1.
Reflecting pool
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A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a water feature found in gardens, parks, and at memorial sites. It usually consists of a pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets. Reflecting pools are designed with the outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation. They can be as small as a bath to as large as a major civic element. Their origins are from ancient Persian gardens, the Miroir deau on Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, France, is the worlds largest reflecting pool. The Mughal garden reflecting pools at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Chehel Sotoun in Iran The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the modernist Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada in Brasília, Brazil The King Center in Atlanta, Georgia commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located in New York City, has two reflecting pools on the location where the Twin Towers stood
2.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
National Mall
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The National Mall is a national park in downtown Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. The National Park Service administers the National Mall, which is part of its National Mall, a smaller designation, sometimes referred to as the Mall proper, excludes both the Capitol grounds and the Washington Monument grounds, applying only to an area between them. The National Mall contains a number of museums and memorials and receives approximately 24 million visitors each year, in his 1791 plan for the future city of Washington, D. C. The National Mall occupies the site of this grand avenue. The Washington Monument stands near the site of its namesakes equestrian statue. Mathew Careys 1802 map is reported to be the first to name the area west of the United States Capitol as the Mall, during the early 1850s, architect and horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing designed a landscape plan for the Mall. Over the next century, federal agencies developed several naturalistic parks within the Mall in accordance with Downings plan. Two such areas were Henry Park and Seaton Park, in addition, railroad tracks crossed the Mall on 6th Street, west of the Capitol. Near the tracks, a market and a railroad station rose on the north side of the Mall. Greenhouses belonging to the U. S. Botanic Garden appeared near the east end of the Mall, the plan differed from LEnfants by replacing the 400 feet wide grand avenue with a 300 feet wide vista containing a long and broad expanse of grass. Four rows of American elm trees planted fifty feet apart between two paths or streets would line each side of the vista. Buildings housing cultural and educational institutions constructed in the Beaux-Arts style would line each outer path or street, on the opposite side of the path or street from the elms. In subsequent years, the vision of the McMillan plan was followed with the planting of American elms. In accordance with a plan that it completed in 1976, the NPS converted the two innermost boulevards into gravel walking paths, the two outermost boulevards remain paved and open to vehicular traffic. Although the Navy intended the buildings to provide quarters for the United States military during World War I. Much of the area then became Constitution Gardens, which was dedicated in 1976. From the 1970s to 1994, a model of a triceratops named Uncle Beazley stood on the Mall in front of the National Museum of Natural History. The life-size statue, which is now located at the National Zoological Park in Northwest Washington, in 2003, the 108th United States Congress enacted the Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act
4.
Lincoln Memorial
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The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the end of the National Mall in Washington. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15,1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day, in 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. Since 2010, approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually, the first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D. C. was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincolns assassination. Demands for a national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincolns death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president, an American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient, the first five bills, proposed in the years 1901,1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill, introduced on December 13,1910, passed, the Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U. S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commissions president. Progress continued at a pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commissions choice of design. There were questions regarding the commissions plan, many thought that architect Henry Bacons Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincolns humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine, the site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth, furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument. With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway, on February 12,1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule, some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet tall, was enlarged to 19 feet to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber
5.
Washington Monument
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It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances. Although the stone structure was completed in 1884, internal ironwork, the knoll, a difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet or 27% up, shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source. The original design was by Robert Mills, but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds, despite many proposals to embellish the obelisk, only its original flat top was altered to a pointed marble pyramidion, in 1884. Upon completion, it became the worlds tallest structure, a previously held by the Cologne Cathedral. The monument held this designation until 1889, when the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, the monument was damaged during the 2011 Virginia earthquake and Hurricane Irene in the same year and remained closed to the public while the structure was assessed and repaired. After 32 months of repairs, the National Park Service and the Trust for the National Mall reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12,2014, as of September 2016, the monument has been closed indefinitely due to reliability issues with the current elevator system. On December 2,2016, the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator. The $2 to 3 million project will correct the elevators ongoing mechanical, electrical and computer issues, the National Park Service has also requested funding in its FY2017 Presidents Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument. The Washington Monument is expected to re-open to visitors in 2019, even his erstwhile enemy King George III called him the greatest character of the age. At his death in 1799 he left a legacy, he exemplified the core ideals of the American Revolution. Washington was the unchallenged public icon of American military and civic patriotism, starting with victory in the Revolution, there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington. After his death, Congress authorized a memorial in the national capital. The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party and they also blocked his image on coins or the celebration of his birthday. Further political squabbling, along with the North-South division on the Civil War, by that time, Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South, and memorials to him were no longer controversial. As early as 1783, the Continental Congress had resolved That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established, currently, there are two equestrian statues of President Washington in Washington, D. C. Ten days after Washingtons death, a Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument, John Marshall, a Representative from Virginia proposed that a tomb be erected within the Capitol. Progress toward a memorial began in 1832. That year, which marked the 100th anniversary of Washingtons birth, in 1836, after they had raised $28,000 in donations, they announced a competition for the design of the memorial
6.
Henry Bacon
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Henry Bacon was an American Beaux-Arts architect who is best remembered for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. which was his final project. Henry Bacon was born in Watseka, Illinois. C, the Confederate Memorial in Wilmington, North Carolina, and many other distinguished public buildings and monuments. In Turkey, he met his wife, Laura Florence Calvert. He traveled with another student, Albert Kahn who would become a leading industrial architect. In 1897, Bacon left MMW to found, with James Brite, an architect from the firm. There Brite was in charge of financial, administrative, and contracting aspects of the partnership, while Bacon was in charge of the architectural design and construction. The La Fetra Mansion was designed and built by Bacon, and his design was published in the September 1901 issue of Architecture, the LeFetra Mansion fully exhibits Bacons preference for Beaux-Arts Neo-Greek and Roman architecture style. His simple and elegant lines and his skill in dimensions and proportions gave rise to a stately elegance, peaceful tranquility, and a sense of divine protection. In 1897, Bacon was also approached by a group which was organized with the intent to raise public and private funds to build a monument in Washington, DC to memorialize Abraham Lincoln. The Brite and Bacon Partnership dissolved in 1902 partly resulting from Brites disagreement over Bacons passion, after that, Bacon practiced under his own name with significant success, building a large number of famous public buildings and monuments, until his death in 1924. In 1913, Bacon was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, Bacon was very active as a designer of monuments and settings for public sculpture. He designed the Court of the Four Seasons, for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, olin Memorial Library, one of Bacons buildings at Wesleyan University, houses many of Bacons documents and blueprints of the Lincoln Memorial. Bacon rarely found time to design for private residences, there are three known residential projects that are clearly his work. The first is the La Fetra Mansion in Summit, New Jersey, designed, Bacon skillfully integrated into a residential setting many of his signature Greek Revival and Roman Renaissance elements and proportions. The resulting elegance was astoundingly masterful, the La Fetra Mansion was commissioned by industrialist Harold A. La Fetra of the Royal Baking Powder Company, which merged with RJR Nebisco. The second is a mountain resort Donald McRae House in Wilmington. Its exterior bears similarity the La Fetra Mansion Bacon served as a member of the U. S, commission of Fine Arts from 1921 until his death in 1924
7.
