The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
Siege of Narva by the Russians in 1558, by Boris Chorikov, 1836
Russian atrocities in Livonia. Printed in Zeyttung published in Nuremberg in 1561.
Russian atrocities in 1577.
The siege of Polotsk, 1579, in a contemporary illustration.
Terra Mariana was the formal name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia. It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, and lost this status in 1215 when Pope Innocent III proclaimed it as directly subject to the Holy See.
Three Mighty Ladies from Livonia by Albrecht Dürer (1521)
Coins of Medieval Livonia, 15th–16th century