Liverpool–Manchester lines

Liverpool to Manchester routes
	Northern Class 150 at Hough Green in 2014, bound for Liverpool Lime Street
Overview
Type	Heavy rail
System	National Rail
Status	Operational
Locale	Cheshire; Greater Manchester; Merseyside; North West England
Termini	Manchester Victoria; Liverpool Lime Street
Operation
Owner	Network Rail
Operator(s)	East Midlands Trains; West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern Railway); Northern; Merseyrail; TransPennine Express; Transport for Wales; Virgin Trains
Rolling stock	Class 142 Pacer; Class 150 Sprinter ; Class 156 Super Sprinter ; Class 158 Express Sprinter ; Class 175 Coradia ; Class 185 Desiro ; Class 222 Meridian (Limited); Class 319; Class 350 Desiro ; Class 390 Pendolino
Technical
Number of tracks	Two
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	Mk1/Mk3/UK1 and Series 2 25 kV 50 Hz AC OHLE Lime Street - Liverpool South Parkway. Lime Street - Manchester Piccadilly Northern Route (also Victoria from 17 May 2015)
Route map
	Legend
	Leeds via Bradford
	Leeds via Brighouse
	Hope Valley line and
	West Coast Main Line
	and to Rochdale
	Manchester Metrolink
	to Ashton
	Manchester Metrolink
	to Bury or Rochdale
	Manchester United
	Football Ground
	Open Match
	Days Only
	Manchester
	Metrolink
	Altrincham, East Didsbury
	and Manchester Airport
	Glazebrook E–Skelton line
	to Skelton Junction
	Transport for Greater Manchester
	boundary
	TfGM
	Merseytravel
	Warrington West
	(opens mid 2019)
	St Helens & Runcorn Gap Rly
	to Wigan via St Helens
	St Helens & Runcorn Gap Rly
	to Runcorn Gap
	Liverpool–Wigan line
	to Wigan and WCML
	WCML (Crewe–Liverpool line)
	to Runcorn
	Kirkdale and
	Liverpool Docks
	Liverpool South Parkway
	for John Lennon Airport
	This diagram: view; talk; edit;

A map showing the integrated commuter railways of both cities

Liverpool Lime Street station, the terminus for both routes to Manchester.

Manchester Victoria station, the terminus for the northern Liverpool to Manchester route.

Manchester Piccadilly Station, the terminus of the southern Liverpool to Manchester route

There once were four direct railway routes between Liverpool and Manchester in the North West of England, however only two remain, the two centre routes of the four; the most northerly and the most southerly of the four routes are no longer direct lines. Of the remaining two direct routes, the northern route of the two is fully electric with the now southern route a diesel-only line; the most northerly of the four, has been split into two routes, with the western section operated by Merseyrail electric trains and the eastern section by diesel trains, requiring passengers to change trains between the two cities. The fourth route, the most southerly of the four, has been largely abandoned east of Warrington, with the remaining section mostly catering for freight trains.

The remaining two direct routes are:

The northern route from Liverpool Lime Street terminus station via Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows to either Manchester Victoria, Manchester Piccadilly or Manchester Airport. This line follows the route of the original 1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
The southern route from Liverpool Lime Street terminus via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly operates on lines formerly owned by the Cheshire Lines Committee.

Northern route[edit]

The northern route runs from Liverpool Lime Street station, via Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows, and continues to either Manchester Victoria or Manchester Piccadilly; the line follows George Stephenson's original 32-mile (51.5 km) Liverpool and Manchester Railway of 1830, which was the world's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have run 'scheduled' services. Many early steam locomotives were initially used on this line including Stephenson's Rocket, which won the Rainhill Trials in 1829 (see List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives); the line also includes a number of listed structures including stations and bridges, particularly the Rainhill Skew Bridge and the nine-arch Sankey Viaduct. The line uses Class 319 electric EMU units.