Litre
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The litre or liter is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre,1,000 cubic centimetres or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre occupies a volume of 10×10×10 centimetres and is equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI. The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is litre, the less common spelling of liter is more predominantly used in American English. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact, a litre is defined as a special name for a cubic decimetre or 10 centimetres ×10 centimetres ×10 centimetres. Hence 1 L ≡0.001 m3 ≡1000 cm3, from 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of a platinum/iridium cylinder held at Sèvres in France and was intended to be of the mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, additionally, the mass-volume relationship of water depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was abandoned in favour of the current one, although the litre is not an official SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols, a litre is equal in volume to the millistere, an obsolete non-SI metric unit customarily used for dry measure. The litre is often used in some calculated measurements, such as density. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, similarly,1 millilitre of water has a mass of about 1 g,1,000 litres of water has a mass of about 1,000 kg. It is now known that density of water depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes, the most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name cubic centimetre. It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine and cooking, Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold
8.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
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Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRAs primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health. The approximate cost of the stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage. Since its inception, the impact of the stimulus has been a subject of disagreement, studies on its effects have produced a range of conclusions, from strongly positive to strongly negative and all reactions in between. IGM Forum asked the question to leading economists in 2014. This new poll found 82% of leading economists strongly agreed or agreed that unemployment was lower in 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus. Revisiting the question about the benefits outweighing the costs, 56% strongly agreed or agreed that it did, 23% were uncertain, both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by Democratic Congressional committee leaders and their staffs. Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20,2009, the House version of the bill, H. R.1, was introduced on January 26,2009. It was sponsored by Democrat David Obey, the House Appropriations Committee chairman, on January 23, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16,2009. Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes, they were combined into only 11, on January 28,2009, the House passed the bill by a 244–188 vote. All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill, and 177 Republicans voted against it, the senate version of the bill, S.1, was introduced on January 6,2009, and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill, S. Amdt. It was sponsored by Harry Reid, the Majority Leader, co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and Joe Lieberman, the Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2,2009. Republicans proposed several amendments to the bill directed at increasing the share of tax cuts, the Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama. The Senate voted, 61–36 on February 9 to end debate on the bill, on February 10, the Senate voted 61–37 All the Democrats voted in favor, but only three Republicans voted in favor. Specter switched to the Democratic Party later in the year, at one point, the Senate bill stood at $838 billion. Senate Republicans forced a near unprecedented level of changes in the House bill, the biggest losers were states and the low income workers with major gains for the elderly and high income tax-payers. Additional debt costs would add about $350 billion or more over 10 years, many provisions were set to expire in two years. The House had more funds appropriated for education, infrastructure and for aid to low income workers, direct cash payments Senate – $17 billion to give one-time $300 payments to recipients of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security, and veterans receiving disability and pensions
9.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
10.
Water stagnation
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Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing. Stagnant water can be an environmental hazard. Malaria and dengue are among the dangers of stagnant water. Stagnant water can be dangerous for drinking because it provides a better incubator than running water for many kinds of bacteria, stagnant water is often contaminated with human and animal feces, particularly in deserts or other areas of low rain. Stagnant water may be classified into the basic, although overlapping, types, Water body stagnation Surface. The water may be trapped in human artifacts, as well as in natural containers, such as tree trunks. To avoid ground and surface water stagnation, drainage of surface, areas with a shallow water table are more susceptible to ground water stagnation due to the lower availability of natural soil drainage. Some plants prefer flowing water, while others, such as lotuses, various anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in stagnant water. For this reason, pools of stagnant water have historically used in processing hemp and some other fiber crops. Several weeks of soaking makes bast fibers easily separable due to bacterial, dragonfly nymphs Fly maggots Mosquito larvae Nepidae Algae Biofilm A number of species of frogs prefer stagnant water. Some species of turtles Mata mata Wetland Residence time distribution Water pollution
11.
Tidal Basin
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The Tidal Basin is a partially man-made reservoir between the Potomac River and the Washington Channel in Washington, D. C. It is part of West Potomac Park and is a point of the National Cherry Blossom Festival held each spring. The Jefferson Memorial, the Martin Luther King, Jr, National Memorial, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, and the George Mason Memorial are situated adjacent to the Tidal Basin. The basin covers an area of about 107 acres and is 10 feet deep, peter Conover Hains, an engineering officer in the U. S. Army, oversaw the design and construction. The basin was initially named Twining Lake, in honor of Major William Johnson Twining, a 1917 Army Corps of Engineers map of Washington already shows the basin with the name Twining Lake. The Tidal Basin which exists today was not laid out until after World War II and it was built in 1949 by the construction firm of Alexander and Repass, which was unusual at that time because Alexander was of African descent and Repass was of European descent. The basin is designed to release 250 million US gallons of water captured at high tide twice a day, the inlet gates, located on the Potomac side of the basin, allow water to enter the basin during high tide. During this time, the gates, on the Washington Channel side, close to store incoming water and block the flow of water. As the tide begins to ebb, the outflow of water from the basin forces the inlet gates to close. This same force is applied to the gates, which open into the channel. Silt build up is swept away by the force of water running from the Tidal Basin through the channel. The gates are maintained as navigable by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the bridge was designed by Paul Cret, begun in 1941, completed 1943 and altered with dedication in 1954. It is of concrete and steel on pilings, all granite faced, as part of the restoration and redesign of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, completed in 2012, water is pumped from the Tidal Basin to fill the pool. The Tidal Basin was the scene of a drunken incident involving the Chairman of the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means. Mills was intoxicated and his face was cut from a scuffle with Foxe, when police approached the car, Foxe leapt from the car and jumped into the nearby Tidal Basin. Despite the scandal, Mills was re-elected to Congress in November 1974 with 60% of the vote, soon after this second embarrassment Mills was forced to step down from his chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee. Mills eventually acknowledged his alcoholism, sought treatment at the West Palm Beach Institute and he did not seek re-election in 1976. From mid-March until October, paddle-boats are available for rent, the activity is very popular during the Cherry Blossom Festival, which takes place in April
12.
Drinking water
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Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation, without risk of health problems. Globally, in 2015, 91% of people had access to suitable for drinking. Nearly 4.2 billion had access to tap water while another 2.4 billion had access to wells or public taps,1.8 billion people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others, the amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on activity, age, health issues. It is estimated that the average American drinks about one litre of water a day with 95% drinking less than three litres per day, for those working in a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be required. Water makes up about 60% of weight in men and 55% of weight in women, infants are about 70% to 80% water while the elderly are around 45%. Typically in developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards, other typical uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation and its use for irrigation however may be associated with risks. Water may also be due to levels of toxins or suspended solids. Reduction of waterborne diseases and development of water resources is a major public health goal in developing countries. Bottled water is sold for consumption in most parts of the world. The word potable came into English from the Late Latin potabilis, the amount of drinking water required is variable. It depends on activity, age, health, and environmental conditions. It is estimated that the average American drinks about one litre of water a day with 95% drinking less than three litres per day, for those working in a hot climate, up to 16 litres per day may be required. Some health authorities have suggested that at least eight glasses of eight fl oz each are required by an adult per day, the British Dietetic Association recommends 1.8 litres. However, various reviews of the evidence performed in 2002 and 2008 could not find any scientific evidence recommending eight glasses of water per day. An individuals thirst provides a guide for how much water they require rather than a specific
13.
