1.
Little Belt Bridge (1970)
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The New Little Belt Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the Little Belt strait between Jutland and the island of Funen in Denmark. The bridge is 1700 metres long, the span is 600 metres, the pylons reaching a height of 120 metres. The New Little Belt Bridge was built from 1965 to 1970 and was opened by King Frederik IX on 21 October 1970, the bridge was constructed to alleviate congestion on the Old Little Belt Bridge due to the increasing car traffic between Jutland and Funen. It is a motorway on the E20 bridge with three-lane carriageways as opposed to the lanes of the old bridge. The bridge has heating in the deck, so it can be kept free of ice. Passing through Little Belt Bridge is toll free, List of bridges in Denmark List of bridges The New Little Belt Bridge - Highways-Denmark. com Web camera on the bridge Little Belt Bridge at Structurae
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Jutland
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Jutland, also known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula, is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and the northern portion of Germany. The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri, respectively, jutlands terrain is relatively flat, with open lands, heaths, plains and peat bogs in the west and a more elevated and slightly hilly terrain in the east. Jutland is a peninsula bounded by the North Sea to the west, the Skagerrak to the north, geographically and historically, Jutland comprises the regions of South Jutland, West Jutland, East Jutland and North Jutland. There are several subdivisions and regional names, some of which are still occasionally encountered today. They include Nørrejyllland, Sydvestjylland, Nordvestjylland and Slesvig, historically, Jutland was regulated by the Law Code of Jutland. This civic code covered the Jutland Peninsula from the north of the River Eider to Funen as well as the North Jutlandic Island. The Danish part of Jutland is currently divided into three regions, North Denmark Region, Central Denmark Region and Region of Southern Denmark. These three regions have an area of 29,775 km2, a population of 2,599,104. The northernmost part of Jutland is separated from the mainland by the Limfjord and this area is called the North Jutlandic Island, Vendsyssel-Thy or simply Jutland north of the Limfjord, it is only partly co-terminous with the North Jutland region. Inhabitants of Als would agree to be South Jutlanders, but not necessarily Jutlanders, the Danish Wadden Sea Islands and the German North Frisian Islands stretch along the southwest coast of Jutland in the German Bight. Jutland has historically been one of the three lands of Denmark, the two being Scania and Zealand. Before that, according to Ptolemy, Jutland or the Cimbric Chersonese was the home of Teutons, Cimbri, many Angles, Saxons and Jutes migrated from Continental Europe to Great Britain starting in c.450 AD. The Angles themselves gave their name to the new emerging kingdoms called England and this is thought by some to be related to the invasion of Europe by the Huns from Asia. Saxons and Frisii migrated to the region in the part of the Christian era. Old Saxony was later on referred to as Holstein, during the First World War, the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea west of Jutland was one of the largest naval battles in history. In this pitched battle, the British Royal Navy engaged the Imperial German Navy, the British fleet sustained greater losses, but remained in control of the North Sea, so in strategic terms, most historians regard Jutland either as a British victory or as indecisive. The distinctive Jutish dialects differ substantially from standard Danish, especially West Jutlandic, dialect usage, although in decline, is better preserved in Jutland than in eastern Denmark, and Jutlander speech remains a stereotype among many Copenhageners and eastern Danes. Administratively, Danish Jutland comprises three of Denmarks five regions, namely the Region Nordjylland, Region Midtjylland and the half of Region of Southern Denmark
4.
Funen
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Funen, with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres, is the third-largest island of Denmark, after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy. It is the 165th-largest island in the world and it is in the central part of the country and has a population of 466,284. The main city is Odense which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal, the citys shipyard, Odense Steel Shipyard, has been relocated outside Odense proper. Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark, from 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County, which also included the islands of Langeland, Ærø, Tåsinge, and a number of smaller islands. Funen is linked to Zealand, Denmarks largest island, by the Great Belt Bridge which carries both trains and cars, two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland, Jutland. The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s shortly before World War II for both cars and trains, the New Little Belt Bridge, a suspension bridge, was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only. Apart from the city, Odense, all major towns are located in coastal areas. Beginning in the north-east of the island and moving clockwise, they are Kerteminde, Nyborg, Svendborg, Fåborg, Assens, Middelfart, the highest natural point on Funen is Frøbjerg Bavnehøj. Broholm Egeskov Castle Fynske Livregiment Horne Church Hvedholm Castle Korshavn, Denmark Skrøbelev Gods The Funen Village Funen brachteate in the collections of the National Museum of Denmark, official tourist information site for Funen
5.