Current services[edit]

Following completion of electrification in May 2015, services to Manchester Airport and Manchester Victoria are operated by Class 319 4-Car Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) or Class 323 3-Car Electric Multiple Units (EMUs).

An hourly semi-fast service is operated by Northern, from Liverpool Lime Street to Wilmslow, via Wavertree Technology Park, St Helens Junction, Newton-le-Willows, Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Airport and Wilmslow.^[1]

Northern also operates an hourly service calling at all stations along the line between Liverpool Lime Street and Manchester Victoria; this 'stopping service' is supplemented by an additional all-stations service between Liverpool Lime Street and Earlestown, which continues along the West Coast Main Line to Warrington Bank Quay.^[1]

Between Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly, there are additional hourly services operated by Arriva Trains Wales, which originate from Llandudno via the North Wales Coast Line and Chester.^[2]

On Sundays there is one train per hour along the line, calling at all stations to Manchester Piccadilly except Edge Hill and Patricroft, it is operated by Northern and continues to Manchester Airport.^[1]

Northern is the dominant operator on the route, and its services are operated with Class 319 4-Car EMUs or Class 150, Class 156 and Class 142 Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs). Arriva Trains Wales services between Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly are usually operated by Class 175 DMUs, but Class 158 units may be substituted on occasions.

From the May 2014 timetable change, a new hourly First TransPennine Express service from Newcastle Central to Liverpool Lime Street via York, Leeds, Huddersfield and Manchester Victoria was introduced; this service is operated by Class 185 DMUs and runs non-stop between Manchester Victoria and Liverpool Lime Street (32 minutes).

From the May 2018 timetable change, all TransPennine Express services to/from Liverpool now operate via the Northern route. After Manchester, the services usually go on to either Newcastle, Scarborough, York or Middlesbrough,^[3] they previously used the unelectrified Southern route, via Warrington Central. All TransPennine Express services are operated by Class 185 DMUs.

The northern Liverpool to Manchester route is also used by East Midlands Trains for empty coaching stock (ECS) movements, and as a diversionary route when the southern route is closed.

In past years, the line has been used by many express services which included through trains to Leeds, York and Newcastle (via Huddersfield), and to Preston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh (diverging on to the West Coast Main Line at Newton-le-Willows). Local trains also ran to Manchester via Leigh, but these services ceased in 1969 when the Eccles-Tyldesley-Leigh-Kenyon branch was closed as a result of the Beeching Axe; the northern Liverpool to Manchester line has also seen regular use over the years for diverted services from the West Coast Main Line when parts of the latter have been closed for engineering work, but diversions via Manchester instead have now become more common as they do not involve the train reversing, as would be necessary at Edge Hill, following the electrification of the route.

Technical details[edit]

The key junctions on this route are:

Edge Hill West Jn (to CLC line via Warrington Central)
Edge Hill East Jn (to Edge Hill CS)
Bootle Branch Jn (to Canada Dock Branch, leading to the docks)
Olive Mount Jn (Olive Mount Jn Chat Moss to Regent Rd)
Huyton Jn (to Wigan line)
Earlestown West Jn (West Coast Main Line Southbound via Warrington Bank Quay)
Earlestown East Jn (West Coast Main Line Southbound via Warrington Bank Quay)
Newton-le-Willows Jn (for daily Wigan via Golborne Junction services)
Parkside Jn (for daily Wigan via Golborne Junction services)
Eccles Station Jn (to the Weaste branch towards the Manchester Ship Canal)
Ordsall Lane Jn (separates Chat Moss line (to Victoria) from Bolton lines (to Piccadilly) ^[4]

During a journey trains are controlled by:

Lime Street control (LS) (Lime Street and the Lime Street tunnels) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
Edge Hill signal box (LE) (Edge Hill to Edge Hill junction)
Sandhills IECC (ML) (Olive Mount Jn To Regent Rd)
Huyton signal box (HN) (Edge Hill to Huyton) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
Warrington signal box (WN)
Astley signal box (AY)
Eccles signal box (ES)
Manchester Piccadilly control (MP)

