1.
Outfielder
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An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball, farthest from the batter. These defenders are the left fielder, the fielder. An outfielders duty is to try to catch fly balls before they hit the ground or to quickly catch or retrieve. Outfielders normally play behind the six members of the defense who play in or near the infield. By convention, each of the nine positions in baseball is numbered. The outfield positions are 7,8 and 9 and these numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms. Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron, Ty Cobb, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Willie Mays, Stan Musial, Pete Rose, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, players can be characterized as either corner outfielders or a center fielder. Corner outfielders are often slower and have less value than the center fielder. However, there are important differences between right fielders and left fielders. Right fielders tend to have the best throwing arms of the outfield so they can make the throw to third base. For example, Babe Ruth was moved from pitcher to the outfield, left fielders and right fielders are more often slow power hitters, and center fielders are usually fast base-runners and good defensive players. Center field is considered the most difficult outfield position, requiring both a good throwing arm and speed. Center fielders on many teams often bat lead off, players who do not routinely start games, but often substitute as a pinch hitter or defensive replacement in the outfield are referred to as fourth outfielders or even fifth outfielders. These players can play any of the three outfield positions. Corner outfielders are outfielders who play the positions of right field. Corner outfielders often have less speed than center fielders, but make up for this deficiency with their offensive play, many left fielders have had the speed to play center field, but have lacked the throwing ability required. Gorman Thomas is an example of the reverse theory and he was a centerfielder his entire career, but was not nearly in shape as the typical player for this position. He compensated for it with sheer hustle and determination, often, when an outfield prospect arrives in the majors, he plays both corner positions before settling at one or another
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
4.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
5.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
6.
Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
7.
Brooklyn Atlantics
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The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseballs first champion and its first dynasty. Established in 1855, Atlantic was a member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic held the championship through the 1861 season, albeit in controversial fashion. In a third and deciding game with Excelsior of Brooklyn, Excelsior was leading 8–6 and had men on base, the game was declared a draw, and the championship retained by Atlantic. Atlantic held the championship again through the 1861 season, which was shortened due to the American Civil War, Atlantic recaptured the pennant in 1866 with a season record of twenty wins, no defeats, and a single tie as the only blemish on its record. Atlantic went undefeated again in 1865 with an 18–0 record, sweeping series against chief rivals Mutual of New York, great players of this era included Joe Start, Dickey Pearce, Charlie Smith, Fred Crane, and Tom Pratt. Atlantics 36-game winning streak was broken in June,1866 by Irvington. Atlantic retained the pennant that year by splitting a series with Athletic of Philadelphia. Atlantic did surrender the title to Union in 1867, when Atlantic defeated Eckford to regain the pennant in 1869, Atlantic had already lost to the Cincinnati Red Stockings. An estimated crowd of fifteen thousand paid 50 cents a piece to see Atlantic win 8–7 in extra innings in one of the most significant games in baseball history, Atlantic surrendered the title later in the year, though, to Mutual. Atlantic had been among the first clubs to declare themselves professional when allowed to do so in 1869, however, when the major professional clubs formed the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1871, Atlantic declined to field a team. As a result, their best players, including George Zettlein, Bob Ferguson, Joe Start and Lip Pike, jumped to other clubs. When Atlantic did join the circuit in 1872, it was unable to reestablish itself as a leading club. Atlantic was not invited to join the National League when that circuit was formed in 1876, a remnant Atlantic was invited to join the upstart American Association in 1882 but failed to satisfy the requirements for doing so. For many years afterwards, the term Atlantic batting referred to a big inning, source for season records, Wright has published records for dozens of NABBP teams each season, relying on a mix of game and season records in contemporary newspapers and guides. Dozens of leading clubs by number of matches are included, as are many others, the records do not consistently cover either all games played or all championship matches between NABBP members. 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1873 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1874 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics season The 1865 Atlantics are said to have been on the first ever baseball card. The only known card was archived at the Library of Congress since the 1880s and it remained the only card known to exist until 2013, when another card was found in an old photo album at a yard sale
8.
1845 to 1868 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the years 1845 to 1868 throughout the world. 1845 September 10 – A baseball game is played that is described the day in the New York Morning News. 1845 September 23 – The New York Knickerbockers draw up the Knickerbocker Rules,1846 June 19 – The New York Knickerbockers play the New York Nine at Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey. The Knickerbockers lose to the New Yorks by a score of 23 to 1 in four innings of play,1854 – The Excelsior club established in Brooklyn. 1855 – The Atlantic and Eckford clubs established in Brooklyn,1856 – The Union of Morrisania club established in the latter-day Bronx, New York. 1857 – The National Association of Base Ball Players is formed in meetings of sixteen New York area baseball clubs, the New York Mutuals and Newark Adriatics teams are formed. C. 1859 July 1 – Amherst College defeats Williams College 73–32 in a game played in Pittsfield,1860 – The Philadelphia Athletics team is formed. The Philadelphia Olympic Club changes from Philadelphia rules townball to New York rules, the Newark Eurekas team starts playing other teams in the NABBP. The Union Club of Lansingburgh team is formed, which would become the Troy Haymakers of the NABBP. 1860 February 22 – First recorded baseball game played in San Francisco,1860 September 28 – The first baseball game reported between two named black teams. At Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey, the Weeksville of New York beat the Colored Union Club 11–0,1862 April – The Summit City Club is formed in Fort Wayne, Indiana. 1865 October – The Milwaukee Cream Citys team is formed,1866 – The Fort Wayne Kekiongas team is reformed after the end of the Civil War. 1866–1868 – The Rockford Forest Citys feature future superstars Albert Spalding,1866 June 23 – The Cincinnati Base Ball Club is formed and plays four outside matches. 1867 – The Cincinnati Base Ball Club plays in the NABBP, twelve existing members did go pro and constitute the professional field for 1869. Marshall Wright publishes 1868 season records for 98 teams, many of them incomplete, bill Ryczek calls 15 of that seasons teams major. This table covers all of those majors, all of the 1869 pros, all 14 member clubs with at least twelve wins on record, for the seven listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column, the comment gives their locales. Meanwhile, only two new professional baseball clubs would be established in the next three years, the Chicago White Stockings for 1870 and the Boston Red Stockings for 1871. Their commercial origins may be related to their survival alone by 1877, Marshall Wright publishes 1867 season records for 89 teams, many of them incomplete
9.
