1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Van Nuys
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Van Nuys /vænˈnaɪz/ is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California. The town was founded in 1911, and named for Isaac Newton Van Nuys and it was annexed by Los Angeles on May 22,1915, after completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, providing it with the water required for further growth. Van Nuys was the first new stop on the San Fernando Line of the Pacific Electric Railway red cars system, which boosted its early land sales and commercial success. In 1991 Marvin Braude, a member of the Los Angeles City Council and this redesignated area included the community of Magnolia Woods. Some area residents had presented a petition and several original deeds that stated Sherman Oaks to Braude and they argued that the area was originally a part of Sherman Oaks until the 1960s, when ZIP codes labeling the area as Van Nuys were established. In 2014, A Great Streets project was introduced by Mayor Eric Garcetti with Van Nuys Blvd. to be redesigned between Victory Blvd. and Oxnard Street, also, Sepulveda Blvd. was resurfaced between Victory Blvd and Oxnard Street in May 2014. A new Los Angeles County services building is under construction on the southwest corner of Van Nuys Blvd. on February 14,2016, some 170 firefighters battled a fire at the abandoned Voyager Motel at 6500 N. Sepulveda Blvd. The 2000 U. S. census counted 103,770 residents in the 8. 99-square-mile Van Nuys neighborhood—or 11,542 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 110,747. In 2000 the median age for residents was 28, considered young for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles. The breakdown was Hispanics,60. 5%, whites,23. 1%, Asians,6. 4%, blacks, 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 49. 8% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles. There were 4,917 families headed by single parents, or 21. 3%, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $41,134, considered average for the city but low for the county. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 73. 9% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 26. 1%. Van Nuys Airport Van Nuys Boulevard Metro Orange Line bicycle path Van Nuys FlyAway Bus service Galpin Auto Sports — Pimp My Ride. Sound City Studios Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 39, Station 90 Van Nuys Airport Area, Station 100 West Van Nuys, the Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6420 Sylmar Avenue,91401, serving the neighborhood. The U. S. Census Bureau operates the Los Angeles Regional Office in Van Nuys, the Social Security Administration operates a branch office on Van Nuys Boulevard north of Victory Boulevard in Van Nuys. The Van Nuys Recreation Area is in Van Nuys, the area has an auditorium and gymnasium with a capacity of 420 people, and a multipurpose/community room with a capacity of 20–25 people. The Van Nuys adjacent Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area to the west is an open space park behind Sepulveda Dam
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Doris Rankin
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Doris Marie Rankin was an American film actress. Born in New York City, Rankin was the daughter of actor McKee Rankin. She was married to actor Lionel Barrymore from 1904–1923 and her older sister, Gladys Rankin, was married to Lionels uncle Sidney Drew. Another sister Phyllis Rankin was married to Harry Davenport of the Davenport theatrical family, Rankin began her career with several roles with her fathers company, her best remembered part being as an Italian white slave in The White Slaver. Prior to this she performed in a number of sketches with her father and she and Lionel married in 1904, he was 26 and she 16. When Barrymore retired from work in 1906, Rankin did so as well. The couple lived for a period in Paris, France returning to the United States around 1910. Barrymore studied music and painting while he was there, Doris bore Lionel two daughters, Ethel and Mary. Lionel was deeply affected by the loss of his two daughters and never got over it, most likely the girls deaths played a part in the eventual end of Lionel and Doriss marriage. Rankins film debut came as Mrs. Shanks in The Copperhead with her husband, the Copperhead had been a great success for Lionel and Doris as a play on the Broadway stage. She followed this role with performances in The Devils Garden, The Great Adventure, Jim the Penman and she continued in motion pictures into the era of sound films. Her last credited role came in Society Smugglers, Rankin was given a divorce from Barrymore in December 1922. Barrymore married Irene Fenwick in Rome, Italy, the following June, after divorcing Lionel, Doris and married British author Malcolm Mortimer and bore him two children. The couple lived in Santa Monica and this allowed Doris to be near film studios. In 1931 Rankin was operated on for a thyroid ailment at the Park East Hospital in New York City, Doris Rankin died in Washington, DC in 1947. She is buried in Suitland, Maryland at Cedar Hill Cemetery under her married name Doris Mortimer, New York Times, Who Is Doris Rankin. New York Times, Lionel Barrymore Divorced In 14 Days, Name of Corespondent Is Not Disclosed, December 22,1922, New York Times, Lionel Barrymore To Marry In Rome, June 7,1923, Page 4. New York Times, Whos Who On The Stage, October 11,1925, New York Times, Doris Rankin Out of Danger, November 4,1931, Page 30
6.
Irene Fenwick
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Irene Fenwick was an American stage and silent film actress. She was married to Lionel Barrymore from 1924 until her death in 1936, years before marrying Lionel, she had at one time been the consort of his brother Jack. Fenwick died of anorexia at age 49
7.
Maurice Barrymore
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Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blythe, known professionally by his stage name Maurice Barrymore, was a British-born stage actor. He was the patriarch of the Barrymore acting family, father of John, Lionel and Ethel, Herbert, the youngest of seven had an older brother named Will and two sisters named Emily and Evelin. Three other siblings had died in infancy, matilda, after a difficult pregnancy, died shortly after giving birth to Herbert on September 21,1849. In his formative years Herbert was raised by his Aunt Amelia Blythe, his mothers sister, Amelia, a Chamberlayne by birth, had married a brother of Herberts father and was a Blythe by marriage. Herbert was sent back to England for education at Harrow School, and studied Law at Oxford University, Herbert also became enamored of the sport of boxing. The Marquess of Queensberry rules were established at this time. On 21 March 1872 Herbert won the boxing championship of England. Herberts father expected him to become a barrister, but Herbert fell in with a group of actors and that same year 1872 Herbert sat for his first posed theatrical photographic portrait by noted photographer Oliver Sarony, an older brother of the better remembered Napoleon Sarony. He wanted his first name to be pronounced in the French manner instead of the English and his friends avoided that altogether by simply calling him Barry. On December 29,1874, Barrymore emigrated to the USA, sailing aboard the SS America to Boston and he made his Broadway début in December 1875 in Pique, in the cast was a young actress, Georgiana Drew, known as Georgie. Maurice and Georgiana had been introduced earlier by her brother John Drew Jr. who had befriended Maurice when he first arrived in America, after a brief courtship, Barrymore and Georgie married on December 31,1876, and had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John. While their parents were on tour, the children lived with Georgianas mother in Philadelphia, Maurice also owned a farm on Staten Island to keep his collection of exotic animals. Georgiana died July 2,1893, from consumption, for a summer in 1896, Lionel and John were left on the farm in the care of the man who fed the animals. Barrymore remarried exactly one year after Georgies death to Mamie Floyd, on March 19,1879, in Marshall, Texas, Barrymore and fellow actor Ben Porter were shot by a notorious gunfighter and bully named Jim Currie. Barrymore and Porter had played earlier with Currie, winning some money from him. That evening, while Barrymore, Porter and the actress Ellen Cummins dined at the White House Saloon, Barrymore challenged Currie to a fistfight. Currie shot him in the chest and then shot Porter in the stomach, Porter was killed, while doctors spent the night operating on Barrymore to save his life. Georgie, then several months pregnant with Ethel, rushed to Texas to be at her husbands side enduring a long train trip and he made a full recovery, and returned to Marshall for the legal procedures that followed
8.