The above is likely to change in the future as various sections are migrated over to the control of the new Manchester Rail Operating Centre at Ashburys.^[5]

Electrification[edit]

From 5 March 2015, Class 319 trains started electric operation on this route from Liverpool to Manchester Airport via the Oxford Road viaduct. Manchester Victoria station itself is now electrified and at the new timetable changeover on 17 May 2015 Liverpool to Manchester Victoria stopping services also began electric operation using the same rolling stock.^[6]

As a result of completion of the Manchester Castlefield Junction to Newton-le-Willows Junction electrification, TransPennine Express services between Manchester Airport and Glasgow Central/Edinburgh Waverley now use new Class 350 EMUs and are re-routed along a portion of the northern Liverpool to Manchester route before joining the West Coast Main Line at Golborne Junction.^[7] TransPennine Express Class 185 DMUs which formerly operated the Manchester Airport - Glasgow/Edinburgh service are now being redeployed to other routes.

The Department for Transport initially announced in July 2009 that the northern route of the Manchester to Liverpool line was to be electrified^[8] with 25 kV, 50 Hz AC, overhead line;^[7] the electrification process was originally due to be completed by 2013^[7] however, following a change of government in 2010, the work was delayed by the government meaning that, while the Manchester to Newton-le-Willows section was completed by December 2013 to enable Manchester - Scotland electric services, the remaining section to Liverpool was not completed until 5 March 2015.^[9]^[10] Now that the electrification of the line is complete and electric services are running, the journey time between Liverpool and Manchester has been reduced from around 45 minutes to 30 minutes due to the greater acceleration achieved by electric trains and the raising of the speed limit along the line from 75 to 90 mph.^[7] Class 319 EMUs have been fully refurbished and transferred from the Thameslink route to operate between Liverpool and Manchester,^[7] while Thameslink services will be operated by new energy-efficient trains, which were originally due to be delivered between 2011 and 2013.^[11] Electrification also offers electric haulage options for freight trains, giving a secondary route to the West Coast Main Line from Liverpool.

Southern route (old Cheshire Lines Committee line)[edit]

The original Manchester Central terminus station

The southern route runs from Liverpool Lime Street via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly. There are four passenger trains per hour (tph) in each direction between Liverpool and Manchester, which are usually operated by a variety of Class 185, Class 150, Class 156, Class 158 and Class 142 Diesel Multiple Units; these services are run by a number of rail companies and the time intervals are not evenly spaced out; there are large gaps between some services, and at other times trains leave within minutes of each other. TransPennine Express uses modern Class 185 trains, while other operators run a mixture of older rolling stock. While TransPennine Express' once per hour service generally take 45 minutes to reach Manchester from Liverpool Lime Street, some Northern services take an hour and ten minutes to cover the 35 miles; this route is busier than the northern route in terms of service frequency (2 express & 2 stopping trains per hour each way over the entire route, compared to 1 express, 1 semi-fast and 1 through stopping train via Earlestown, though additional Arriva Trains Wales and TransPennine Express services use the eastern end of the northern route).

The line's newest station is Liverpool South Parkway which opened in June 2006 after its estimated construction cost of £16 million had doubled to £32 million by the time it was completed; this station replaced Allerton and Garston stations and has frequent bus links to Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Warrington West railway station is under construction and is planned to open in summer 2019.^[12]

Originally this line ran from Liverpool Central High Level terminus station to Manchester Central terminus station built by the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) in 1873. Liverpool Central High Level station was demolished in 1973 due to all the long haul distance services on Merseyside being concentrated at Liverpool Lime Street with Merseyrail operating the local urban services with underground stations in Liverpool and Birkenhead centres. Manchester Central closed in 1969 and is now the Manchester Central Convention Complex.

