1.
Transportation in Los Angeles
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The intercity transportation system in Los Angeles serves as a regional, national and international hub for passenger and freight traffic. People in Los Angeles rely on cars as the dominant mode of transportation, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area there are five commercial airports and many more general-aviation airports. The primary Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport, other major nearby commercial airports include, LA/Ontario International Airport, Bob Hope Airport, Long Beach Airport, and John Wayne Airport. The worlds busiest general-aviation airport is located in Los Angeles. Union Station is the regional train station for Amtrak, Metrolink. The station is Amtraks fifth busiest station, having 1,464,289 Amtrak boardings and de-boardings in 2006, two of those trips continue to San Luis Obispo, California. The Coast Starlight provides additional service on the route and beyond to the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento, Amtrak motor coaches connect from Los Angeles to the San Joaquin Route in Bakersfield with frequent service through the Central Valley of California to Sacramento and Oakland. There is also service to Chicago, Illinois on the Southwest Chief. The Texas Eagle is a train to Chicago, which operates thrice weekly. Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle trains operate on the track between Los Angeles and San Antonio, Texas before splitting off towards their respective destinations. Amtrak Pacific Surfliner trains stop at several locations in Los Angeles County, including, Glendale, Bob Hope Airport in Burbank, Chatsworth, due to the large volumes of import freight that flows into the citys port complex, Los Angeles is a major freight railroad hub. Freight is hauled by Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway, the now-defunct Southern Pacific Railroad once served the Los Angeles area before merging with Union Pacific. The Alameda Corridor, a rail corridor connects the port to the citys main rail yards and to points further north. The major highway routes providing intercity connections are Interstate 5, U. S. Route 101, greyhound, Megabus, BoltBus and various smaller bus lines provide intercity bus services. Megabus and Boltbus departs from Union Station and directly connects Los Angeles to San Francsico, greyhound connects smaller communities and departs from various locations within metro Los Angeles. The main station is located in downtown Los Angeles, also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT L. A. the port complex occupies 7,500 acres of land and water along 43 miles of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach, the sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles–Long Beach Harbor. There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L. A. s coastline, most of these like Redondo Beach and Marina del Rey are used primarily by sailboats and yachts
2.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
3.
Rolling stock
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The term rolling stock originally referred to any vehicles that move on a railway. It has since expanded to include the vehicles used by businesses on roadways. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons. Rolling stock is considered to be an asset, or close to it, since the value of the vehicle can be readily estimated. The term contrasts with fixed stock, which is a term for the track, signals, stations, other buildings, electric wires. In Great Britain, types of rolling stock were given code names and these codes were telegraphese, somewhat analogous to the SMS language of today. List of railway vehicles Great Western Railway telegraphic codes Great Western Railway wagons The dictionary definition of rolling stock at Wiktionary
4.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
5.
Utah Transit Authority
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It operates fixed route buses, flex route buses, express buses, ski buses, three light rail lines, a streetcar line, and a commuter rail train from Ogden through Salt Lake City to Provo. UTA is headquartered in Salt Lake City with operations and garages in locations throughout the Wasatch Front, including Ogden, Midvale, Light rail vehicles are stored and maintained at yards at locations in South Salt Lake and Midvale. UTA’s commuter rail equipment is stored and serviced at a facility in Salt Lake City, all of UTAs TRAX and FrontRunner trains and stations, as well as all buses, are compliant with Americans with Disabilities Act and are therefore accessible to those with disabilities. In accordance with the Utah Clean Air Act and UTA ordinance, smoking is prohibited on UTA vehicles as well as UTA bus stops, TRAX stations, FrontRunner stations, the Utah Transit Authority traces its roots to 1953 when several bus companies united to form the organization. Ironically, among the companies of the UTA was National City Lines. The Traction company operated electric trolleys in Salt Lake City neighborhoods like the Avenues, bus service in the 1950s became unpopular, with low gas prices and subsidized construction of highways like Interstate 15. By 1960, bus ridership was only one third the level of war-time Salt Lake. In 1969, the Utah State Legislature passed the Utah Public Transit District Act, UTA was subsequently founded on March 3,1970 when the cities of Sandy, Salt Lake City, and Murray voted to form a transit district. Service was extended to Weber and Davis counties in 1973 and to Utah County in 1985, today, the UTAs service area is over 1,400 square miles and covers seven counties, Box Elder, Davis, Salt Lake, Summit, Tooele, Utah, and Weber. UTA saw rapid expansion through the mid-1970s and 1980s, four bus routes to Granger, Hunter, Kearns, Magna, and Tooele were also created the same year. Sunday service on 25 routes began in 1975, only to be removed sometime before 1988, in 1976 the UTA began offering ski service to Alta, Brighton, Snowbird, and Solitude ski resorts in Big and Little Cottonwood canyons. Today, the UTA offers seasonal buses to four resorts as well as Snowbasin Resort and Powder Mountain in Weber County. Since 1970, the service area of UTA has seen bus route redesigns. Weber and Davis Counties saw an overhaul of their bus routing in 2002, the largest and most comprehensive change in routing occurred in August 2007 in Salt Lake County, with the goal of increasing ridership by twelve percent. Prior to 2007, night service had different numbering and routing than regular daytime service, after the redesign, nighttime routes were to retain the same routing and numbering as their daytime counterparts. Routes were consolidated as well, with 69 routes reduced to 60, fifteen-minute service during weekday daytime hours was extended from two to 11 routes, and all other routes in the system had 30 service during weekday peak hours at the very least. Fast buses, which connected suburbs to the city and charged the fare as local buses, were also introduced and expanded. The redesign proposal was met criticism, with low-income advocacy groups claiming that the redesign focused too heavily on commuters rather than the disadvantaged
6.
TRAX (light rail)
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TRAX is a light rail system in the Salt Lake Valley of Utah, in the United States, serving Salt Lake City and many of its suburbs throughout Salt Lake County. Its full official name is Transit Express, though this name is rarely used. The system is operated by the Utah Transit Authority, all TRAX trains are electric, receiving power from overhead trolley wires. As of 2013 TRAX has three lines in service, the Blue Line provides service from Downtown Salt Lake City to Draper. The Red Line provides service from the University of Utah to the Daybreak Community of South Jordan, the Green Line provides service from Salt Lake City International Airport to West Valley City. Signage at the stations, on the platforms, and on the trains. Ramps on the platform and assistance from the train operator may be necessary for wheelchair boarding on Blue Line trains. These ramps are not used on the Red or Green lines, in accordance with the Utah Clean Air Act and UTA ordinance, smoking is prohibited on UTA vehicles as well as UTA bus stops, TRAX stations, and FrontRunner stations. TRAX operates seven days a week, with the exception of some holidays and it operates Monday through Friday from approximately 4,30 am to 11,30 pm with a fifteen-minute headway on each line during the entirety of operating hours. It operates weekends from approximately 5,00 am to midnight with a twenty-minute headway. 146 total railcars 23 Siemens SD-100 LRVs 17 Siemens SD-160 LRVs 77 Siemens S70 LRVs 29 UTDC LRVs The first line, the second line from downtown to the University of Utah was completed in 2001 and extended in 2003. An extension to the Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub was completed in April 2008, in August 2011, two extensions to South Jordan and West Valley City were completed. In 2013 the Green Line was realigned slightly north and away from the Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub, several months later, in August 2013, the Blue Line was extended further south to Draper. The extensions to South Jordan, West Valley City, Draper, a letter of intent signed with the Federal Transit Administration on September 24,2007 secured the remaining funding for the light rail lines. Both the University Line and its extension to the University Medical Center were completed ahead of schedule, a daily ridership of 15,000 was expected for the initial 15-mile line in 1999. By the beginning of 2008, the system of 17.5 miles served an estimated 40,000 passengers each day. Ridership for the quarter of 2012 was reported to be at 60,600. Light rail in the Salt Lake Valley was first seriously discussed in the late 1980s to provide an alternative to traffic congestion on I-15, on October 10,1988, Congress approved $5 million in funds to preserve land along the proposed light rail corridor
7.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
8.