Erosion
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In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earths crust, then transport it away to another location. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, the rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is carried by, for example. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition, while erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. At well-known agriculture sites such as the Appalachian Mountains, intensive farming practices have caused erosion up to 100x the speed of the rate of erosion in the region. Excessive erosion causes both on-site and off-site problems, on-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the end result is desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads. Intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion, however, there are many prevention and remediation practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils. Rainfall, and the surface runoff which may result from rainfall, produces four types of soil erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion. Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the erosion process. In splash erosion, the impact of a falling raindrop creates a crater in the soil. The distance these soil particles travel can be as much as 0.6 m vertically and 1.5 m horizontally on level ground. If the soil is saturated, or if the rate is greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil. If the runoff has sufficient flow energy, it will transport loosened soil particles down the slope, sheet erosion is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow. Rill erosion refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes, generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres or less and this means that rills exhibit hydraulic physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers. Gully erosion occurs when water accumulates and rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow
14.
Deep foundation
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A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a structural element of a deep foundation. There are different terms used to different types of deep foundations including the pile, the pier, drilled shafts. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ, other foundations are typically put in place using excavation. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms, Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver, driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees, concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed, steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section. Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a cap to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to all the loads of a large above-surface structure. A transition piece is attached to the now deeply driven pile, an additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method, Construction methods depend on the geology of the site, in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in dry ground conditions or through water-saturated strata - i. e. wet boring. Casing is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured, for end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a layer, or hardpan, or other dense. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the conditions, loading conditions. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation, under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of a cone and can only be formed in stable soils
15.
Clay
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Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to water content and become hard, brittle. Depending on the content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep orange-red. Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay, clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size, silts, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in size and other physical properties. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline, geologists and soil scientists usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2 µm, sedimentologists often use 4–5 μm, and colloid chemists use 1 μm. Geotechnical engineers distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils Atterberg limits, ISO14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 μm and silt particles as being larger. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the process, some clay minerals are formed through hydrothermal activity. There are two types of deposits, primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation, secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary deposit. Clay deposits are associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes. Depending on the source, there are three or four main groups of clays, kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. Chlorites are not always considered to be a clay, sometimes being classified as a group within the phyllosilicates. There are approximately 30 different types of clays in these categories. Varve is clay with visible annual layers, which are formed by deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in erosion. This type of deposit is common in glacial lakes
16.
Louis Berger Group
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Founded in 1953 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by Dr. Louis Berger, the firm now employs nearly 6,000 employees in more than 50 countries worldwide. The firm provides services to federal, state and local government clients, as well as to international multilateral institutions, Louis Berger was founded in 1953 by Dr. Louis “Doc” Berger in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1942, Dr. Berger joined the Coast Guard where he designed waterfront facilities along the Mississippi River, upon returning from active duty, he earned his PhD in soil mechanics from Northwestern University and joined the teaching faculty at the Pennsylvania State University. In 1952, Dr. Berger left his position at Pennsylvania State University to form the engineering consulting firm that would later become Louis Berger. Fredric S. Berger, son of the founder, Dr. Louis Berger, was involved with the company since 1972. Mr. Berger held a bachelors in economics from Tufts University, Mr. Berger was a founding member of the American University of Afghanistan and served on the universitys board from 2004 to 2015. In 2013, Mr. Berger was appointed to advisory boards for the U. S, Institute of Peace and the U. S. Trade and Development Agency. The project was rejected by the Burmese government as proposed by the Corps of Engineers. In December 2010 the Discovery Science Channel production team filmed 30-hours of footage of the works for the construction of a new bridge over the Sava River in Belgrade, in 2012, Louis Berger completed work on the Juba-Nimule Road in South Sudan under the Sudan Infrastructure Services Project. The road was the first paved highway in South Sudan and links the Sudanese capital to the town of Nimule on the Ugandan border. In November 2010, Louis Berger agreed to pay a record $69.3 million to settle charges of fraud against the government brought under the False Claims Act. The case, filed by a whistleblower, alleged that the company billed the government for internal costs unrelated to its contracts in Afghanistan. The World Bank imposed a one-year debarment on firm for engaging in practices in February 2015. Headquartered in Morristown, New Jersey, Louis Berger manages its operations out of offices in Washington D. C. France, United Arab Emirates, India and Panama. S, design firms in 2015 based on total firm revenue by Engineering News-Record and #10 among Program Management firms The firm also ranked #37 among Environmental firms in 2014. Hermanos Serdán International Airport Kabul-Kandahar Highway Pennsylvania Turnpike Third Bridge over Panama Canal Official website louisberger-france. com
17.
National World War II Memorial
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The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II. Opened on April 29,2004, it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29,2004, the memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. As of 2009, more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year, the memorial consists of 56 granite pillars, each 17 feet tall, arranged in a semicircle around a plaza with two 43-foot triumphal arches on opposite sides. Two-thirds of the 7. 4-acre site is landscaping and water, the northern arch is inscribed with Atlantic, the southern one, Pacific. The plaza is 337 ft 10 in long and 240 feet 2 inches wide, is sunk 6 feet below grade, the memorial includes two inconspicuously located Kilroy was here engravings. Their inclusion in the memorial acknowledges the significance of the symbol to American soldiers during World War II and how it represented their presence, on approaching the semicircle from the east, a visitor walks along one of two walls picturing scenes of the war experience in bas relief. As one approaches on the left, the begin with soon-to-be servicemen getting physical exams, taking the oath. The reliefs progress through several scenes, including combat and burying the dead. On the right-side wall there is a progression, but with scenes generally more typical of the European theatre. Some scenes take place in England, depicting the preparations for air, the last scene is of a handshake between the American and Russian armies when the western and eastern fronts met in Germany. The Freedom Wall is on the west side of the memorial, with a view of the Reflecting Pool, the wall has 4,048 gold stars, each representing 100 Americans who died in the war. In front of the lies the message Here we mark the price of freedom. In 1987, World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur, Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR3742 on December 10. Two more times, in 1989 and 1991, Rep. Kaptur introduced similar legislation, but these bills suffered the fate as the first. Kaptur reintroduced legislation in the House a fourth time as HR682 on January 27,1993, on March 17,1993, the Senate approved the act, and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4. On May 12, the Senate also approved the bill. On September 30,1994, President Bill Clinton appointed a 12-member Memorial Advisory Board to advise the ABMC in picking the site, designing the memorial, a direct mail fundraising effort brought in millions of dollars from individual Americans. Additional large donations were made by groups, including the American Legion
18.