Little Belt
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The Little Belt is a strait between the island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. It is one of the three Danish Straits that drain and connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait, which drains west to the North Sea, numerous small Danish islands lie within the belt. In part because of its depth, 10% of the moving between the inner Baltic Sea and the Kattegat flows through the Little Belt. The Little Belt stretches from the town of Juelsminde in the north to the island of Als in the south, with a course in between. The northern end is the widest at over 15 km, from there it runs southwest, narrowing to about 1 km at a place called Snævringen, where the two Little Belt Bridges are located. South of Fænø, the strait widens to about 10 km until it reaches the Baltic Sea near Als, the Little Belts western coastline is largely broken up by irregular inlets called fjords, and both sides feature steep sand bluffs. The area around the Little Belt is shaped by glacial moraines. The notable tunnel valleys were formed by meltwater, the terminal moraines from the northeast ices glacial maximum are some of the oldest in Denmark. The Little Belt is a wetland under the Ramsar Convention. The Little Belt is home to several thousand harbour porpoises, the only resident cetacean in the inner Danish waters, observation tours are accessible nearby as well. Other species such as minke, humpback, and fin whales visit the waters rather sporadically, the deep waters attract many species of fish, including cod, herring, and trout, and the Little Belt is a destination for recreational fishing. Human populations lived around the Little Belt during the Stone Age, hunting aurochs, reindeer, climate and geological changes brought new plants and animals to the area and made the fishery in the fjords and neighboring archipelagoes into an important food source. Around 4000 BC, temperatures rose again, and the Funnelbeaker culture was active in the area, there are many archaeological sites from the Funnelbeaker culture and other Neolithic cultures in the area. Throughout the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Viking Age, trade with other populations increased, in the 14th century, the towns of Kolding and Vejle received merchant town privileges, and today they are the areas two largest towns. From the Middle Ages until the end of the 19th century, local fishermen were involved in whaling - specifically. Harbor porpoises winter in Danish waterways, and whalers would wait in the parts of the belt. Whale oil from the porpoises was in use as a lamp oil until the spread of electric lighting undermined the whaling economy. In the winter of 1854-55,1,742 porpoises were captured, but otherwise, porpoise whaling was regulated by laws dating to at least 1593
6.
Truss
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In engineering, a truss is a structure that consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object. A two-force member is a component where force is applied to only two points. In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members. A planar truss is one all members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the beams are called bottom chords. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels, Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200, which means collection of things bound together. The term truss has often used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters. One engineering definition is, A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle to span a large distance, a truss consists of typically straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically composed of triangles because of the stability of that shape. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed, in comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The joint at which a truss is designed to be supported is commonly referred to as the Munter Point, the simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of used to calculate the forces within it. The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss, a planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar trusses are used in parallel to form roofs and bridges. The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form, a solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords, an optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency
7.
Bridge
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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning. The word can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. The word for the game of the same name has a different origin. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support, some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age, it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence, several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans, the Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, the Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost. In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams, a Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India and this bridge is also historically significant as it is the worlds oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge, rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. During the 18th century there were innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716, a major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn, with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a tensile strength, much larger bridges were built. In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded bridge in the world
8.
Danish language
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There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, around 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Danish is a descendant of Old Norse, until the 16th century, Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions. With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing, a language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect. It spread through use in the system and administration though German. Today, traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared, though there are variants of the standard language. The main differences in language are between generations, with youth language being particularly innovative, Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels, and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød, a kind of laryngeal phonation type. The grammar is moderately inflective with strong and weak conjugations and inflections, nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender. As in English, Danish only has remnants of a case system, particularly in the pronouns. Its syntax is V2, with the verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence. Danish is a Germanic language of the North Germanic branch, other names for this group are the Nordic or Scandinavian languages. Along with Swedish, Danish descends from the Eastern dialects of the Old Norse language, Scandinavian languages are often considered a dialect continuum, where there are no sharp dividing lines between the different vernacular languages. Like Norwegian and Swedish, Danish was significantly influenced by Low German in the Middle Ages, Danish itself can be divided into three main dialect areas, West Danish, Insular Danish, and East Danish. Danish is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Swedish, both Swedes and Danes also understand Norwegian better than they understand each others languages. By the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language was called the Danish tongue, or Norse language. Norse was written in the alphabet, first with the elder futhark. From the 7th century the common Norse language began to undergo changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, most of the changes separating East Norse from West Norse started as innovations in Denmark, that spread through Scania into Sweden and by maritime contact to southern Norway
9.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
10.
