1.
Fall River, Massachusetts
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Fall River is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. Fall Rivers population was 88,857 at the 2010 census, located along the eastern shore of Mount Hope Bay at the mouth of the Taunton River, the city became famous during the 19th century as the leading textile manufacturing center in the United States. While the textile industry has long moved on, its impact on the citys culture. Fall Rivers official motto is Well Try, dating back to the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1843 and it is also nicknamed the Scholarship City because Dr. Irving Fradkin founded Dollars for Scholars here in 1958. Fall River is also the city in the United States to have its city hall located over an interstate highway. The falling river that the name Fall River refers to is the Quequechan River which flows through the city, Quequechan is a Wampanoag word believed to mean Falling River or Leaping/Falling Waters. During the 1960s, Interstate 195 was constructed through the city along the length of the Quequechan River, the portion west of Plymouth Avenue was routed underground through a series of box culverts, while much of the eastern section mill pond was filled in for the highway embankment. In 1653, Freetown was settled at Assonet Bay by members of the Plymouth Colony, as part of Freemans Purchase, in 1683, Freetown was incorporated as a town within the colony. The southern part of what is now Fall River was incorporated as the town of Tiverton as part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1694, the boundary was then placed approximately at what is now Columbia Street. In 1703, Benjamin Church, a hero of King Philips War established a saw mill, grist mill, in 1714, Church sold his land, along with the water rights to Richard Borden of Tiverton and his brother Joseph. This transaction would prove to be extremely valuable 100 years later, during the 18th century the area consisted mostly of small farms and relatively few inhabitants. In 1778, the Battle of Freetown, was here during the American Revolutionary War. In 1803, Fall River was separated from Freetown and officially incorporated as its own town, a year later, Fall River changed its name to Troy. The name Troy was used for 30 years and was changed back to Fall River on February 12,1834. During this period, Fall River was governed by a three-member Board of Selectmen, during this time, the southern part of what is now Fall River would remain part of Tiverton, Rhode Island. In 1856, the town of Tiverton, Rhode Island voted to split off its northern section as Fall River. In 1861, after decades of dispute, the United States Supreme Court moved the boundary to what is now State Avenue. The early establishment of the industry in Fall River grew out of the developments made in nearby Rhode Island beginning with Samuel Slater at Pawtucket in 1793
2.
Oak Grove Cemetery (Fall River, Massachusetts)
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Oak Grove Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at 765 Prospect Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was established in 1855 and greatly improved upon in the years that followed and it features Gothic Revival elements, including an elaborate entrance arch constructed of locally quarried Fall River granite. The cemetery originally contained 47 acres, but has since expanded to roughly 100 acres. The cemetery is the citys most significant, built in the planned rural-garden style of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designed and laid out by local architect Josiah Brown, who is known for his designs of early mills including the Union, Border City. Oak Grove Cemetery is the resting place of many of the citys elite, including prominent mill owners. It also contains the citys Civil War Monument, donated by Richard Borden, the cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is still owned and operated by the City of Fall River, Thomas Almy, co-founder of The Herald News. Abby Durfee Borden, second wife of Andrew Jackson Borden and murder victim, Andrew Jackson Borden, businessman and murder victim. Nathaniel Briggs Borden, Mayor of Fall River, US Congressman, colonel Richard Borden, industrial pioneer, businessman. Emma Borden, sister of Lizzie Borden, daughter of Andrew, Sarah Morse Borden, first wife of Andrew Jackson Borden and mother of Lizzie Borden and Emma Borden. Spencer Borden, manufacturer, delegate to 1924 Republication National Convention, charlie Buffinton, Major League Baseball player. James Buffington, the first mayor of Fall River, earle Perry Charlton, founder of E. P. Charlton & Co.5 &10 stores chain. Through mergers, he became a co-founder of the F. W. Woolworth Company, benjamin Cook, a District Court judge. Sarah M. Cornell, found murdered on the John Durfee Farm in nearby Tiverton, Newport County and she was originally buried there and moved to Oak Grove. Robert T. Davis, mayor of Fall River and United States Representative from Massachusetts, bradford Matthew Chaloner Durfee, born into a wealthy and influential Fall River family, he was a philanthropist who died in his prime. As a memorial, his mother had the school board erect the B. M. Dr. Nathan Durfee, early industrialist and deacon of Central Congregational Church, william Thomas Grant, founder of W. T. Grant Department Store chain and philanthropist
3.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
4.