Green Line (MBTA)
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The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority in the Boston, Massachusetts, metropolitan area. It is the oldest Boston subway line, with tunnel sections dating from 1897 and it runs underground through downtown Boston, and on the surface on several radial boulevards and into inner suburbs. With a daily ridership of over 232,000 in 2015. The line was assigned the color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston. The four branches are the remnants of a streetcar system. The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was replaced with trackless trolleys and buses. A new branch opened on a commuter rail line in 1959. The line has its terminus at Lechmere in East Cambridge with connections to numerous bus routes serving Cambridge. From there it runs south over the Lechmere Viaduct and into an extension of the Tremont Street Subway under downtown Boston to the Boston Common and it continues west in the Boylston Street Subway to Kenmore Square. The Green Line tunnels through Downtown Boston and the Back Bay are collectively referred to as the Central Subway. The E Branch serves Lechmere and splits just west of Copley, running southwest through the Huntington Avenue Subway and it continues along Huntington Avenue, and terminating at Heath Street near V. A. Until 1985, the line continued though Jamaica Plain to Arborway, the B, C, and D Branches diverge west of Kenmore Square. From south to north, they are as follows, The D Branch surfaces onto the grade-separated Highland Branch, the C Branch surfaces onto Beacon Street, running to Cleveland Circle at the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. The B Branch surfaces onto Commonwealth Avenue and it runs past Boston University, passes within a quarter mile of Cleveland Circle, where a connection to the latter runs down Chestnut Hill Ave. and continues to Boston College. The A Branch diverged from Commonwealth Ave. west of Boston University and ran to Watertown, across the Charles River from Watertown Square, although the route-letter scheme had been introduced two years prior to its closure, the A designation was never signed on streetcars to Watertown. It was, however, included in the signs on the Boeing-Vertol LRVs ordered in the mid-1970s. The A line tracks remained in service to access maintenance facilities at Watertown until 1994. Not only was there community opposition to restoration, but the tracks would have required a complete rehabilitation, the Lechmere Viaduct originally connected to the Central Subway via the Causeway Street Elevated, a half-mile-long structure running in front of North Station and the Boston Garden sports complex
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Passenger rail terminology
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It uses passenger railcars operating singly or in multiple unit trains on fixed rails. It operates on separate rights-of-way from which all other vehicular and foot traffic are excluded and it uses sophisticated signaling systems, and high platform loading. Originally, the rapid transit was used in the 1800s to describe new forms of quick urban public transportation that had a right-of-way separated from street traffic. This set rapid transit apart from horsecars, trams, streetcars, omnibuses, though the term was almost always used to describe rail transportation, other forms of transit were sometimes described by their proponents as rapid transit, including local ferries in some cases. The term bus rapid transit has recently come into use to describe bus lines with features to speed their operation and these usually have more characteristics of light rail than rapid transit. They are consequently designed for operations in tunnel, viaducts or on surface level, in different parts of the world Metro systems are also known as the underground, the subway or the tube. Rail systems with specific construction issues operating on a segregated guideway are also treated as Metros as long as they are designated as part of the public transport network. ”Metropolitan railways are used for high capacity public transportation. They can operate in trains of up to 10 cars, carrying 1800 passengers or more, in Germany, the terms U-Bahn and S-Bahn are used. Some metro systems run on rubber tires but are based on the same principles as steel wheel systems. Subway used in a transit sense refers to either a rapid transit system using heavy rail or a light system that goes underground. The term may only to the underground parts of the system. Some lines described as subway use light rail equipment, notably, Bostons Green Line and the Newark City Subway, each about half underground, originated from fully surface streetcar lines. Sometimes the term is qualified, such as in Philadelphia, where trolleys operate in a subway for part of their route. In some cities where subway is used, it refers to the system, in others. Historic posters referred to Chicagos Red & Blue lines as the subway lines, interestingly, when the Boston subway was originally built, the subway label was only used for sections into which streetcars operated, and the rapid transit sections were called tunnels. Bus subways are uncommon but do exist, though in cases the non-underground portions of route are not called subways. Bus subways are built to provide an exclusive right-of-way for bus rapid transit lines. These are usually called by the bus rapid transit
11.
Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train
12.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
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History of trams
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Tram, streetcar or trolley systems were common throughout the industrialized world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but they disappeared from many cities in the mid-20th century. In recent years, they have made a comeback, many newer light rail systems share features with trams, although a distinction is often drawn between the two, especially if the line has significant off-street running. The first tram was on the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in south Wales, horse-drawn at first, it was later powered by steam and electricity. In 1804, the Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament, and these trams were an animal railway, usually using horses and sometimes mules to haul the cars, usually two as a team. Occasionally other animals were put to use, or humans in emergencies, in 1883, Magnus Volk constructed the Volks Electric Railway, a 2-ft gauge system along the eastern seafront in Brighton, England. This 2 km line was re-gauged to 2 ft 9 in in 1884, the first electric street tramway in Britain, the Blackpool Tramway, was opened on 29 September 1885 using conduit collection along Blackpool Promenade. After 1962, this remained the only first-generation operational tramway in the UK — it is still open, in Sarajevo first tracks were laid in fall of 1883 and first horse-drawn tram entered service on 1 January. Eleven years later, on 1 May, Electric trams run in Budapest since 1887, and this first line has now grown to be the busiest tram line of Europe, with the tram cars following each other at an interval of 60 seconds at rush hour. Bucharest and Belgrade ran a service from 1894. The very first passenger tram was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway, in Wales, the Mumbles Railway Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1804, and this first horse-drawn passenger tramway started operating in 1807. It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by large electric tramcars. The modern Tramlink in south London follows the route of the even older 1803 Surrey Iron Railway and this gives Tramlink a claim to be one of the worlds oldest tramways. The Surrey Iron Railway was engineered by William Jessop, who had invented L-section iron rails in 1790, the first streetcar in America, developed by John Stephenson, began service in the year 1832. This, the New York and Harlem Railroads Fourth Avenue Line ran along the Bowery and these trams were an animal railway, usually using horses and sometimes mules to haul the cars, usually two as a team. Rarely other animals were tried, including humans in emergencies and it was followed in 1835 by New Orleans, Louisiana, which is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world, according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. At first the rails protruded above street level, causing accidents and they were supplanted in 1852 by grooved rails or girder rails, invented by Alphonse Loubat. The first tram in France was opened in 1839 between Montbrison and Montrond, on the streets inside the towns, and on the roadside outside town and it had permission for steam traction, but was entirely run with horse traction. In 1848, it was closed down after repeated economic failure, the first street trams in Britain were built in 1860 in Birkenhead by the eccentric American entrepreneur George Train, who later introduced street trams to London
14.
Light rail in North America
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Light rail is a commonly used mode of public transit in North America. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations which were taking place in Europe and the United States. The Germans used the term Stadtbahn, which is the predecessor to North American light rail, to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, in its reports, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. From the mid-19th century onwards, horse-drawn trams or horsecars were used in cities around the world, the streetcar systems constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries typically only ran in single-car setups. Some rail lines experimented with multiple configurations, where streetcars were joined together to make short trains. When lines were built over longer distances before good roads were common, after World War II, seven major North American cities continued to operate large streetcar systems. Cleveland, Ohio, maintained a system that is equivalent to what is now light rail, which opened before World War I. In North America, many of original streetcar systems were decommissioned in the 1950s. Although some traditional trolley or tram systems still exist to this day, modern light rail technology has primarily German origins, since an attempt by Boeing Vertol to introduce a new American light rail vehicle was a technical failure. Historically, the gauge has had considerable variations, with narrow gauge common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now standard gauge, an important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways, additionally, more manufacturers are able to produce standard gauge vehicles, reducing costs for rolling stock acquisition. Another factor favoring standard gauge is that vehicles are becoming popular. Diesel operations are chosen in corridors where lower ridership is expected or which have a nature with stations spaced relatively far apart. Operations with diesel-powered trains can be an interim measure until ridership growth, of the light rail systems in the United States, Boston has the fourth highest annual ridership in North America, followed by Los Angeles with the fifth highest. On a boardings per mile basis, the most ridden light rail systems in the United States are again Bostons MBTA ranked fourth, followed by San Franciscos Muni Metro ranked sixth. Notes In general, Canadian cities have rates of public use which are two to three times as high as comparably sized U. S. cities. Census data for 2006 show that 11. 0% of Canadians use public transit to commute to work and this means that transportation planners must allow for higher passenger volumes on Canadian transit systems than American ones
15.