Middelfart
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Middelfart is a town in central Denmark, with a population of 14,815. The town is the seat of Middelfart Municipality on the island of Funen. The name Middelfart, first recorded as Mæthælfar in Valdemars Census Book in 1231, consists of the old Danish word mæthal meaning middle and far meaning way. This name originally referred to the strait Snævringen, which is the narrowest part of the Little Belt, the name is considered humorous to English speakers. It is not known when the town was established but it certainly owes its existence to its location at the narrowest point across the Little Belt. The town was granted its first privileges at the end of the 13th century at a time when fishing played an important role in addition to its link to Snoghøj in Jutland. From the Middle Ages, the town appears to have specialized in catching harbour porpoises, in the 16th century, cattle export was also significant. From the mid-19th century, small industries started to develop, especially the iron foundry, the rail link between Middelfart and Nyborg opened in 1865 bringing added prosperity despite the fact that it connected with the ferry from Strib rather than the one from Middelfart. By the beginning of the 20th century, the iron foundry, after the first Little Belt Bridge was completed in 1935, Middelfart became an important hub for traffic between Jutland and Funen. The population exploded from 2,345 in 1880 to 11,056 in 1950 although in the half of the 20th century the rate of growth declined. In 1970, a bridge to Jutland was opened and in 2007 Middelfart became the seat of an expanded municipality which included the former communes of Ejby. Middelfart Municipality had a population of 37,685 in January 2014, the municipality is also a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area with 1.2 million inhabitants. From the Middle Ages until the end of the 19th century, the only whale common in Danish waters is the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocaena. As the whale blubber was used for lamps, indoors and outdoors, in the winter of 1854–55,1742 whales were caught, but a normal winters catch would only be half of this number or even less. In the 20th century, the hunt was resumed during the two world wars, two memorial stones now stand where the hunters landed the whales and where blubber was prepared. Middelfart is served by the rail service between Copenhagen and Jutland. Gammel Havn dates from the 1830s, at the beginning of the 20th century, it was extended and deepened to the east. Middelfart Church, dedicated to St Nicholas, is located close to the harbour at the end of Algade, built in several stages, it has a Late Romanesque chancel, a tower first constructed in the 14th century and a nave with lateral aisles from the late 15th century
11.
Banedanmark
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Banedanmark is a Danish company responsible for maintenance and traffic control of most of the Danish railway network. Branched off from DSB as a government agency in 1997, from 2004 to 2010 Banedanmark was a state-owned company under the Danish Ministry of Transport. In 2010 Banedanmark once again became a government agency under the Danish Ministry of Transport, in 2008, Banedanmark announced plans for the conversion of signalling across the entire national network to European Train Control System Level 2. This was necessitated by the obsolete nature of parts of the network. In 2009 the Danish government approved funding of €3.3 billion over several years to Banedanmark for the project and this makes Denmark the first European country to attempt a complete conversion of a national network to ETCS Level 2. Official website Details on the company from the CVR register Ministry of Transport
12.
Great Belt Fixed Link
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The Great Belt Fixed link is a multi-element fixed link crossing the Great Belt straight between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen. The Great Belt Bridge commonly refers to the bridge, although it may also be used to mean the box-girder bridge or the link in its entirety. The suspension bridge, officially known as the East Bridge, has the third longest main span. It was designed by the Danish engineering firms COWI and Ramboll, the link replaced the ferry service that had been the primary means of crossing the Great Belt. At an estimated cost of DKK21.4 billion, the link is the largest construction project in Danish history, operation and maintenance are performed by A/S Storebælt under Sund & Bælt. Construction and maintenance are financed by tolls on vehicles and trains, the link has reduced travel times significantly, previously taking about an hour by ferry, the Great Belt can now be crossed in about ten minutes. The construction of the link and the Øresund Bridge have together enabled driving from mainland Europe to Sweden, cyclists are not permitted to use the bridge, but cycles may be transported by train or bus. The Great Belt ferries entered service between the towns of Korsør and Nyborg in 1883, connecting the railway lines on either side of the Belt. In 1957, road traffic was moved to the Halsskov–Knudshoved route, about 1.5 kilometres to the north, construction drafts for a fixed link were presented as early as the 1850s, with several suggestions appearing in the following decades. The Danish State Railways, responsible for the service, presented plans for a bridge in 1934. The concepts of bridges over Øresund and Storebælt were calculated around 1936, in 1948, the Ministry for Public Works established a commission to investigate the implications of a fixed link. The first law concerning a fixed link was enacted in 1973, political agreement to restart work was reached in 1986, with a construction law being passed in 1987. The design was carried out by the engineering firms COWI and Ramboll together with Dissing+Weitling architecture practice, construction of the link commenced in 1988. In 1991, Finland sued Denmark at the International Court of Justice, the two countries negotiated a financial compensation of 90 million Danish kroner, and Finland withdrew the lawsuit. The link is estimated to have created a value of 379 billion DKK after 50 years of use, the construction of the fixed link became the biggest building project in the history of Denmark. The project comprised three different tasks, the East Bridge for road transport, the East Tunnel for rail transport, the construction work was carried out by Sundlink Contractors, a consortium of Skanska, Hochtief, Højgaard & Schultz and Monberg & Thorsen. The work of lifting and placing the elements was carried out by Ballast Nedam using a floating crane, built between 1991 and 1998 at a cost of US$950 million, the East Bridge is a suspension bridge between Halsskov and Sprogø. It is 6,790 metres long with a span of 1,624 metres, making it the worlds third-longest suspension bridge span, surpassed only by the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
13.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
14.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
15.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
16.
Road
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Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
17.