Lizzie Borden House
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Lizzie Borden and her family lived at 92 Second Street in the city of Fall River, Massachusetts. From 1874 to 1892, the house was the property of Andrew Borden, Lizzie’s father, Lizzie lived there until her death on June 1,1927. The house number of 92 Second Street was changed to 230 in 1896 and it has operated as a bed and breakfast since 1996 under the ownership of Martha McGinn who inherited the house. Her grandparents purchased the house on August 4,1948, according to Martha McGinn, the room where Lizzies stepmother Abby Borden was found murdered is the “most requested room” of the bedrooms at the bed and breakfast. The Fall River Historical Society promotes the Lizzie Borden bed and breakfast as a tourist attraction, thin Lizzi, a 2015 episode of The CW series Supernatural involved a series of murders centered on the Lizzie Bordon House Bed & Breakfast
5.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
6.
Textile manufacturing
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Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the conversion of fibre into yarn, yarn into fabric and these are then dyed or printed, fabricated into clothes. Different types of fibre are used to produce yarn, Cotton remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth. There remains an industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results. Cotton is the worlds most important natural fibre, in the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. Indian cotton, gossypium arboreum, is finer but the staple is only suitable for hand processing, American cotton, gossypium hirsutum, produces the longer staple needed for machine production. Planting is from September to mid November and the crop is harvested between March and June, the cotton bolls are harvested by stripper harvesters and spindle pickers, that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed pod of the cotton plant, ginning The seed cotton goes in to a Cotton gin. The cotton gin separates seeds and removes the trash from the fibre, in a saw gin, circular saws grab the fibre and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer staple cotton, here a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in circular saws, the ginned cotton fibre, known as lint, is then compressed into bales which are about 1.5 m tall and weigh almost 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is usable lint, commercial cotton is priced by quality, and that broadly relates to the average length of the staple, and the variety of the plant. Longer staple cotton is called Egyptian, medium staple is called American upland, the cotton seed is pressed into a cooking oil. The husks and meal are processed into animal feed, and the stems into paper, ginning, bale-making and transportation is done in the country of origin. Opening and cleaning Cotton mills get the cotton shipped to them in large,500 pound bales, when the cotton comes out of a bale, it is all packed together and still contains vegetable matter. The bale is broken using a machine with large spikes. In order to fluff up the cotton and remove the vegetable matter, the cotton is fed into a machine known as a picker, and gets beaten with a beater bar in order to loosen it up. It is fed through rollers, which serve to remove the vegetable matter
7.
Sunday school
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A Sunday school is a Christian educational institution, usually catering to children and other young people. Many Seventh-day Adventists, Seventh Day Baptists, and other sabbatarian communities hold their Sabbath Schools on Saturdays, Sunday schools in England were first set up in the 1780s to provide education to working children. It aimed to teach the reading, writing and cyphering. By 1785,250,000 English children were attending Sunday School, there were 5,000 in Manchester alone. By 1895, the Society for the Establishment and Promotion of Sunday Schools had distributed 91,915 spelling books,24,232 Testaments and 5,360 Bibles. The Sunday School movement was cross-denominational, and through subscription built large buildings that could host public lectures as well as classrooms, in the early days, adults would attend the same classes as the infants, as each were instructed in basic reading. In some towns the Methodists withdrew from the Large Sunday School, the Anglicans set up their own National schools that would act as Sunday Schools and day schools. These schools were the precursors to a system of education. The role of the Sunday Schools changed with the Education Act 1870, in the 1920s they promoted sports. It was common for teams to compete in a Sunday School League and they were social centres hosting amateur dramatics and concert parties. By the 1960s, the term Sunday School could refer to the building, by the 1970s even the largest Sunday School at Stockport had been demolished. Sunday School became the name for many different types of religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations. The first Sunday school may have opened in 1751 in St Marys Church. Another early start was made by Hannah Ball, a native of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, in 18th-century England education was reserved for a minority and was not compulsory. The wealthy educated their children privately at home, with hired governesses or tutors for younger children, boys of that class were often sent away to boarding school, hence these fee-based educational establishments were known, confusingly, as public schools. The town-based middle class may have sent their sons to grammar schools, the children of factory workers and farm labourers received no formal education, and typically worked alongside their parents six days a week, sometimes more than 13 hours a day. In 1781, after prompting from his friend William King who was running a Sunday School in Dursley. In the home of a Mrs Meredith he opened a school on Sunday, using the Bible as their textbook, he taught them to read and write
8.
