, only Chaos and Gaia are older, before the existence of gender dichotomy, Eros functioned by causing entities to separate from themselves that which they already contained. At the same time, the Eros who was pictured as a boy or slim youth was regarded as the child of a divine couple, in Latin literature, Cupid is usually treated as the son of Venus without reference to a father. Seneca says that Vulcan, as the husband of Venus, is the father of Cupid and this last Cupid was the equivalent of Anteros, Counter-Love, one of the Erotes, the gods who embody aspects of love. The multiple Cupids frolicking in art are the manifestation of these proliferating loves and desires. During the English Renaissance, Christopher Marlowe wrote of ten thousand Cupids, in Ben Jonsons wedding masque Hymenaei, in the later classical tradition, Cupid is most often regarded as the son of Venus and Mars, whose love affair represented an allegory of Love and War. The duality between the primordial and the sexually conceived Eros accommodated philosophical concepts of Heavenly and Earthly Love even in the Christian era, Cupid is winged, allegedly, because lovers are flighty and likely to change their minds, and boyish because love is irrational
24.
Judge (magazine)
–
Judge was a weekly satirical magazine published in the United States from 1881 to 1947. It was launched by artists who had seceded from its rival Puck, the founders included cartoonist James Albert Wales, dime novels publisher Frank Tousey and author George H. Jessop. The first printing of Judge was on October 29,1881 and it was 16 pages long and printed on quarto paper. While it did initially, it soon had trouble competing with Puck. William J. Arkell purchased the magazine in the middle 1880s, Arkell used his considerable wealth to persuade the cartoonistss Eugene Zimmerman and Bernard Gillam to leave Puck. A supporter of the Republican Party, Arkell persuaded his cartoonists to attack the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland, with G. O. P. aid, Judge boomed during the 80s and 90s, surpassing its rival publication in content and circulation. By the early 1890s, the circulation of the magazine reached 50,000, circulation for Judge was about 85,000 in the 1890s. By the 1900s, the magazine had become successful, reaching a circulation of 100,000 by 1912, edward Anthony was an editor in the early 1920s. Anthony was later co-author of Frank Bucks first two books, Bring em Back Alive and Wild Cargo, harold Ross was an editor of Judge between April 5 and August 2,1924. He used the experience on the magazine to start his own in 1925, the success of The New Yorker, as well as the depression, put pressure on the magazine. It became a monthly in 1932 and ceased circulation in 1947, Judge was resurrected in October 1953 as a 32-page weekly. David N. Laux was President and Publisher with Mabel Search as editorial director, contributors included Arthur L. Lippman and Victor Lasky. There were several sections, one-liners, cartoons and longer essays with mostly a conservative bent. A collection of Judge and Puck cartoons dating from 1887–1900 is maintained by the Special Collections Reference Center of The George Washington University, the collection is located in GWs Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library and is open to researchers
25.
Puck (magazine)
–
Puck was the first successful humor magazine in the United States of colorful cartoons, caricatures and political satire of the issues of the day. It was published from 1871 until 1918, a collection of Puck cartoons dating from 1879 to 1903 is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of The George Washington University. The weekly magazine was founded by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler in St. Louis and it began publishing English and German language editions in March 1871. Five years later, the German edition of Puck moved to New York City, the English language edition soon followed on March 14,1877. The publication lasted two years, the final edition was distributed September 5,1918. A typical 32-page issue contained a political cartoon on the front cover. There was always a double-page color centerfold, usually on a political topic, there were numerous black-and-white cartoons used to illustrate humorous anecdotes. A page of editorials commented on the issues of the day, and this led Shakespeares Puck character to be recast as a charming near-naked boy and used as the title of the magazine. Puck was the first magazine to carry illustrated advertising and the first to successfully adopt full-color lithography printing for a weekly publication, the magazine consisted of 16 pages measuring 10 inches by 13.5 inches with front and back covers in color and a color double-page centerfold. The cover always quoted Puck saying, What fools these mortals be, the jaunty symbol of Puck is conceived as a putto in a top hat who admires himself in a hand-mirror. He appears not only on the magazine covers but over the entrance to the Puck Building in New Yorks Nolita neighborhood, in May 1893, Puck Press published A Selection of Cartoons from Puck by Joseph Keppler featuring 56 cartoons chosen by Keppler as his best work. Also during 1893, Keppler temporarily moved to Chicago and published a smaller-format, shortly thereafter, Joseph Keppler died, and Henry Cuyler Bunner, editor of Puck since 1877 continued the magazine until his own death in 1896. Harry Leon Wilson replaced Bunner and remained editor until he resigned in 1902, Joseph Keppler, Jr. then became the editor. S. Pughe, Rose ONeill, Charles Taylor, James Albert Wales and its prime targets, however, were not just corrupt machine politicians. The magazine included as well what it, like the letterpress, condemned as the political agenda of the Catholic Church, especially its new Pope. If allowed to proceed unimpeded, the pope and his minions, along with Tammanys bosses and supporters, Puck was not about to let that happen. In cartoons and editorials spanning two decades, the magazine blasted and often conjoined both Tammany and the papacy with invidious comparisons that left few readers in doubt as to their sympathies. Puck was housed from 1887 in the landmark Chicago-style, Romanesque Revival Puck Building at Lafayette and Houston streets, the steel-frame building was designed by architects Albert and Herman Wagner in 1885, as the worlds largest lithographic pressworks under a single roof, with its own electricity-generating dynamo
26.