Sidewalk
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A sidewalk or pavement, also known as a footpath or footway, is a path along the side of a road. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade and is separated from the vehicular section by a curb. There may also be a strip or road verge either between the sidewalk and the roadway or between the sidewalk and the boundary. In some places, the term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example. The term sidewalk is usually preferred in most of North America, the term pavement is more common in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of the Mid-Atlantic United States such as Philadelphia and New Jersey. Many Commonwealth countries use the term footpath, the professional, civil engineering and legal term for this in North America is sidewalk while in the United Kingdom it is footway. In the United States, the sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. Shared use paths or multi-use paths are available for use by pedestrians and bicyclists. Walkway is a comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways. In the UK, the footpath is mostly used for paths that do not abut a roadway. The term shared-use path is used where cyclists are able to use the same section of path as pedestrians. There is evidence that sidewalks were built in ancient times and it was claimed that the Greek city of Corinth was paved by the 4th-century, and the Romans were particularly prolific sidewalk builders – they called them semitas. However, by the Middle Ages, narrow roads had reverted to being used by pedestrians and wagons without any formal separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring the maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often made, such as the 1623 Act for Colchester. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, attempts were made to bring some order to the sprawling city. Purbeck stone was used as a durable paving material. Bollards were also installed to protect pedestrians from the traffic in the middle of the road, the Corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766. By the late 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were constructed in European capitals
18.
Construction
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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing, and continues until the project is built, large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a manager, design engineer. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects. Construction is a term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations. Construction is used as a verb, the act of building, and a noun, how a building was built, in general, there are three sectors of construction, buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is further divided into residential and non-residential. Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering and it includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills, there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets. Engineering News-Record is a magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and they publish a list of the largest companies in the United States and also a list the largest global firms. In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments and it was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste, the Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors, building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors, there are also categories for construction service firms and construction managers. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings, the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, for this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations, materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used
19.
Deep foundation
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A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a structural element of a deep foundation. There are different terms used to different types of deep foundations including the pile, the pier, drilled shafts. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ, other foundations are typically put in place using excavation. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms, Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver, driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees, concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed, steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section. Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a cap to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to all the loads of a large above-surface structure. A transition piece is attached to the now deeply driven pile, an additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method, Construction methods depend on the geology of the site, in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in dry ground conditions or through water-saturated strata - i. e. wet boring. Casing is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured, for end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a layer, or hardpan, or other dense. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the conditions, loading conditions. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation, under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of a cone and can only be formed in stable soils
20.
Cement
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A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand, Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater, rather, it sets as it dries and it is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive due to a reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and this allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash with added lime, the word cement can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment. In modern times, organic polymers are used as cements in concrete. Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime, hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide which is present in the air. The carbonation reaction requires the dry cement to be exposed to air and this whole process is called the lime cycle. Conversely, hydraulic cement hardens by hydration when water is added, Hydraulic cements are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being, Belite, Alite, Tricalcium aluminate, Brownmillerite. The chemistry of the above listed reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research, Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary curing ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs, in Egypt stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum, which often contained calcium carbonate. Lime was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks, there is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potshards as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. A kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results and it is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, the Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash with lime. This mixture was able to set under water increasing its resistance, the material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli, west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted. In the absence of ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute
21.
Bucket
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A bucket or pail is typically a watertight, vertical cylinder or truncated cone, with an open top and a flat bottom, attached to a semicircular carrying handle called the bail. Building materials and solvents have been packaged in metal pails. Plastic buckets have more uses due to the popularity of plastic for food products, the bucket has been used in many phrases and idioms in the English language. Kick the bucket, a euphemism for someones death, drop the bucket on, which refers to implicating a person. A drop in the bucket, which means a small, inadequate amount when is given in terms of how much is requested or asked, bucket list, a list of activities one wishes to undertake before death
22.
Zealand
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Zealand is the largest and most populated island in Denmark with a population of 2,267,659. It is the 96th-largest island in the world by area and the 35th most populous and it is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link, to Lolland, Falster by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges. Zealand is also linked to Amager by five bridges, Zealand is linked indirectly, through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels, to southern Sweden. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is located partly on the shore of Zealand. Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde, Hillerød, Næstved and Helsingør, the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand, which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland. In Norse mythology as told in the story of Gylfaginning, the island was created by the goddess Gefjun after she tricked Gylfi and she removed a piece of land and transported it to Denmark, which became Zealand. The vacant area was filled with water and became Mälaren, however, since modern maps show a similarity between Zealand and the Swedish lake Vänern, it is sometimes identified as the hole left by Gefjun. Zealand is the most populous Danish island and it is irregularly shaped, and is north of the islands of Lolland, Falster, and Møn. The small island of Amager lies immediately east, Copenhagen is mostly on Zealand but extends across northern Amager. A number of bridges and the Copenhagen Metro connect Zealand to Amager, Zealand is joined in the west to Funen, by the Great Belt Fixed Link, and Funen is connected by bridges to the countrys mainland, Jutland. Gyldenløveshøj, south of the city Roskilde, has a height of 126 metres, Zealand gives its name to the Selandian era of the Paleocene. Urban areas with 10, 000+ inhabitants, North Zealand Media related to Zealand at Wikimedia Commons Zealand travel guide from Wikivoyage
23.