Horsecar
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A horsecar, or horse-drawn tram, is an animal-powered tram or streetcar. These were local versions of the lines and picked up and dropped off passengers on a regular route. The horse-drawn streetcar combined the low cost, flexibility, and safety of power with the efficiency, smoothness. The first tram services in the world were started by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales, fare-paying passengers were carried on a line between Oystermouth, Mumbles and Swansea Docks from 1807. The Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad carried passengers although its purpose was freight. Many companies adopted a design of a partly enclosed double-decker carriage hauled by two horses, the last horse-drawn tram was retired from London in 1915. Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century, the last horse used for shunting on British Railways was retired on 21 February 1967 in Newmarket, Suffolk. In the United States the very first streetcar appeared on November 26,1832, on the New York, the cars were designed by John Stephenson of New Rochelle, New York and constructed at his company in New York City. The earliest streetcars used horses and sometimes mules, usually two as a team, to haul the cars, rarely, other animals were tried, including humans in emergency circumstances. By the mid-1880s, there were 415 street railway companies in the USA operating over 6,000 miles of track, by 1890 New Yorkers took 297 horsecar rides per capita per year. The average street car horse had a life expectancy of two years. In 1861, Toronto Street Railway horsecars replaced horse driven omnibuses as a public transit mode in Toronto, starting in 1892, electric streetcars emerged in Toronto and by 1894 the TSR stopped operating horsecars in Toronto. The first horse-drawn rail cars on the continent of Europe were operated from 1828 by the České Budějovice - Linz railway, Europe saw a proliferation of horsecar use for new tram services from the mid-1860s, with many towns building new networks. Tropical plantations made extensive use of animal-powered trams for passengers and freight, often employing the Decauville narrow-gauge portable track system. In some cases these systems were extensive and evolved into interurban tram networks. Surviving examples may be found in both the Yucatan and Brazil, since a typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar. Horsecars were largely replaced by electric-powered streetcars following the invention by Frank J. Sprague of a trolley system on streetcars for collecting electricity from overhead wires. His spring-loaded trolley pole used a wheel to travel along the wire, in late 1887 and early 1888, using his trolley system, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system in Richmond, Virginia
16.
Cable car (railway)
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A cable car is a type of cable transportation used for mass transit where rail cars are hauled by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. Individual cars stop and start by releasing and gripping this cable as required, the first cable-operated railway, employing a moving rope that could be picked up or released by a grip on the cars was the Fawdon railway in 1826, a Colliery railway line. The London and Blackwall Railway, which opened for passengers in east London, England, the rope available at the time proved too susceptible to wear and the system was abandoned in favour of steam locomotives after eight years. In America, the first cable car installation in operation probably was the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in New York City, the cable technology used in this elevated railway involved collar-equipped cables and claw-equipped cars, and proved cumbersome. The line was closed and rebuilt, and reopened with steam locomotives, beauregard demonstrated a cable car at New Orleans and was issued U. S. Other cable cars to use grips were those of the Clay Street Hill Railroad, the building of this line was promoted by Andrew Smith Hallidie with design work by William Eppelsheimer, and it was first tested in 1873. The success of these grips ensured that this became the model for other cable car transit systems. In 1881 the Dunedin cable tramway system opened in Dunedin, New Zealand, both of these innovations were generally adopted by other cities, including San Francisco. In Australia the Melbourne cable tramway system operated from 1885 to 1940 and it was one of the most extensive in the world with 1200 trams and trailers operating over 15 routes with 103 km of track. Sydney also had a few cable tram routes, Cable cars rapidly spread to other cities, although the major attraction for most was the ability to displace horsecar systems rather than the ability to climb hills. Thus, for a period, economics worked in favour of cable cars even in relatively flat cities, for example, the Chicago City Railway, also designed by Eppelsheimer, opened in Chicago in 1882 and went on to become the largest and most profitable cable car system. As with many cities, the problem in flat Chicago was not one of grades and this caused a different approach to the combination of grip car and trailer. After 1896 the system was changed to one on which a car was added to each train to maneuver at the terminals, while en route. On 25 September 1883 a test of a cable car system was held by Liverpool United Tramways and Omnibus Company in Kirkdale and this would have been the first cable car system in Europe, but the company decided against implementing it. Instead the distinction went to the 1884 route from Archway to Highgate, north London, the installation was not reliable and was replaced by electric traction in 1909. Other cable car systems were implemented in Europe, though, among which was the Glasgow District Subway, the first underground cable car system, in 1896. For a while hybrid cable/electric systems operated, for example in Chicago where electric cars had to be pulled by grip cars through the loop area, due to the lack of trolley wires there. In the last decades of the 20th century cable traction in general has seen a revival as automatic people movers, used in resort areas, airports, huge hospital centers
17.
Interurban
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The interurban is a type of electric railway, with streetcar-like light electric self-propelled railcars which run within and between cities or towns. They were prevalent in North America between 1900 and 1925 and were used primarily for travel between cities and their surrounding suburban and rural communities. Limited examples existed in Europe and Asia, Interurban as a term encompassed the companies, their infrastructure, and the cars that ran on the rails. The interurban, especially in the United States, was a cultural institution. Most roads and town streets were unpaved, and transportation was by horse-drawn carriages, the interurban provided vital transportation links between the city and countryside. In 1915,15,500 miles of railways were operating in the United States. For a time, interurban railways were the fifth-largest industry in the United States, by 1930, most interurbans were gone, with few surviving into the 1950s. The term interurban was coined by Charles L. Henry, a senator in Indiana. The Latin, inter urbes, means between cities, the interurban fit on a continuum between urban street railways and full-fledged railroads. George W. Hilton and John F, Due identified four characteristics of an interurban, Electric power for propulsion. Passenger service as the primary business, equipment heavier and faster than urban streetcars. Operation on tracks in city streets, and in areas on roadside tracks or private right-of-way. The definition of interurban is necessarily blurry, there was a large amount of consolidation of lines following initial construction. In 1905 the United States Census Bureau defined an interurban as a railway having more than half its trackage outside municipal limits. It drew a distinction between interurban and suburban railroads, a suburban system was oriented toward a city center in a single urban area and served commuter traffic. A regular railroad moved riders from one city center to city center. The typical interurban similarly served more than one city, but it served a smaller region and made frequent stops. The 1880s and saw the first successful deployments of electric traction in streetcar systems, most of these built on the pioneering work of Frank J. Sprague, who developed an improved method for mounting an electric traction motor and using a trolley pole for pickup
18.
Preston Car Company
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The Preston Car Company was a Canadian manufacturer of streetcars and other railway equipment, founded in 1908. The company was located in the town of Preston, Ontario, Preston sold streetcars to local transport operators including the Grand River Railway, the Toronto Railway Company and Toronto Civic Railways, and the Hamilton Street Railway. The company also sold a number of its distinctive ‘Prairie-style’ cars to operators in Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Edmonton Radial Railway received 8 Prairie Prestons in 1909 and 1911 and 35 Big Prestons in 1913-14. The company was sold to Philadelphia-based J. G. Brill Company in 1921, only a few Preston-built cars now remain, most of them in the collection of the Halton County Radial Railway museum. From 1908 to 1923 Preston Car plant was located at 633 Margaret Street, after the factorys closure in 1923 the site became a casting plant until 1991. A fire destroyed the foundry, and the became a vacant brownfield. Part of the old site was redeveloped as Legion Park. The Edmonton Radial Railway Society has four Prestons in its collection, one Prairie Preston, the ERRS is looking to restore a Big Preston in the near future. J. G. Brill Company Canada Car and Foundry Ottawa Car Company List of tram builders
19.