Harvard University
–
Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
27.
The Harvard Lampoon
–
The Harvard Lampoon is an undergraduate humor publication founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Harvard Lampoon publication was founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts who were inspired by magazines like Punch. Without counting breaks during World War I and World War II, the organization also produces occasional humor books and parodies of national magazines such as Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated. Much of the capital is provided by the licensing of the Lampoon name to National Lampoon. The Lampoon publishes five issues annually, in 2006, the Lampoon began regularly releasing content on its website, including pieces from the magazine and web-only content. In 2009, the Lampoon published a parody of Twilight called Nightlight, in February 2012, the Lampoon released a parody of The Hunger Games called The Hunger Pains. It is also a New York Times bestseller, the organization is housed a few blocks from Harvard Square in a small mock-Flemish castle, the Harvard Lampoon Building. The Lampoon is known for its parties, which can result in smashed plates. The Lampoons affairs are administered by Harvard Lampoon, Inc. whose Board of Graduate Trustees includes such people as James Murdoch, Ted Widmer, and Bill Oakley. Robert K. Hoffman, co-founder of the National Lampoon and major donor to the Dallas Museum of Art was a Trustee until his death in 2006, and was declared a Trustee Ad-Infinitum a year later. The Harvard Lampoon was first published in 1876 by seven founders including Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Edward Sandford Martin, Edmund March Wheelwright, in 1961, Mademoiselle offered the Lampoon staff an honorarium to produce a parody of their own magazine for the traditionally lower-selling July issue. The magazine also produced a 70-page spoof of Ian Flemings James Bond novels in 1962 titled Alligator and these projects proved popular, and led to full, nationally-distributed parodies of Playboy, Time, and Life, and later, Cosmopolitan in 1972 and Sports Illustrated. An important line of demarcation came when Lampoon editors Douglas Kenney, writers from these shows were subsequently hired to help create Saturday Night Live. An old copy of the magazine was shown in the finale of NewsRadio. Lampoon alumni include such comedians as Conan OBrien, Andy Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, etan Cohen wrote for Beavis and Butthead as an undergraduate member. The Lampoon has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist at the Lampoon and became its president. Celebrities often visit the Lampoon to be inducted as members of the organization. A noted event in the history of the Lampoon–Crimson rivalry was the Crimsons 1953 theft of the Lampoon Castles ibis statue, on September 27,2011, the Lampoon stole the Harvard Crimson Presidents Chair and had it used as a prop on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
28.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
29.
Palmer Cox
–
Palmer Cox was a Canadian illustrator and author, best known for The Brownies, his series of humorous verse books and comic strips about the mischievous but kindhearted fairy-like sprites. The cartoons were published in books, such as The Brownies. Due to the popularity of Coxs Brownies, one of the first popular handheld cameras was named after them and he was born in Granby, Quebec, the son of Michael and Sarah Cox, and became a carpenter and car builder. He moved to San Francisco via Panama as a railroad contractor, in 1874, he began to formally study drawing and contribute illustrated stories to such publications as Golden Era and Alta California. After 1875, Cox lived in New York, during this time he regularly contributed editorial cartoons to Oscar Hammersteins United States Tobacco Journal. The earliest publication of Brownie characters took place in 1879, in 1883, Brownie stories appeared in St. Nicholas Magazine and as their popularity rose, they were covered in publications such as the Ladies Home Journal. Coxs Brownies were little men who had mischievous adventures together, Coxs text was quite crude, and did not develop individual personalities for the Brownies, aside from the ethnic ones speaking in stereotypical dialect. Cox died at his 17-room dream home named Brownie Castle at Granby, Quebec and his headstone has a Brownie figure and the inscription, In creating the Brownies he bestowed a priceless heritage on childhood. Outcault referenced Cox and The Brownies in a February 9,1895 cartoon of Hogans Alley
30.