Fredericia
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Fredericia is a town located in Fredericia municipality in the eastern part of the Jutland peninsula in Denmark, in a sub-region known locally as Trekanten, or The Triangle. It was founded in 1650 by Frederick III, after whom it was named, the city itself has a population of 39,922 January 2014) and the Fredericia municipality has a population of 50,324. However, the fortifications were not perfect, and when Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson invaded Jutland and it was Frederick III who was finally able to complete the plans for the fortification, also adding a flank fortification on nearby Bers Odde as suggested by Danish Imperial Marshal Anders Bille. On 15 December 1650, the King signed the document giving the town its first privileges, in 1651, the town was named Frederiksodde after the king, and on 22 April 1664, it was given the new Latinized name of Fredericia. Fredericias landmark, Landsoldaten, was unveiled on 6 July 1858, the municipality today is part of the East Jutland metropolitan area with 1. 2M inhabitants, and is the site of Fredericia municipalitys municipal council. The town is one of Denmarks largest traffic hubs, the town is a major barracks, home to the Royal Danish Armys armys Signals Regiment, which is located at Ryes Barracks and Bülows Barracks
24.
TV 2 (Denmark)
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TV2 is a publicly owned subscription television station in Denmark based in Odense. Its first air date was 1 October 1988, with Danish Symphony being broadcast at 17,00, from 1 November 2009 all Danish television broadcasting became digital with DVB-T and MPEG4 standard. At the time, TV2 did not encrypt their main channel, although TV2 has been broadcast terrestrially in the clear ever since the channel was launched, from 11 January 2012, it started to encrypt its main channel with a monthly subscription charge of 12. On weekdays, TV2 starts with Gomorgen Danmark, Denmarks only breakfast talkshow on national TV, at 11,00 they hand over to the regions who broadcast to 12,30. That is followed by TV 2s afternoon programming that consists of American drama series. The regional stations also broadcast bulletins in the afternoon and evening, as well as a longer newscast at 19,30. TV 2s main national newscasts are shown at 19,00 and 22,00 but bulletins in the morning, most shows not produced in Denmark as well as interviews originally conducted in a foreign language are shown in their original language with Danish subtitling. The exception to this practice is animated series aimed at children which are dubbed into Danish, historically TV2 was funded by television license fees and advertising sales. However, although the channels are still partly funded this way. List of Danish television channels Official Site TV2 Teletext Service TV2 Zulu TV2 Charlie TV2 Sputnik TV2 Film TV2 News TV 2s regional stations
25.
Anne Hvide's House
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Anne Hvides House is a two-storey, half-timbered building in Svendborg on the Danish island of Funen. One of the oldest houses in the town, it was built in 1560 by Anne Hvide and it was used as an inn from 1837 to 1867. After being restored in 1916, it became a museum with exhibitions relating to the history of Svendborg, Anne Hvide was the second last of the famous Danish Hvide clan founded by Skjalm Hvide in the 11th century. She was the wife of nobleman Jesper Friis who successfully led the artillery against the Lübeckers at Karnan near Helsingborg, at the time of his death in 1558, he and his wife lived in Rødkilde, an old manor house near Ulbølle to the west of Svendborg. Like many other ladies of her day, Anne Hvide wanted a house in the town where she could spend the winter months, on a plot she acquired near the Church of Our Lady, she and her husband began building a residence in 1557. Built in the Renaissance style, the house is an eight-bay, the red-tiled roof slopes at an angle of 60 degrees. The timbering is painted black while the panels consist of pattered brickwork, the carved door out to Fruestræde stands at the top of four steps with iron railings. In 1978, the house was repainted in its original ochre yellow, not a great deal is known about the houses ownership after Anne Hvides death in 1577. Statesman Niels Krag of Egeskov owned the property around 1700, after which it came into the hands of his son Niels Krag until his death in 1740 and it was then owned by Vice-admiral Hans Jacob Rostgaard who died in the house on 2 June 1756. He was the last nobleman to live there, after exchanging hands several times, the house was acquired by Nicolaj Børgesen in 1809. Her son Nicolaj Børgesen inherited the property but after emigrating to America sold it to Ludvigsen, the attic was used as an archive and the first floor became the county library. For a period, it became the mayors office. In 1912, the building was acquired by Svendborg Amts Museum who undertook comprehensive restoration work before opening Svenborg Museum there in 1915 and it operated there until 1974 when the museum moved into new premises. In the summer months, the museum now presents exhibits relating to the towns history, Svendborg Amts Museum, Anne Hvides Gaard
26.