Georgiana Drew
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Georgie Drew Barrymore, was an American stage actress and comedian and a member of the Barrymore acting family. Born in Philadelphia, her family — parents John Drew and Louisa Lane Drew, brothers John Drew, Jr. and Sidney and she made her theatrical debut in 1872 in The Ladies Rattle. She followed John Jr. to New York City, where she acted in many Broadway hits, such as Pique, in Pique she met a young English actor,26 year old, Maurice Barrymore, whom she married on December 31,1876. They had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John and she is a great-grandmother and partial namesake of actress Drew Barrymore. According to a 2004 A&E Biography piece, the marriage, happy at first, Georgie even filed for divorce, but they reconciled. He asked her to tour with him and Helena Modjeska in a play he wrote, learning that he and Helena had resumed their romance, Georgie, who had been given ownership of the play by Maurice, forced her hand by closing it. Helenas husband, its producer, sued her, the real reason for Georgies actions never got into the press. In 1890, she had a success in The Senator co-starring William H. Crane and, in 1891. Her stage career at this time was being managed by a young up-and-coming producer named Charles Frohman, Frohman would play a big part in managing the early careers of her three children, as well as her brother John Drew. In December 1891, illness forced her to leave the stage, suffering from what turned out to be tuberculosis—then called consumption—she traveled West in 1893 with Ethel to take a cure, but she died a few months later in Santa Barbara, California. Her reported last words, Oh my poor kids, what shall ever become of them, were related to her son John in the 1920s by an elderly woman who had been staying at the same boarding house in Santa Barbara as Georgie and Ethel. It was 13-year-old Ethels responsibility to see that her mothers remains were returned to Philadelphia for burial by Mrs Drew and Maurice, in 1893, this coast-to-coast journey would have lasted a week. All three of her children would die within a hundred miles of where their mother died at Santa Barbara back in 1893
9.
Barrymore family
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The Barrymore family is an American acting family. The Barrymores are also the inspiration of a Broadway and West End play called The Royal Family, william Edward Blythe Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blyth ∞ married Georgiana Emma Drew, and had three children, Lionel, Ethel, and John. Lionel Barrymore ∞ Married Doris Rankin, and had two daughters, ∞ Married to Irene Fenwick Ethel Barrymore ∞ Married Russell Griswold Colt, and had three children. Ethels children also acted, primarily on the stage, samuel Peabody Colt John Drew Colt Ethel Barrymore Colt. Howard ∞ Married Robert Wilcox ∞ Married Dolores Costello, and had, except for John Drew, Diana, Drew, and John Blyth, none of the other members of John Barrymores family have yet entered the entertainment industry. The family of Georgiana Emma Drew, mother of Lionel, Ethel, John Drew, actor ∞ Louisa Lane Drew, actress Georgiana Emma Drew, ∞ wife of Maurice Barrymore and mother of Lionel, Ethel, and John. Uncle Jack by the Barrymore siblings, married actress Josephine Baker Aunt Dodo, louise Drew, Cousin Bee, ∞ married performer Jack Devereaux, their son John Drew Devereaux was a Broadway stage manager Sidney Drew, known for the Mr. & Mrs. around 1909. Frank Drew, brother of John Drew Sr
10.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
11.
A Free Soul
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A Free Soul stars Norma Shearer, Leslie Howard, Lionel Barrymore, and Clark Gable. A Free Soul became famous for a sequence where Barrymore delivers a monologue that is said to be the reason he won the Academy Award for Best Actor that year. Gable made such an impression in the role of a gangster who pushes Shearer around that he was catapulted from supporting player to leading man, a position he held for the rest of his career. However, according to MGM publicity material, the story on which film was based first appeared serially in Hearsts International with Cosmopolitan magazine starting in September 1926. Although onscreen credits list only the book by Adela Rogers St. Johns, uncredited contribution is also assigned to Philip Dunning, Dorothy Farnum and John Lynch. According to the Guinness World Records, A Free Soul holds the record for the longest take in a commercial film, since a reel of camera film lasts only 10 minutes, the take was achieved by using more than one camera. The Canadian Pharmacists Association protested what they claimed was a portrayal of druggists in the film. Minor deletions were made in the film by local censors following its release, in 1936, the Production Code Administration recommended that the studio withdraw its application for reissue certification of the picture or face a possible rejection. A Free Soul was voted One of the Ten Best Pictures of 1931 by the Film Daily Nationwide Poll. The film was a big hit - according to MGM records it earned $889,000 in the US and Canada and $533,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $244,000
12.
Mr. Potter
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Henry F. Potter is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1946 Frank Capra film Its a Wonderful Life. He occupies slot #6 on the American Film Institutes list of the 50 Greatest Villains in American film history, Mr. Potter was portrayed by veteran actor Lionel Barrymore. Both Dan Duryea and Charles Bickford were considered for the role of Potter, in 1931 Lionel Barrymore won an Academy Award for Best Actor in A Free Soul but is probably best known for his role as Henry Potter. A wheelchair-user due to a hip injury and severe arthritis, Barrymore played Potter as confined to a due to polio. His wheelchair is pushed in all scenes by a wordless assistant and his performance is listed in the sixth slot on the American Film Institute’s list of the 50 Greatest Villains in the history of American cinema. Richard Corliss of Time magazine described Barrymores portrayal as, scrooge, the Grinch and Simon Legree in one craggy, crabby package. This. is a trick used by communists. The Simpsons creator Matt Groening drew inspiration from Mr. Potter, as well as his school teacher Mr. Bailey. Barrymores Mr. Potter inspired the voice of mad scientist Simon Bar Sinister in the Underdog cartoon series, IMDB listing for Its a Wonderful Life Molitor, Doug. Should Run Old Man Potter, Funny or Die, December 8,2011
13.
Frank Capra
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Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, during World War II, Capra served in the U. S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series. After World War II, Capras career declined as his films such as Its a Wonderful Life. In succeeding decades, however, these films have been favorably reassessed, outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social issues. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Screenwriters Guild, Capra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, a village near Palermo. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a grower. The name Capra, notes Capras biographer Joseph McBride, represents his familys closeness to the land, and means goat. For Capra, the journey, which took 13 days, remained in his mind for the rest of his life as one of his worst experiences, very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag, theres no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. Its the most degrading place you could ever be, Capra remembers the ships arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter. He recalls his fathers exclamation at the sight, Ciccio, look, thats the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem. The family settled in Los Angeless East Side which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian ghetto, Capras father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college and he studied chemical engineering and graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his education had changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person. Soon after graduating college, Capra was commissioned in the US Army as a second lieutenant, in the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point, San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident, in the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U. S. citizen in 1920, living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed. After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains
14.
It's a Wonderful Life
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The film is now among the most popular in American cinema and because of numerous television showings in the 1980s has become traditional viewing during the Christmas season. Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched and how different life in his community of Bedford Falls would be had he never been born. Despite initially performing poorly financially because of production costs and stiff competition at the time of its release. Theatrically, the films break-even point was $6.3 million, approximately twice the production cost, an appraisal in 2006 reported, Although it was not the complete box office failure that today everyone believes. Its a Wonderful Life is one of the most acclaimed films ever made, Capra revealed that the film was his personal favorite among those he directed, adding that he screened it for his family every Christmas season. On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George in order to earn his angel wings. To prepare, Clarence is shown flashbacks of Georges life, the first is in 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry, who falls through the ice on a frozen pond, from drowning, George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. On Harrys graduation night in 1928, George talks to Mary Hatch and they are interrupted by news of his fathers death. George postpones his plans in order to sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers Building and Loan, a longtime competitor to Henry F. Potter, the local banker. Potter wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to take over its business, George convinces the board of directors to vote against Potter. They agree, on condition that George runs the business, along with his absent-minded uncle Billy, on their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to lend financial support at the Building and Loan until the bank reopens. Potter, frustrated at losing control of the market, attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant, George is momentarily tempted. During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear, Harry becomes a Navy pilot and shoots down a kamikaze plane that would have bombed an amphibious transport, he is awarded the Medal of Honor. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, the town prepares a welcome for Harry. Uncle Billy goes to Potters bank to deposit $8,000 for the Building, upon seeing the money, Potter realizes the potential scandal could lead to the Building and Loans downfall. Potter hides the money, knowing its loss will cause severe problems for the Building. When Uncle Billy cannot find the money, he and George frantically search for it, when the bank examiner arrives to review their records, George berates his uncle for endangering the Building and Loan, goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves, George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan
15.