Brownie (folklore)
–
A brownie/brounie or urisk or brùnaidh, ùruisg, or gruagach is a mythical household spirit from English and Scottish folklore. Brownies are especially popular in the North, in this region, brownies are commonly conflated with hobs. A brownie is the Scottish and Northern English counterpart of the Scandinavian tomte, the Slavic domovoi, in folklore, a brownie resembles the hob, similar to a hobgoblin. Thomas Keightley describes the brownie as a personage of small stature, wrinkled visage, covered with short brown hair. Brownies are said to inhabit houses and aid in tasks around the house, however, they do not like to be seen and will only work at night, traditionally in exchange for small gifts of food. Among food, they especially enjoy porridge and honey and they usually abandon the house if their gifts are called payments, or if the owners of the house misuse them. Brownies make their homes in a part of the house, often in attics. Every manor house had its ùruisg, and in the kitchen, close by the fire was a seat, Brownies seldom spoke with humans, but they held frequent and affectionate conversations with one another. They had general assemblies as well, usually held on a remote, in a certain district of the Scottish Highlands, Peallaidh an Spùit, Stochdail a’ Chùirt, and Brùnaidh an Easain were names of note at those congresses. According to Scottish toponymist William J. Watson, every stream in Breadalbane had an ùruisg once and it may be the case, that ùruisg was conflated with some water sprite, or that ùruisg were originally water sprites conflated with brownies. Another name by which the spirit was known in some parts of Scotland was Shellycoat. The ùruisg enjoyed solitude at certain seasons of the year, around the end of the harvest, he became more sociable, and hovered around farmyards, stables and cattle-houses. He particularly enjoyed dairy products, and tended to intrude on milkmaids and he was usually seen only by those who possessed second sight, though there were instances when he made himself visible to ordinary people as well. He is said to have been jolly and personable, with flowing hair, wearing a broad blue bonnet. Anglo-Scottish Border folklore also included a figure, Billy Blind or Billy Blin, much like the brownie, a hob came from the Scottish Borders and north of England, while the lubber fiend, lob or lob lie-by-the-fire was a variant from England. The Killmoulis is a creature that is often said to inhabit mills. The fenodyree is a household spirit featured in folklore from the Isle of Man with similar attributes to the brownie, the fenodyree, however, is somewhat different from the brownie because it is usually described as being covered from head-to-toe in thick, woolly hair. Jack o the bowl is a spirit from Swiss folklore that is very similar to the brownie
31.
A. B. Frost
–
Arthur Burdett Frost, was an American illustrator, graphic artist and comics writer. He was also known as a painter. Frosts work is known for its dynamic representation of motion. Frost is considered one of the great illustrators in the Golden Age of American Illustration, Frost illustrated over 90 books and produced hundreds of paintings, in addition to his work in illustrations, he is renowned for realistic hunting and shooting prints. Frost was born on January 17,1851, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the eldest of ten children, his father was a literature professor. In 1876, Frost joined the art department at the publisher Harper & Brothers, while there, he learned a wide variety of techniques, from cartooning to what later came to be called photorealistic painting. Frosts color blindness may have helped his excellent use of grayscale, in 1877 and 1878, Frost went to London to study with some of the great cartoonists of the time. Later, he returned to Philadelphia and studied under painters Thomas Eakins, soon after returning, he published several stories formed of sequential drawings with captions, pioneering the form that would later develop into comic strips and comic books. In 1884, Frost published Stuff and Nonsense, an anthology of his works that advanced the concept of time-stop drawings, Frost married another artist, illustrator Emily Louise Phillips, in 1883. From 1906 until May 1914, Frost and his family lived in France, returning to the United States, he continued work as an illustrator and comics artist, mainly for Life magazine. Frost died on June 22,1928, out of the Hurly Burly, illustrations Rhyme. Frost at Project Gutenberg Works by A. B, Frost at Faded Page Works by or about A. B. Frost at Internet Archive Morristown, A. B, Frost Collection Lambiek Comiclopedia Bedford Fine Art Gallery, A. B. Frost at Library of Congress Authorities, with 229 catalog records
32.