At the Liverpool end, the line from Hunts Cross to Central High Level station—which accessed the station via a tunnel—was given over to the Northern Line of the electric Merseyrail services and the line from Hunts Cross diverted in 1966 onto the short section of the West Coast Main Line to Lime Street station; the divergence is at Allerton Junction to the immediate south east of Liverpool South Parkway.

In 1977-8 the original line in the tunnel approaching Liverpool Central High Level terminus was dropped into a new lower level tunnel immediately south of the station to enter Liverpool Central underground station becoming a through line continuing underground to the north of Liverpool and onto Southport; the Low Level underground station and tunnel was built in 1890 to align with the approach tunnel to the High Level station if in the future the need was there. Victorian foresight was utilised nearly 80 years later.

At the Manchester end the line was diverted to Manchester Oxford Road and Manchester Piccadilly after Manchester Central was closed.

The Liverpool to Warrington section of this line was initially scheduled to be on the Merseyrail electric urban network; the Strategic Plan for the North West, the SPNW, in 1973 envisaged that the Outer Loop which was to be an orbital line circling the city of Liverpool, the Edge Hill Spur which is a tunnel connecting the east of Liverpool to the central underground sections, and the lines to St. Helens, Wigan and Warrington would be electrified and all integrated into Merseyrail by 1991;^[13] this meant that trains from Warrington would access Liverpool city centre's underground stations via the Northern Line and Liverpool Central underground station, giving access to Liverpool's shopping and business quarters. This never transpired, however is a long term aspiration of Merseytravel.

Planned Electrification[edit]

Trains run on electrified track within the cities of Liverpool and Manchester, however only diesel engine propulsion is used taking no advantage of the electrification; this line has been prioritised for full electrification between the two cities, however no date has been set for the commencement of works.^[14]

Current services[edit]

Presently (2019), a half-hourly fast service operates between Liverpool Lime Street and Manchester Piccadilly, calling at Warrington Central and Manchester Oxford Road. One train per hour is operated by East Midlands Trains. East Midlands Trains' services usually also stop at Liverpool South Parkway and Widnes, and continue beyond Manchester to Norwich via Sheffield and Nottingham,^[15] Since the May 2018 timetable change, TransPennine Express no longer operate on the route, and now use the Northern Liverpool - Manchester Line, via Newton-le-Willows^[3]

There are also several local services per hour operated by Northern along the southern route to Manchester Oxford Road, which extend to Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester Airport every hour. Many intermediate stations are served by all of these trains, although some just by one per hour, while Glazebrook, Humphrey Park and Trafford Park are served only once every 2 hours outside peak periods;^[16] the Sunday service is two trains per hour, with one service calling at all stations and one running semi-fast.^[16]

East Midlands Trains mainly use Class 158s along the line, although Class 153s and Class 156s are used sometimes. Northern operate a mixture of Class 156, Class 150 and Class 142 units along the line.

In the past, the CLC route was used by a variety of local services in addition to limited-stop expresses between the two cities; these included trains between Warrington Central and Stockport Tiviot Dale, Liverpool and Manchester to Wigan Central and even Liverpool to Southport Lord Street via Aintree Central, although the latter route was closed as long ago as 1952. The diversion of Liverpool-bound trains to Lime Street in 1966 and the closure of Manchester Central in 1969 (all trains subsequently running to Oxford Road and Piccadilly) saw the route downgraded in importance and from then until the mid-1980s it was operated as a self-contained route due to congestion issues at the Manchester end; the service frequency was also lower than at present, for example the British Rail 1985 timetable had one semi-fast and one stopping train per hour in each direction on weekdays (excluding the weekday peaks periods). Through running to destinations east of Manchester via this route only began on a regular basis in 1986, when the opening of a new connection at Hazel Grove allowed trains from the Sheffield direction to run via Stockport and thus avoid conflicting movements across the station throat at Piccadilly.