Young People's Society of Christian Endeavour
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The Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor is a nondenominational evangelical society founded in Portland, Maine, in 1881 by Francis Edward Clark. Its professed object was to promote an earnest Christian life among its members, to increase their mutual acquaintanceship, the Young Peoples Society of Christian Endeavor is an interdenominational Christian youth society which provided a structure for church youth to work together to know God in Jesus Christ. After the Society was described in an article in 1882 the Society grew initially in the United States and then spread throughout the British Empire. The movement peaked during the last decade of the nineteenth century, the Society continues in various locations into the twenty-first century. The first Christian Endeavor Society was formed on Feb 2,1881 in Portland, Maine, rev. Clark founded the first national church youth organization, Christian Endeavor, the forerunner of the modern denominational youth fellowship. The society was formed in order to bring youth to accept Christ, the youth were shown that the church cared for young people. The Society enabled youth to express themselves while participating in useful tasks. If obliged to be absent from the monthly meeting of the society, I will, if possible. Christian Endeavor created publications for youth, devised youth programs, Christian Endeavor was maintained through private donations that often came from youth. Christian Endeavor began as a group of youth that met at the house of their minister. Within a year, six societies had formed, after two years, the number of societies had grown to fifty-six. The organization expanded rapidly as it grew from a church society into a world movement. By the end of the 19th century, Christian Endeavor was in the headlines of many major American newspapers, by 1906,67,000 youth-led Christian Endeavor societies had been organized worldwide, with over four million members. Christian Endeavor took up many causes and was influential in supporting the movement in the 1920s. Christian Endeavor began extensive publications in 1886, World conventions were held to address major issues. In 1887, Clark was elected president of the United Society, Clark held this position until his death in 1927. Christian Endeavor societies met at the level for local control. The organizations world headquarters moved from Boston, Massachusetts, to Columbus, Ohio, Christian Endeavor is still operating today throughout the world, their activities are widely reported on international and state Christian Endeavor Websites
9.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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It was influential in the temperance movement, and supported the 18th Amendment. The WCTU was originally organized on December 23,1873, in Hillsboro, Ohio and it operated at an international level and in the context of religion and reform, including missionary work and womans suffrage. Two years after its founding, the American WCTU sponsored a conference at which the International Womens Christian Temperance Union was formed. The Worlds Womans Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1883 and became the arm of the organization. At its founding in 1874, the purpose of the WCTU was to create a sober and pure world by abstinence, purity. Annie Wittenmyer was its first president, the constitution of the WCTU called for the entire prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage. Frances Willard, a noted feminist, was elected the WCTUs second president in 1879 and she remained president until her death in 1898. Its members were inspired by the Greek writer Xenophon, who defined temperance as moderation in all things healthful, the WCTU perceived alcohol as a cause and consequence of larger social problems rather than as a personal weakness or failing. The WCTU also agitated against tobacco, the American WCTU formed a Department for the Overthrow of the Tobacco Habit as early as 1885 and frequently published anti-tobacco articles in the 1880s. Agitation against tobacco continued through to the 1950s, as a consequence of its stated purposes, the WCTU was very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, prostitution, public health, sanitation, and international peace. As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on suffrage, the WCTU was instrumental in organizing womans suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. Local chapters, known as “unions”, were autonomous, though linked to state. Willard pushed for the Home Protection ballot, arguing that women, being the superior sex, needed the vote in order to act as citizen-mothers and protect their homes. At a time when suffragists were viewed as radicals and alienated most American women, as the WCTU grew internationally, it developed various approaches that helped with the inclusion of women of religions other than Christianity. But, it was primarily, and still is, a Christian womens organization. The WCTUs work extended across a range of efforts to bring about personal and social moral reform, in the 1880s it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising Age of Consent laws. It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities, in 1901 the WCTU said that golf should not be allowed on Sundays. The WCTU also wanted to aid immigrants coming into the United States through Americanization activities, between 1900 and 1920, much of their budget was given to their center on Ellis Island, which helped to start the Americanization process
10.