Irvington, New Jersey
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Irvington is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Clinton Township, which included what is now Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark, the area was known as Camptown until the mid-1800s. In 1850, after Stephen Foster published his ballad, Camptown Races, the town was renamed, Irvingtown, in honor of Washington Irving. Irvington was incorporated as an independent village on March 27,1874, what remained of Clinton Township was absorbed into Newark on March 5,1902. On March 2,1898, Irvington was incorporated as a Town, the 1967 Newark riots hastened an exodus of families from that city, many of them moving a few short blocks into neighboring Irvington. Until 1965, Irvington was almost exclusively white, by 1980, the town was nearly 40% black, by 1990 it was 70%. On July 1,1980, Fred Bost, the first black to serve on the Town Council, was sworn in as East Ward Councilman, michael G. Steele, the towns first black mayor, was elected in 1990, followed by Sarah Brockington Bost in 1994. The current Mayor is Tony Vauss, Irvington was home to Olympic Park, an amusement park, from 1887 to 1965. The park property straddled the border of Irvington and Maplewood with the entrance on Chancellor Avenue. After the park closed, the merry-go-round was sold and transported to Disney World, in Orlando, the book, Smile, A Picture History of Olympic Park,1887 -1965 written by Alan A. Siegel was published in 1983 by Rutgers University Press. According to the United States Census Bureau, Irvington had an area of 2.930 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Irving Place, as of the census of 2010, there were 53,926 people,20,093 households, and 12,839 families residing in the township. The population density was 18,417.0 per square mile, there were 23,196 housing units at an average density of 7,922.0 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 60% of the population,31. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.33. In the township, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,10. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34.0 years, for every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 84.2 males, the Census Bureaus 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $42,580, and the median family income was $50,798
10.
New York Mutuals
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The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention and it was a charter member of both the first professional league in 1871 and the National League in 1876. Failing on the field and in the coffer, it declined to make its last western trip of the inaugural season, for the transgression it was expelled in December, and soon found itself defunct. The Mutuals chose open professionalism in 1869–70 after NABBP liberalization and they joined the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, for its 1871 to 1875 duration. In 1876, the Chicago White Stockings initiated the National League and recruited its members from West to East, the Mutuals were one of eight charter members, six of whom were from the National Association. Weak and cash-poor, the club refused to complete its playing obligations in the West, on May 13,1876, the Mutuals executed the first triple play in major-league history in a game against the Hartford Dark Blues. Union Grounds proprietor William Cammeyer, often listed today as the Mutual club owner, the team was effectively a one-year replacement for the defunct Mutuals, and was sometimes called Hartford of Brooklyn. The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4 New York Mutuals reenactors 1876 Mutuals at Baseball Reference
11.
1869 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1869 throughout the world. National Association of Base Ball Players, Atlantic of Brooklyn March 19 - The first openly all-professional baseball club is formed as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, may 4 - The Cincinnati Red Stockings debut as the sports first openly all-professional team, defeating the Great Westerns 45-9. June 8 - An amateur club in Buffalo, New York called the Niagaras defeated another club called the Columbias 209-10 in the baseball game ever. June 15–17 - As part of their Eastern tour the Red Stockings defeat the Mutual of New York, Atlantic of Brooklyn, and Eckford of Brooklyn clubs 4-2, 32-10, and 34-5 respectively. July 3 - The Eckford of Brooklyn club defeats the defending champion Mutual of New York club for the time this season by a score of 31-5. This puts the championship flag in the possession of the Eckfords under the current rules, august 16 - The Red Stockings win over the visiting Eckford club 45-18 at their own Union Grounds. Late September/Early October - Travelling west over the newly completed First Transcontinental Railroad, October 12 - The Chicago Base-Ball Association is founded. The association exists today as the Chicago Cubs, november 5 - The Red Stockings complete an undefeated season with their 60th victory in as many contests, defeating the visiting Mutual Green Stockings of New York 17-8 before 7,000 spectators. November 8 - For the second time since the Eckfords won the flag and this gives the Atlantics the championship for the year by a 15-12 score. At its December 1868 meeting the NABBP permitted professional clubs for the first time, there had been no professional clubs outside the Association and no brand new professional clubs were established for 1869. Rather, the entire effect of the change was that twelve existing members declared professional status. All of them had fielded at least regionally strong teams in 1868, the Cincinnati Red Stockings were first to sign an all-salary team, ten men for eight months. From the west, the strongest team in Cleveland also joined the pro field, from the eastern corridor there were ten including all of the one-time champions and claimants. Otherwise the record of matches is remarkable for its balance, relative to the records of the stronger teams during the amateur era. The Irvingtons did not travel, or win, after July they played two matches with the Mutuals. Forest City of Cleveland did not travel far, only to Cincinnati and those two did not face each other or any of the three teams standing just above them. That imbalance, typical of the time, contributed to the records of all five. Weaker teams were weaker gate attractions with less incentive and almost always less ability to travel, the Irvingtons disbanded and the Keystones returned to amateur ranks but all the others remained in the professional field for 1870
12.