Blackpool Tramway
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The Blackpool tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. The line dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world and it is operated by Blackpool Transport, and runs for 11 miles. It carried 4,900,000 passengers between March 2015 and March 2016 and it is the last surviving first-generation tramway in the United Kingdom, though the majority of services on the line have since 2012 been operated by a fleet of modern Flexity 2 trams. A heritage service using the traditional trams now operates on Bank Holidays and weekends from March to November, excluding museums, it is one of only a few tramways in the world to use double-deck trams, others including Hong Kong and Alexandria Tram in Egypt. The first part opened on 29 September 1885, a line from Cocker Street to Dean Street on Blackpool Promenade. It was one of the first practical electric tramways in the world, the inauguration was presided over by Holroyd Smith, the inventor of the system, and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester. It was operated by the Blackpool Electric Tramway Company until 1892 when its lease expired, a line was added in 1895 from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore, extended to South Pier with a line on Station Road connecting Lytham Road to the promenade in 1897. During bad weather, sea water washed over the track and into the conduit where it short circuited the traction supply, sand from the beaches was blown across the tracks and filled up the conduits. It was constantly necessary to remove sand, as the addition of sea water would leave the conduits filled with wet sand which short circuited the supply. In 1899 550V overhead wiring was installed and the conduit removed, in 1900 the line was extended north to Gynn Square where it linked up with the Blackpool and Fleetwood Tramroad. In 1901 the Marton loop was opened, connecting Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road, a new depot was built on Whitegate Drive in Marton. A line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton in 1902, by 1903 the promenade line had reached the Pleasure Beach. In 1920 Blackpool Corporation took over the tramroad, gaining eight miles of track, the small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a loop constructed at Fleetwood Ferry. The original Blundell Street Depot was replaced by a depot on Rigby Road in 1920. Along the line to Fleetwood, between Rossall and Broadwater a more direct line was built in 1925, the final tramway extension was in 1926, along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate where a connection was made with Lytham St. Annes Corporation Tramways. These formed the backbone of the fleet into the 21st century, in 1936 route closures began with the Central Drive and Layton routes. Lytham Road closed in 1961, Marton in 1962, and the line on Dickson Road to North Station in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in 1963 and Bispham Depot in 1966 and this left the line from Starr Gate to Fleetwood, which remains
20.
Boeing Rotorcraft Systems
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Boeing Rotorcraft Systems is the former name of a US aircraft manufacturer, now known as the Mobility Division of Boeing Military Aircraft, a division of Boeing Defense, Space & Security. The headquarters and main factory is in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. Production of Apache attack helicopters in Mesa, Arizona, formerly part of Rotorcraft Systems, is now under the Global Strike Division of Boeing Military Aircraft. Other names by which the division sometimes referred to itself in correspondence over the years were Boeing Aircraft Company, Vertol Division, the company was responsible for the design and production of the CH-46 Sea Knight and the CH-47 Chinook. The name became Boeing Helicopters in 1987, and the current name was adopted in 2002, when Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas, the former Hughes Helicopters operations in Mesa, Arizona were placed under Boeing Helicopters. A year and a half later Boeing sold the line of helicopters to MD Helicopter Holdings Inc. an indirect subsidiary of the Dutch company. By December 2006 Columbia Helicopters of Aurora, Oregon had purchased the Type certificate of the Boeing Vertol 107-II, the Columbia Helicopters is seeking FAA issuance of a Production Certificate to produce parts with eventual issuance of a PC to produce aircraft. For much of the 1970s, Boeing Vertol entered the rolling stock market in an attempt to keep government-funded contracts in the wake of the Vietnam War. This cost Boeing and the vehicles two buyers, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority and San Francisco Municipal Railway millions and led to retirement of the vehicles. Boeing Military Aircrafts Mobility division, headquartered at Ridley Park, PA
21.
Hamburg
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Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
22.
Edmonton
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population
23.
Calgary
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Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
24.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
25.
Tyne and Wear Metro
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It has been described as the first modern light rail system in the United Kingdom. The initial network opened between 1980 and 1984, using converted former railway lines, linked with new tunnel infrastructure, extensions to the original network were opened in 1991 and 2002. In 2015/1640 million passenger journeys were made on the network and it is the second-largest of the four metro systems in the United Kingdom, after the London Underground, the others being the Docklands Light Railway and the Glasgow Subway. The system is owned and operated by the transport authority Nexus. Between 2010 and 2017 it was operated under contract by DB Regio Tyne & Wear Limited, on 1 April 2017, this contract ended, and Nexus took over direct operation of the system for a planned period of two years. The present system uses much former railway infrastructure, mostly constructed between 1839 and 1882, one of the oldest parts being the Newcastle & North Shields Railway opened in 1839. In 1938, the south of the Tyne between Newcastle and South Shields was also electrified. The Newcastle-South Shields line was de-electrified in 1963, and the north Tyneside routes were de-electrified in 1967 and this new system was intended to form the centrepiece of an integrated transport network, with buses acting as feeders to purpose-built interchanges. The plans were approved by the Tyneside Metropolitan Railway Bill which was passed by Parliament in July 1973, around 70% of the funding for the scheme came from a central government grant, with the remainder coming from local sources. The final cost of the project in 1984 prices was £265 million Some extensions to the system have since been built. A short 3. 5km extension from Bank Foot to Newcastle Airport was opened in 1991, in 2002 an 11-mile extension was opened from Pelaw to South Hylton via Sunderland. Three intermediate stations on the route were rebuilt, and three new ones were added, when the Metro opened it was intended to form part of an integrated public transport system, with the local bus network reconfigured to act as feeders for the Metro. Integration lasted until deregulation of bus routes in 1986 and it is however still possible to buy Transfare tickets that combine a Metro and bus journey. New ticket machines accepting notes and cards at all stations and barriers at 13 main stations were installed between 2011 and 2014, the modernisation of Haymarket station, funded through private development, was completed on 29 March 2010, and a new station at Simonside opened in March 2008. An upgrade of platforms at Sunderland and the modernisation of several other stations was included in this phase, lifts have been replaced at several Metro stations since 2009 as part of the programme. The programme also includes overhauling infrastructure including communications, track and overhead lines, structures. Refurbishment of 90 Metro trains and modernisation of 45 stations, a new system, overhaul and maintenance of structures such as bridges, tunnels, track. North Shields station has also been rebuilt and this work started in 2010 and cost £255. 3m
26.
Docklands Light Railway
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The Docklands Light Railway is an automated light metro system opened in 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of London. It reaches north to Stratford, south to Lewisham, west to Tower Gateway and Bank in the City of London financial district, and east to Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal. The system uses minimal staffing on trains and at interchange stations. Similar proposals have made for the Tube. The DLR is operated under a franchise awarded by Transport for London to KeolisAmey Docklands and it was previously run for over 17 years by Serco Docklands, part of the Serco Group. The system is owned by Docklands Light Railway Ltd, part of the London Rail division of Transport for London, in Fiscal Year 2014, the DLR carried 110.2 million passengers. It has been extended several times and further extensions are under consideration, the docks immediately east of Central London began to decline in the early 1960s as cargo became containerised. They had been connected to the railway network via the London and Blackwall Railway. The opening of the Tilbury container docks, further east in Essex, finally rendered them redundant, as early as 1972, consideration was given to how to redevelop the moribund Docklands. Travis Morgan & Partners were commissioned by the London Docklands Study Team to consider the issue, the Greater London Council formed a Docklands Joint Committee with the Boroughs of Greenwich, Lewisham, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets in 1974 to undertake the redevelopment of the area. A light railway system was envisaged, terminating either at Tower Hill tube station or at Fenchurch Street, but both options were seen as too expensive. This was intended to be the stage of the Fleet line – which had been renamed the Jubilee line. The government created the London Docklands Development Corporation in July 1981 to coordinate the redevelopment of the Docklands, the need to provide a cheap public transport solution led to it commissioning London Transport to evaluate a number of exclusively light rail options. The core of the route ran alongside the Great Eastern line out of London, three terminus options were proposed at the west end, at Tower Hill, Minories and Aldgate East. The Tower Hill option would have required a low-level interchange to be constructed alongside the existing Underground station, the Minories option, a high-level station virtually on the site of the old Minories railway station, was selected and became the current Tower Gateway DLR terminus. However, it became apparent that there was no capacity on the existing network for integrating the DLR into the Underground. Two southern terminus options were put forward, at Cubitt Town and Tiller Road, on the west side of Millwall Dock, with two possible routes to reach them. The central option required the West India Docks to be infilled or bridged and would run down the middle of the peninsula, the contract for the initial system was awarded to GEC Mowlem in 1984 and the system was constructed from 1985 to 1987 at a cost of £77 million
27.