Ebenezer Scrooge
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Ebenezer Scrooge is the focal character of Charles Dickens 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol. At the beginning of the novella, Scrooge is a miser who despises Christmas. Dickens describes him thus, The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue and his last name has come into the English language as a byword for miserliness and misanthropy. The tale of his redemption by the three Ghosts of Christmas has become a tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. Ebenezer Scrooge is arguably one of the most famous characters created by Dickens and one of the most famous in English literature. Humbug. is often used to express disgust with many of the modern Christmas traditions, several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got inspiration for the character. Ebenezer Scroggie, a merchant from Edinburgh who won a catering contract for King George IVs visit to Scotland. He was buried in Canongate Kirkyard, with a gravestone that is now lost, the theory is that Dickens noticed the gravestone that described Scroggie as being a meal man but misread it as mean man. It has been suggested that he chose the name Ebenezer to reflect the help given to Scrooge to change his life, the surname may be from the now obscure English verb scrouge, meaning squeeze or press. One school of thought is that Dickens based Scrooges views on the poor on those of demographer, another is that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was worked up into a more mature characterization. Jemmy Wood, owner of the Gloucester Old Bank and possibly Britain’s first millionaire, was renowned for his stinginess. The story of A Christmas Carol starts on Christmas Eve 1843 with Scrooge at his money-lending business and he despises Christmas as a humbug and subjects his clerk, Bob Cratchit, to grueling hours and low pay. He shows his cold-heartedness toward others by refusing to make a donation for the good of the poor, claiming they are better off dead. While he is preparing to go to bed, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley, who had died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve. Like Scrooge, Marley had spent his life hoarding his wealth and exploiting the poor, Marley warns Scrooge that he risks meeting the same fate and that as a final chance at redemption he will be visited by three spirits of Christmas, Past, Present and Yet-to-Come. The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge to see his time as a schoolboy and young man, during the late 18th and these visions reveal that Scrooge was a lonely child whose unloving father sent him away to a boarding school. His one solace was his sister, Fan, who repeatedly begged their father to allow Scrooge to return home. Fan later died after having given birth to one child, a son named Fred, the spirit then takes him to see another Christmas a few years later in which he enjoyed a Christmas party held by his kind-hearted and festive boss, Mr. Fezziwig
16.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
17.
Dr. Kildare
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Dr. James Kildare is a fictional American medical doctor character, originally created in the 1930s by the author Frederick Schiller Faust under the pen name Max Brand. Shortly after the characters first appearance in a story, Paramount Pictures used the story. He first introduced the character in a fiction short story, Internes Cant Take Money. Although Cosmopolitan itself wasnt a pulp, a second Kildare story, Whiskey Sour, was published in Cosmopolitan in April 1938. The first Kildare film, Internes Cant Take Money, based on the story of the same title and made by Paramount. In 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contracted with Faust to acquire the rights to the Kildare character along with Fausts services as a story writer. Leonard Gillespie, de-emphasizing the criminal elements, and restarting the story from Kildares first arrival at the city hospital. Faust collaborated with MGM on its Kildare film series starting with the first MGM series release, Young Dr. Kildare, during this time, Faust wrote several original Kildare stories which were first published in magazines, later republished in novel form, and made into films by MGM. The stories were written prior to the films being made, and were not published as movie tie-ins, after The People vs. Dr. Kildare, Faust and MGM parted ways. Fausts last two Kildare stories, Dr. Kildares Hardest Case and the unfinished story Dr. Kildares Dilemma, were not made into films, in 1944, Faust was killed in Italy while working as a war correspondent. The following table lists the Max Brand-authored Kildare stories in order of first publication. Aside from the Kildare stories, Faust wrote only one other story, My People. My People featured a character, Dr. Maynard, who was similar to Dr. Kildare, MGM acquired the rights to My People as a possible concept for a Kildare film, but it was never developed. The popularity of the 1960s Dr. Kildare TV series and its star, Richard Chamberlain, several were released in mass-market paperback form by Lancer Books, while titles aimed at preteen and young teen readers were published by Whitman. The covers featured photographs of Chamberlain as Kildare, or artwork using his likeness, the plot focused on Dr. Kildares attempt to help a young female ex-convict locate her child. Paramount did not plan any further Kildare films, probably because box office returns did not meet expectations. In 1938, MGM entered into a deal with author Frederick Schiller Faust to acquire the rights to Dr. Kildare and have Faust work with MGM on developing stories for a film series. Seven Dr. Kildare films were made by MGM based on stories originally written by Faust
18.
Ethel Barrymore
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Ethel Barrymore was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors. Regarded as the First Lady of the American Theater, Barrymore was a preeminent stage actress in her era, Ethel Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Drew. Her father was killed four months before her birth in a famous Old West encounter in Texas while heading a traveling road company. She was named for her father’s favorite character—Ethel in William Makepeace Thackeray’s The Newcomes and she was the sister of actors John Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore, the aunt of actor John Drew Barrymore, and the grand-aunt of actress Drew Barrymore. She was also a granddaughter of actress and theater-manager Louisa Lane Drew and she spent her childhood in Philadelphia, and attended Roman Catholic schools there. In 1884 she, her parents and brothers sailed to England, Maurice had inherited a substantial amount of money from an aunt and decided to exhibit a play and star in some plays at Londons Haymarket Theatre. Ethel recalled being frightened on first meeting Oscar Wilde when handing him some cakes, returning to the U. S. in 1886, her father took her to her first baseball game. She established a lifelong love of baseball and wanted to be a concert pianist, the years in England were the happiest of her childhood years due to the fact the Barrymores were more of a nuclear family in London than at any other time when in the United States. Georgie did not recover and died in July 1893 a week before her 37th birthday, essentially Ethel and Lionels childhood ended when Georgie died. They were forced to go to work in their teens, John, a few years younger, stayed with their grandmother and other relatives. Barrymores first appearance on Broadway was in 1895, in a play called The Imprudent Young Couple which starred her uncle John Drew, Jr. and she appeared with Drew and Adams again in 1896 in Rosemary. In 1897 Ethel went with William Gillette to London to play Miss Kittridge in Gillettes Secret Service and she was about to return to the States with Gillettes troupe when Henry Irving and Ellen Terry offered her the role of Annette in The Bells. A full London tour was on and, before it was over, Ethel created, on New Years Day 1898, Euphrosine in Peter the Great at the Lyceum, men everywhere were smitten with Ethel, most notably Winston Churchill, who asked her to marry him. Not wishing to be a wife, she refused. Winston, years later, married Clementine Hozier, a beauty who looked very much like Ethel. Winston and Ethel remained friends until the end of her life and their “romance” was their own little secret until his son let the cat out of the bag 63 years after it happened. After her season in London, Ethel returned to the United States, charles Frohman cast her first in Catherine and then as Stella de Grex in His Excellency the Governor. After that, Frohman finally gave Ethel the role that would make her a star, Madame Trentoni in Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines, which opened at the Garrick Theatre on February 4,1901
19.