Marian Anderson
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Marian Anderson was an American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. Music critic Alan Blyth said, Her voice was a rich, most of her singing career was spent performing in concert and recital in major music venues and with famous orchestras throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965. Although offered roles with many important European opera companies, Anderson declined and she preferred to perform in concert and recital only. She did, however, perform opera arias within her concerts and she made many recordings that reflected her broad performance repertoire of everything from concert literature to lieder to opera to traditional American songs and spirituals. Between 1940 and 1965 the German-American pianist Franz Rupp was her permanent accompanist, Anderson became an important figure in the struggle for black artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused permission for Anderson to sing to an audience in Constitution Hall. The incident placed Anderson into the spotlight of the community on a level unusual for a classical musician. She sang before a crowd of more than 75,000 people and her performance as Ulrica in Giuseppe Verdis Un ballo in maschera at the Met was the only time she sang an opera role on stage. She participated in the civil movement in the 1960s, singing at the March on Washington for Jobs. Marian Anderson was born on February 27,1897, in Philadelphia, the daughter of John Berkley Anderson and her father sold ice and coal at the Reading Terminal in downtown Philadelphia and eventually opened a small liquor business as well. Prior to her marriage, Andersons mother had attended the Virginia Seminary. As she did not obtain a degree, Annie Anderson was unable to teach in Philadelphia under a law that was applied only to black teachers and she therefore earned an income caring for small children. Marian was the eldest of the three Anderson children and her two sisters, Alice and Ethel, also became singers. Ethel married James DePreist and their son, James Anderson DePreist was a noted conductor. Andersons parents were both devout Christians and the family was active in the Union Baptist Church in South Philadelphia. Marians aunt Mary, her fathers sister, was active in the churchs musical life and, noticing her nieces talent. In that role she got to perform solos and duets, often with her aunt Mary, Marian was also taken by her aunt to concerts at local churches, the YMCA, benefit concerts, and other community music events throughout the city. Anderson credited her aunts influence as the reason she pursued a singing career, beginning as young as six, her aunt arranged for Marian to sing for local functions where she was often paid 25 or 50 cents for singing a few songs
19.
Constitution Hall
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DAR Constitution Hall is a concert hall located in Washington, D. C. It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention when membership delegations outgrew Memorial Continental Hall, later, the two buildings were connected by a third structure housing the DAR Museum, administrative offices, and genealogical library. DAR Constitution Hall is still owned and operated by the National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. The hall seats 3,702, with 2,208 in the tiers and 1,234 on the orchestra level, additionally,52 boxes separate the orchestra from the tiers, including one Presidential box. The Hall is a Neoclassical style structure, faced with Alabama limestone and this auditorium is unusual with its U-shaped balcony, necessary to provide the enormous amount of seating required by the program while retaining practical sight distances. The auditorium holds a three-manual,40 rank Skinner pipe organ, the Hall is used for concerts, school commencements, conferences, corporate meetings, televised events and other performances. The Hall hosted the 1939 premiere of Mr, some of the earliest mainstream country music concerts were also held there, organized by Connie B. The free Air Force Band Sunday concerts, featuring famous guest artists, are popular, in 1939, the DAR denied African-American singer Marian Anderson the opportunity to sing at the Hall causing first lady Eleanor Roosevelt to resign her membership in protest. Every U. S. president since Calvin Coolidge has attended at least one event at the theater, list of concert halls DAR Constitution Hall DAR Constitution Hall on Google Street View
20.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
21.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D. C. on Wednesday, August 28,1963. The purpose of the march was to stand up for civil, at the march, Martin Luther King Jr. standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic I Have a Dream speech in which he called for an end to racism. The march was organized by A, philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under the banner of jobs and freedom. Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000, observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history, the march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In the early 1960s, a system of discrimination, known as Jim Crow laws, were pervasive in the American South. They also experienced discrimination from businesses and governments, and in places were prevented from voting through intimidation. The impetus for a march on Washington developed over a period of time. Philip Randolph—the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO—was a key instigator in 1941. With Bayard Rustin, Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring by U. S. military contractors, faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1,1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25. The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry, Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s, but all were called off and their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17,1957, featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell, Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins. The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement,1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, many whites and blacks also came together in the urgency for change in the nation. Violent confrontations broke out in the South, in Cambridge, Maryland, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Goldsboro, North Carolina, Somerville, Tennessee, Saint Augustine, Florida, most of these incidents involved white people retaliating against nonviolent demonstrators. Many people wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted, some called for a complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience. Others argued that the movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the nations capital, there was a widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election, and King described Kennedys race policy as tokenism. On May 24,1963, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invited African-American novelist James Baldwin, along with a group of cultural leaders
22.
Civil and political rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes
23.
Martin Luther King Jr.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
24.
I Have a Dream
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Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. the speech was a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement. Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed millions of slaves in 1863, King observes that, one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. Toward the end of the speech, King departed from his text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme I have a dream, prompted by Mahalia Jacksons cry, Tell them about the dream. In this part of the speech, which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous, King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred. Jon Meacham writes that, With a single phrase, Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson, the speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June. Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm, also, King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address, timed to correspond with the 100-year centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation. King had been preaching about dreams since 1960, when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called The Negro, King suggests that It may well be that the Negro is Gods instrument to save the soul of America. In 1961, he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists dream of equality—the American Dream, a dream as yet unfulfilled—in several national speeches and statements, and took the dream as the centerpiece for these speeches. On November 27,1962, King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount and that speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial. And while parts of the text had been moved around, large portions were identical, after being rediscovered, the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University. Martin Luther King had also delivered a speech in Detroit, in June 1963, when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C. L. Franklin. The March on Washington Speech, known as I Have a Dream Speech, has shown to have had several versions. It has no single version draft, but is an amalgamation of several drafts, little of this, and another Normalcy Speech, ended up in the final draft. A draft of Normalcy, Never Again is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr. Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, the focus on I have a dream comes through the speechs delivery. Toward the end of its delivery, noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd, Tell them about the dream, King departed from his prepared remarks and started preaching improvisationally, punctuating his points with I have a dream. The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale, March, a recording of Kings Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroits Gordy Records as an LP entitled The Great March To Freedom. Early in his speech, King alludes to Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address by saying Five score years ago, in reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation, King says, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity
25.
Restoring Honor rally
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Billed as a celebration of Americas heroes and heritage, several veterans were honored. Becks and Palins speeches praised George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, the attendance of the rally was disputed, a scientific estimate placed the crowd size around 87,000, while media reports varied dramatically from tens of thousands to 500,000. Becks Mormonism was a concern for some of his evangelical fans, on November 21,2009, at The Villages, Florida, Beck announced a rally to be held on August 28,2010, in Washington, D. C. at the Lincoln Memorial. Beck originally intended the rally as political, and planned to promote his book, The Plan. The charity receives funds collected above the amount needed to pay for the rally, Beck named his planned rally Restoring Honor, saying its theme was about honoring character as well as honoring the sacrifices of U. S. Beck said the timing and place for his event was coincidental but appropriate, National Memorial, which created concern over the two groups possibly clashing. Organizers hoped as many as 300,000 would attend, with the National Park Service preparing for 100,000, homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency preparing for 100, 000–200,000. Former Governor of Alaska and 2008 Republican Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin and Alveda King, expected attendees included Major League Baseball player Albert Pujols and MLB manager Tony La Russa, both of whom decided to attend after being assured by Beck that the rally would not be political. Beck broadcast his TV show from the Fox News Washington studio instead of New York in the leading up to the event. Rev. Carlton W. Veazey, minister of the National Baptist Convention and president of Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice, what they have said all the time, have been trying to divide people, trying to exclude people. For him to lead a rally with that kind of attitude taints the whole affair, al Sharpton, president of the National Action Network called Becks event an outright attempt to flip the imagery of Dr. King, while accusing Beck of circumventing and distorting Kings legacy. City Councilman Harry Thomas Jr. accused Beck of hypocrisy at its highest degree, after pointing out that Dr. King gave a December 18,1963 speech entitled Social Justice and the Emerging New Age, Wallis related Dr. Leading up to the event, Beck attracted criticism from media personalities, comedians. MSNBCs Keith Olbermann stated that he was worried about Glenn Becks sanity after Beck said that he wanted to let the spirit speak through him at the rally. I have a nightmare that one day a right wing talk show host will come to this spot, Little right wing boys and little right wing girls joining hands and singing their praise for Glenn Beck and Sarah Palin. Robinson, continued his Napoleon analogy by ending his column with a quip that he half-expected Beck to appear before the crowd in a bicorne hat, with one hand tucked into the front of his jacket. Beck stood by his claim that Obama is a racist and has referred to the presidents initiatives – including health care – as reparations. According to Zaitchik, the purpose of the rally was not primarily to honor heroes, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
26.