Broholm
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Broholm is an estate and manor house in the parish of Gudme some 10 km northeast of Svendborg on the Danish island of Funen. The private estate is situated on 591 hectares, of which 168 ha are arable,395 ha are in forest, there are ten rental properties on the estate, as well as an equestrian center with outdoor and indoor riding arenas. Denmarks biggest gold hoard from the Migration Period was found at Broholm, in 1326 the estate was owned by Absalon Jonsen Ulfeldt. From 1641, it was inherited by the Skeel and Sehested families for whom it was the seat from 1759 to 1930, the main wing with its round tower was built for Otte Skeel in 1644. In 1839, it was renovated in the Neo-Gothic style by Gustav Friedrich Hetsch, the corner tower was added in 1895 and the south wing in 1905. Substantial renovation and adaptation work was carried out in the 1920s, part of the premises has now been converted into a hotel. There is also a museum of antiquities on the estate, one of the archaeological open-air themes recorded is of an antiquary of a log cabin built with flint axes. Sehested, a nobleman of Danish descent, collected flint axes between 1878 and 1881, with these archaeological finds he built a log cabin by using them as tools by handling and sharing them. The cabin was completed in 1887 and this cabin was made initially in the Broholm estate where it has been restored. The Museum of North Antiquities is part of the manor and it has 10,000 antiquaries collected by Sehested, then and these antiquaries are a collection from an area of 5 miles around the manor house. These finds are dated to the stone, bronze and iron ages, in addition, some gold ornaments were also found on the estate. Excavations revealed the Broholm gold hoard with a weight of 4.15 kg. Deemed to be the biggest gold hoard of the country from the Migration Period, items include golden bracteates, the estate is also famous for breeding of Broholmer dogs, of the St. Bernard Dog class of dogs with short hair with links to the pedigree of German Bulldog. These dogs are reported to be a sight in the Copenhagen neighborhood. It is a breed and the Copenhagen Kennel Club was charged with breeding them. The Danish dog is reported to be closely related to the English Mastiff. The better specimens are bred in the Broholm estate and hence given the name Broholmer Dogs Official website
27.
Egeskov Castle
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Egeskov Castle is located in the south of the island of Funen, Denmark. The castle is Europes best preserved Renaissance water castle, Egeskov was first mentioned in 1405. The castle structure was erected by Frands Brockenhuus in 1554, the castle is constructed on oaken piles and located in a small lake with a maximum depth of 5 metres. Originally, the access was by means of a drawbridge. According to legend, it took an entire forest of oak trees to build the foundation, outside, the castle is a Late Gothic building. Inside the original elements already show Renaissance design, the castle consists of two long buildings connected by a thick double wall, allowing defenders to abandon one house and continue fighting from the other. The double wall is one meter thick and contains secret staircases. Defenders were able to attack an enemys flanks from the two corner towers. Other medieval defences include artillery ports, scalding holes and arrow slits, the bricks composing the castle are of an oversized medieval type sometimes called monks bricks. The conical towers are constructed in a series of separate panels, the architecture includes depressed and round-arched windows, round-arched blank arcading within the gables, and a double string course between the high cellar and the ground floor. The structure contains some of the indoor plumbing design first used in Europe with vertical shafts for waste. The thick double wall also contains a well which is accessed from the servants kitchen in the east house. Several of the rooms have massive parallel exposed beams with some end carving. Other buildings belonging to Egeskov include Ladegården, a thatched half-timbered building which is now part of the museum, other buildings are used by the museum and for farming. Surrounding the castle is an old park, covering 20 hectares of land, the park is divided into a number of gardens. The renaissance garden features fountains, a path and topiary figures. The fuchsia garden, one of the largest in Europe, contains 104 different species, other gardens near the castle include an English garden, a water garden, an herb garden, a vegetable garden, and a peasants garden. The gardens also feature four hedge mazes, the oldest is a beech maze several hundreds of years old
28.
Krengerup
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Krengerup is a Neoclassical manor house located near Glamsbjerg some 15 km northeast of Assens on the Danish island of Funen. The first references to Krengerup are from 1514 but the estate seems to be older, since 1770, it has belonged to the Rantzau family. It was the property on a large estate which included Søholm and Brahesholm. In 1590, Gabriel Knudsen Akeleye built a thatched half-timbered house on the site of todays mansion, the property exchanged hands several times until Count Christian Rantzau purchased it in 1770. The farm buildings and the large separately standing manor were built by his son Frederik Siegfred from 1772 to 1783, the Neoclassical manor is thought to have been designed by Hans Næss. In 1783, the name was changed to Frederikslund. In 1917, the buildings were restored by Jens Christian Rantzau with the assistance of architect Jens Ingwersen. He also reinstated the name of Krengerup, the grounds are open to the public throughout the year
29.