Oliver Herford
–
Oliver Herford was an American writer, artist and illustrator who has been called The American Oscar Wilde. As a frequent contributor to The Mentor, Life, and Ladies Home Journal, in 1906 he wrote and illustrated the Little Book of Bores. He also wrote short poems like The Chimpanzee and The Hen, as well as writing and illustrating The Rubaiyat of a Persian Kitten and his sister Beatrice Herford was also a humorist. Ethel Mumford and Addison Mizner wrote a small book The Cynics Calendar of Revised Wisdom for 1903 as a Christmas present, the printer made up more copies to sell and to everyones surprise it was an astounding success. When Herford found out about it he wanted 90% of the royalties and he was awarded an equal third. A womans mind is cleaner than a mans, she changes it more often, if you want to sacrifice the admiration of many men for the criticism of one, go ahead, get married. Many are called but few get up, tact, to lie about others as you would have them lie about you. Ive always wanted to throw an egg into an electric fan, the Irish gave the bagpipes to the Scots as a joke, but the Scots havent seen the joke yet. A man is known by the silence he keeps. com Archive of poems Collected quotations Herford, Worldofquotes. com The Rubaiyat of a Persian Kitten – The whole book, with art
33.
E. W. Kemble
–
Edward Windsor Kemble was an American illustrator. He is known best for illustrating the first edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Kemble was born in Sacramento, California. In 1875, he was enrolled at a school in Philadelphia. His artistic talent was such that he was a contributor to periodicals by 1881. He became the political cartoonist for the New York Graphic while receiving his only formal artistic training at the Art Students League of New York. When Life magazine was founded in 1883, Kemble became a frequent contributor to its early issues. He was a political cartoonist for Colliers from 1903 to 1907, for Harpers Weekly from 1907 to 1912 before returning to Colliers. His lively cartoons, some of the industrys most mature work, attracted the attention of Mark Twain. Kemble lived in the Rochelle Park area of suburban New Rochelle, Kemble died in Ridgefield, Connecticut in 1933, aged 72. 2d ed. Philadelphia, Chelsea House Publishers,1999, New York, The Society of Illustrators,2001. Samuels Encyclopedia of Artists of the American West, works by or about E. W. Kemble at Internet Archive Comic Creator, E. W. Kemble via lambiek. net Kemble, E. W. The Colophon, A Book Collectors Quarterly Kembles Illustrations for Huck Finn E. W. Kemble at Library of Congress Authorities, with 89 catalog records
34.
John Kendrick Bangs
–
John Kendrick Bangs was an American author, humorist, editor and satirist. He was born in Yonkers, New York and his father Francis Nehemiah Bangs was a lawyer in New York City, as was his brother, Francis S. Bangs. He went to Columbia College from 1880 to 1883 where he became editor of Columbias literary magazine, Acta Columbia, and contributed short anonymous pieces to humor magazines. After graduation in 1883 with a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in Political Science, Bangs entered Columbia Law School, Bangs contributed many articles and poems to the magazine between 1884 and 1888. During this period, Bangs published his first books, in 1888 Bangs left Life to work at Harpers Magazine, Harpers Bazaar and Harpers Young People, though he continued to contribute to Life. From 1889 to 1900 he held the title of Editor of the Departments of Humor for all three Harpers magazines and from 1899 to 1901 served as editor of Harpers Weekly. Bangs also served for a time as the first editor of Munseys Magazine. In 1894, Bangs ran for the office of mayor of Yonkers, New York and he also was a member of the Board of Education in Yonkers. He left Harper & Brothers in 1901 and became editor of the New Metropolitan magazine in 1903, in 1904 he was appointed editor of Puck, perhaps the foremost American humor magazine of its day. In this period, he revived his earlier interest in drama, in 1906 he switched his focus to the lecture circuit. During the period between 1901 and 1906, Mr. Bangs was known to have spent at least parts of his summers at the Profile House in Franconia, New Hampshire. He owned one of the 20 connected cottages adjacent to the large hotel, as a satirical writer, he was also known in the Profile Cottage circles as a jokester and prankster and was frequently the jovial topic of hotel guests and cottage owners alike. In 1918, he lectured for the Young Mens Christian Association, in 1886, he married Agnes L. Hyde, with whom he had three sons. Bangs then married Mary Blakeney Gray of New York in 1904, in 1907 they moved from Yonkers to Ogunquit, Maine. John Kendrick Bangs died from cancer in 1922 at age fifty-nine, in Atlantic City. Charles Howard Johnson, Dewitt Publishing House In Camp with a Tin Solder, E. M. Ashe, New York, R. H. Russell & Son Half Hours with Jimmieboy, illus. Frank Verbeck, Charles Howard Johnson, J. T. Richards, P. Newell, H. W. McVickar, New York and London, Harper & Brothers The Paradise Club A Rebellious Heroine, illus. Edward Penfield, New York and London, Harper & Brothers Cobwebs from a Literary Corner, New York and London, Harper & Brothers In Camp with a Tin Soldier, illus
35.