John Barrymore
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John Barrymore was an American actor on stage, screen and radio. After a success as Hamlet in London in 1925, Barrymore left the stage for 14 years, in the silent film era, he was well received in such pictures as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Sherlock Holmes and The Sea Beast. During this period, he gained his nickname, the Great Profile and his stage-trained voice proved an asset when sound films were introduced, and three of his works, Grand Hotel, Twentieth Century and Midnight have been inducted into the National Film Registry. Barrymores personal life has been the subject of attention before. He struggled with alcohol abuse from the age of 14, was married and divorced four times, Much of his later work involved self-parody and the portrayal of drunken has-beens. His obituary in The Washington Post observed that with the passing of the years – and as his life became more public – he became, despite his genius in the theater. Barrymore was born John Sidney Blyth in Philadelphia, and was known by family, although the Barrymore family bible puts his date of birth as February 15,1882, his birth certificate shows February 14. He was the youngest of three children and his siblings were Lionel, and Ethel. Barrymores mother, Georgie Drew Barrymore, was born into a prominent theatrical family, Barrymores maternal grandparents were Louisa Lane Drew, a well-known 19th-century American actress and the manager of the Arch Street Theatre, and John Drew, also an actor whose specialty was comedy. Barrymores maternal uncles were two more thespians, John Drew, Jr. and Sidney, Much of Barrymores early life was unsettled. In October 1882, the family toured in the US for a season with Polish actress Helena Modjeska, the following year his parents toured again with Modjeska but left the children behind. Modjeska was influential in the family, and she insisted that all three children be baptized into the Catholic Church, in 1884 the family traveled to London as part of Augustin Dalys theatrical company, returning to the US two years later. As a child, Barrymore was sometimes badly behaved, and he was sent away to schools in an attempt to instill discipline, the strategy was not always successful, and he attended elementary schools in four states. He was sent first to the annex of the Convent of Notre Dame in Philadelphia. I wanted to be an artist and he was expelled from the school in 1891 and was sent to Seton Hall Preparatory School in New Jersey, where Lionel was already studying. Barrymore was unhappy at Seton and was withdrawn, after which he attended several public schools in New York. In 1892, his grandmother Louisa Drews business began to suffer, the loss of their mothers income prompted both Ethel and Lionel to seek work as professional actors. Barrymores father was absent from the family home while on tour, and when he returned he would spend time at The Lambs
20.
John Drew Barrymore
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John Drew Barrymore was a film actor and member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his fathers siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including John Blyth Barrymore, diana Barrymore was his half-sister from his fathers second marriage. Barrymore was born in Los Angeles, California to John Barrymore and his parents separated when he was 18 months old, and he rarely saw his father afterward. Educated at private schools, he made his debut at 17. This was followed by a resurgence in Italian movies as he appeared in several leading roles. He also appeared several times in the TV series Gunsmoke, however, Barrymores social behavior obstructed any professional progress. In the 1960s, he was incarcerated for drug use, public drunkenness. In 1966, Barrymore was signed to play a guest role as Lazarus in the Star Trek episode The Alternative Factor, however, he failed to show up, resulting in a SAG suspension of six months. He did appear as Stacey Daggart in the 1966–67 NBC series The Road West, after the SAG suspension handed to him in 1967 was served, Barrymore only worked on-screen sporadically, sometimes with a few years between appearances. His TV and film career ended permanently by 1976, although even before this point he became more and more reclusive, suffering from the same problems with addiction that had destroyed his father, Barrymore became a derelict. Estranged from his family, including his children, his continued to worsen. In 2003, daughter Drew Barrymore moved him near her home despite their estrangement and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to television. All four of Barrymores marriages ended in divorce and he married actress Cara Williams in 1952, they divorced in 1959. Complete 52min episode from 16mm film - aired Nov.24,1958
21.
Diana Barrymore
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Diana Blanche Barrymore Blythe, known professionally as Diana Barrymore, was an American film and stage actress. Born Diana Blanche Barrymore Blythe in New York City, New York she was the daughter of renowned actor John Barrymore and his second wife and she was stepdaughter of Dolores Costello, half-sister of actor John Drew Barrymore, and aunt of actress Drew Barrymore. She had two half brothers, Leonard Jr. and Robin, from her mothers first marriage to Leonard Moorhead Thomas. Her parents tumultuous marriage lasted only a few years and they divorced when she was four, educated in Paris, France and at schools in New York City, she had little contact with her estranged father, a situation exacerbated by her mothers bitterness towards him. Her parenting was left to boarding schools and nannies, while in her teens, Barrymore decided to study acting and enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Because of the prominence of the Barrymore name in the world of theatre, at age 19, Barrymore made her Broadway debut and the following year made her first appearance in motion pictures with a small role in a Warner Bros. production. In 1942, she signed a contract with Universal Studios who capitalized on her Barrymore name with a promotion campaign billing her as 1942s Most Sensational New Screen Personality. However, alcohol and drug problems soon emerged and negative publicity from major media sources dampened her prospects, after less than three years in Hollywood, and six significant film roles at Universal, Barrymores personal problems ended her film career. Her father died in 1942 from cirrhosis of the liver after years of alcoholism, Barrymores life became a series of alcohol- and drug-related disasters marked by bouts of severe depression that resulted in several suicide attempts and extended sanitarium stays. She squandered her movie earnings and her inheritance from her fathers estate, in 1949, she was offered her own television talk show, The Diana Barrymore Show. The show was all set to broadcast but Barrymore didnt show up, had she gone through with the show, it would have been the first talk show in television history, predating Joe Franklin by two years. In the early 1950s she and third husband toured Australia and upon returning to the United States, after three bad marriages to addicted and sometimes abusive men, in 1955 Barrymore had herself hospitalized for nearly a full year of treatment. In 1957, she published her autobiography, Too Much, Too Soon, with help and encouragement from ghostwriter Gerold Frank, in July 1957, she further promoted the book by appearing on Mike Wallaces TV show The Mike Wallace Interview. The following year Warner Bros. made a film with the title starring Dorothy Malone as Barrymore. Her first was to actor Bramwell Fletcher, who was 17 years her senior and had appeared with her father in his 1931 classic Svengali, then she married John Howard, a tennis player. Her last marriage was to actor Robert Wilcox, the marriage to Wilcox ended when he died of a heart attack while traveling by train in June 1955, at the age of 45. Barrymore died on January 25,1960, and is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York and her death has been attributed to a drug overdose, though her autopsy failed to find a cause of death and found no indication of overdose. The Diana Barrymore Show The Ed Sullivan Show The Mike Wallace Interview New York Noir, Entertainment Press Conference The Ben Hecht Show Irv Kupcinet Show Too Much, Too Soon, with Gerold Frank
22.