Odense Palace
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The main white Baroque building with 13 bays was designed by J. C. Krieger and completed in 1723. The Knights of St John are first mentioned in Odense in 1280 and they appear to have acquired a monastery around 1400, during the next century it grew into their second largest and most important house in Denmark, after the mother house at Antvorskov. The south wing and the oldest part of the east wing date to the first half of the 15th century, there are walled-up windows, in the churchyard there are ruins of the hospice, which was one of the most important social service institutions in mediaeval Odense. In 1536, after the Reformation, the became the property of the king and was given the name Odensegård. The monasterys property was merged with that of Næsbyhoved Castle, under the name Odensegård Seigneury, the first holder of the estate was Claus Daa. The remaining monks were allowed to stay, but had to share the premises with him, the seignors lived on their own properties in the summer and spent the winter at Odensegård. In the 1570s, Frederick II had the monastery rebuilt to house the royal family when they stayed there. This rebuilding was completed in 1575, with the royal bedchambers and reception rooms being located in the west wing, the residence in the east wing. An additional story was added to all the wings, bringing them to their present height, the building then remained almost unchanged until 1720. During the Dano-Swedish wars in the century, Odense was occupied by the Swedes. The furnishings were all destroyed, used as kindling for the fireplaces, with the introduction of the absolute monarchy in 1660, Denmark replaced feudalism with government by amt, and the palace became the residence of the administrator of the Amt of Funen. When the king arrived with his attendants and court, the amt administrator was responsible for accommodating them, Frederick IV made many circuits of his realm, and was dissatisfied with Odensegård. He therefore commissioned Johan Cornelius Krieger to rebuild the palace, the king was pleased, especially with the new gardens, and visited several times, on 12 October 1730, he died there. After his death, the kings stayed at the only in passing. After Denmark lost Norway in 1814, the Crown Prince, later Christian VIII and his wife, Caroline Amalie, was very popular in Odense, where she took an active part in improving peoples lives. From 1816 to 1847, Odense Palace was the seat of government on Funen by successive crown princes, as a young boy, Andersen also played with the young Prince Frits, later Frederick VII, who in turn was Governor of Funen from 1839 to 1848. He spent much time in Odense, happy to be away from Copenhagen and he lived in the palace with his second wife, Mariane of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and thoroughly restored it. On 20 January 1848 Frederick became king, when he soon afterwards left Odense to live in Copenhagen, many of the large rooms in the palace were now unused, and in 1860 it was therefore decided to use part of the basement level as a museum
30.
Horne Church
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Horne Church was established in the Late Middle Ages on the southwest part of the island of Funen, Denmark. This church, founded as a Catholic place of worship, is situated in the village of Horne, the church no longer serves as a Catholic parish. Horne Church is the round church on Funen. Originally constructed from granite stonework, it was modified in the 15th century with the addition of Gothic extensions on the east and west. The history of Horne Church is inextricably tied to Hvedholm Manor, located about 2 kilometres to the south, the original central round church is a ponderous looking medieval structure, attached to which are the rectilinear east and west wings. The circular roof of the central tower is constructed of lead panels. The exterior stonework has been covered over by many layers of white paint, there are three interesting and delicately designed weather vanes atop the church, one at the apex of each of the vaulted circular towers, but each at a different height. On one of the vanes are the initials P. B. B. to denote the association of the Brahe family of Hvedholm, the church tower bells are dated to 1568 and 1613. The curved lines of the gables of the western square tower reveal the Renaissance character of that element. These gables attain a height of 32.4 m, and are the highest element other than the west circular tower, the entry porch displays the Vicars Plaque, bearing the date 1472. The interior features a granite font, one of the oldest interior remains from the Middle Ages construction. The pulpit, of French Empire influence, is situated within the central round original church because of the elongated congregation seating. Perhaps the most interesting feature is situated at the upper level near the pulpit. This box was constructed at the behest of the earlier mentioned Preben Bille Brahe and is designed almost identically to those boxes of the Royal Danish Theatre. The nephew of Bille Brahe was astronomer Tycho Brahe, who was reared by his uncle, not only did the Brahe nobility have its privileged seating, but the Brahe servants had their own private upper level box, called the Tjenerloftet or Servants Loft. The interior has a painted coffered ceiling under the organ gallery. Beside the original baptismal font now situated within the entrance porch is an intentionally uncomfortable bench called the kællingbænken. Other yet older treasures of the church are the ciborium from 1639, the bronze candlesticks dating to 1640 are another special holding
31.
St. Alban's Church, Odense
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St. Albans Church is the Roman Catholic parish church of Odense, Denmark. It should not be confused with the church of St. Albans Priory where King Canute IV was murdered in 1086. The medieval St. Albans Priory was located at Albani Torv roughly halfway between St. Canutes Cathedral and St. Albans Church, a modern stone plaque located at the site of the former churchs altar is the only visible remain of this structure. Odenses first Catholic congregation since the Protestant reformation was established in 1867, an additional building was constructed, which housed an all-boys school and homes for the priests. In 1899 the first Redemptorists arrived from Austria and started collecting funds for the building of a permanent church, receiving contributions from Austria. The foundation for the new church was placed on October 21,1906, and on October 25,1908, the building was consecrated and dedicated to Our Lady, Saint Alban. The church was - and remains - a focal point for immigrants, namely Germans and Poles, the structure was designed by German architect L. Schneider from Breslau. The glass paintings was created by Georg Schneider of Regensburg in Bavaria, the organ was created by the company Gebrüder Rieger, from Jägerndorf in Austrian Silesia, and the altar piece was created in 1908 by Konrad Martiner from Sankt Ulrich in Tyrol
32.