Light Railways Act 1896
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The Light Railways Act 1896 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. A light railway is not a tramway but a class of railway. The Light Railways Act did not specify any exceptions or limitations that should apply to light railways, however, it gave powers to the Light Railway Commissioners to include provisions for the safety of the public. As they think necessary for the construction and working of the railway in any Light Railway Order granted under the Act. These could limit vehicle axle weights and speeds - a maximum speed of 25 miles per hour is often associated with the Light Railways Act, however, limits were particularly needed when lightly laid track and relatively modest bridges were used in order to keep costs down. It did not exclude standard-gauge track, but narrow gauge tracks were used for many railways built under its provisions, many of the railways built under the auspices of the Act were very basic, with little or no signalling. A number of municipal and company-owned street tramways were built or extended by the Act, the procedure of the 1896 Act was simpler, permission easier to obtain, and there was a 75% savings on rates payable as compared to a tramway. The Light Railways Act was never a great success, by the 1920s the use of road transport killed the majority of these little railways although some survived thanks to clever management and tight financial control. Until the Transport and Works Act 1992 introduced transport works orders, heart of Wales Line, since 1972 A number of railways have, over the years, been built on private land and called names that end in Light Railway. These have not needed parliamentary powers or a light railway order, the name has only reflected light nature of the railway. Many miniature railways are named in this way, headcorn and Maidstone Junction Light Railway
28.
Manchester Metrolink
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Metrolink is a tram/light rail system in Greater Manchester, England. The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester and operated and maintained under contract by RATP Group, in 2015–16,34.3 million passenger journeys were made on the system. The network consists of seven lines which radiate from Manchester city centre to termini at Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, East Didsbury, Eccles, Manchester Airport, Metrolink has 93 stops along 57 miles of standard-gauge track making it the largest light rail system in the United Kingdom. It consists of a mixture of track shared with other traffic, reserved track sections, segregated from other traffic. It is operated by a fleet of Bombardier Flexity Swift M5000s, a light rail system for Greater Manchester emerged from the failure of the 1970s Picc-Vic tunnel scheme to obtain central government funding. A light-rail scheme was proposed in 1982 as the least expensive rail-based transport solution for Manchester city centre, construction work on the Trafford Park Line extension from Pomona to the Trafford Centre commenced in early 2017 with an estimated operational date of 2020/21. Furthermore, TfGM have endorsed more speculative expansion proposals for new lines to Stockport, a loop around Wythenshawe, Manchesters first tram age began in 1877 with the first horse-drawn trams of Manchester Suburban Tramways Company. Electric traction was introduced in 1901, and the municipal Manchester Corporation Tramways expanded across the city, by 1930, Manchesters tram network had grown to 163 miles route miles, making it the third largest tram system in the United Kingdom. After World War II, electric trolleybuses and motor buses began to be favoured by local authorities as a cheaper transport alternative, trolleybuses were withdrawn from service in 1966. The central commercial district had no links, and over the years. In the 1960s, transport design studies were undertaken to address the problems of increasing traffic congestion, a number of urban public transport schemes were evaluated for Manchester, including several types of monorail systems and metro-style systems. While the monorail schemes were all abandoned, a scheme to create a tunnel link gained momentum. SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive — the body formed in 1969 to improve public transport for Manchester and this was a proposal to link Piccadilly and Victoria stations via a tunnel under the city centre and enable train services to run across the Manchester conurbation. Inter-station links were provided by the Centreline shuttle bus service for many years, Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive, the successor to SELNEC, continued to examine possible rail link solutions. A Rail Study Group, composed of officials from British Rail, GMC, to promote the scheme, GMPTE held a public proof of concept demonstration in March 1987 using a Docklands Light Railway P86 train on a freight-only line adjacent to Debdale Park. The Project Light Rail proposals were presented to the UK Government for taxpayer funding, following route revisions in 1984 and 1987, additional taxpayer funding came from the European Regional Development Fund and bank lending. Parliamentary authority to proceed with Phase 1 construction was obtained with two Acts of Parliament – the Greater Manchester Act 1988 and Greater Manchester Act 1988. Tracks were laid down along a 1. 9-mile route from Victoria station, via Market Street to the G-Mex and this route is now known as the First City Crossing, and it was built with network expansion in mind
29.
Edmonton Light Rail Transit
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Edmonton Light Rail Transit, commonly referred to as the LRT, is a light rail system in Edmonton, Alberta. Part of the Edmonton Transit System, the system has 18 stations on two lines and 24.3 km of track, ETS designates the first line as the Capital Line. The 21-kilometre line starts at Clareview in Edmontons northeast and ends at Century Park in Edmontons south end, the Metro Line is a 3. 3-kilometre extension of the system from Churchill LRT Station in downtown Edmonton northwest to NAIT LRT Station. It had been scheduled to open in spring 2014, but was delayed to September 6,2015. The first phase of the 27 kilometres Valley Line, which is planned to run from downtown Edmonton to Mill Woods, in 1962, Canadian Bechtel Ltd. was commissioned to develop a plan for Edmontons rapid transit system. Construction began in 1974 with a budget of $65 million, Edmonton became the first city in North America with a metropolitan population of less than one million to build a modern light rail system. The population was just over 445,000 when construction started on the route in 1974 and it also became the first city in Western Canada to operate a rapid transit system. Testing of the new line started in 1977 with regular service starting April 22,1978, the original line was 6.9 km long. When the line opened, fare collection was modelled on traditional rapid transit lines, low volumes of activity at some entrances led to weekend closures of alternate station entrances. In November 1980, Edmonton Transit switched to a modified European-style proof of payment system, fares were now collected by automated ticket vending machines with irregular proof of payment inspectors, which permitted keeping all entrances open and required fewer staff. On April 26,1981, ETS opened an extension of 2.2 km on the CN right-of-way to Clareview Station. In June 1983, the rail tunnel downtown was extended by 0.8 km to Bay. The D. L. MacDonald Yard, between Belvedere and Clareview, opened in December 1983 to store and service the vehicles, the line was extended in September 1989 by 0.8 km to Grandin Station. On August 23,1992, the extension opened from Grandin to University Station. Menzies Bridge, crossing the North Saskatchewan River with a level for pedestrians and cyclists. Major upgrades to the Belvedere and Clareview stations were made in 1998 and 2001 respectively, on January 1,2006, the line was extended 0.6 km south through the University Campus to Health Sciences Station, which is located at street level. On April 25,2009, McKernan/Belgravia and South Campus stations were opened as part of the south LRT expansion, with Southgate and Century Park opening on April 24,2010. The first of the new Siemens SD-160 light rail vehicle train cars for the new extension were shipped by rail from Florin, California, on April 24,2008, arriving in Edmonton on May 9,2008
30.