Drew Barrymore
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Drew Blythe Barrymore is an American actress, author, director, model and producer. She is a member of the Barrymore family of American stage and film actors, Barrymore began acting on television, and soon transitioned to film with roles in E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Irreconcilable Differences. Following a turbulent childhood that was marked by drug and alcohol abuse with two stints in rehab, she wrote her autobiography, Little Girl Lost and she appeared in a string of hit films, including Poison Ivy, Boys on the Side, Scream and Ever After. She has also co-starred with Adam Sandler in The Wedding Singer,50 First Dates, Other acting credits include Music and Lyrics, Hes Just Not That Into You, Going the Distance and Miss You Already. Barrymore won the Screen Actors Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of Little Edie in Grey Gardens, Barrymore currently stars with Timothy Olyphant in the Netflix comedy series Santa Clarita Diet. She was named an Ambassador Against Hunger for the UN World Food Programme, since then, she has donated over $1 million to the program. A recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Barrymore was born in Culver City, California, to actor John and Jaid, an aspiring actress. Barrymores mother was born in a displaced persons camp in Brannenburg, West Germany and her parents divorced in 1984, when she was nine years old. She is one of four children with a half-brother, John and her godfather is Steven Spielberg while her godmother is Anna Strasberg, Lee Strasbergs widow. Meanwhile, Barrymore is the god-daughter of director Steven Spielberg, Barrymore recounted in her 1989 autobiography, Little Girl Lost, early memories of her abusive father, who left the family when Barrymore was six months old. They never had anything resembling a significant relationship and seldom spoke to each other, Barrymore grew up on Poinsetta Place in West Hollywood until the age of 7, when she moved to Sherman Oaks. In her 2015 memoir Wildflower, she says she talks like a girl because she grew up in Sherman Oaks. She moved back to West Hollywood upon becoming emancipated at 14, Barrymore attended elementary school at Fountain Day School in West Hollywood and Country School. In the wake of her stardom, Barrymore endured a notoriously troubled childhood. Her nightlife and constant partying became a subject with the media. She was in rehab at the age of fourteen, where she spent eighteen months in an institution for the mentally ill, a suicide attempt, also at age fourteen, put her back in rehab, followed by a three-month stay with singer David Crosby and his wife. The stay was precipitated, Crosby said, because she needed to be some people that were committed to sobriety. Barrymore later described this period of her life in her autobiography, after a successful juvenile court petition for emancipation, she moved into her own apartment at the age of fifteen
23.
Art Students League of New York
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The Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, the League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, entitled LINEA. The breakaway group of students included women, and was originally housed in rented rooms at 16th Street. Influential board members from this period included painter Thomas Eakins. Membership continued to increase, forcing the League to relocate to larger spaces. In 1889, the League participated in the founding of the American Fine Arts Society, together with the Society of American Artists, the American Fine Arts Building at 215 West 57th Street, constructed as their joint headquarters, has continued to house the League since 1892. In the late 1890s and early 1900s an increasing number of artists came to study. Among them was a young Miss Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and eventually her husband Thomas Furlong, the avant-garde couple served the league in executive and administrative roles and as student members throughout the American modernism movement. Alice Van Vechten Brown, who would later develop some of the first art programs in American higher education, in the years after World War II, the G. I. Bill played an important role in the history of the League by enabling returning veterans to attend classes. As of 2010, the League remains an important part of New York City art life, from 1906 until 1922, and again after the end of World War II from 1947 until 1979, the League operated a summer school of painting at Woodstock, New York. In 1995, the Leagues facilities expanded to include the Vytlacil campus in Sparkill, New York, named after and based upon a gift of the property, since its inception, the Art Students League has employed notable professional artists as instructors and lecturers. Most engagements have been for a year or two, and some, like those of sculptor George Grey Barnard, were quite brief. Others have taught for decades, notably Frank DuMond and George Bridgman, bridgmans successor was Robert Beverly Hale. In 1988, Robert Cenedella took over the George Grosz Chair, luis Mora, Robert Neffson, Maxfield Parrish, Jules Pascin, Joseph Pennell, Richard C. Pionk, Larry Poons, Richard Pousette-Dart, Abraham Rattner, Peter Reginato, Frank J. Alden Weir, and William Zorach
24.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
25.
Episcopal Academy
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The Episcopal Academy, founded in 1785, is a private, co-educational school for grades Pre-K through 12 based in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Prior to 2008, the campus was located in Merion. The Newtown Square facility is 123-acre, Episcopal Academy has been consistently ranked as a top private school in the nation by various media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal. The Academy is affiliated with the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the Episcopal Academy was founded in 1785 by the Rt. Rev. William White at Old Christ Church in Philadelphia as a school focusing on education in Greek, Latin, religion, mathematics. It was also a pre-missionary school, trustees included two signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as bankers, merchants, and reverends. The faculty was composed of figures like Noah Webster Jr. of Webster Dictionaries. Its first campus was located on the east side of Fourth Street and was directed by Rev. John Andrews, D. D. the Academys first headmaster. However, when Dr. Andrews and several of faculty members left to teach at the University of Pennsylvania in 1798, in 1816 it became a Second Classical Academy and a free school again in 1828, but at some points the Academy did not operate as an educational entity. In 1846 the school was reconstituted, this time as a Third Classical Academy, in 1850, the school moved to a building at Juniper and Locust Street, and remained there until its 1921 move to the Merion, Pennsylvania, campus. Female students attended the Academy between 1789 and 1818, but a plan for permanent co-education was not implemented until 1974, in 1974, girls were admitted to kindergarten, and then to one higher grade each year thereafter. The class of 1984 was the first co-educational class to graduate from the Academy, Episcopal Academy was located in Merion, Pennsylvania, from 1921 until it moved to Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, in 2008. With a $20 million donation the Board purchased a 123-acre tract of land in Newtown Square, the $212.5 million project was completed in 2008 and opened for the 2008-2009 school year. The new campus boasts state-of-the-art academic, arts, athletic, brailsford & Dunlavey served as the Academys on-site program manager throughout each phase of the campus development project. The Episcopal Academy sold its Merion campus to Saint Josephs University, the Episcopal Academys mission is Challenging and nurturing mind, body, and spirit, we inspire boys and girls to lead lives of purpose, faith, and integrity. The school has a 100% four-year college matriculation rate, several teams. The Academy is accredited by the Pennsylvania Association of Independent Schools, the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Accreditation for Growth protocol governed accreditation until the current accreditation cycle. The upper school is a preparatory program
26.
Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew
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Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew were an American comedy team on stage and screen. The team initially consisted of Sidney Drew and his first wife Gladys Rankin, after Gladys died in 1914, Sidney Drew married Lucile McVey, and the two performed as Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew. Sidney Drew or Mr. Sidney Drew as he was billed, was an uncle of actors Lionel, Ethel. Drews origins have been the subject of speculation and his mother Mrs. Louisa Drew said she adopted him not long after the death of her husband John Drew, Sr. in 1862. Researchers have speculated that Sidney was Mrs. Drews biological child either from her husband or from a love affair. It was noticed that she disappeared for some time to the country before returning to Philadelphia with baby Sidney, John Barrymore always said Sidney looked too much like Grandmother Louisa to be anyone elses child. In his stage career, Sidney Drew was a leading man along with his wife, Gladys Rankin. In 1896, the pair introduced legitimate drama to the vaudeville stage and they entered films as a team with the old Kalem Company in 1911, but achieved greater success after their switch to Vitagraph in 1913. Gladys Rankin Drew died later that year from undisclosed causes and he remarried to Lucile McVey, born in Sedalia, Missouri, a Vitagraph scriptwriter who briefly went under the name Jane Morrow. Sidney Drew added his new wife to his one-reel comedies, acknowledging McVey as both a writer and co-director. As a comedy team, known as Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Drew and their style of comedy was usually gentle satire on married life, but also poked fun at the world of show business. In 1916, the team was lured to Richard A. Rowlands. Mayers newly founded Metro company, where continued to dominate in the field of marital comedy. During World War I, Sidney Drews son, actor-director S. Rankin Drew, was killed in action, Drew never recovered from the loss. The team left Metro for personal appearances but was signed to V. B. K, Sidney Drew died suddenly on April 9,1919. Lucile McVey Drew died in 1925 from cancer, at the age of 35, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew have a joint Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
27.