Troy Haymakers
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The Troy Haymakers were an American professional baseball team. They disbanded halfway through the 1872 season on account of an empty treasury, by 1868 the Troy Haymakers nickname for Union of Lansingburgh was common, although the team was sometimes called the Trojans. On the field it was one of the strongest teams in the nominally amateur National Association of Base Ball Players, some players were from New York City, presumably the club compensated them. When the Association permitted openly professional teams for the 1869 season, by playing strength they ranked about the same among fifteen professional teams in 1870, at 11–13–1. During the former season, a win over the Haymakers on August 26 in Cincinnati was the only blemish on the record of the first professional team. Along with two newcomers, seven of the teams from 1870 established a new all-professional National Association early in 1871. During the two NAPBBP season, home games were played at Haymakers Grounds in Troy, New York, the Haymakers were managed by Lip Pike, Bill Craver, and Jimmy Wood, they won 28 games and lost 25 for a winning percentage of.528. Their 15–10 record in 1872 was one of the best for any team to go out of business. In baseball history today, the 1879–1882 National League club in Troy is sometimes called the Haymakers, there is now a team in the Albany Twilight League known as the Troy Haymakers. 1871 Troy Haymakers season 1872 Troy Haymakers season Baseball Reference Team Index Wright, the National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870
13.
Baltimore Canaries
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The Baltimore Canaries were a professional baseball club in the National Association from 1872 to 1874. The team was listed as Lord Baltimore in the box scores of the day. The canary and yellow stockings labels were in reference to their uniform colors, the Canaries played their home games at Newington Park in Baltimore, Maryland. Newington Park was located on Pennsylvania Avenue in Baltimore city. They played under five different managers in their three seasons, winning 78 games and losing 79
14.
1872 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1872 throughout the world. National Association, Boston Red Stockings March 4 – At its annual convention being held in Cleveland, april 22 – Candy Cummings makes his debut with the New York Mutuals. April 26 – Orator Jim ORourke makes his debut with the Middletown Mansfields, may 24 – The Washington Olympics play their last game before dropping out of the NA. Poor talent and financial difficulties combine to do in the Olympics, june 26 – The Washington Nationals, with an 0–11 record, disband after losing 9–1 to the Baltimore Canaries. July 6 – Sporting a 22–1 record, Harry Wright takes the Boston Red Stockings on vacation to an island in Boston Harbor, july 9 – The Brooklyn Eckfords commit 13 errors in their 15–3 loss to the Troy Haymakers. It is the fewest errors committed by the 0–11 Eckfords in a thus far this season. July 23 – Despite a winning record, the Troy Haymakers disband due to financial problems, half of the Haymakers roster will move to the Brooklyn Eckfords, which saves them from dropping out of the NA. July 26 – In an emergency meeting, the NA revises their scheduling requirements from 5 to 9 games versus each opponent competing for the championship. This is in response to the number of teams that have disbanded, august 13 – The Middletown Mansfields announce that they have disbanded the club and drop out of the NA. August 19 – The Cleveland Forest Citys disband their club after a loss to the Boston Red Stockings and this drops the number of teams still playing in the NA to 6. September 1 – Al Thake, left-fielder batting.295 for the Brooklyn Atlantics, Thake is the first active major league ballplayer to die. October 22 – The Boston Red Stockings clinch the pennant with a 4–3 win over the Brooklyn Eckfords, blackguards and Red Stockings, A History of Baseballs National Association 1871–1875. Wallingford, Connecticut, Colebrook Press ISBN 0-9673718-0-5 Nemec, David, the Great Encyclopedia of 19th-Century Major League Baseball. Fine Books ISBN 1-55611-500-8 Specific 1872 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Retrosheet. org
15.
1873 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1873 throughout the world. National Association, Boston Red Stockings March 3 – For the first time, may 14 – Nearly 5,000 fans watch the upstart Philadelphia White Stockings defeat the established Philadelphia Athletics 5–4 in 13 innings. Only once before, in 1865, had that many innings been played in one game, june 7 – The New York Mutuals and Philadelphia White Stockings combine for 40 errors in a game won by the White Stockings. The White Stockings, aided by the Mutuals 26 miscues, win 12–10, june 11 –10,000 fans are in attendance see the Philadelphia White Stockings score 5 runs in the 7th inning to defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 7–5. July 4 – Leading 11–3 over the Elizabeth Resolutes, the Boston Red Stockings score 21 runs in the bottom of the 9th inning for a 32–3 victory, the home-ahead rule would not be instituted for 6 more years. July 22 – Tom Barlow of the Brooklyn Atlantics lays down 6 bunts, all for hits, Ferguson and the Mutuals Nat Hicks get into an altercation with Ferguson breaking Hicks arm by hitting him with a bat. Ferguson requires an escort to leave the field and Hicks will be out for 2 months due to the incident. August 16 – The Boston Red Stockings defeat the Philadelphia White Stockings 11–8 in Chicago in front of several thousand fans, after the game, it is announced that Chicago has signed several players in hopes of placing a team in the NA for the 1874 season. October 16 – The Baltimore Canaries turn a play in a losing cause against the Philadelphia White Stockings. October 22 – The Boston Red Stockings win the pennant for the 2nd year in a row and they clinch on the same date as they had in 1872. November 6 – A benefit game is played between the Philadelphia White Stockings and Philadelphia Athletics under a rule of 10 men on the field and 10 innings for a game. The extra player is placed on the infield as a shortstop and with most observers feeling the extra player unnecessary. 1873 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Retrosheet. org Levine, a. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball, The Promise of American Sport
16.
Hartford Dark Blues
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The Hartford Dark Blues were a 19th-century baseball team. The team was based in Hartford, Connecticut, the Hartford Dark Blues were a member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1874 and 1875 and the National League in 1876 and 1877. In 1877 the team played in Brooklyn, New York as the Brooklyn Hartfords, playing at the Hartford Ball Club Grounds, in 1876 they joined the National League as a charter member. The teams owner, Morgan G. Bulkeley, was also the first president of the National League, managed by their third baseman, Bob Ferguson, the Dark Blues went on to finish third in 1876 with a record of 47–21. The teams strong suit was pitching, with both Tommy Bond and future Hall of Famer Candy Cummings finishing with a run average under 2. The pitching staff recorded the most complete games and allowed the lowest number of home runs throughout the 70-game 1876 campaign, the teams best hitter was right fielder Dick Higham, who led the team in most offensive categories. The team left Hartford and moved to Brooklyn, New York for the 1877 season to become the Brooklyn Hartfords, managed again by Ferguson, the team finished in third again, with a record of 31–27. With Bond, Cummings and Higham all having left the team, the teams best player this year was undoubtedly right fielder John Cassidy, the team disbanded after the 1877 season. Author Mark Twain was a fan of the team
17.