Alveda King
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Alveda Celeste King is an American activist, author and former state representative for the 28th District in the Georgia House of Representatives. She is a niece of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and daughter of civil rights activist Rev. A. D. King and she is a Fox News Channel contributor. She once served as a Senior Fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution and she is a former member of the Georgia House of Representatives and the founder of Alveda King Ministries. Alveda King was born in Atlanta, Georgia and she was the first of five children of A. D. King, the younger brother of Martin Luther King Jr. and his wife Naomi King. King says her mother wanted to abort her so she could continue college, when she was 12, her father became a leader of the Birmingham campaign while serving as pastor at the First Baptist Church of Ensley in Birmingham, Alabama. Later that same year, Kings house was bombed by opponents to the civil rights movement, in 1969, her father, A. D. King, was found dead in the pool at his home. The cause of death was listed as an accidental drowning, Martin Luther King, Sr. wrote in his autobiography, Alveda had been up the night before, she said, talking with her father and watching a television movie with him. Hed seemed unusually quiet. and not very interested in the film, but he had wanted to stay up and Alveda left him sitting in an easy chair, staring at the TV, when she went off to bed. I had questions about A. D. s death and I still have them now, I dont know – I dont know that we will ever know what happened. King studied journalism and sociology as an undergraduate, and she received a Master of Arts degree in management from Central Michigan University. She received a doctorate from Saint Anselm College. From 1979-83, King represented the 28th District in the Georgia House of Representatives, the district included Fulton County, and King served as a Democrat. In 1984, Alveda King ran for the seat of Georgias 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, the 5th Congressional seat, at the time of Kings campaign was held by Wyche Fowler. Coretta Scott King did not endorse her niece. Young, who had given up the seat to serve as U. S. Ambassador to the UN, young later apologized for what he called some blatantly chauvinistic remarks. With the black vote split, Fowler defeated both King and Williams in the primary and that was the last time she ran for elective office. However, since then, she has stated that she is a Republican. King has been a pro-life speaker since 1983 and often speaks on college campuses about abortion issues, King had two abortions and attempted to get a third one
27.
Sarah Palin
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Sarah Louise Palin is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. Also, her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies and she was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, from 2010 to 2015, she provided political commentary for Fox News. On April 3,2014, Palin premiered her TV show, Amazing America with Sarah Palin, on the Sportsman Channel, on July 27,2014, Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel, which was closed on July 4,2015. Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children of Sarah Sally Heath, a school secretary, Chuck Heath, a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palins siblings are Chuck Jr. Heather, and Molly, Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. When Palin was a few old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska. They relocated to Eagle River in 1969 and finally settled in Wasilla in 1972, during her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname Sarah Barracuda for her competitive streak. In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant, then finished third in the Miss Alaska pageant and she played the flute in the talent portion of the contest. One author reports that she received the Miss Congeniality award in the Miss Wasilla contest, after graduating from high school in 1982, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. She enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow for a year starting in August 1984. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in January 1986 and received her bachelors degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in May 1987, in June 2008, the Alumni Association of North Idaho College gave Palin its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award. After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage and as a reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. In August 1988, she eloped with her school sweetheart. Following the birth of their first child in April 1989, she helped in her husbands commercial fishing business, Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992, winning 530 votes to 310. Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely, Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein 651 to 440 votes. Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes, her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, the election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin. She ran for reelection against Stein in 1999 and won,909 votes to 292, in 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter
28.
Glenn Beck
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Glenn Lee Beck is an American television and radio host, conservative political commentator, author, television network producer, filmmaker, and entrepreneur. Beck has authored six New York Times–bestselling books, Beck is the founder and CEO of Mercury Radio Arts, a multimedia production company through which he produces content for radio, television, publishing, the stage, and the Internet. Becks last daily show on the network was June 30,2011, in 2012, The Hollywood Reporter named Beck on its Digital Power Fifty list. He is now a regular CNN contributor, Beck launched TheBlaze in 2011 after leaving Fox News. He currently hosts an afternoon program, The Glenn Beck Program, on weekdays. Beck is also the producer of For the Record on TheBlaze, Glenn Lee Beck was born in Everett, Washington, the son of Mary Clara and William Beck, who lived in Mountlake Terrace, Washington, at the time of their sons birth. The family later moved to Mount Vernon, Washington, where they owned and operated City Bakery in the downtown area and he is descended from German immigrants who came to the United States in the 19th century. Beck was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended Immaculate Conception Catholic School in Mount Vernon, Glenn and his older sister moved with their mother to Sumner, Washington, attending a Jesuit school in Puyallup. On May 15,1979, while out on a boat with a male companion, Becks mother drowned just west of Tacoma, Washington. The man who had taken her out in the boat also drowned, a Tacoma police report stated that Mary Beck appeared to be a classic drowning victim, but a Coast Guard investigator speculated that she could have intentionally jumped overboard. Beck has described his mothers death as a suicide in interviews during television, after their mothers death, Beck and his older sister moved to their fathers home in Bellingham, Washington, where Beck graduated from Sehome High School in June 1982. Beck also regularly vacationed with his grandparents, Ed and Clara Janssen. In the aftermath of his mothers death and subsequent suicide of his stepbrother, at 18, following his high school graduation, Beck relocated to Provo, Utah, and worked at radio station KAYK. Feeling he didnt fit in, Beck left Utah after six months, taking a job at Washington, while working at WPGC, Beck met his first wife, Claire. In 1983, the married and had two daughters, Mary and Hannah. Mary developed cerebral palsy as a result of a series of strokes at birth in 1988, the couple divorced in 1994 amid Becks struggles with substance abuse. He is an alcoholic and drug addict, and has said he has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. By 1994, Beck was suicidal, and imagined shooting himself to the music of Kurt Cobain and he credits Alcoholics Anonymous with helping him achieve sobriety
29.