MetroLink (St. Louis)
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MetroLink is the light rail transit system in the Greater St. Louis area of Missouri and the Metro East area of Illinois. The system consists of two lines connecting Lambert-St, Louis International Airport and Shrewsbury, Missouri with Scott Air Force Base near Shiloh, Illinois through downtown St. Louis. The system features 37 stations and carries an average of 53,123 people each weekday, MetroLink is operated by the Bi-State Development Agency, operating as Metro since 2003, in a shared fare system with the MetroBus lines. Construction on the initial MetroLink alignment from Lambert-St, Louis International Airport to the 5th & Missouri station in East St. Louis began in 1990. The initial 17-mile segment with 19 stations opened on July 31,1993 between the North Hanley and 5th & Missouri stations, service was operated with 31 high-floor light rail vehicles. About 14 miles of the original 17 miles were on existing rail right-of-way, the first phase of MetroLink was complete when the line was extended westward to Lambert Airport Main station on June 25,1994. At that time station, East Riverfront, was opened in East St. Louis. Four years later, in 1998, the Lambert Airport East station was added, the capital cost to build the initial phase of MetroLink was $465 million. Of that amount, $348 million was supplied by the Federal Transit Administration, MetroLink exceeded pre-opening ridership estimates, but the system has expanded slowly. Construction on proposed extensions has been delayed by the scarcity of FTA funds. As time has passed, a share of the costs has been borne by state. The most recent work has been funded by local dollars. Construction on the St. Clair County MetroLink extension from the 5th & Missouri station to the College station in Belleville began in 1998, the extension added eight new stations and seven park-ride lots. The total project cost was $339.2 million, with the FTA and St. Clair County Transit District sharing the burden at 72% and 28%, respectively. Local funding was provided by the St. Clair County Transit District as a result of a 1/2 cent sales tax passed in November 1993, in May 2003, a 3. 5-mile extension from Southwestern Illinois College to Shiloh-Scott station opened. This $75 million project was funded by a $60 million grant from the Illinois FIRST Program, the Cross County Extension from Forest Park-DeBaliviere station to Shrewsbury-Lansdowne-I-44 station opened to the public on August 26,2006. This 8-mile, 9-station extension connected Washington University, Clayton, the popular Saint Louis Galleria shopping center, the entire project was funded by a $430 million Metro bond issue. Metro cited repeated delays and cost overruns as its reasons for firing its general contractor in Summer 2004, Metro sued the Collaborative for $81 million for fraud and mismanagement
31.
Premetro (Buenos Aires)
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It opened in 1987 and is operated by Metrovías. Originally, the Premetro was to many more lines, but shortly after the privatisation of the railways the projects were postponed and never materialised. The first section was opened for service on 28 April 1987, service was extended to Villa Soldati in June and to General Savio on 25 August. A formal inauguration ceremony was two days later. The cost of constructing the line was USD5.4 million, in order to avoid a long delay in the opening of the line, officials decided to create a temporary fleet by converting some 1913 metro cars into trams. They were double-truck, non-articulated, double-ended trams, a total of eight such cars were built, using new metal bodies manufactured in Buenos Aires by EMEPA S. A. mounted on the original 1913 Belgian-built La Brugeoise underframes. They were painted in a livery of all-over green, the first three of these inaugurated service on the first section of line E2 in April 1987. The Materfer trams began to arrive in mid-1988, with six delivered by the end of the year and their electrical equipment was supplied by Siemens. Like the temporary cars rebuilt from cars, the Materfer/Siemens trams are double-truck. They have seating for 24 passengers and room for around 115 standees and they have three doors on each side. The low-platform stops along the line are enough to accommodate only one car at a time. The first cars entered service on 14 October 1988, in 1989, both types of car were still in service, but eventually the Materfer cars displaced all of the rebodied metro cars. By April 1991,20 of the 25 cars had been delivered, however, the scheduled service needed only six cars. As of 2001, normal peak service still required only six to eight cars. Metrovías became the operator on 1 July 1993. With Line E of the Underground, PreMetro E2 was the first phase of the project with the construction of PreMetro E1 being the second phase and this line would have extended out from the end of Line E eastwards to the limits of the city proper with Greater Buenos Aires. In the end though, the Metrobus was constructed instead of Premetro H, plans for other lines included PreMetro D1 in the 1980s, which would have departed from the final station of Line D to the limits of the city proper. In 2015, this will become a reality, but with the opening of Metrobus Cabildo rather than a tram service. The current extension of Line E northwards to Retiro will substitute this, but not the Puerto Madero section, in October 2015 the refurbishment of the Intendente Saguier terminal was completed, followed by the refurbishment of Fátima station in April 2016
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Federal Transit Administration
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The Federal Transit Administration is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation that provides financial and technical assistance to local public transportation systems. The FTA is one of ten modal administrations within the DOT, until 1991, it was known as the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Public transportation includes buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail, monorail, passenger boats, trolleys, inclined railways. The federal government, through the FTA, provides assistance to develop new transit systems and improve, maintain. The FTA oversees grants to state and local providers, primarily through its ten regional offices. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy sent a major transportation message to the U. S. Congress and it called for the establishment of a program of federal capital assistance for mass transportation. Said President Kennedy, To conserve and enhance values in existing urban areas is essential, but at least as important are steps to promote economic efficiency and livability in areas of future development. The agency was charged with providing assistance for mass transit projects. In 1991, the agency was renamed the Federal Transit Administration, the current Acting Administrator is Carolyn Flowers, having assumed the post in April 2016. The last confirmed FTA Administrator, from May 2009 to January 2014, was Peter M. Rogoff, below is a list of past administrators. Official website American Recovery & Reinvestment Act Federal Transit Administration in the Federal Register
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Stadtbahn
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Most Stadtbahn systems are now a mixture of tramway-like operations in suburban and peripheral areas and a more metro-like mode of operation in city centres, with underground stations. This Stadtbahn concept eventually spread from Germany to other European countries, the term Stadtbahn first arose in the first half of the 20th century as a name for the cross-city lines in Berlin and Vienna. The Berlin Stadtbahn line is a heavy rail line linking the East. Long distance, regional, suburban, and urban services are operated on it, the Wiener Stadtbahn was in the beginning a system of heavy rail lines circling the city, free of level crossings, operated by steam trains. After World War I the Wiental, Donaukanal and Gürtel lines were converted into a light rail system with tram-like two-axle cars. In the 1970s to 1990s the infrastructure was updated, and the lines were relocated, they are now part of the Vienna U-Bahn services U4. The Vorortelinie line remained heavy rail and is now part of the Vienna S-Bahn, post-World War II transport policies in West German cities aimed for a separation of public and private transport. The conflicts that arose between increasing car usage and the tramway systems led to the so-called second level concept for future light rail schemes. This concept focused on the separation, i. e. elevation and/or tunneling of tram lines. Munich and Nuremberg decided to build pure, full-scale U-Bahn systems, for both the interim and the long-term based concepts, the following terms came into use, U-Straßenbahn or Untergrund-Straßenbahn, Schnellstraßenbahn and finally Stadtbahn. The numbering scheme for Stadtbahn services was prefixed with a U, except in the Cologne Stadtbahn, Bielefeld Stadtbahn, by the 1980s conventional tramways had been seen by decision-makers as overloaded systems for almost two decades. However, public attention focused on them at this time for two reasons, the Stadtbahn cities second level plans faced unexpected complications in the form of lengthy construction work, budgetary problems for tunnel projects, and protests against elevated sections. At the same time, the cities which had not started Stadtbahn plans reassessed their options in relation to their existing tram systems. The Stadtbahn term has now come to have the meaning of modern tramway or modernized tramway. It has become impossible to differentiate between Straßenbahn and Stadtbahn, among the first cities to use the Stadtbahn term to mean their upgraded tramway systems with no link to appreciable second level infrastructure were Würzburg and Mannheim. East German cities had no 1960s-style Stadtbahn plans in place, and the fleets, after the reunification of Germany in 1990, the use of the Stadtbahn term became popular in the former East Germany as well, as in Erfurt and Dresden. In 1992 Karlsruhe started a new service, using both heavy and light rail infrastructure, to link the wider region to the city. The vehicles were designed to comply with specifications for the heavy railway
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S-train