James Whitcomb Riley
–
James Whitcomb Riley was an American writer, poet, and best-selling author. During his lifetime he was known as the Hoosier Poet and Childrens Poet for his dialect works and his poems tended to be humorous or sentimental, and of the approximately one thousand poems that Riley authored, the majority are in dialect. His famous works include Little Orphant Annie and The Raggedy Man, Riley began his career writing verses as a sign maker and submitting poetry to newspapers. Thanks in part to an endorsement from poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Riley gradually rose in prominence during the 1880s through his poetry reading tours. He traveled a touring circuit first in the Midwest, and then nationally, holding shows, regularly struggling with his alcohol addiction, Riley never married or had children, and created a scandal in 1888 when he became too drunk to perform. He became more popular in spite of the bad press he received, Riley became a bestselling author in the 1890s. His childrens poems were compiled into a book and illustrated by Howard Chandler Christy, titled the Rhymes of Childhood, the book was his most popular and sold millions of copies. As a poet, Riley achieved a level of fame during his own lifetime. He was honored with annual Riley Day celebrations around the United States and was called on to perform readings at national civic events. He continued to write and hold occasional poetry readings until a stroke paralyzed his arm in 1910. Rileys chief legacy was his influence in fostering the creation of a cultural identity. Along with other writers of his era, he helped create a caricature of midwesterners, there are many memorials dedicated to Riley, including the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children. James Whitcomb Riley was born on October 7,1849, in the town of Greenfield, Indiana, Rileys father was an attorney, and in the year before Rileys birth, he was elected a member of the Indiana House of Representatives as a Democrat. He developed a friendship with James Whitcomb, the governor of Indiana, martin Riley, Rileys uncle, was an amateur poet who occasionally wrote verses for local newspapers. Riley was fond of his uncle who helped influence his early interest in poetry, shortly after Rileys birth, the family moved into a larger house in town. Riley was a boy, not talkative, who would often go about with one eye shut as he observed and speculated. His mother taught him to read and write at home before sending him to the community school in 1852. He found school difficult and was frequently in trouble, often punished, he had nothing kind to say of his teachers in his writings
36.
Brander Matthews
–
James Brander Matthews was an American writer and educator. He was the first full-time professor of literature at an American university. His interests ranged from Shakespeare, Molière, and Ibsen to French boulevard comedies, folk theater, One of these, Vignettes of Manhattan, was dedicated to his friend Theodore Roosevelt. From 1892 to 1900, he was a professor of literature at Columbia and he was known as an engaging lecturer and a charismatic if demanding teacher. His influence was such that a popular pun claimed that a generation had been brandered by the same Matthews. During his long tenure at Columbia, Matthews created and curated a museum of costumes, scripts, props. Originally housed in a complex in Philosophy Hall, the collection was broken up. Matthews was the inspiration for the now-destroyed Brander Matthews Theater on 117th Street, an English professorship in his name still exists at Columbia. Matthews students knew him as a man well-versed in the history of drama and as knowledgeable about continental dramatists as he was about American and his students also knew him as an opinionated man with a somewhat conservative political bent. Behrman, who studied with him in 1917, recalled in his memoirs, I had, actually, a contribution in it. Matthews looked at The New Republic and said, I am sorry to see you wasting your time on that stuff, as a staunch Republican and intimate of Theodore Roosevelts, he had his duty to do. He could also be easy and anecdotal, Behrman acknowledged, and he lived for the theater and made clear his belief that theater was a performance art, first and foremost, and that plays as literary texts should never be viewed in the same light. Yet in the classroom he was a guide to stage craftsmanship. His relations with Columbia colleagues were sometimes adversarial, according to Mark Van Doren, he taught an ancient American literature elective that he refused to revise over the decades. Not surprisingly, he was a target for the World War I-era generation of writers. In On Native Grounds, Alfred Kazin characterized him as a literary gentleman, Matthews taught a number of students who went on to have major careers in the theater, including playwright Behrman and drama critics Stark Young, Ludwig Lewisohn, and John Gassner. Brander Matthews was a prolific, varied, and uneven writer and his own novels and plays are undistinguished and long-forgotten. Some of his surveys of American literature and drama sold very well as high-school and it also offers an interesting evocation of life in Manhattan c
37.