New Bedford, Massachusetts
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New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 95,072. The city, along with Fall River and Taunton, make up the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts, the Greater Providence-Fall River-New Bedford area is home to the largest Portuguese-American community in the United States. Their population is believed to have been about 12,000, while exploring New England, Bartholomew Gosnold landed on Cuttyhunk Island on May 15,1602. From there, he explored Cape Cod and the neighboring areas, however, rather than settle the area, he returned to England at the request of his crew. Europeans first settled New Bedford in 1652, English Plymouth Colony settlers purchased the land from chief Massasoit of the Wampanoag tribe. Whether the transfer of the land was legitimately done has been the subject of intense controversy, like other native tribes, the Wampanoags did not share the settlers concepts of private property. The tribe may have believed they were granting usage rights to the land, the settlers used the land to build the colonial town of Old Dartmouth. The name was suggested by the Russell family, who were prominent citizens of the community, the Dukes of Bedford, a leading English aristocratic house, also bore the surname Russell. The late-18th century was a time of growth for the town, New Bedfords first newspaper, The Medley, was founded in 1792. On June 12,1792, the set up its first post office. William Tobey was its first postmaster, the construction of a bridge between New Bedford and present-day Fairhaven in 1796 also spurred growth. In 1847 the town of New Bedford officially became a city, at approximately the same time, New Bedford began to supplant Nantucket as the nations preeminent whaling port, thanks to its deeper harbor and location on the mainland. Whaling dominated the economy of the city for much of the century, many families of the city were involved with it as crew and officers of ships. Until 1800, New Bedford and its communities were, by and large, populated by Protestants of English, Scottish. During the first half of the 19th century many Irish people came to Massachusetts, in 1818, Irish immigrants established the Catholic mission that built St. Marys Church. As the Portuguese community began to increase, they established the first Portuguese parish in the city, French Canadians also secured a foothold in New Bedford at about the same time, and they built the Church of the Sacred Heart in 1877. Similarly, Polish immigrants began arriving in the late 19th century, a number of Jewish families, arriving in the late 19th century, were active in the whaling industry, selling provisions and outfitting ships
11.
Morphine
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Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals. It acts directly on the nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both pain and chronic pain. Morphine is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labour and it can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under the skin, intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 min when given intravenously and 60 min when given by mouth while duration of effect is three and seven hours. Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure, morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse. If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur, common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding, as morphine will affect the baby, morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by Friedrich Sertürner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827, morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, the primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. In 2013, an estimated 523,000 kilograms of morphine were produced, about 45,000 kilograms were used directly for pain, an increase over the last twenty years of four times. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world, about 70% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxycodone and heroin. It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Morphine is sold under trade names. Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain and it is also used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours, however, concerns exist that morphine may increase mortality in the setting of non ST elevation myocardial infarction. Morphine has also traditionally used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema
12.
Hosea M. Knowlton
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Hosea Morrill Knowlton was a lawyer, District Attorney, and Attorney General of Massachusetts. New York Times Obituary Bridgman, Arthur Milnor, A Souvenir of Massachusetts Legislators 1894, Vol. III, Brockton, Ma, A. M. Bridgman, p.107. Bristol County Bar, Hosea Morrill Knowlton Tribute of the Bristol County Bar to the memory of the late Hon. Hosea Morrill Knowlton at Taunton, April 21,1903, New Bedford, MA, E. Anthony & Sons. The Hartford Courant, page 15, December 19,1902, the New York Times, page 9, December 19,1902, DEATH LIST OF A DAY. Cutter, William Richard, Encyclopedia of Massachusetts, Biographical—Genealogical, Volume VI, New York, boston, Ma, American Historical Society, p9
13.