Technical details[edit]

The key junctions on this route are:

Lime Street (used to move trains onto appropriate platform)
Edge Hill East Junction (for the Huyton line)
Allerton West Junction (to West Coast Main Line, known as Allerton junction)
Hunts Cross Junction (to Merseyrail Northern Line)
Glazebrook East Junction (formerly for Warrington-Stockport services, but now used as a passing point)
Trafford Park Junction (for Euroterminal freight terminal)
Castlefield Junction (where lines to Manchester converge).^[4]

During a journey trains are controlled by:

Lime Street control (LS) (Lime Street and the Lime Street tunnels) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
Edge Hill signal box (LE) (Edge Hill to Edge Hill junction)
Allerton signal box (AN) (Edge Hill junction to Liverpool South Parkway)
Hunts Cross signal box (HC) (Allerton junction to Widnes Station)
Warrington Central signal box (WC) (Widnes station to Padgate station)
Glazebrook East signal box (GE) (Birchwood station to Urmston)
Manchester Piccadilly control (MP) (Urmston to route terminus)

The above is likely to change in the future as various sections are migrated over to the control of the new Manchester Rail Operating Centre at Ashburys.^[5]

Other routes[edit]

It is possible to travel between Liverpool and Manchester, with a change of train from Liverpool Central underground station via Kirkby and Wigan Wallgate to Manchester Victoria. However, this line requires a change at Kirkby, using the same platform, to change from the Merseyrail electric Northern Line trains to the Northern diesel trains. Sections of this route were built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and their acquired railways, such as the Liverpool and Bury Railway and the Manchester and Southport Railway.

This line was partially built by the Liverpool and Bury Railway, opening in 1848, which later merged into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway who on acquisition owned the Manchester and Southport Railway which formed the complete continuous line from Liverpool into Manchester; the route was continuous from Liverpool Exchange terminus to Manchester Victoria. With the creation of the electric Merseyrail urban network the line was effectively cut into two with two different modes of traction; the Liverpool half is fast third rail electric and the Manchester side slower diesel traction. The point at which the two modes meet is Kirkby which functions as a terminus for the electric and diesel services.

The Merseyrail terminus at the Liverpool end of the line was extended from Liverpool Exchange to underground Liverpool Central. With the closure of Liverpool Exchange terminus station in 1977, the terminus at the Liverpool end of the diesel service was cut back to Kirkby station. Passengers from Manchester alight at Kirkby walk down the same platform boarding a Liverpool bound electric train terminating at Liverpool's underground Central station; the diesel train from Manchester is scheduled to meet a Merseyrail electric train from Liverpool at Kirkby for ease of passenger transfers. A new underground through station was built at Moorfields replacing some of the services of nearby Liverpool Exchange terminus station.

At 37 miles (59.5 km) this route is longer than either of the two direct routes. According to National Rail Enquires website the travelling time from end to end would be 1 hour 38 minutes, including the change, compared with around 30 minutes from Lime Street to Manchester Piccadilly. However, for passengers who live near to the stations in the middle section of the line it may prove a quicker journey into Liverpool or Manchester.

A further southerly route, using what was St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway and Warrington and Stockport Railway, connected Liverpool Lime Street with Manchester Oxford Road via Ditton Junction, Warrington Bank Quay (low level platforms) and Timperley. Part of this route is still used for coal and limestone traffic to Fiddlers Ferry Power Station, but east of Warrington it has been abandoned and now forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail.

Timings and line speeds[edit]

As of 2016^[update], the fastest journey times are around half an hour, which is little better than over a century earlier. The fastest recorded run was from Manchester Exchange to Liverpool Lime St in 30 minutes 46 seconds by a 1936 built Jubilee 5707 with 7 coaches. An 1882-built compound steam locomotive was timed on the same route in 38 minutes 18 seconds; until 1968 trains from Liverpool to Manchester by all 3 routes were scheduled to take 40 minutes and often took less. The southern route via Warrington is now restricted to 85 mph and the northern route via Earlestown to 90 mph, with 75 mph over Chat Moss.^[17]

Work to four-track the line between Huyton and Roby was completed in October 2017.^[18]