St. Louis Brown Stockings
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The team is the forerunner of, but not directly connected with, the current St. Louis Cardinals Major League Baseball team. After the conclusion of the 1877 season, a scandal involving two players the Brown Stockings had acquired led the team to resign its membership in the NL. The club then declared bankruptcy and folded, the Brown Stockings did not meet a complete demise, however. Organized by outfielder Ned Cuthbert, a few members of the club continued to play the following year. They played whomever they could, wherever they could, and still managed to draw crowds and make a profit, Grand Avenue Grounds – the Brown Stockings home field – was later the site of Sportsmans Park. Outfielder Lip Pike, the previous home run champion in the NA, was again a top hitter. Eighteen-year-old Pud Galvin is credited with leading the league in ERA despite pitching just 62 innings, the Brown Stockings finished 39–29 and in fourth place in their only season in the NA. The St. Louis Brown Stockings entered the National League as a team the following season along with five other former NA teams. George Bradley pitched the first no-hitter in Major League history on July 15,1876 and it was one of Bradleys 16 league-leading and record-setting shutouts that season and his 1.23 ERA also led the league. Bradley and Pike led the Brown Stockings to a 45-19 record, the Brown Stockings won the series. With Bradley losing his effectiveness due to an arm injury in 1877, the Grays and Brown Stockings both filed for bankruptcy in the aftermath of the scandal. However, the Brown Stockings continued to play as an independent barnstorming team on a basis from 1878–1881. However, at time, popularity for baseball was low. The 1879 team started off by winning 24 of their first 25 games, however, the team encountered a different kind of problem. To avert the issue, they played more competitive teams from out of town, in spite of narrowing the competitive gap, St. Louis kept winning, and, as a result, more and more fans started showing up later in the year. The 1880 season was another polar season mixed with antipathy and surging fever, august Solari, who leased Grand Avenue Park, was on the last year of the lease and the gate receipts did little to dissuade him from forgoing resigning the lease. In fact, he threatened to dismantle the ballpark, Cuthbert, who also worked for Von der Ahe at his Golden Lion Saloon, urged him to promote the team more. At this time, Von der Ahe still had not made the realization of baseballs popularity
18.
1876 in baseball
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After a tumultuous five-year existence, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players folded following the 1875 season. One of the new rules put into place by the new league was that all teams had to be located in cities that had a population of 75,000 or more. The initial NL season began with eight teams, and they were asked to play seventy games between April 22 and October 21, the NL is considered to be the first major league, although it has been argued that the NA can make that claim. National League, Chicago White Stockings Champions of the West, St. Louis Brown Stockings Four premier semi-professional teams were in play in 1876 and they were the Binghamton Crickets, the Columbus Buckeyes, the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and the Syracuse Stars. In competition against NL clubs these 4 semi-pro teams played 32 games – winning 16, losing 14, of the 60 players on these 4 semi-pro teams no fewer than 50 of them wound up playing in the National League over the next 5 seasons. Chicago White Stockings signed Cap Anson as a free agent, hartford Dark Blues signed Candy Cummings as a free agent. Boston Red Caps signed George Wright as a free agent, august 10,1876 – The New York Mutuals loaned Nealy Phelps to the Philadelphia Athletics. Phelps returned to the Mutuals on the same day, bryces Base Ball Guide General Ginsburg, Daniel E. The Fix Is in, A History of Baseball Gambling and Game Fixing Scandals, reiss, Steven A. Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Clubs, Volume 1. Specific 1876 season at baseball-reference. com Charltons Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary. com Year by Year History at Baseball-Almanac. com Retrosheet. org
19.
1877 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1877 throughout the world. S. Newspapers poll, Boston Beaneaters and Lowell Ladies Men ranked #1, Boston 2 games to 1 Inter-league playoff, Syracuse def. Boston,1 game to 0 League Alliance Tournament winner, Syracuse Stars New York State Championship Tournament winner, Binghamton Crickets Interleague playoff, Boston,1 game to 0 Inter-league competition, National League teams defeated New England Assn, teams, in wins 24-22. Fisher will only appear in 1 more game in his career after his admission, february 20 – The International League, the first minor league, is formed in Pittsburgh. February 27 – Candy Cummings, player-manager of the Live Oaks of Lynn, march 5 – The Hartford Dark Blues agrees to play its home games in Brooklyn. The team will retain the Hartford name, although it will only play 2 league games in Hartford, march 22 – The National League publishes the 1877 schedule. It is the first time the league has handled scheduling and continues to this day, april 12 – Jim Tyng, a catcher for Harvard, becomes the first backstop to wear a face mask during a game. Harvard team manager, Fred Thayer, will receive a patent for the mask in 1878, may 2 – The Boston Red Caps, who will win the pennant with a 42–18 record in 1877, lose an exhibition game to the Allegheny club of the International League. Pud Galvin tosses a one-hit shutout and hits a home run to defeat the Red Caps 1–0, may 5 – Baseballs first minor league of sorts is formed as the National League recruits 12 teams to play in the League Alliance. Paul Red Caps and Winona Clippers, may 10 – The Lowell Ladies Men, members of the New England Association, affiliate themselves with the National League by joining the NLs farm system, i. e. the League Alliance East Division. Lowell competes in both circuits and wins the pennant in each, may 17 – The National League votes to change to a livelier ball to replace the one described as being dead enough to bury in a special league meeting. June 5 – Star pitcher Albert Spalding makes his last career start on the mound, June 10 – The St. Louis Brown Stockings and the Cincinnati Reds play a Sunday exhibition game. It will be the one and only Sunday game played in professional baseball until 1892, June 18 – The Cincinnati Reds club disbands after running out of money. The Buffalo Bisons of the New York Association also disband, the White Stockings will return Jones on June 29, but will retain Hallinan. June 30 – Cincinnati signs Candy Cummings to help bolster their pitching, Cummings will continue to hold his position as President of the International League while playing for the Reds. July 3 – Cincinnati loses to the Louisville Grays in their first game since re-organization, the Reds hope to avoid forfeiture of games played and expulsion by the National League by finishing out the season. July 11 – Pete Hotaling, of the Syracuse Stars in the International League, July 13 – George Bradley of the Chicago White Stockings ends his streak of pitching 88 consecutive games for Chicago after playing third base in the White Stockings victory. July 20 – Will White makes his major league debut, White is the first professional player to wear glasses
20.