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The S-train is a type of hybrid urban-suburban rail serving a metropolitan region. Some of the larger S-train systems provide service similar to transit systems. There is no definition of an S-train system. S-trains are, where they exist, the most local type of railway stopping at all existing stations inside and they are slower than mainline railways but usually serve as fast crosstown services within the city. Most S-train systems are built on older local railways, or in some cases parallel to an existing dual track railway. Most use existing local mainline railway trackage, but a few branches can be purpose built S-train lines, S-trains typically use overhead lines or a third rail for traction power. In Hamburg the S-trains use both the methods, depending on which line is powered. Busy S-train corridors sometimes have sections of exclusive trackage of their own, a good example of this is the part of Berlins S-Bahn, which is regarded as a tourist attraction and has a special name, Berliner Stadtbahn. However, in more lightly used sections outside the city center, the S-trains stop at all stations, while other mainline trains only stop at the largest stations. S-trains are generally service the hinterland of a city, rather than connecting different cities. The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland constitutes the main railway system for Leipzig but also connects to Halle. The Rostock S-Bahn is an example of a smaller S-Bahn system, many of the larger S-train systems also have central sections that individual suburban branches feed into, creating high frequency corridors. For instance, on weekdays, the section of the Copenhagen S-train has five services connecting to. Further out from the parts of a city the individual services branch off into lines with distances between stations can exceed 5 km, similar to commuter rail. This allows the S-train to serve a dual purpose, local transport within a city center. The rolling stock used in S-Trains reflect its hybrid purpose. The interior is designed for short journeys with provision for standing passengers but may have space allocated to larger. Integration with other local transport for ticketing, connectivity and easy interchange between lines or other system like metros is typical for S-trains
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American Public Transportation Association
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It lobbies the U. S. Congress and local government bodies in favor of public transportation improvements and new developments. APTA holds a convention and a triennial exposition called APTA Expo. The APTA Expo is the worlds largest trade show for the transportation industry. APTA also oversees the annual International Bus Roadeo and International Rail Rodeo, APTA publishes a biweekly news magazine, called Passenger Transport. Effective January 1,2000, the name was changed from American Public Transit Association to American Public Transportation Association. As of January 1,2016, APTA has more than 1,500 member organizations, on April 29,2016, Richard A. White took the helm as Acting President and CEO of APTA. He also served in the Urban Mass Transportation Administration and is a former APTA Chairman. In 2015, APTA played a key role in the passage of the FAST ACT that provided a funding source for agencies to continue to grow. On April 8,2016, the New York MTA, the nations largest public transit agency, official APTA website Publictransportation. org – other APTA website, designed for the general public
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Trolley pole
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A trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal, used to transfer electricity from a live overhead wire to the control and the electric traction motors of a tram or trolley bus. It is a type of current collector, the term trolley predates the invention of the trolley pole. From the side, the lines made the car seem to be trolling. Later, when a pivoted pole replaced the troller, it came to be known as a trolley pole, an early development of an experimental tramway in Toronto, Ontario was built in 1883, having been developed by John Joseph Wright, brother of swindler Whitaker Wright. While Wright may have assisted in the installation of railways at the Canadian National Exhibition. Likewise, Wright never filed or was issued a patent, credit for development of the first working trolley pole is given to Charles Joseph Van Depoele, a Belgian engineer who moved to the United States in 1869. Van Depoele made the first public demonstration of the device on a temporary streetcar line installed at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition in autumn 1885. However, within a few months, Van Depoele switched to the system for the Montgomery operation. The grooved trolley wheel was used on large city systems through the 1940s and 1950s. The newer sliding carbon trolley shoe was generally used with a newer grooved overhead trolley wire of a roughly figure 8 cross section, the sliding trolley shoe provided better electrical contact, and it dramatically reduced overhead wire wear. Many systems began converting to the trolley shoe in the 1920s, Milwaukee. Curiously, Philadelphia did not convert its trolley wheels on its remaining streetcars until 1978, although a streetcar with a trolley wheel may evoke an antique look, the trolley shoe is modern and more practical as well as economical. A trolley pole is not attached to the overhead wire, the pole sits atop a sprung base on the roof of the vehicle, with springs providing the pressure to keep the trolley wheel or shoe in contact with the wire. If the pole is made of wood, a cable brings the current down to the vehicle. A metal pole may use such a cable, or may itself be electrically live, requiring the base to be insulated from the vehicle body. At terminus points, the conductor must turn the pole around to face the correct direction, pulling it off the wire either with a rope or a pole. In some cases, two poles are provided, one for each direction, in this case it is a matter of raising one. Since the operator could raise the pole at one end whilst the conductor lowered the other, care must be taken to raise the downed pole first, to eliminate the damage caused by arcing between the pole and wire
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Pantograph (transport)
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A pantograph is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead catenary wire. It is a type of current collector. Typically, a wire is used, with the return current running through the track. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting, the pantograph was invented in 1879 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany. A flat slide-pantograph was invented in 1895 at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was invented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. They appear in photographs of the first day of service,26 October 1903, for many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today. The most common type of today is the so-called half-pantograph. Louis Faiveley invented this type of pantograph in 1955, the half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains to low-speed urban tram systems. The electric transmission system for electric rail systems consists of an upper. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the act as the electrical return. As the train moves, the shoe slides along the wire and can set up standing waves in the wires which break the contact. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted, pantographs are the successor technology to trolley poles, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. However, many of these networks, including Torontos, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation, as a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the air supply is used to blow out the electric arc when roof-mounted circuit breakers are used. Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm, double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant. On railways of the former USSR, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm, some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium
38.
O-Train
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The O-Train is a light rail transit system in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The systems name was proposed by Acart Communications, an Ottawa advertising agency working for OC Transpo, the name O-Train was based on the classic Duke Ellington signature tune Take the A Train, which refers to a New York City Subway service. Because Ottawa is effectively a bilingual city, the name had to work in both English and French, in French, it is pronounced similarly to au train. It survived an internal OC Transpo naming competition and was adopted soon after, due to the construction of a second light rail line, the Confederation Line, the O-Train name was extended to both rail transit services and the original service was renamed as the Trillium Line. Trains pass each other on the track via three passing zones, two of which are between stations and the third of which is located at Carleton Station. The Confederation Line, a rail line under construction running east-west from Blair to Tunneys Pasture connecting to a transitway at each terminus. With the exception of three downtown stations, the line will run on the surface. The system uses low-floor diesel multiple unit trains and it is legally considered a mainline railway despite its use for local public transport purposes, and is more like an urban railway rather than a metro or tramway. On July 12,2006, Ottawa City Council voted in favour of awarding the North-South expansion to the Siemens/PCL/Dufferin design team, the proposed extension, which was not undertaken, would have replaced the Trillium Line with an electric tram system running on double track. Much of the route would have run through the undeveloped Riverside South area to allow a new suburb to be constructed in the area south of the airport. The line would not have connected to the airport, the diesel-powered Talents would have been replaced with electric trams more suitable for on-street operation in the downtown area, by the Siemens S70 Avanto. Other bids had proposed the Bombardier Flexity Swift and a Kinki Sharyo tram, the estimated cost of the North-South expansion would have been just under $780 million, making the project the largest in the Citys history since the Rideau Canal project. 4. 5% of the project cost was expected to come from the property tax base. The City also requested studies on an extension of the railway from the proposed University of Ottawa terminus through to Hurdman Station, the north-south expansion planning process became a source of great controversy. It was an issue in the 2006 municipal election. The incumbent mayor Bob Chiarelli had long been the main advocate for rail in Ottawa. He called for the light rail project to be scrapped. Mayoral candidate Alex Munter supported light rail, but argued that the plan would do little to meet Ottawas transit needs and he wanted to cut the Barrhaven leg, and start work on an East-West line
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Trillium Line