My Country, 'Tis of Thee
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My Country, Tis of Thee, also known as America, is an American patriotic song, whose lyrics were written by Samuel Francis Smith. The melody used is the same as that of the anthem of the United Kingdom, God Save the Queen. The song served as one of the de facto national anthems of the United States before the adoption of The Star-Spangled Banner as the anthem in 1931. Samuel Francis Smith wrote the lyrics to My Country Tis of Thee in 1831, while he was a student at the Andover Theological Seminary in Andover and his friend Lowell Mason had asked him to translate the lyrics in some German school songbooks or to write new lyrics. A melody in Muzio Clementis Symphony No.3 caught his attention, rather than translating the lyrics from German, Smith wrote his own American patriotic hymn to the melody, completing the lyrics in thirty minutes. Smith gave Mason the lyrics he had written and the song was first performed in public on July 4,1831, first publication of America was in 1832. 1 My country, tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing, Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims pride, From evry mountainside Let freedom ring. 2 My native country, thee, Land of the free, Thy name I love, I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills, My heart with rapture thrills. 3 Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedoms song, Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake, Let rocks their silence break,4 Our fathers God to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing. Long may our land be bright, With freedoms holy light, Protect us by Thy might, Great God our King. 7 Thy silver Eastern strands, Thy Golden Gate that stands Fronting the West, Thy flowery Southland fair, Thy Norths sweet, crystal air, O Land beyond compare, We love thee best. 9 My native country, thee, Where all men are free, if white’s their skin, I love thy hills and dales, Thy mounts and pleasant vales, But hate thy negro sales. 10 Let wailing swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees the black man’s wrong, Let every tongue awake, Let bond and free partake, Let rocks their silence break, the sound prolong. To thee, Author of Liberty, to thee we sing, Soon may our land be bright, With holy freedom’s right, Protect us by thy might, Great God, our King. 12 It comes, the day, When tyranny’s proud sway, stern as the grave, Shall to the ground be hurl’d, And freedom’s flag, unfurl’d, Shall wave throughout the world. Echo o’er land and sea freedom for all, Let the glad tidings fly, And every tribe reply, “Glory to God on high, ” at Slavery’s fall. Marian Anderson performed the song at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, cary Grant and Jim Hutton sang the first verse in the 1966 film Walk, Dont Run, while simultaneously Grant and Samantha Eggar sang God Save the Queen. Crosby, Stills & Nash performed the song on the first episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to air after the September 11 attacks in 2001, on January 20,2009, Aretha Franklin sang the song at the first inauguration of President Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
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John Lewis (civil rights leader)
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John Robert Lewis is an American politician and civil rights leader. Representative for Georgias 5th congressional district, serving since 1987, and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation and his district includes three quarters of Atlanta. John Lewis was born in Troy, Alabama, the son of Willie Mae. Lewis grew up in Pike County, Alabama and he has several siblings, including brothers Edward, Grant, Freddie, Sammy, Adolph, and William, and sisters Ethel, Rosa, and Ora. Lewis had seen only two people in his life until age six. While a student, he was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. There he and many of his students became dedicated adherents to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the nonviolent movement to desegregate the downtown area of the city. In an interview, John Lewis said, I saw racial discrimination as a young child, I saw those signs that said White Men, Colored Men, White Women, Colored Women. Lewis listened to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks on the radio, Lewis met Parks in 1957 when he was 17, and he met King the following year. John Lewis was the youngest of the Big Six civil rights leaders as chairman of SNCC from 1963 to 1966, during his tenure, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer, and organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign. As the chairman of SNCC, Lewis had written a speech in reaction to the Civil Rights Bill of 1963 and he denounced the bill because it didnt protect African Americans against police brutality or provide African Americans with the right to vote. Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville and then received a degree in Religion. As a student, he was dedicated to the Civil Rights Movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. He was instrumental in organizing student sit-ins, bus boycotts and nonviolent protests in the fight for voter, in 1960, Lewis became one of the 13 original Freedom Riders. There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, at that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. Virginia that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional, in the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail
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The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
33.
Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)
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The Adams Memorial is a grave marker located in Section E of Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. featuring a cast bronze allegorical sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The shrouded figure is seated against a granite block which forms one side of a hexagonal plot, across a small light-toned granite plaza, a comfortable stone bench invites visitors to rest and meditate. The whole is sheltered by a screen of dense conifers, more dense. Erected in 1891, the monument was commissioned by author/historian Henry Adams as a memorial to his wife, Marian Adams, suffering from depression, had died by suicide through the ingestion of potassium cyanide, which she otherwise used to develop photographs. Adams advised Saint-Gaudens to contemplate iconic images from Buddhist devotional art, one such subject, Kannon, is frequently depicted as a seated figure draped in cloth. In addition to the still and flowing elements, the monuments dualism includes male-female fusion in the figure itself and these checks to the standard heroic figure combine to make a countermonument for a woman who disliked monuments generally. Saint-Gaudens may also have influenced by Parisian funerary art from his stay in France. In a letter addressed to Homer Saint-Gaudens, on January 24,1908, Adams instructed him, every magazine writer wants to label it as some American patent medicine for popular consumption—Grief, Despair, Pears Soap, or Macys Mens Suits Made to Measure. Your father meant it to ask a question, not to give an answer, like all great artists, St. Gaudens held up the mirror and no more. At the time of Saint-Gaudenss death, the statue was known as an important work of American sculpture. Its popularity inspired at least one prominent copy, the Black Aggie, on March 16,1972, the Adams Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Adams Memorial photos at Historic American Buildings Survey Cultural Tourism D. C
34.
African American Civil War Memorial
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The sculpture, The Spirit of Freedom, is a 9-foot bronze statue by Ed Hamilton of Louisville, Kentucky, commissioned by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities in 1993 and completed in 1997. The memorial includes an area with curved panel short walls inscribed with the names of the men who served in the war. The Memorial is located at the entrance to the U Street station on the Washington Metro, served by the Yellow. The memorial was developed by the African American Civil War Memorial Freedom Foundation and it was transferred to the National Park Service on October 27,2004. The National Mall and Memorial Parks office of the NPS now manages the site, the related African American Civil War Museum is located directly across from the memorial at 1925 Vermont Avenue. From July 16–18,2011, it celebrated its opening in a new and permanent facility at this address, with a weekend of speakers. It plans four years of activities to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the war, the museum enables visitors, researchers, and descendants of the United States Colored Troops to better understand their stories. It displays photographs, newspaper articles, and replicas of period clothing, the African American Civil War Memorial Registry at the museum documents the family trees of more than 2,000 descendants of those men who served with the USCT. Visitors can easily search the database to find ancestors and relatives registered in the Descendants Registry
35.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
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Congress adopted legislation establishing the memorial on October 23,2000, authorizing the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation to design, raise funds for, and construct the memorial. The fundraising goal was reached in mid-2010, and ground for the memorial broken on November 10,2010, the memorial was dedicated by President Barack Obama on October 5,2014. Although she did not know him, Pope called the office of United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jesse Brown to plead for a memorial, Pope called every day for the next six months, until finally Browns secretary put her call through. Brown agreed to support establishing a memorial. Because the Commemorative Works Act of 1986 barred the expenditure of funds for memorials. Brown introduced Pope to Art Wilson, the National Adjutant of the Disabled American Veterans, the DAV was itself not a nonprofit, and thus Pope and Wilson agreed that a new foundation, the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation should be created. Brown, Pope, and Wilson incorporated the foundation in 1998, the three individuals and their supporters began lobbying Congress to win passage of the necessary federal legislation. The effort was announced on November 9,1998 and they received the support of Senators John McCain, Max Cleland, and John Kerry, who introduced legislation authorizing a memorial in the United States Senate in January 1999. Companion legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative John Murtha, the CWA proved to be an obstacle for the memorial foundation. Exemptions could be made for events or individuals of singular importance or long-lasting historic significance and that exemption could only be issued by the National Capital Memorial Commission. The memorial foundation sought just such an exemption, but in November 1999—just before Veterans Day—the NCMC denied the exemption, Veterans groups were outraged, and Pope declared that bureaucracy was standing in the way of honoring people who had taken a bullet for the nation. The NCMC defended its decision, pointing out that Congress enacted the law to slow the rapid proliferation of memorials on the Mall, the agency also noted that there were already many memorials to veterans and to several wars on the National Mall. Since very little remained for memorials, what was left should be kept open for future generations. In the wake of this decision, the backers in Congress quickly added new language to their bill exempting the memorial form the CWAs National Mall ban. The National Park Service and the United States Department of the Interior now opposed the legislation because of this exemption, but Congress quickly approved the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law on October 24,2000. Most of the rules of the CWA still applied to the veterans memorial. The CWA gave the seven years to begin construction, or its authorization would expire. The first site selected by the foundation was disapproved
36.