Providence Grays
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The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball team based in Providence, Rhode Island who played in the National League from 1878 until 1885. The Grays played at the Messer Street Grounds in the Olneyville neighborhood, the team won the National League title twice, in 1879 and 1884. Following the 1884 season, they won the first World Series over the New York Metropolitans of the American Association, the team folded after the 1885 season. Rhode Island was a hotbed of baseball in the 1870s with several amateur clubs along with Brown Universitys powerhouse collegiate team. In 1875, the semi-pro Rhode Islands were formed, after successful seasons in 1875,1876, and 1877, the team drew the attention of the recently formed National League. When the League elected to drop the Hartford franchise after the 1877 season, the new team was officially organized on January 16,1878 by Benjamin Douglas, who became the teams general manager. Henry Root was hired as the team president‚ and Tom Carey was initially hired to be the on-field captain, on January 21,1878, Providence applied for membership in the NL, and was officially approved on February 6. On April 10, Root took over ownership of the team, fired Douglas for incompetence and insubordination, on May 30, the Providence Base Ball Association was incorporated by the Rhode Island General Assembly. While the team practiced at the Dexter Training Ground in the spring of 1878, construction on the Messer Street Grounds began on April 1 and took exactly one month to complete, the final nail was hammered a mere five minutes before the opening game got underway on May 1. In a break with tradition, the National Leagues newest addition adopted gray flannel instead of white for their home uniform, one of the leading players from the 1879 pennant winner was Hall of Famer John Montgomery Ward. Evidence is strong but not conclusive, Peter Morris of the Society for American Baseball Research has researched this issue, the 1884 team was led by ace pitcher Charles Old Hoss Radbourn, who won a record 60 games that year and led the Grays to the pennant. The Grays went on a 20-game winning streak and topped the league ahead of their ferocious New England rivals, at the close of the season Providence officials accepted New York Metropolitans” manager Jim Mutries challenge to a three-game postseason match. All of the games took place at the Polo Grounds in New York and were played under American Association rules, which forbade overhand pitching. On October 23,1884, the Providence Grays whitewash the New York Metropolitans, 6–0, behind Radbourn, Radbourn would allow two hits and strikeout nine. The very next day, Radbourn three hits the Metropolitans and wins 3–1 in a game called after seven innings due to darkness, Grays third baseman Jerry Denny hits a three-run homer in the fifth inning. It is the first home run in World Series history, Tim Keefe loses for the second time. On October 25,1884 the Providence Grays defeat the New York Metropolitans, 11–2, Radbourn wins for the third time in three days. Buck Becannon takes the loss as Tim Keefe, New York Metropolitans losing pitcher in games 1 and 2, although post-season games prior to 1903 were considered exhibitions, the 1884 World Series is recognized today as the first inter-league postseason championship
21.
Worcester Worcesters
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The Worcester Worcesters were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team from 1880 to 1882 in the National League. The team is referred to, at times, as the Brown Stockings or the Ruby Legs, however, in 1879, Worcester played in the minor league National Association. He also pitched and won one game for the Boston Red Stockings, to admit Worcester to the National League, the leagues board of directors waived the requirement that league cities have a population of at least 75,000. In December 1879, Worcester became the first professional team to visit Cuba. The trip was a failure, as they were only able to play two games against Cuban teams. On June 12,1880, pitcher Lee Richmond threw the first perfect game in Major League history, against the Cleveland Blues. The team made history again on August 20 of the year by becoming the first team to be no-hit at home. Their last two games of the season against the Troy Trojans drew only 6 and 25 fans respectively, needing an eighth team to balance the schedule, the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Philadelphia Phillies. Many sources suggest that the Worcester club was moved to Philadelphia, however, all available evidence suggests there is no direct link between the two teams. com page
22.