Jews
–
The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
38.
Klaw and Erlanger
–
Klaw and Erlanger were a theatrical production duo based out of New York City during the early 1900s. With the help of the Theatrical Syndicate, Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger were able to monopolize the booking, Marc Klaw was born in Paducah, Kentucky in 1858. He received his law degree from Louisville Law School and practiced law while maintaining a role within the industry as a part-time critic. L. Erlanger was born in Cleveland Ohio in 1860, kick-starting his career in theater as treasurer of the Euclid Avenue Opera House, in his early 20s, Erlanger was hired and performed well for George S. Knight and Joseph Jefferson as a business manager for touring theater companies. Throughout his career he was known for underwriting shows such as The Great Metropolis and producing large numbers such as Pink Lady, the Theatrical Syndicate was composed of Charles Frohman, John Zimmerman Sr. Samuel F. Nixon, Al Hayman, Klaw, and Erlanger. In order to monopolize the industry, the Syndicate unified their theaters and gave booking duties to Klaw, Erlanger, and Frohman. The Frohman brothers, originally from Sandusky, Ohio, implemented a system that allowed companies to tour different areas of the United States. Through collaboration with Klaw and Erlanger, Charles Frohman managed the monopolization of all theater booking, in 1912, Daniel Frohman worked with Adolph Zukor to create the Famous Players Film Company, a business that would yield 74 high-grossing motion pictures. The Shubert Family is credited with the establishment of Broadway and the development of the American theater industry during the early 1900s, theaters such as the Winter Garden Theater and the Forrest Theater, both of which still operate to this day. Their expansion within the greater New York area included holdings within Buffalo, Utica, Rochester and their constant competition with the Theatrical Syndicate ended the monopolization of the theater industry and allowed for the proliferation of operetta and other musical numbers. Notable stars that came through their ranks include Abbot and Costello, Fred Astaire, in an unprecedented move, the two theater powerhouses joined forces to work within Advanced Vaudeville, a venture that quickly dissolved once both parties profited. The New Amsterdam Theater was designed and built in 1903 by Hugh Tallant, upon completion, the playhouse was the largest on Broadway with 1,702 seats, billing large production shows such as Ziegfeld Follies. The interior of the building maintains a strong Art Nouveau theme while the exterior is Beaux Arts, Great Depression economic woes forced the theater to close, but in 1982 the site was bought and converted into a movie theater by the Shuberts. The Syndicate pushed the envelope of production and construction of new theaters along the nations east coast during the early 1900s. In 1903, they expedited the construction of the Iroquois Theater, which believe to be the reason for the ensuing asbestos fire. Although Klaw and Erlanger primarily booked theatres, they also owned theatres in New York, gaiety Theatre Liberty Theatre New Amsterdam Theatre New York Theatre Tulane Theatre Crescent Theatre
39.
Iroquois Theatre fire
–
The Iroquois Theatre fire happened on December 30,1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It was the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history, at least 602 people died as a result of the fire, but not all the deaths were reported, as some of the bodies were removed from the scene. The Iroquois Theatre was at 24–28 West Randolph Street, between State Street and Dearborn Street, in Chicago, upon opening it was lauded by drama critics, Walter K. Hill wrote in the New York Clipper that the Iroquois was the most beautiful. In Chicago, and competent judges state that few theaters in America can rival its architectural perfections, the Iroquois had a capacity of 1,602 with three audience levels. The main floor, known as the orchestra or parquet, had approximately 700 seats on the level as the foyer. The second level, the circle or balcony, had more than 400 seats. The third level, the gallery, had about 500 seats, there were four boxes on the first level and two above. The theater had only one entrance, a broad stairway which led from the foyer to the balcony level was also used to reach the stairs to the gallery level. Theater designers claimed this allowed patrons to see and be seen regardless of the price of their seats, however, the common stairway ignored Chicago fire ordinances that required separate stairways and exits for each balcony. The design proved disastrous, people exiting the gallery encountered a crowd leaving the balcony level, the backstage areas were unusually large. Dressing rooms were on five levels, and an elevator was available to transport actors down to the stage level, a fly gallery was also uncommonly large. A Chicago Fire Department captain who made a tour of the theater days before the official opening noted that there were no sprinklers, alarms, telephones. When the captain reported the matter to his officer, he was again told that nothing could be done. The onsite firefighting equipment consisted of six Kilfyre extinguishers, Kilfyre was a form of dry chemical fire extinguisher also sold for dousing chimney fires in residential houses. It consisted of a 2 ×24 tube of tin filled with three pounds of white powder, mostly sodium bicarbonate. The user was instructed to forcibly hurl the contents of the tube at the base of the flames, the fire began high above the stage, so the Kilfyre, when thrown, fell uselessly to the ground. On December 30,1903, a Wednesday, the Iroquois presented a performance of the popular Drury Lane musical Mr. Blue Beard. The play, a burlesque of the traditional Bluebeard folk tale, featured Dan McAvoy as Bluebeard and Eddie Foy as Sister Anne, attendance since opening night had been disappointing, people having been driven away by poor weather, labor unrest, and other factors
40.