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument
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The Belmont-Paul Womens Equality National Monument is a historic house and museum of the U. S. womens suffrage and equal rights movements located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D. C. The monument is named after suffragists and National Womans Party leaders Alva Belmont, since 1929 the house has served as headquarters of the National Womans Party, a key political organization in the fight for womens suffrage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, from 1972 to 2016, the Sewall-Belmont National Historic Site was an affiliated unit of the National Park Service. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated it a National Monument, affording it more protection, visibility, and likely more funding. On June 20,1632, Charles I, King of England, made a grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert. Lord Baltimore established counties within the province, and provincial courts further subdivided counties into areas known as hundreds, one of these was New Scotland Hundred. Its southern boundary was the Potomac River, extending from the mouth of Oxon Creek upstream to Little Falls Rapids, on February 12,1663, the third Lord Baltimore granted a land patent of 1,000 acres in New Scotland Hundred to George Thompson. The property changed hands, was subdivided, and inherited a number of times before it came into the possession of nine-year-old Daniel Carroll in 1773, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, about December 1790, Washington chose the site now known as the District of Columbia. Congress ratified his decision in 1791, Congress subsequently purchased all land in the new district from its private owners, including Carroll. The district was divided into squares, and each square into lots, Daniel Carroll purchased lot 1 in square 725 on October 18,1793, for $266.66, and the same day the federal government gave lot 32 in square 725 back to Carroll gratis. Robert Sewall purchased lot 2 in square 725 for $429.33 on October 18, the construction of the main house occurred in 1799 and 1800. The main house was essentially an addition to the front of a one-room farmhouse believed to date from 1750, although the Sewall family rarely occupied the home, its size, beauty, and location led many prominent government leaders to reside there. These included Albert Gallatin, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Senator from Maryland, United States Attorney General, and U. S. Tradition maintains that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812, the house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations. After the house was burned by the British in 1814. Congress declined to award them, so Sewall himself paid to have the structure repaired in 1820, a stable was probably added to the property at this time. Sewall died in the house on December 16,1820, leaving the building to his wife, Polly and it is unclear which of these continued to live in the house, but Susan definitely lived in it until her death in 1837
37.
Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial
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Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial is a bronze statue honoring educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune, by Robert Berks. The monument is the first statue erected on land in Washington, D. C. to honor an African American. The statue features an elderly Mrs. Bethune handing a copy of her legacy to two black children. Mrs. Bethune is supporting herself by a given to her by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The statue was unveiled on the anniversary of her 99th birthday, July 10,1974, the funds for the monument were raised by the National Council of Negro Women, the organization Mrs. Bethune founded in 1935. It is located in Lincoln Park, at East Capitol Street, the inscription reads,73 Berks MARY McLEOD BETHUNE18751955 Let her works praise her ERECTED JULY10,1974 BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO WOMEN, INC. DOROTHY I. HEIGHT PRESIDENT I LEAVE YOU LOVE, I LEAVE YOU THE CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE IN ONE ANOTHER. I LEAVE YOU A THIRST FOR EDUCATION, I LEAVE YOU A RESPECT FOR THE USE OF POWER. I LEAVE YOU A DESIRE TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY WITH YOUR FELLOW MEN, I LEAVE YOU FINALLY, A RESPONSIBILITY TO OUR YOUNG PEOPLE. Mary McLeod Bethune List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Statue of Mary MacLeod Bethune, anniversary events this week for Mary McLeod Bethune statue in Lincoln Park
38.
Boy Scout Memorial
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The Boy Scout Memorial is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located at The Ellipse in Washington, D. C. This sculpture was surveyed in 1993 as part of the Smithsonians Save Outdoor Sculpture, the Boy Scout Memorial serves as a tribute to the Boy Scouts of America. The sculpture consists of three figures, a Boy Scout in the center wearing a uniform stepping forward and carrying a walking stick in his left hand. Flanking him are two allegorical figures of a man and woman. They represent American Manhood and Womanhood and the ideals they will pass onto the youth, to the Boy Scouts right side is the male figure, nearly nude, who carries a bundle of leaves and drapery in his left arm. Part of the drapery blows across his middle as he strides forward with his right leg, to the Scouts left side is the female figure who holds a torch in her left hand that has a gold-colored flame. Her left hand extends slightly and her palm is facing upward, the three figures are mounted on a hexagonal-shaped base and in front of the sculpture is a circular pool of water. The three figures represent various concepts, according to the National Park Service the Boy Scout represents the aspirations of all past, present, and future Scouts throughout the world. The male figure exemplifies physical, mental, and moral fitness, love of country, good citizenship, loyalty, honor and he carries a helmet, a symbol of masculine attire. The female figure symbolizes enlightenment with the love of God and fellow man, justice, freedom and she holds the eternal flame of Gods Holy Spirit. The sculpture was founded by Modern Art Foundry in New York, in 1959, the 50th anniversary year of Scouting, Lyndon B. Johnson, then Senate majority leader, introduced a measure to establish the memorial, upon approval, funds for the sculpture were raised by Boy Scouts collecting dimes throughout the country, therefore no government spending was used. The names of all the collecting Scouts are inscribed on scrolls that are placed inside the base of the unit, the sculpture sits at the location of the 1937 National Scout Jamboree, the first jamboree. It was dedicated on November 7,1964 and accepted by Associate Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark who celebrated his 50th anniversary of being an Eagle Scout on that day and this sculpture was surveyed by Save Outdoor Sculpture. in 1993 and was described as well maintained. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Scouting in Washington, Boy Scout Memorial on dcMemorials Roadside Americas Boy Scout Memorial - Sparingly Clad Chums The memorial is one of Lonely Planets Top 5 Secret Statues in Washington
39.
James Buchanan Memorial
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The James Buchanan Memorial is a bronze and granite memorial in the Southeast corner of Meridian Hill Park Northwest, Washington, D. C. It was designed by architect William Gorden Beecher, and sculpted by Maryland artist Hans Schuler, commissioned in 1916, but not approved by the U. S. Congress until 1918, it was completed and unveiled June 26,1930. The memorial in the nations capital complemented an earlier monument, constructed in 1907–08 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanans birthplace in Mercersburg, http, //www. c-spanvideo. org/program/298193-1 http, //dcmemorialist. com/2010/03/buchanan-statue/ Buchanan Memorial, HABS, Library of Congress
40.