New York Metropolitans
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The Metropolitan Club was a 19th-century professional baseball team that played in New York City from 1880 to 1887. The New York Metropolitan Baseball Club was the originally chosen in 1961 for the current day New York Mets franchise. The Metropolitan Club was founded in 1880 as an independent professional team by business entrepreneur John B, Day and baseball manager Jim Mutrie. Initially the team played its games in Brooklyn and in Hoboken, however, by September, Day had arranged the use of a polo field just north of Central Park in Manhattan, bounded by 5th & 6th Avenues and 110th & 112th Streets. The site became known as the Polo Grounds, the first professional baseball park in Manhattan, the club name, Metropolitan, had previously been used by a team that played its home games in the Hamilton Square neighborhood of New York as early as 1858. The upstart American Association therefore saw a significant opportunity when it invited the Metropolitan to join the new league for its 1882 inaugural season, Metropolitan declined, however, since joining would have meant forgoing lucrative home exhibition games against National League opponents. Unbeknownst to the leagues, though, the Mets accepted both invitations, to satisfy these commitments, owners Day and Mutrie acquired the Troy franchise that had been eliminated from the National League to make room for new franchises in New York City and Philadelphia. Day and Mutrie entered the Mets into the American Association and a newly created New York club into the National League, the teams shared use of the Polo Grounds, which was reconfigured with two diamonds and two grandstands. The clubs name Metropolitan was used in published standings of the Association, in the style of the day, the clubs were often called the Metropolitans and the New Yorks. The New Yorks would eventually acquire the separate nicknames of the Gothams, the Metropolitan club was referred to alternately as the Metropolitan, Metropolitans or the Mets. They were also referred to, on occasion, as the Indians, initially, managed by Mutrie, the Metropolitans enjoyed greater success on the field than the Gothams. The Mets finished fourth in 1883, and won the 1884 American Association pennant, the Mets then faced Providence Grays of the National League in the 1884 World Series, but lost 3 games to none. Prominent Metropolitan players included Tim Keefe, Dave Orr, Chief Roseman, Jack Lynch, Candy Nelson, financially, though, the Gothams had more promise due to the National Leagues stability, quality of play, and higher ticket prices. As early as 1884, the Mets were struggling to establish their own identity, the move proved unsatisfactory, and by mid-season they had quietly moved back to their original Polo Grounds home. Prior to the 1885 season, Mutrie shifted over to manage the Gothams and brought along star pitcher Keefe, the rechristened New York Giants finished second in the National League in 1885, while the Mets slumped to seventh place in the AA. Prior to the 1886 season, Day and Mutrie sold the Mets to Erastus Wiman who moved the team to cricket grounds on Staten Island in hopes of promoting ferry trade across New York harbor. This business plan did not succeed, though, and the Mets ceased operation following the 1887 season, the team was bought by the Brooklyn Dodgers to gain territorial protection and the contracts of several of the Mets stars, including Dave Orr and Darby OBrien. The current minor league Staten Island Yankees play in a very near the cricket ground used by the Mets
23.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
24.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
25.
Israel Pike
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Pike was an outfielder who played in Major League Baseball during the 1877 season. His brother, Lipman Emanuel Pike, had much more renown and is a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, pikes major league career, statistically speaking, was only slightly different than that of Red Bluhm, Eddie Gaedel, or Moonlight Graham. On August 27,1877, he appeared in one game for the Brooklyn Hartfords of the National League, Pike connected one hit in four at bats in his only game for a.250 batting average, but he made an error in the outfield. Pike also played the outfield for the Lowell, Massachusetts team that won the 1875 state championship and that same year, he also served as an umpire in the National Association. Baseball Reference stats BR Bullpen profile Futility Infielder Jews in Sports
26.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
27.
Haberdasher
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A haberdasher is a person who sells small articles for sewing, such as buttons, ribbons, zips, or a mens outfitter. The sewing articles are called haberdashery, or notions, the word appears in Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Haberdashers were initially peddlers, thus sellers of small items such as needles, the word is thought to have no connection with an Old Norse word akin to the Icelandic haprtask, which means peddlers wares or the sack in which the peddler carried them. If that had been the case, a haberdasher would be close to a mercier. Since the word has no recorded use in Scandinavia, it is most likely derived from the Anglo-Norman hapertas, a haberdasher would retail small wares, the goods of the peddler, while a mercer would specialize in linens, silks, fustian, worsted piece-goods and bedding. Saint Louis IX, King of France 1226–70, is the saint of French haberdashers. In Belgium and elsewhere in Continental Europe, Saint Nicholas remains their patron saint, while Saint Catherine was adopted by the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers in the City of London
28.
National Association of Base Ball Players
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The National Association of Base Ball Players was the first organization governing American baseball. The first convention of sixteen New York City area clubs in 1857 practically terminated the Knickerbocker era, the last convention, with hundreds of members represented only via state associations, provoked the establishment of separate professional and amateur associations in 1871. Because the amateur successor never attracted many members and it convened only a few times, beside the playing rules and its own organization, the Association governed official scoring, match play, a championship, amateurism, and hippodroming or the integrity of the contest. It permitted professionalism only for the 1869 and 1870 seasons, in its December 1867 meeting, its rules committee voted unanimously to bar any club composed of one or more colored persons, effecting the first known color line in baseball. By the end of 1865, almost 100 clubs were members of the organization, by 1867, it had over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana. Because of this growth, regional and state organizations began to assume a prominent role in the governance of the sport. The NABBP was initially established upon principles of amateurism, however, even early in its history some star players, such as James Creighton of Excelsior, received compensation, either secretly or indirectly. In 1866, the NABBP investigated Athletic of Philadelphia for paying three players including Lip Pike, but ultimately took no action against either the club or the players. To address this growing practice, and to restore integrity to the game, clubs desiring to pay players were now free to declare themselves professional. Cincinnati was the first to so declare and among the most aggressive in recruiting the best available players, twelve, including most of the strongest clubs in the NABBP, ultimately declared themselves professional for the 1869 season. Conflict arose, however, between amateur and professional interests, important issues included how the championship was to be decided and regulating players jumping from one team to another. As a result, in 1871 most of the professional clubs broke away to found the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. The NABBP continued for two years thereafter in a diminished status before disbanding into state and regional organizations. Contrary to the name, NABBP members were clubs not players. Generally the clubs joined the association and retained membership by sending delegates to the annual convention, the number of clubs at the convention, and thus in the association, increased from 16 to 25 to 50 by spring 1859. This list gives the sixteen who convened in 1857 followed by the three members who survived to be charter members of the National League in 1876, none of the sixteen did so. Dates refer to NABBP membership, not baseball activity or legal organization, but not all clubs retained membership annually, in particular, Newark, New Jersey is one of the cities across the Hudson River from New York. Eight Newark clubs were members and two more clubs from Newark, Empire in 1858 and Eckford in 1870, played matches with member clubs
29.