Jean Harlow
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Jean Harlow was an American film actress and sex symbol of the 1930s. Harlow became a lady for MGM, starring in a string of hit films including Red Dust, Dinner at Eight, Reckless. Harlows popularity rivaled and soon surpassed that of her MGM colleagues Joan Crawford and she had become one of the biggest movie stars in the world by the late 1930s, often nicknamed the Blond Bombshell and the Platinum Blonde, she was also popular for her Laughing Vamp movie persona. Harlow died at age 26 during the 1937 filming of Saratoga, the film was completed using body doubles and released a little over a month after Harlows death. The American Film Institute ranked her as the 22nd greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema, Harlow was born Harlean Harlow Carpenter in Kansas City, Missouri. The name is incorrectly spelled Carpentier, following later studio press releases. Her father, Mont Clair Carpenter, son of Abraham L. Carpenter and her mother, Jean Poe Carpenter, was the daughter of a wealthy real estate broker, Skip Harlow, and his wife, Ella Harlow. The marriage was arranged by Jeans father in 1908, Jean was resentful and became very unhappy in the marriage. The couple lived in Kansas City in a owned by Jeans father. Harlean was nicknamed The Baby, a name that would stick with her for the rest of her life and she did not learn that her name was actually Harlean until the age of five, when she began to attend Miss Barstows Finishing School for Girls in Kansas City. Harlean and Mother Jean, as she became known when Harlean became a film star, Harleans mother was extremely protective and coddling, reportedly instilling a sense that her daughter owed everything she had to her. She was always all mine, she said of her daughter, when Harlean was at school, her mother filed for a divorce that was finalized uncontested on September 29,1922. She was granted custody of Harlean, who loved the father who would survive her by thirty-seven years. However, Harlean would rarely see him again, Mother Jean moved with Harlean to Hollywood in 1923 with hopes of becoming an actress, but was too old at 34 to begin a film career. Young Harlean attended the Hollywood School for Girls and met Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Joel McCrea, Harlean dropped out of school at age 14 in the spring of 1925. Finances dwindling, she and her mother moved back to Kansas City after Skip Harlow issued an ultimatum that he would disinherit Jean if she did not return. Several weeks later, Skip sent his granddaughter to a camp, Camp Cha-Ton-Ka, in Michigamme, Michigan. Her mother traveled to Michigan to care for her, rowing herself across the lake to the camp, Harlow next attended the Ferry Hall School in Lake Forest, Illinois
28.
Clark Gable
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William Clark Gable was an American film actor, often referred to as The King of Hollywood or just simply as The King. Gable began his career as an actor and appeared as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for MGM in 1931. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role and he also starred with Lana Turner in four features, and with Norma Shearer and Ava Gardner in three each. Gables final film, The Misfits, united him with Marilyn Monroe, Gable is considered one of the most consistent box-office performers in history, appearing on Quigley Publishings annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll 16 times. He was named the seventh-greatest male star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute, William Clark Gable was born in Cadiz, Ohio, to William Henry Will Gable, an oil-well driller, and his wife, Adeline. Gable was named William after his father, but even in childhood and he was mistakenly listed as a female on his birth certificate. Among Gables ancestors were Pennsylvania Dutch, Rhinelanders, and Bavarians, when he was six months old, his mother had him baptized as a Roman Catholic. She died when he was ten months old, possibly from a brain tumor, will Gable refused to raise his son Catholic, provoking criticism from Adelines side of the family. The dispute was resolved when Will Gable agreed to allow his son to spend time with his uncle, Charles Hershelman. In April 1903, Gables father married Jennie Dunlap, whose family came from the neighboring town of Hopedale. Gable was a tall, shy child with a loud voice and his stepmother raised him to be well-dressed and well-groomed. Jennie played the piano and gave her lessons at home. Later he took up brass instruments, at 13, he was the only boy in the mens town band. He was very mechanically inclined and loved to strip down and repair cars with his father, though his father insisted on Gable doing manly things, like hunting and hard physical work, Gable loved language. Among trusted company, he would recite Shakespeare, particularly the sonnets, will Gable agreed to buy a 72-volume set of The Worlds Greatest Literature to improve his sons education, but claimed he never saw his son use it. In 1917, when Gable was in school, his father had financial difficulties. Will decided to settle his debts and try his hand at farming, despite his fathers insistence that he work the farm, Gable soon left to work in Akron for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. At 17, Clark Gable was inspired to be an actor after seeing the play The Bird of Paradise, by then, his stepmother had died, and his father moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma to go back to the oil business
29.
Louisa Lane Drew
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Louisa Lane Drew was an English-born American actress and theatre owner and an ancestor of the Barrymore acting family. Professionally she was known as Mrs. John Drew. Drew was born Louisa Lane in London, England, the daughter of Eliza Trentner, an actress, and either Thomas Frederick Lane, or William Haycraft Lane, Louisa and her mother came to America when she was six years old. She proved to be a child prodigy playing five different adult roles within one play at the age of eight in 1828. As a young woman and strolling player, her theatrical travels took her, her mother and half sisters as far away as Jamaica, by sailing ship and she returned to the United States in 1847 to support Junius Brutus Booth. She appeared in plays with both him and his son, John Wilkes Booth. She and her third husband John Drew were the parents of Louisa Drew, John Drew, Jr. and she had no known children from her first two marriages. The Drews owned the Arch Street Theatre, where they staged performances, after her husbands death Mrs Drew adopted a baby boy and named him Sidney. She was the grandmother through Georgie of John Barrymore, Ethel Barrymore and her other grand children were Georgie Drew Mendum an actress and Louise Drew also an actress as well as S. Rankin Drew, Sidneys son with his wife Gladys Rankin. She is the great-great-grandmother of Drew Barrymore, in the mid-1890s the aged Mrs Drew appeared in an all star revival of Sheridans The Rivals. In 1897 an ailing Louisa Drew spent the summer at her annual Larchmont, New York retreat with her grandsons Lionel and she died in Philadelphia on August 31,1897 at the age of 77. The historic Arch Street Theatre was demolished in 1936, autobiographical sketch of Mrs. John Drew
30.
The Rivals
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The Rivals is a comedy of manners by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in five acts. It was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre on 17 January 1775, the Rivals was Sheridans first play. At the time, he was a young newlywed living in Bath, at Sheridans insistence, upon marriage his wife Eliza had given up her career as a singer. This was proper for the wife of a gentleman, but it was difficult because Eliza would have earned an income as a performer. Instead, the Sheridans lived beyond their means as they entertained the gentry and nobility with Elizas singing, finally, in need of funds, Richard turned to the only craft that could gain him the remuneration he desired in a short time, he began writing a play. In a short time, however, he completed The Rivals, the Rivals was first performed at Covent Garden, London, on 17 January 1775. It was roundly vilified by both the public and the critics for its length, for its bawdiness and for the character of Sir Lucius OTrigger being a meanly written role played very badly. The actor, Lee, after being hit with an apple during the performance, stopped and addressed the audience, — is it me, or the matter. If he can dispense with flattery, he is sure at least of sincerity, Sheridan also apologised for any impression that OTrigger was intended as an insult to Ireland. Rewritten and with a new actor, Clinch, in the role of OTrigger, indeed, it became a favourite of the royal family, receiving five command performances in ten years, and also in the Colonies. It became a show in the repertoires of 19th Century companies in England. The play is now considered to be one of Sheridans masterpieces, and she was first played by Jane Green. Wealthy, fashionable people went there to take the waters, which were believed to have healing properties, Bath was much less exclusive than London, and hence it provides an ideal setting for the characters. The plot centres on the two lovers, Lydia and Jack. Lydia, who reads a lot of novels of the time. To court her, Jack pretends to be Ensign Beverley, a poor officer, Lydia is enthralled with the idea of eloping with a poor soldier in spite of the objections of her guardian, Mrs. Malaprop, a moralistic widow. Mrs. Malaprop is the comic figure of the play, thanks to her continual misuse of words that sound like the words she intends to use. Lydia has two suitors, Bob Acres, and Sir Lucius OTrigger, an impoverished and combative Irish gentleman
31.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
32.