William Henry Moody
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William Henry Moody was an American politician and jurist, who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States. After 4 months attending Harvard Law School, he departed and instead took the then-common, early in his legal career, Moody first was elected city solicitor of Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1888. After appointment as the District Attorney for Eastern Massachusetts in 1890, while his efforts were unsuccessful he was generally acknowledged as the most competent and effective of the attorneys on either side. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, during President Theodore Roosevelts administration, Moody served as the Secretary of Navy and as Attorney General. As Attorney General, Moody actively followed Roosevelts trust-busting policies, negotiating with good trusts like U. S. Steel, Moodys service on the Court was brief but not uneventful, writing 67 opinions and 5 dissents. By 1908, Moody suffered severe rheumatism and this affected Moody to such an extent that his last sitting on the bench was May 7,1909, when he left for a brief rest and never returned. With the age- and health-enfeebled Supreme Court of 1909 crippled, Taft urged Moody, then the youngest justice at 55 and he died in Haverhill, Massachusetts, July 2,1917. After Moodys death, some of his papers were placed in the custody of Professor Felix Frankfurter. They are now in the collection of Frankfurters papers in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, www. buttonwoods. org USS Moody was named for him. Moody, William Henry, American National Biography Online February 2000, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http and this article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
14.
Governor of Massachusetts
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of Massachusetts state government and serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current governor is Charlie Baker, the Governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the Commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The Governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion, other official residence, instead, he resides in his own private residence. The title His Excellency is a throwback to the appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699, since he was an Earl, the title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title, the governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealths armed forces. According to the constitution, whenever the chair of the governor is vacant. The first time came into use was five years after the constitutions adoption in 1785. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci, under this system, the lieutenant governor retains his or her position and title as lieutenant governor and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as the lieutenant governor, the Massachusetts Constitution does not use the term acting governor. When the constitution was first adopted, the Governors Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7,1799, acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20,1800, between that years election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governors Council served as the executive for ten days, the councils chair, the lieutenant governor does not succeed but only discharges powers and duties as acting governor. The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration, see Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing Governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door, incoming governors usually choose at least one past governors portrait to hang in their office. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the president before a joint session of the House
15.
George D. Robinson
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George Dexter Robinson was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts. After serving in the United States Congress, he served three terms as Governor of Massachusetts, notably defeating Benjamin Franklin Butler in the 1884 election. His most famous client was Lizzie Borden, notoriously accused of killing her father and stepmother. Born in Lexington and educated at Harvard, Robinson taught high school becoming a lawyer. He gained a reputation as a fine Parliamentarian while serving in Congress, as governor, he promoted the passage of civil service reform legislation and labor-friendly wage and dispute-resolution laws. He aligned with the industrial leaders against public health advocates. As a lawyer, he gained notoriety for Bordens defense, and was criticized for defending fraudulent fraternal benefit societies, George Washington Robinson was born in Lexington, Massachusetts to Charles and Mary Robinson. The son of farmers, he attended Lexington Academy and Hopkins Classical School in Cambridge, while at Harvard he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity. In 1855, he had his name changed to George Dexter Robinson. Although he had intended to study medicine, Robinson entered the profession, serving as the principal of Chicopee High School in Chicopee. During this time, he engaged in study of medicine. In 1865, he engaged in the study of law with his brother, Robinson entered politics in 1873, winning election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Republican. He was then elected to the Massachusetts Senate in 1875, in each case representing Chicopee and he served on judiciary committees in both chambers, as well as a committee on constitutional amendments in the Senate. Robinson was one of a number of legislators who refused free travel passes offered by the railroads. In 1876, Robinson was elected to the United States House of Representatives and he gained a reputation in the chamber as an experienced Parliamentarian and debater. He sat on a number of committees, including the House Judiciary Committee, while serving in Congress, Robinson was nominated to run for Governor of Massachusetts in 1883, against the incumbent Democrat Benjamin Butler. He ran on a platform of civil service reform, and defeated Butler by 10,000 votes, Robinson served three terms, winning by wider margins against other opponents. He was generally regarded as a fiscal conservative, during his tenure, legislation was enacted banning discrimination in the issuance of life insurance policies
16.