Saint Hans Church
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Saint Hans Church, also St Johns Church, is a church in Odense, Denmark. First mentioned in 1295, it was built by the Knights Hospitaller, not much of the original building remains as it was rebuilt in 1636 and subsequently restored on two occasions. Built of red brick with decorations on the chancel wall. The date of 1496 on one of the bells in the tower may well be the year the church was completed. The tower is adjacent to Odense Palace which was built as a monastery. The church has a three manual Marcussen organ used by Kevin Bowyer to record the complete works of Bach for Nimbus Records
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St. Canute's Cathedral
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St. Canutes Cathedral, also known as Odense Cathedral, is named after the Danish king Canute the Saint, otherwise Canute IV. It is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. The churchs most visited section is the crypt where the remains of Canute, St. Canutes Church in one form or another has stood on Abbey Hill in Odense for over 900 years. Odense was established as the seat of the Bishop of Odense before 988 under the supervision of the Bishop of Schleswig, the diocese included the southern Baltic islands of Denmark. The earliest bishops names have not been recorded, Odense passed to the jurisdiction of Roskilde in 1072 for a short period of time before falling to the Archdiocese of Lund. The earliest known church on the present location was a church which was reported under construction by Aelnoth of Canterbury. The foundations of the church can still be seen in the crypt of the present building. The church was built in Romanesque style with arches supporting a flat timber ceiling. The travertine church was built specifically to house the remains of King Canute. Canute IV of Denmark, the son of King Sven Estridsen, was born about 1040, in 1075 he accompanied the Danish fleet on the last great Viking raid of that age. It is suggested that he stole relics of Saint Alban from Ely, Canute reigned at a difficult time in Danish history. The idea of a strengthened monarchy did not sit well with the feudal landowners. After the death of his brother, the national assembly met on Zealand to proclaim Canute king of Denmark. Soon after, he ordered the people of Halland to supply him with horses and wagons to transport himself, the assembly met to discuss the kings request. The people decided that the request was not lawful according to the ancient customs, Canute was enraged by what he heard. After hasty consultations the Hallanders supplied the required equipment, Canute did the same in Scania. At the assembly he required men and supplies to build the new cathedral at Lund, when the assembly baulked, Canute swore he would forbid them to fish in the Øresund. Likewise they too acceded to the kings request, Canute was a devout Christian and believed that a strong central church in Denmark would give him more power
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Saint Nicholas Church, Bogense
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Saint Nicholas Church, also Bogense Church, is located in the harbour town of Bogense on the Danish island of Funen. It was built in 1406 on the remains of a 12th-century Romanesque church, in the mid-15th century, various additions were made including the tower which unusually is at the east end of the church. The tall spire served as a landmark for shipping, comprehensive restoration work was completed in 2010. Artefacts include a 16th-century altar, a 13th-century baptismal font, and a carved pulpit from 1604
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Danish Railway Museum
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The Danish Railway Museum is the national railway museum of Denmark, located in the city of Odense. Established in 1975, it is situated in an engine shed adjacent to the citys main railway station. It is the largest railway museum in Scandinavia, covering 10,000 square metres, it contains some 50 locomotives and railway carriages on 20 railtracks from all periods of Danish rail history, plus some original buildings of Danish railways. In school holidays, the museum runs a live steam-hauled train on a short section of track. These usually consist of a Class Hs loco and two carriages, DSB List of museums in Denmark Official website
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Funen's Art Museum
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Funens Art Museum, formerly The Museum of Funens Abbey and Museum Civitatis Othiniensis, founded in 1885, is an art museum in Odense, Denmark. The museum, one of Denmarks oldest art museums, is located in a Classical, the building has a characteristic temple gable and a decorated frieze with scenes from Denmarks history and Norse mythology. The museum was founded as a version of Nationalgalleriets and holds a wide range of works by important Danish artists. The older section contains amongst other things principal works by Jens Juel, Dankvart Dreyer, there are also works by Harald Giersing, Vilhelm Lundstrøm, Olaf Rude og Vilhelm Bjerke Petersen. The museum specializes particularly in concrete and Constructivist art, Funens Art Museum is a part of the Odense City Museums
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Arena Fyn
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Arena Fyn is a sports and concert arena in the southeastern part of the Danish city of Odense. It has an area of 8,500 square metres and can accommodate 4,000 spectators at sporting events and 5,500 at concerts, the agreement about the construction of Arena Fyn was made in autumn 2005 and by March 2007 the arena was finished. The price of building was 90 million Danish kroner, the Scottish band Travis had a concert in the arena in the October 2007. It is also used for sports, including the Nordea Danish Open, the handball HC Odense has played their home games in the arena. The Denmark Open has been held in Arena Fyn since 2007, the sports equipment shop Stadium has sponsored the arena since June 2010. Arena Fyn will hold the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, on 8 March 2014, to select Denmarks entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, info about the arena on OSEs website
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