District of Columbia War Memorial
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The District of Columbia War Memorial commemorates the citizens of the District of Columbia who served in World War I. As in the title, this stands for World War I soldiers that fought. The memorial stands in West Potomac Park slightly off of Independence Avenue in a grove of trees, authorized by an act of Congress on June 7,1924, funds to construct the memorial were provided by the contributions of both organizations and individual citizens of the District. Construction of the began in the spring of 1931. It was the first war memorial to be erected in West Potomac Park, part of the National Mall near the Lincoln Memorial, designed by Washington architect Frederick H. Brooke, with Horace W. Peaslee and Nathan C. Wyeth as associate architects, the District of Columbia War Memorial is in the form of a 47-foot tall circular, domed, resting on concrete foundations, the 4 foot high marble base defines a platform,43 feet 5 inches in diameter, intended for use as a bandstand. Preserved in the cornerstone of the District of Columbia World War Memorial is a list of 26,000 Washingtonians who served in the Great War. Inscribed on the base are the names of the 499 District of Columbia citizens who lost their lives in the war, twelve 22-foot tall fluted Doric marble columns support the entablature and dome. In July 2010, the National Park Service announced that work, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Work began in October 2010, and the memorial reopened on November 10,2011 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, D. C. Views of the National Parks - National Park Service Historic American Buildings Survey, HABS DC-857 World War I Memorial Foundation DC Preservation League Most Endangered Places for 2003 District of Columbia Service in World War One and the DC World War Memorial
41.
Albert Einstein Memorial
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The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D. C, united States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N. W. near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The memorial is a spot for tourists visiting the national mall to pose for pictures. The statue depicts Einstein seated in casual repose on a bench of Mount Airy white granite. The bronze figure weighs approximately 4 tons and is 12 feet in height, the monument is supported by three caissons, totaling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to 25 feet. It was cast at Modern Art Foundry, Astoria Queens, NY, the sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait busts and statues, based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculpted from life in 1953 at Einsteins Princeton home. Landscape architect James A. Van Sweden designed the monument landscaping, Berks created two replicas of his 1979 monument. Today, the replicas can be viewed in the garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The statue and bench are at one side of a circular dais,28 feet in diameter, made from granite from Larvik. Embedded in the dais are more than 2,700 metal studs representing the location of objects, including the at noon on April 22,1979. Familiar constellations are marked on the map for easy identification, to a visitor standing at the center of the dais, Einstein appears to be making direct eye contact, and any spoken words are notably amplified. They were selected to reflect Einsteins sense of wonder, scientific integrity and they are, As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world of man can just form a faint notion. The right to search for truth implies also a duty, one must not conceal any part of one has recognized to be true. The statue was filmed and subsequently used in the title sequence of Sesame Street during the shows 20th season. A copy of the Albert Einstein Memorial made of 100% dark and white chocolate was once on display in the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, DC. In July 2012, the sculpture was bombed by the Polish-born artist Olek, who enclosed the entire statue in a colorful crocheted wrap of pinks, purples. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Einstein, Albert, Statue at the Natl Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C
42.
Emancipation Memorial
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Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876, the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the Great Emancipator freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander. The ex-slave is depicted on one knee, with one fist clenched, shirtless, the statue originally faced west towards the U. S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial. The monument has long been the subject of controversy, according to information from American University, If there is one slavery monument whose origins are highly political, the Freedman’s memorial is it. The development process for this memorial started immediately after Abraham Lincolns assassination and ended, appropriately enough, in many ways, it exemplified and reflected the hopes, dreams, striving, and ultimate failures of reconstruction. The statue is a monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC. The turbulent politics of the era affected the fundraising campaign on many levels. Fredrick Douglass disagreed and thought the goal of education was incommensurate with that of remembering Lincoln, harriet Hosmer proposed a grander monument than that suggested by Thomas Ball. Her design, which was deemed too expensive, posed Lincoln atop a tall central pillar flanked by smaller pillars topped with Black Civil War soldiers. When Balls design was chosen, the commission insisted on certain changes. Instead of wearing a liberty cap, the slave in the monument is depicted bare-headed with tightly curled hair. The face was re-sculpted to look like Archer Alexander, an ex-slave whose life story was popularized by a written by William Greenleaf Eliot. It is no longer allegorical but realistic, in fact, Lincoln never met Archer Alexander, so it is historically inaccurate. While the original design poses a question — will this slave become a man, — the revision erases that query and instead implies a relationship between two men who never actually knew each other. In the final design, as in Balls original design, Lincoln holds a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation in his right hand. The document rests on a plinth bearing patriotic symbols including George Washingtons profile, the fasces of the American republic, the plinth replaces the pile of books in Balls original design. Behind the two figures is a whipping post draped with cloth, a vine growns around the pillory and around the ring where the chain was secured. The monument was cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington the following year, congress accepted the statue as a gift from the colored citizens of the United States and appropriated $3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. The statue was erected in Lincoln Park where it still stands. D, the first contribution of five dollars was made by Charlotte Scott
43.
John Ericsson National Memorial
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The Swedish engineer John Ericsson was also the designer of the USS Monitor, the ship that ensured Union naval supremacy during the American Civil War. The national memorial was authorized by Congress August 31,1916, Congress appropriated $35,000 for the creation of the memorial, and Americans chiefly of Scandinavian descent raised an additional $25,000. Constructed on a site near the Lincoln Memorial between September 1926 and April 1927, the pink Milford granite memorial is 20 feet high with a 150-foot diameter base. Sculpted by James Earle Fraser, it features a figure of Ericsson 6 feet 5 inches high. The national memorial is managed by National Mall and Memorial Parks, list of public art in Washington, D. C. com John Ericsson Memorial Photos-Flickr
44.
First Division Monument
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The First Division Monument is located in Presidents Park, south of State Place Northwest, between 17th Street Northwest and West Executive Avenue Northwest in Washington, DC, United States. The Monument commemorates those who died serving in the 1st Infantry Division of the U. S. Army. The monument was conceived by the Society of the First Division, later additions to the monument commemorate the lives of First Division soldiers who fought in subsequent wars. The World War II addition on the west side was dedicated in 1957, the Vietnam War addition on the east side in 1977, Cass Gilbert was the architect of the original memorial and Daniel Chester French was the sculptor of the Victory statue. Gilberts son, Cass Gilbert Jr. designed the World War II addition, both the Vietnam War addition and the Desert Storm plaque were designed by the Philadelphia firm of Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, and Larson. Congressional approval was obtained to erect the First Division Monument and its later additions on federal ground, the Society of the First Division raised all the funds for the original monument and its additions. Today, the monument and grounds are maintained by the National Park Service, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 First Division Monument. Webpage from the National Park Service website
45.
James A. Garfield Monument
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The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S. W. and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D. C. It is a memorial to President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving four months of his term. It was unveiled on May 12,1887, today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, the Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons, in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the Capitol Grounds on January 2,1975, NEW YORK Law, Justice, Prosperity J. Q. A. A. C. Ward 6 President James A. Garfield Monument, Wikimapia GARFIELD, James Abram, Memorial west of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, statue of James A. Garfield on the Garfield Monument, Architect of the Capitol
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