Robert Ripley
–
LeRoy Robert Ripley, better known by the name Robert Ripley, was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur, and amateur anthropologist, who is known for creating the Ripleys Believe It or Not. Newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd facts from around the world, in 1919 Ripley married Beatrice Roberts. He made his first trip around the world in 1922, delineating a travel journal in installments and this ushered in a new topic for his cartoons, unusual and exotic foreign locales and cultures. Because he took the veracity of his work seriously, in 1923, Ripley hired a researcher. In 1926, his feature moved from the New York Globe to the New York Post, throughout the 1920s, Mr. Ripley continued to broaden the scope of his work and his popularity increased greatly. He published both a travel journal and a guide to the game of handball in 1925, in 1926, Ripley became the New York state handball champion and also wrote a book on boxing. With a proven record as a versatile writer and artist, he attracted the attention of publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst. In 1929, Hearst was responsible for Believe It or Not, making its syndicated debut in seventeen papers worldwide. With the success of this series assured, Ripley capitalized on his fame by getting the first book collection of his newspaper panel series published, on November 3,1929, he drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon saying Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem. In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor of giving the official status. By a law signed on March 3,1931, by President Herbert Hoover, the 1930s saw Ripley expand his presence into other media. In 1930, he began a run on radio and a nineteen-year association with the shows producer. Funding for his travels around the world were provided by the Hearst organization, and Ripley recorded live radio shows from underwater, the sky, caves, snake pits. The next year he hosted the first of a series of two dozen Believe It or Not, theatrical short films for Warner Bros. & Vitaphone, and King Features published a collected volume of Believe it or Not. He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, Seasons Greetings, with Ruth Etting, Joe Penner, Ted Husing, Thelma White, Ray Collins, after a trip to Asia in 1932, Ripley opened his first museum, the Odditorium, in Chicago in 1933. The concept was a success, and at one point there were Odditoriums in San Diego, Dallas, Cleveland, San Francisco, and New York City. By this point in his life, Ripley had been voted the most popular man in America by the New York Times, received a degree from Dartmouth College
41.
Ripley's Believe It or Not!
–
Ripleys Believe It or Not. is an American franchise, founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was adapted into a wide variety of formats, including radio, television, comic books, a chain of museums. The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs,30,000 artifacts, with 80-plus attractions, the Orlando-based Ripley Entertainment, Inc. a division of the Jim Pattison Group, is a global company with an annual attendance of more than 12 million guests. Ripley Entertainments publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects, including the syndicated TV series, the cartoon panel, books, posters. Ripley first called his cartoon feature, originally involving sports feats, Champs and Chumps, Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports, and in October 1919, he changed the title to Believe It or Not. When the Globe folded in 1923, Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post, other writers and researchers included Lester Byck. In 1930, Ripley moved to the New York American and picked up by the King Features Syndicate, paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Societys Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series. Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not. for Mad, as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs, the current artist is John Graziano and current researcher is Sabrina Sieck. Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades, other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format, such as Ralph Graczaks Our Own Oddities, John Hixs Strange as it Seems, and Gordon Johnstons It Happened in Canada. Recent Ripleys Believe It or Not, books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs. Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulzs first publication of artwork was published by Ripley and it was a cartoon claiming his dog was a hunting dog who eats pins, tacks, screws, nails and razor blades. Schulzs dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts Snoopy, some notable books, Believe it or not. In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd, based in the United Kingdom, the company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripleys Believe It or Not. Annuals, the children’s fiction series Ripley’s RBI, a series called the Ripley’s Twists. Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles, the people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True, have what Edward Meyer, Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc. describes as an obsession. “Whatever it is theyre after, it is so important to them all the rest of the world can go on without them. They want to make something that makes them immortal, makes them a different than you. To be included in Ripleys Believe It or Not books, museums, or television shows, items must undergo scrutiny from Ripleys staff and be 100% authenticated
42.