Cincinnati Red Stockings
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The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseballs first openly all-professional team, with ten salaried players. Major League Baseball recognized those events officially by sponsoring a centennial of professional baseball in 1969 and they also established a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati, and they provide the ultimate origin for the use of Red Sox in Boston. A few years later Goshorn earned international fame as Director-General of the Centennial Exposition held 1876 in Philadelphia, Ellard also led the Union Cricket Club, and the relationship between them proved decisive for the baseball clubs success. After playing four matches that summer, Cincinnati joined the NABBP for 1867, George Ellards son says that a great number of the cricket club members joined and so the team was greatly strengthened and interest in baseball gained a new impetus. The team was soon nicknamed Red Stockings in reference to the feature of the uniforms designed by Ellard. Harry Wright had migrated from New York in 1866 for a job as club pro at the Union Cricket Club, next year he picked up similar baseball duties, but the lingo is commonly stretched to call him a baseball manager from that time. His first team may have been local to a man, the first team won 16 matches with regional opponents, losing only to the touring Nationals from Washington. As for most hosts on that tour, it was a bad loss on the scorecard but a one for Cincinnati, the players, the club, the fans. Everyone learned advanced points of play and, from their different perspectives, about half of the 1868 Red Stockings were eastern imports, presumably compensated somehow. The two leading batsmen, John Hatfield and Fred Waterman arrived from the New York Mutuals, one of the strongest teams anywhere, asa Brainard had been the Brooklyn Excelsiors regular pitcher for four seasons, succeeded in 1867 by Candy Cummings. Catcher Doug Allison was from the Geary club of Philadelphia, one of the clubs in that city. There was one local recruit, too, from the rival Buckeye club, Harry Wright remained the first pitcher, sharing that position and second base with Brainard, and three other incumbents remained in the outfield and at shortstop. The 1868 team played a schedule including a late eastern tour, once again dominating the western teams. When the NABBP permitted professional members for 1869, Harry Wright and probably George Ellard organized a professional team, ten men on salary for eight months. Wright played center field and coordinated the defense, a novelty from any position. Younger brother and shortstop George Wright, new to the team in 1869, was its best player, the professional Cincinnati Red Stockings played their first game May 4,1869, with a 45-9 win over the Great Westerns of Cincinnati. The team won 57 games and lost zero, counting only matches with Association clubs and they played over 70 games counting outside teams. Its commercial tour of continental scope, visiting both Boston and San Francisco, was unprecedented and may be essentially unrepeated, the first season ended November 6 at home with the Cincinnatis beating the Mutuals of New York 17-8
30.
Harry Wright
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William Henry Harry Wright was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseballs first fully professional team and it was there where he is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U. S. when he was three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St Georges Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, both Harry and George, twelve years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket club pros. Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859, both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players. Harry was already twenty-two when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857 and he did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8,1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13, in 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year, during the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of ice base ball. Wright left New York on March 8,1865, bound for Cincinnati, by now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime. Cincinnati fielded a regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the pitcher, and still a superior player at that level. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, the easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports with five new men, no one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867, one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harrys teams for ten seasons. The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, as it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene. In 1869 Wright became the first to make mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched
31.
Boss Tweed
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Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852 and the New York County board of supervisors in 1858, the year he became the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. According to Tweed biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman, Its hard not to admire the skill behind Tweeds system. The Tweed ring at its height was a marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points, the courts, the legislature, the treasury. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure, money-laundering, profit sharing, unable to make bail, he escaped from jail once, but was returned to custody. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail, Tweed was born April 3,1823, at 1 Cherry Street, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Son of a third-generation Scottish-Irish chair-maker, Tweed grew up on Cherry Street, at the age of 11, he left school to learn his fathers trade, and then became an apprentice to a saddler. He also studied to be a bookkeeper and worked as a brushmaker for a company he had invested in, on September 29,1844, he married Mary Jane C. Skaden and lived with her family on Madison Street for two years, Tweed became a member of the Odd Fellows and the Masons, and joined a volunteer fire company, Engine No.12. In 1848, at the invitation of state assemblyman John J. Reilly, he and some friends organized the Americus Fire Company No. 6, also known as the Big Six, as a fire company, which took as its symbol a snarling red Bengal tiger. At the time, volunteer fire companies competed vigorously with each other, the competition could be so fierce that buildings would sometimes burn down while the fire companies fought each other. Tweed became known for his violence, and was soon elected the Big Six foreman. He lost that election to the Whig candidate Morgan Morgans, but ran again the year and won. Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852, in an attempt by Republican reformers in Albany, the state capital, to control the Democratic-dominated New York City government, the power of the New York County Board of Supervisors was beefed up. By 1853, Tweed was running the ward for Tammany. Although he was not trained as a lawyer, Tweeds friend, Judge George G. Barnard, certified him as an attorney, and Tweed opened a law office on Duane Street. Several months later, in April, he became Grand Sachem and he also started to form what became known as the Tweed Ring, by having his friends elected to office, George G. Barnard was elected Recorder of New York City, Peter B. Sweeny was elected New York County District Attorney, and Richard B. Connolly was elected City Comptroller and he invested his now considerable illegal income in real estate, so that by the late 1860s he ranked among the biggest landowners in New York City
32.
Second baseman
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In baseball and softball, second baseman is a fielding position in the infield, between third and first base. The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet, needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly, in addition, second basemen are usually right-handed, only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base since 1950. In the numbering system used to record plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4. Good second basemen need to have very good range, since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on, on a batted ball to right field, the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay. Due to these requirements, second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game, the second baseman catches line drives or pop flies hit near him, and fields ground balls hit near him and then throws the ball to a base to force out a runner. In this case, if the runner is to be forced out at second base then that base is covered by the shortstop. With a runner on first base, on a ball to the shortstop or third baseman the second baseman will cover second base to force out the runner coming from first. com
33.