John Drew Jr.
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John Drew Jr. was an American stage actor noted for his roles in Shakespearean comedy, society drama, and light comedies. He was the eldest son of John Drew, who had given up a career in whaling for acting, and Louisa Lane Drew. As such, he was also the uncle of John, Ethel and he was considered to be the leading matinee idol of his day, but unlike most matinee idols Drews acting ability was largely undisputed. John Drew Jr. was educated at an academy in Philadelphia. His first role as a boy was Plumper in Cool as a Cucumber at the familys Arch Street Theater, Drew had a long association with Charles Frohman and leading lady Maude Adams. In these years under Frohman, John Drews stardom was established and his first play with Frohman was The Masked Ball, a comedy adapted from a French play. This show was primarily a vehicle to establish Drews stardom under Frohman, Drew was associated originally with the company of Augustin Daly in the 1880s, a man known for managing and training with grim efficiency. Under Dalys management, John Drew developed his reputation for versatility, appearing in many varieties of plays and his frequent leading lady with Daly was Ada Rehan. His memoirs, titled My Years on the Stage, were published in 1922 and his final Broadway play was The Circle co-starring fellow veteran star Mrs. Leslie Carter and proved to be a popular comeback for the two Victorian actors. The Circle was made into a silent film in 1925 by MGM directed by Frank Borzage, highly esteemed by his fellow actors, John Drew was elected lifetime president of New York Citys Players Club. The abbreviation Jr. distinguishing him from his long deceased father, is usually dropped. He died in San Francisco on July 9,1927 shortly after having been visited by his nephews John, after cremation his remains were taken to Philadelphia and interred at Mount Vernon Cemetery. Drew and his wife Josephine had one daughter, Louise Drew, Louise married Broadway actor Jack Devereaux and they had a son John Drew Devereaux
33.
Charles Frohman
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Charles Frohman was an American theatrical producer. Frohman was producing plays by 1889 and acquired his first Broadway theatre by 1892 and he discovered and promoted many stars of the American theatre. In 1896, Frohman co-founded the Theatrical Syndicate, which grew to exert control over the U. S. theatre industry for nearly two decades. The American opening starred a Frohman favorite, Maude Adams, many of his London successes also enjoyed runs in New York. At the height of his career, he died in the 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania, Charles Frohman was born in Sandusky, Ohio, the youngest of three Frohman brothers, including Daniel and Gustave. The year of his date is generally erroneously reported as 1860, and his birthday is shown as July 16 on his tombstone. In 1864, Frohmans family moved to New York City, at the age of twelve, Frohman started to work at night in the office of the New York Tribune, attending school by day. In 1874, he work for the Daily Graphic and at night sold tickets at Hooleys Theatre. In 1877, he took charge of the Chicago Comedy Co. with John Dillon as star in Our Boys and he next joined Haverlys United Mastodon Minstrels as manager, touring the U. S. and Europe. Then for a time he was associated with his brothers Daniel and Gustave in managing the Madison Square Theatre and he began to produce plays by 1886. Frohmans first success as a producer was with Bronson Howards play Shenandoah, Frohman founded the Empire Theatre Stock Company to acquire his first Broadway theatre, the Empire, in 1892. The following year, he produced his first Broadway play, Clyde Fitchs Masked Ball, in this piece, Maude Adams first played opposite John Drew, which led to many future successes. Soon Frohman acquired five other New York City theaters, including the Garrick, working with William Harris and Isaac B. Rich, he became owner of their theatres in Boston. In 1895, he produced the New York premiere of The Importance of Being Earnest, the same year, he produced The Shop Girl. Frohman was known for his ability to develop talent. His stars included William Gillette, John Drew, Jr. Ethel Barrymore, Billie Burke, E. H. Sothern, Julia Marlowe, Maude Adams, Paul Gilmore, Evelyn Millard, Henry Miller and Walter E. Perkins. In 1896, Frohman, Al Hayman, Abe Erlanger, Mark Klaw, Samuel F. Nixon, in 1897, Frohman leased the Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, introducing plays there as well as in the United States
34.
Pantomime
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Pantomime, is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is performed throughout the United Kingdom, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent. It is a form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with certain parts of the music. Pantomime has a theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre. It developed partly from the 16th century commedia dellarte tradition of Italy, as well as other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century masques, an important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. Outside Britain the word pantomime is used to mean miming. The Roman pantomime drew upon the Greek tragedy and other Greek genres from its inception, although the art was instituted in Rome, the English word came to be applied to the performance itself. Music was supplied by flute and the pulse of an iron-shod shoe, performances might be in a private household, with minimal personnel, or else lavish theatrical productions involving a large orchestra and chorus and sometimes an ancillary actor. The dancer danced all the roles, relying on masks, stock poses and gestures, Pantomime differed from mime by its more artistic nature and relative lack of farce and coarse humour, though these were not absent from some productions. Precursors of pantomime also included the masque, which grew in pomp, the development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental commedia dellarte, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the Early Modern Period. Each scenario used some of the stock characters. These included the innamorati, the vecchi such as Pantalone, and zanni such as Arlecchino, Colombina, Scaramouche, Italian masque performances in the 17th century sometimes included the Harlequin character. In the 17th century, adaptations of the characters became familiar in English entertainments. From these, the standard English harlequinade developed, depicting the eloping lovers Harlequin and Columbine, pursued by the girls father Pantaloon and his comic servants Clown, in English versions, by the 18th century, Harlequin became the central figure and romantic lead. The basic plot of the harlequinade remained essentially the same for more than 150 years, tavern Bilkers, by John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage. The same year he produced a pantomime on the subject of Perseus, after this, pantomime was regular feature at Drury Lane. In 1717 at Lincolns Inn, actor and manager John Rich introduced Harlequin into the theatres pantomimes under the name of Lun and he gained great popularity for his pantomimes, especially beginning with his 1724 production of The Necromancer, or, History of Dr. Faustus. These early pantomimes were silent, or dumb show, performances consisting of only dancing, spoken drama was only allowed in London only in the two patent theatres until Parliament changed this restriction in 1843
35.
English Channel
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The English Channel, also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 560 km long and varies in width from 240 km at its widest to 33.3 km in the Strait of Dover and it is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows, a line joining Isle Vierge to Lands End. The southwestern limit of the North Sea, the IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as a line joining the Walde Lighthouse and Leathercoat Point. The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais, and Leathercoat Point is at the end of St Margarets Bay. The Strait of Dover, at the Channels eastern end, is its narrowest point and it is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reaches a depth of 180 m in the submerged valley of Hurds Deep,48 km west-northwest of Guernsey. The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine. There are several islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is indented, several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel, the time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance. It was never defined as a border and the names were more or less descriptive. It was not considered as the property of a nation, strangely, before the development of the modern nations, British scholars very often referred to it as Gaulish and the French one as British or English. The name English Channel has been used since the early 18th century. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal, later, it has also been known as the British Channel or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, the Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ as opposed to Norð-sǣ
36.
Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether
37.
