Lithosphere
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A lithosphere is the rigid outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantl
Idealized cross-section of Earth's lithosphere (Abbreviations: cb=cratonic basin, LIP=large igneous province, MOR=mid-ocean ridge)
Mid-ocean ridge
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A mid-ocean ridge is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It typically has a depth of about 2,600 meters and rises about 2,000 meters above the deepest portion of an ocean basin. This
Rift zone in Þingvellir National Park, Iceland. The island is a sub-aerial part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, meaning that the ridge rises above sea level here.
Magnesium/calcium ratio changes at mid-ocean ridges