Management
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Management is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. The term management may also refer to the people who manage an organization, management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership. Individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the Doctor of Business Administration or the PhD in business administration or management, in larger organizations, there are generally three levels of managers, which are typically organized in a hierarchical, pyramid structure. Senior managers provide direction to the managers who report to them. Middle managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers and section managers, middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line managers. Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees, in smaller organizations, the roles of managers have much wider scopes. A manager can perform several roles or even all of the commonly observed in a large organization. There are many smaller organizations than larger ones. Views on the definition and scope of management include, According to Henri Fayol, to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, fredmund Malik defines it as the transformation of resources into utility. Management included as one of the factors of production - along with machines, materials, peter Drucker saw the basic task of management as twofold, marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing, peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and this implies effective communication, an enterprise environment implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism, not the herding of animals, management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view alone, because management is an essential function to improve ones life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a range of application. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans and this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow, one habit of thought regards management as equivalent to business administration and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as business schools
34.
Extra-base hit
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Extra-base hits are often not listed separately in tables of baseball statistics, but are easily determined by calculating the sum total of a batters doubles, triples, and home runs. The record for most career extra-base hits is 1,477, another related statistic of interest that can be calculated is extra bases on long hits. A batter gets three of these for home run, two for each triple, and one for each double. Thus, leading the league in Most extra bases in long hits is a significant accomplishment in power hitting, the statistic Extra-Base Hits Allowed is denoted by the abbreviation XBA. Totals are current through the end of the 2014 season, Hank Aaron –1,477 Barry Bonds –1,440 Stan Musial –1,377 Babe Ruth –1,356 Willie Mays –1,323 Totals are current through the end of the 2014 season. Babe Ruth –119 Lou Gehrig –117 Barry Bonds –107 Chuck Klein –107 Todd Helton –105 Slugging average Total bases
35.
Slugging percentage
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In baseball statistics, slugging percentage is a popular measure of the power of a hitter. Walks are specifically excluded from this calculation, the name is a misnomer, as the statistic is not a percentage but a scale of measure whose computed value is a rational number in the interval. For example, in 1920, Babe Ruth played his first season for the New York Yankees. In 458 at bats, Ruth had 172 hits, comprising 73 singles,36 doubles,9 triples, and 54 home runs, a predecessor metric was developed by Branch Rickey in 1954. Rickey, in Life magazine, suggested that combining OBP with what he called extra base power would give a better indicator of performance than typical Triple Crown stats. EBP was a predecessor to slugging percentage, allen Barra and George Ignatin were early adopters in combining the two modern-day statistics, multiplying them together to form what is now known as SLOB. OPS simply stands for on-base plus slugging, and is an addition of the two values. Because it is easy to calculate, OPS has been used with increased frequency in recent years as a form to evaluate contributions as a batter. The maximum numerically possible slugging percentage is 4.000, a number of MLB players have momentarily had a 4.000 career slugging percentage by homering in their first major league at-bat. No player has ever retired with a 4.000 slugging percentage, the players are Eric Cammack, Scott Munninghoff, Eduardo Rodríguez, and Charlie Lindstrom. List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders Moneyball Sabermetrics Slugging Percentage Calculator
36.
Double (baseball)
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To hit many doubles, one must have decent hitting skill and power, it also helps to run well enough to beat an outfield throw. Doubles typically drive in runs from base, second base. When total bases and slugging percentages are calculated, the two is used for the calculation. The all-time leader in doubles is Tris Speaker, with 792, a two-base hit awarded by an umpire when a batted ball is hit fairly and bounces out of play is referred to as a ground rule double. The batter is awarded second base and any runners advance two bases from the base occupied at the time of the pitch. Prior to 1931, such hits were considered home runs, a two-base hit awarded because the batter hit into a special situation defined in the ground rules is also defined as a ground rule double. An example of this occurs where the rules of Chicagos Wrigley Field award a ground rule if a batted ball is lost in the vines on the outfield bleacher wall. The rules of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis awarded a ground rule if the ball became stuck in its Teflon ceiling
37.
Triple (baseball)
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In baseball, a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball, with neither the benefit of a fielders misplay nor another runner being put out on a fielders choice. Triples have become rare in Major League Baseball. It often requires a hit to a distant part of the field. It also usually means that the hit the ball solidly. The triple is considered one of the most exciting plays in baseball, a triple is the hardest to achieve in terms of hitting for the cycle. com List of single-season triples leaders, Baseball-Reference. com
38.
Hit (baseball)
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If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner, he is also credited with a hit. A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple, a home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits, an infield hit is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners, a no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base, the no-hitter is a perfect game, in 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near.500, Tip ONeill of the St. Louis Browns batted.485 that season, the experiment was abandoned the following season. There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted, the number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this issues, the Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. Most current sources list ONeills 1887 average as.435, as calculated by omitting his walks and he would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion, cap Anson would be recognized, with his.421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at.372 if they are not. The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10, Rule 10.05 Comment, In applying Rule 10.05, the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. Runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorers judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred
39.
Run (baseball)
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A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely on base as a runner and subsequently brings him home. The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent. But if the out is not a force out, but a tag out, then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made. Example 1, With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a ball to the second baseman. The runner on third races home, the second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning. Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first, example 2, With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a fly ball over centerfielders head. It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall, the runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run. Meanwhile, the batter reaches first, then tries to advance to second. The centerfielder, having retrieved the ball, throws the ball to the second baseman, since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning, his run will count. In baseball statistics, a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run, while runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic, it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in. Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context-dependent, for a more sophisticated assessment of a contribution toward producing runs for his team. If the inning is reconstructed without the error, and if that third batter, instead of reaching on an error, registered an out, thus, the two runs that did score will be classified as unearned, and will not count in the pitchers personal statistics. Be advised though that unearned runs are a statistical animal only, all runs count the same in the score, whether they are earned or unearned. The career record for most runs scored by a player is 2,295. The season record for most runs scored is 198, set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894, the so-called modern-day record is 177, achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921. The record for most seasons leading one of the leagues in runs scored is 8. The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18, shared by the Yankees Red Rolfe and the Cleveland Indians Kenny Lofton. The record for most runs scored by a player in a game is 7