Julia Arthur
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Julia Arthur was a Canadian-born stage and film actress. Born Ida Lewis in Hamilton, Ontario, May 3,1869, she was the daughter of Thomas J. Lewis, a tobacco manufacturer and her younger sister, Eleanor Letitia Lewis, became an actress known by the stage name, Eleanor Dorel. Their mother was a fine Shakespearian reader, but only in an amateur way, Ida Lewis began acting at the age of 11, in 1879, when she played the part of Gamora in The Honeymoon in some amateur theatricals in her own home. She displayed such remarkable ability, for her age, that a brilliant future for her was predicted and her first New York success was at the Union Square Theatre in The Black Masque a stage adaptation of Edgar Allen Poes Masque of the Red Death by Frederick Giles. A year of study in Germany followed and she performed in London, February,1895, with Sir Henry Irvings Company, as Rosamond in Tennysons Becket. Subsequently she toured with Sir Henry Irvings Company in the United States and she performed in Frances Hodgson Burnetts play, A Lady of Quality. In February 1892 she gained her first real success at the Union Square Theatre in New York in the role of the Queen in The Black Masque and this performance made her famous, and from the opening night her services were in great demand. A few weeks later she became leading woman in A. M, palmers stock company, then considered the leading one in America. She made such an impression that the author presented her with the rights to the play. Arthur made her appearance on Broadway in Sister Mary, which ran from May 15 to 29,1894. Later that year she went to England, where she made her London debut on February 1,1895, as leading woman, next to Ellen Terry, in Sir Henry Irvings Lyceum Theatre. She played Elaine in King Arthur, Sophia in Olivia, Queen Anne in Richard III, Rosamond in Becket, and Imogene in Cymbeline, the last said to be her greatest role. She returned to America in 1896 with the Irving-Terry company, and was so heartily received that she decided to appear the following season with her own company. On October 14,1897, she presented a dramatization of Mrs Burnetts novel, A Lady of Quality, herself taking the role of Clorinda Wildairs, the play had its Broadway opening on November 1,1897. At Covington, Kentucky, on February 23,1898, Julia Arthur married Benjamin Pierce Cheney, Jr. only son of the wealthy Boston expressman and they made their home in Boston, with a summer estate on Calf Island. They were patrons of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, on October 3,1898, she appeared for the first time as Parthenia in her own production of Ingomar, repeating the successes of the previous year. On November 28,1898, she produced As You Like It at Wallacks in New York City, Arthur returned to Broadway on October 24,1899, in More than Queen, which continued through November 1899. With her growing success on stage in America, Julia Arthur was offered a chance to perform in the motion picture industry
38.
Biograph Studios
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Biograph Studios was an early film studio and laboratory complex, built in 1912 by the Biograph Company at 807 East 175th Street, in The Bronx, New York City, New York. The set-up was similar to Thomas Edisons Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey, as of 1988, the foundations of this machinery were still extant. The company moved in 1906 to a brownstone at 11 East 14th Street near Union Square and it was at this location that D. W. Griffith began as a director, and quickly became the studios focus. Griffith left the company in 1913, and it moved its facilities to 807 East 175th Street in The Bronx. Without Griffith, the studio did not prosper, and the company was dissolved in 1915, the studio facilities were acquired by one of Biograph Companys creditors, the Empire Trust Company, although Biograph continued to manage it. Herbert Yates acquired the Biograph Studios properties and Film laboratory facilities in 1928, Biograph Studios facilities in The Bronx was made a subsidiary of his Consolidated Film Industries. However, the principal activity in that decade was the production of shorts for Universal, Columbia. At this time, the remaining Biograph film collection was donated to the department of the Museum of Modern Art. The Soundies Distributing Corporation filmed at the Biograph Studios in 1944, Empire Trust later assigned management of the property to one of its own subsidiaries, The Actinograph Corp. which held it until 1948. Martin Poll restored Biograph Studios and reopened it in 1956 as the Gold Medal Studios, Gold Medal Studios became the largest film studio in the United States outside of Los Angeles at the time of its 1956 reopening. Poll sold the property in 1961, when it was incorporated into a company, Biograph Studios, Inc. in 1961. The television series Naked City, Car 54, Where Are You, Biograph Studios went dormant again in the 1970s before the studio facilities burned down in 1980. The site is now occupied by a New York City Department of Sanitation garage, hollywood on the Hudson, Film and Television in New York from Griffith to Sarnoff, Rutgers University Press,2008
39.
D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
40.
The New York Hat
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The New York Hat is a short silent film directed by D. W. Griffith from a screenplay by Anita Loos, and starring Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, and Lillian Gish. The New York Hat is one of the most notable of the Biograph Studios short films and is perhaps the best known example of Pickfords early work, and an example of Anita Looss witty writing. The film was made by Biograph when it and many other early U. S. movie studios were based in Fort Lee, Mollie Goodhue leads a cheerless, impoverished life, largely because of her stern, miserly father. Mrs. Goodhue is mortally ill, but before dying, she gives the minister, Preacher Bolton, Mollie is delighted when the minister presents her with a fashionable New York hat she has been longing for, but village gossips misinterpret the ministers intentions and spread malicious rumors. Mollie becomes a pariah, and her father tears up the beloved hat in a rage. All ends well, however, after the minister produces a letter from Mollies mother about the money she left the minister to spend on Mollie, soon afterwards, he proposes to Mollie, who accepts his offer of marriage. Miss Mollie Harding Charles Hill Mailes, customer in Shop/Outside Church Jack Pickford. Church Board Member Walter P. Lewis
41.
Friends (1912 film)
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Friends is a 1912 film written and directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Mary Pickford, Henry B. Walthall, Lionel Barrymore, and Harry Carey, a print of Friends was run at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in July 2007 as part of a Biograph retrospective. Man in saloon Harry Carey filmography D. W. Griffith filmography Lionel Barrymore filmography Mary Pickford filmography Friends at the Internet Movie Database Friends on YouTube
42.
Lillian Russell
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Lillian Russell, born Helen Louise Leonard, was an American actress and singer. She became one of the most famous actresses and singers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, known for her beauty and style, as well as for her voice, Russell was born in Clinton, Iowa but raised in Chicago. Her parents separated when she was eighteen, and she moved to New York with her mother and she began to perform professionally by 1879, singing for Tony Pastor and playing roles in comic opera, including Gilbert and Sullivan works. Composer Edward Solomon created roles in several of his comic operas for her in London, in 1884, they returned to New York and married in 1885, but, in 1886 Solomon was arrested for bigamy. For many years, she was the foremost singer of operettas and musical theatre in the United States, in 1899, she joined the Weber and Fields Music Hall, where she starred for five years. After 1904, she began to have difficulties and switched to dramatic roles. She later returned to roles in vaudeville, however, finally retiring from performing around 1919. Russell was married four times, but her longest relationship was with Diamond Jim Brady, in later years, Russell wrote a newspaper column, advocated womens suffrage, was a popular lecturer and contributed to the passage of the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924. Her family moved to Chicago in 1865, where she studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart from age 7 to 15 and her father became a partner in the printing firm of Knight & Leonard, and her mother became active in the womens rights movement. Russell, called Nellie as a child, excelled at school theatricals, in her teens, she studied music privately and sang in choirs. In December 1877, she performed in a production of Time Tries All at Chickering Hall in Chicago. When Russell was eighteen, her parents separated, and she, her mother and her sister moved to New York City. Russell studied singing under Leopold Damrosch and considered pursuing a career, her very religious mother disapproved of her working in theatre. Russell began dating Walter Sinn, whose father owned the Brooklyn Park Theatre. Walters mother helped Russell get a job with Edward E. Rice. Russell soon began seeing the orchestra leader, Harry Braham, and they married in November, when the show moved to New York theatres. She gave birth to a son, Harry, in June 1880, in September, Russells husband got a prestigious job conducting at Tony Pastors Theatre on Broadway. Pastor, known as the father of vaudeville, was responsible for introducing many well-known performers, in November 1880, Russell was engaged by Pastor for his variety shows
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