Richard Hauptmann
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Bruno Richard Hauptmann was a German-born carpenter who was convicted of the abduction and murder of the 20-month-old son of aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh. The Lindbergh kidnapping became known as The Crime of the Century, Hauptmann proclaimed his innocence to the end, but was nonetheless executed in the electric chair at the New Jersey State Prison in 1936. Hauptmann was born Bruno Richard Hauptmann in Kamenz, near Dresden in what was then the German Empire, neither he nor his family and friends used the name Bruno, although prosecutors in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial referred to him by that name. He had three brothers and a sister, at age 11, he joined the Boy Scouts. Hauptmann attended public school, but quit at the age of 14 and he then worked during the day while attending trade school at night, studying carpentry for the first year, then switching to machine building for the next two years. During that same year, Hauptmann learned that his brother Herman had been killed fighting in France in World War I, not long after that, he was informed that another brother, Max, had also been killed while fighting in Russia. Shortly thereafter Hauptmann was conscripted and assigned to the artillery, upon receiving his orders, he was sent to Bautzen, but was transferred to the 103rd Infantry Replacement Regiment upon his arrival. In 1918, Hauptmann was assigned to the 12th Machine Gun Company at Königsbrück, when he came to, he crawled back to safety and was back on duty that evening. After the war, Hauptmann and a friend robbed two women wheeling baby carriages they were using to transport food on the road between Wiesa and Nebelschütz, the friend wielded Hauptmanns army pistol during the commission of this crime. Hauptmanns other charges include burglarizing a mayors house, released after three years in prison, he was arrested three months later on suspicion of additional burglaries. Hauptmann illegally entered the US by stowing away on an ocean liner, landing in New York City in September 1923, the 24-year-old Hauptmann was taken in by a member of the established German community and worked as a carpenter. He married a German waitress in 1925 and became an eight years later. Hauptmann was described as being slim and of medium height, and his eyes were small and deep-set. On the evening of March 1,1932, Charles Lindbergh Jr. son of aviator Charles Lindbergh, was kidnapped from Highfields, New Jersey, a homemade ladder was found under the window of the childs room. The $50,000 demanded in a note was delivered. The death was ascribed to a blow to the head, which some have theorized occurred accidentally during the abduction. On September 15,1934, a bank teller realized that the number on a $10 gold certificate deposited by a gas station was on the list of Lindbergh ransom bills. On the bills margin the attendant had written the license number of the customers car
17.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were United States citizens who were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union. Klaus Fuchs, a German scientist working in Los Alamos and handled by Gold and he served nine years and four months, convicted in Great Britain. For decades, many defenders of the Rosenbergs, including their sons Michael and Robert Meeropol, maintained that Julius and Ethel were innocent and victims of Cold war paranoia. Their sons current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the charge, though not of atomic spying. They believe that he did not deserve the penalty and that she was wrongly convicted. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be legally exonerated and they also demonstrate that Julius reported to the KGB that Ethel persuaded Ruth Greenglass to travel to New Mexico to recruit David as a spy. There is a consensus among historians that Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were guilty, distilling this consensus, Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz wrote that the Rosenbergs were guilty – and framed. Julius Rosenberg was born to a family of Jewish immigrants in New York City on May 12,1918, the family moved to the Lower East Side by the time Julius was 11. His parents worked in the shops of the Lower East Side, Julius became a leader in the Young Communist League USA while at City College of New York. In 1939, he graduated from CCNY with a degree in electrical engineering, Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28,1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. She originally was an actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. She became involved in disputes and joined the Young Communist League. Together they had two sons, Michael and Robert, born in 1943 and 1947 respectively, Julius Rosenberg joined the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, where he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945. He was fired when the U. S. Army discovered his previous membership in the Communist Party, important research on electronics, communications, radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II. According to a 2001 book by his former handler Alexander Feklisov and he had been introduced to Semyonov by Bernard Schuster, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party USA as well as Earl Browders personal NKVD liaison. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944, his duties were taken over by Feklisov, Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse, an upgraded model of which was used to shoot down Gary Powers U-2 in 1960. Under Feklisovs administration, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, for this coup, Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. McNutts employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium, the USSR and the U. S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information about or seek assistance from the Soviet Union for the Manhattan Project
18.