Rea Irvin
–
Rea Irvin was an American graphic artist. Although never formally credited as such, he served de facto as the first art editor of The New Yorker and he created the Eustace Tilley cover portrait and the New Yorker typeface. He first drew Tilley for the cover of the magazines first issue on February 21,1925, Tilley appeared annually on the magazines cover every February until 1994. As one commentator has written, a truly modern bon vivant and his high regard for both the careful artistry of the past and the gleam of the modern metropolis shines from the very first issue of the magazine. Born in San Francisco, he studied at the Mark Hopkins Art Institute for six months and he also contributed to the San Francisco Evening Post. He also worked as an itinerant actor, newspaper illustrator, in 1906 he moved to the East Coast. In the 1910s he contributed illustrations to both Red Book magazine and its sister publication, Green Book. Before World War I, Irvin contributed illustrations regularly to Life, Irvin also contributed to Cosmopolitan when it was a serious literary publication. He illustrated Wallace Irwins Letters of a Japanese Schoolboy in Life and he would later incorporate Japanese imagery in satirical kakemono for The New Yorker. He also created a series of advertisements for Murad cigarettes. He was fired from his position as art editor at Life in 1924 and he also contributed the illustrations for Snoot If You Must, by Lucius Beebe, a noted raconteur of New Yorks cafe society. However, Irvin had joined a board to help launch The New Yorker and then worked on the staff of The New Yorker as an illustrator. The gentleman on the cover is referred to as Eustace Tilley. This appeared on the cover for the July 1,1944 issue, besides covers for the magazine, Irvin also drew various illustrations, department headings, caricatures, and cartoons. The New Yorker signature display typeface, used for its nameplate and headlines, an alphabet drawn by the American etcher Allen Lewis, who had received training in woodcutting in Paris, was used as the typographical basis for the Irvin type. Irvin may have spotted Lewis’ lettering, which was drawn to imitate a woodcut, in a pamphlet entitled Journeys To Bagdad, uninterested in this project, Lewis suggested that Irvin create the alphabet himself –this became the Irvin type. He also added the New Yorkers squiggly column rules, these provide a delineation between the text and illustrations and he was also responsible for the vertical “cover strap” that was used for the magazines margins. ”Irvin also created the comic strip The Smythes. It ran in the New York Herald Tribune during the early 1930s, six years before his death, Irvin and his wife retired to a home in Frederiksted, Saint Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands
43.
Gibson Girl
–
The artist saw his creation as representing the composite of thousands of American girls. The Gibson Girl image that appeared in the 1890s combined elements of older American images of female beauty, such as the fragile lady. From the fragile lady she took the basic lines. From the voluptuous woman she took a large bust and hips, from this combination emerged the Gibson Girl, who was tall and slender, yet with ample bosom, hips and buttocks. She had an exaggerated S-curve torso shape achieved by wearing a swan-bill corset, images of her epitomized the late 19th- and early 20th-century Western preoccupation with youthful features and ephemeral beauty. Her neck was thin and her hair piled high upon her head in the contemporary bouffant, pompadour, the statuesque, narrow-waisted ideal feminine figure was portrayed as being at ease and stylish. She was a member of class society, always perfectly dressed in the latest fashionable attire appropriate for the place. In addition to the Gibson Girls refined beauty, in spirit, she was calm, independent, confident and she could be depicted attending college and vying for a good mate, but she would never have participated in the suffrage movement. Taking part in the movement was something more associated with the New Woman. The Gibson Girl was a popular version of the New Woman. She therefore managed to stay within the boundaries of feminine roles without too much transgression, Gibson depicted her as an equal and sometimes teasing companion to men. She was also dominant, for example, literally examining comical little men under a magnifying glass, or, in a breezy manner. Next to the beauty of a Gibson Girl, men appeared as simpletons or bumblers. Gibson illustrated men so captivated by her looks that they would follow her anywhere, attempting to fulfill any desire, even if it was absurd. One memorable drawing shows dumbstruck men following a Gibson Girls command to plant a young, leafless tree upside-down, roots in the air, most often, a Gibson Girl appeared single and uncommitted. However, a romance always relieved her boredom, once married, she was shown deeply frustrated if romantic love had disappeared from her life, but satisfied if socializing with girlfriends or happy when doting on her infant child. The artist believed that the Gibson Girl represented the beauty of American women, I saw her on the streets, I saw her at the theatres, I saw her in the churches. I saw her everywhere and doing everything, I saw her idling on Fifth Avenue and at work behind the counters of the stores