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The Trillium Line is a diesel light-rail transit service in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada operated by OC Transpo. The line is part of Ottawas O-Train light rail system, the present line runs north-south on a railway line, from Bayview to Greenboro, a distance of approximately 8 kilometres. It is isolated from road traffic, but shared with other trains, since its opening on October 15,2001, the Trillium Line hit the 1-millionth rider mark on May 29,2002, the 5-millionth mark on January 21,2005, and the 10-million in late 2010. Until late 2014, the name of the diesel-powered, north-south line was O-Train. After construction started on a second, east-west light rail line the O-Train name was applied to the system. The upgrade was also a precursor to extending the line southwards by three stations, Bayview Station provides an interchange with the Transitway and will provide an interchange to the Confederation Line which is under construction. The station is located on a track branching off from the railway line, immediately under the Wellington Street. It is currently the closest Trillium Line station to downtown Ottawa, Gladstone had a passing loop added in 2013 to increase train frequency and line capacity. It is the site of a proposed O-Train station, Carling Station is located at Carling Avenue and Preston Street. South of Carling, the train enters a tunnel to pass under Dows Lake, Carleton Station serves Carleton University and has separate tracks and platforms for each direction. Until the upgrade of the line in 2013, this station had the only passing loop along the line, South of Carleton, the train crosses over the Rideau River on a bridge. Confederation Station is located at Heron Road and Bronson Avenue, Walkley had a passing loop added in 2013 to increase train frequency and line capacity. It is the site of a proposed O-Train station, Greenboro Station provides an interchange with a large Transitway station, which has a large park-and-ride lot and is located next to the South Keys Shopping Centre. The Trillium Line platform is level with the pedestrian crossing the Transitway. This section and its subsections provide a description of the Trillium Line prior the upgrades of 2013-2015. Until 2015, the system used three diesel-powered Bombardier Transportation Talent BR643 low-floor diesel multiple unit trains, OC Transpo operates it under the official name ‘Capital Railway’, which appears on the trains along with their regular logo. Ottawa is also authorized to run trains with only an operator and no other crew. As a pilot project, the Trillium Line system was built at the cost of $21 million, the downside to this, however, is that much ground pollution remains from the track’s previous use
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Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
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River Line (NJ Transit)
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The River Line is a diesel tram-train light rail system in southern New Jersey, United States, that connects the cities of Camden and Trenton, New Jerseys capital. It is operated for New Jersey Transit by the Southern New Jersey Rail Group, now that the project is in its operational phase, Bombardier is the only member of SNJRG. The River Line is so named because the path between two cities runs more or less parallel to the Delaware River. During this time, there were 2,869,707 unlinked passenger trips, the River Line was constructed on what originally was the Camden-Bordentown section and the Bordentown-Trenton Branch of the Camden & Amboy Railroad. The lines ran under the C&A name between 1830 and 1871, when the line was absorbed into the Pennsylvania Railroad, ownership proceeded under Penn Central and Conrail until June 1,1999, but the original passenger service had been abandoned in 1963. The path to NJ Transits River Line spanned at least three decades and over multiple planning agencies and this plan was considered unrealistically expensive. The DRPA elected to focus its resources on the most promising corridor, the DRPAs original initial proposal did not include the alignment that became the River Line corridor, but planned to serve Burlington County via the Mount Holly alignment. NJ Transits planning for the Burlington-Gloucester Transit System began in the early 1990s and this study included substantial public participation, fourteen open houses, three advisory committees, and other public outreach. The process found substantial neighborhood opposition to the Mount Holly alignment through Burlington County, county freeholders publicly opposed the possibility, opposition was particularly strong in Moorestown Township, partly because of a potential street-running section. Meanwhile, Gloucester County leaders were largely ambivalent towards the project, Haines, a native of Moorestown, sought the benefits of rail for Burlington County without the disruption to his hometown. Two special studies were commissioned to supplement the alternatives identified in the MIS, the second of these special studies examined the Bordentown Secondary, another Conrail corridor through Burlington County, the alignment of today’s River Line. The parallel NJ Transit local bus on U. S. Route 130 was heavily patronized, since the original intent of the Mount Holly service was to provide transit to the people of Burlington County, the belief was that the new alignment would achieve a similar objective. In November 1996, NJ Transits board of directors approved a rail transit alignment from Glassboro to Trenton with diesel light rail transit cars based on the findings of the Special Study. The entire alignment constitutes the Southern New Jersey Light Rail Transit Study project, the Board also established the Initial Operating Corridor to be the Trenton-Camden corridor. The draft environmental statement was completed in 1998, and the contract with SNJRG was finalized in 1999. Much of the impetus that led to the funding and construction of the River Line was, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer. He was in effect the father of the River Line, the entire line was 100 percent funded by the State of New Jersey from its Transportation Trust Fund. No federal capital was expended for this light rail project
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New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
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Sprinter (light rail)
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The Sprinter is a DMU-operated light rail line operating between Oceanside and Escondido, California, United States. The service uses the pre-existing 22 miles Escondido Branch trackage of the San Diego Northern Railroad, station platforms were constructed for the line’s fifteen stations serving the cities of Oceanside, Vista, San Marcos, and Escondido. The line provides service to Palomar College and California State University, Sprinter service operates every 30 minutes and is targeted towards commuters. The Sprinter is operated by the North County Transit District of Oceanside, the agency also operates the Coaster commuter rail line and the BREEZE Bus routes. Sprinter service is operated with Desiro-class diesel multiple units manufactured by Siemens in Germany, twelve married pairs of Siemens VT642 Desiro DMUs were delivered to the Escondido Transit Center in August 2006. The vehicles were in acceptance testing in California during the part of 2007. At Oceanside Transit Center, the Sprinter connects to three commuter lines, as well as to Amtraks Pacific Surfliner regional rail line. A2007 study by the San Diego Association of Governments predicted that the Sprinter would reduce road trips by 5,000 a day and it also predicted over 11,000 riders per day by the end of the first year. Ridership numbers did climb after opening, reaching just under 8,000 people per day as of March 2008, average weekday ridership for 2012 was approximately 7,800. The Sprinter is the first passenger service along the Escondido Branch since the Santa Fe Railroad discontinued passenger service in 1946. Originally built in 1888, the line had to be rebuilt to accommodate more traffic. The funding for Sprinter originated with the TransNet Tax measure passed by San Diego County voters in 1987 to relieve traffic congestion, a third of the tax was dedicated to mass transit. The $477 million project also was funded through a $152 million Full Funding Grant Agreement from the Federal Transit Administration, NCTD purchased the line in 1992 from the Santa Fe Railroad. Construction started on the line in 2005 and was scheduled for completion in December 2007, the Sprinter was previewed on December 28,2007, with full revenue service scheduled to begin on January 13,2008. Opening of the Sprinter was delayed due to safety and other concerns, service began on March 9,2008. The passenger trains are not FRA-compliant for operation in association with freight trains, for this reason some publications refer to this line as light rail but it does not conform with the usual understanding of that term. At the eastbound side of the Escondido Avenue platform, the tracks curve so sharply that a gap exists between the edges of the gangway and the side of the DMU. On September 12,2008, the station was completed and on September 15,2008, Sprinter was the least expensive rail project per mile of 10 rail projects built or planned in California in 2005
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California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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Diesel multiple unit
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A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages and they may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Diesel-powered units may be classified by their transmission type, diesel-electric. The diesel engine may be located above the frame in a bay or under the floor. Driving controls can be at both ends, on one end, or none, DMUs are usually classified by the method of transmitting motive power to their wheels. In a diesel-mechanical multiple unit the rotating energy of the engine is transmitted via a gearbox and driveshaft directly to the wheels of the train, like a car. The transmissions can be shifted manually by the driver, as in the majority of first-generation British Rail DMUs. In a diesel-hydraulic multiple unit, a torque converter, a type of fluid coupling. Some units feature a mix of hydraulic and mechanical transmissions, usually reverting to the latter at higher operating speeds as this decreases engine RPM. In a diesel-electric multiple unit a diesel engine drives a generator or an alternator which produces electrical energy. The generated current is fed to electric traction motors on the wheels or bogies in the same way as a conventional diesel electric locomotive. In modern DEMUs, such as the Bombardier Voyager family, each car is entirely self-contained and has its own engine, generator, a train composed of DMU cars scales well, as it allows extra passenger capacity to be added at the same time as motive power. It also permits passenger capacity to be matched to demand, and for trains to be split and it is not necessary to match the power available to the size and weight of the train, as each unit is capable of moving itself. As units are added, the power available to move the train increases by the necessary amount, distribution of the propulsion among the cars also results in a system that is less vulnerable to single-point-of-failure outages. Many classes of DMU are capable of operating with faulty units still in the consist, because of the self-contained nature of diesel engines, there is no need to run overhead electric lines or electrified track, which can result in lower system construction costs. Such advantages must be weighed against the noise and vibration that may be an issue with this type of train. DMUs were first introduced to Australia in the late mid-20th century for use on branch lines that could not justify a locomotive hauled service. Today, DMUs are widely used throughout Australias southern states, Adelaide Metro uses a variety of DMUs on their suburban network, NSW TrainLink use Xplorer DMUs on services from Sydney to Canberra, Griffith, Broken Hill, Armidale and Moree