O. J. Simpson murder case
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The trial spanned eleven months, from the jurys swearing-in on November 9,1994. Opening statements were made on January 24,1995, and the verdict was announced on October 3,1995, according to the USA Today, The case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in history. Simpson was represented by a very high-profile defense team, which was led by Robert Shapiro. The team also included F. Lee Bailey, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Kardashian, Shawn Holley, Carl E. Douglas, Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld were two additional attorneys who specialized in DNA evidence. Cochran and the team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. Simpsons celebrity status, racial issues, and the lengthy televised trial riveted national attention on the trial of the century. By the end of the trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences in the assessment of Simpsons guilt or innocence between black and white Americans. After the criminal trial, the Brown and Goldman families filed a lawsuit against Simpson. On February 4,1997, the jury found Simpson responsible for both deaths, the families were awarded compensatory and punitive damages totaling $33.5 million, but have received only a small portion of that. Nicole Brown and O. J. Simpson were married on February 2,1985, the couple had two children, Sydney Brooke Simpson and Justin Ryan Simpson. The marriage lasted seven years, during which time Simpson was investigated by police for domestic violence multiple times, Brown filed for divorce on February 25,1992, citing irreconcilable differences. At 12,10 a. m. on June 13,1994, Nicole Brown Simpson, Brown had been stabbed multiple times in the head and neck, and had defensive wounds on her hands. The larynx could be seen through the wound in her neck. Both victims had been dead for about 2 hours prior to being discovered by police, Robert Riske, one of the first two officers on the scene, found a single bloody glove, among other evidence. Detectives went to Simpsons Rockingham estate to him that his ex-wife had been murdered. In the back of his home, they found some blood scattered all over on a white Ford Bronco, Detective Mark Fuhrman climbed over an external wall and unlocked the gate to allow the other three detectives to enter in with him. The detectives argued that they entered without a search warrant because of exigent circumstances—specifically, in this case, Simpson was not present when the detectives arrived early that morning, he had taken a flight to Chicago late the previous night. Detectives briefly interviewed Kato Kaelin, who was staying in Simpsons guest house, in a walk-around of the premises, Fuhrman discovered a second bloody glove, it was later determined to be the match of the glove found at the murder scene
19.
Child abuse
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Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge, definitions of what constitutes child abuse vary among professionals, and between social and cultural groups, as well as across time. The terms abuse and maltreatment are often used interchangeably in the literature, Child maltreatment can also be an umbrella term covering all forms of child abuse and child neglect. Defining child maltreatment depends on prevailing cultural values as they relate to children, child development, in general, abuse refers to acts of commission while neglect refers to acts of omission. Child maltreatment includes both acts of commission and acts of omission on the part of parents or caregivers that cause actual or threatened harm to a child. Delayed effects of abuse and neglect, especially emotional neglect. The World Health Organization distinguishes four types of maltreatment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional and psychological abuse. Among professionals and the public, people often do not agree on what behaviors constitute physical abuse of a child. Physical abuse often does not occur in isolation, but as part of a constellation of behaviors including authoritarian control, anxiety-provoking behavior, and this includes hitting, beating, kicking, shaking, biting, strangling, scalding, burning, poisoning and suffocating. Much physical violence against children in the home is inflicted with the object of punishing, joan Durrant and Ron Ensom write that most physical abuse is physical punishment in intent, form, and effect. Overlapping definitions of abuse and physical punishment of children highlight a subtle or non-existent distinction between abuse and punishment. Multiple injuries or fractures at different stages of healing can raise suspicion of abuse, physical abuse in childhood has also been linked to homelessness in adulthood. Child sexual abuse is a form of abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in an act aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act. Selling the sexual services of children may be viewed and treated as child abuse rather than simple incarceration, Children who are the victims are also at an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections due to their immature immune systems and a high potential for mucosal tears during forced sexual contact. In the United States, approximately 15% to 25% of women, in over one-third of cases, the perpetrator is also a minor. In 2014, the APA stated that, Childhood psychological abuse as harmful as sexual or physical abuse, nearly 3 million U. S. children experience some form of maltreatment annually. Psychological maltreatment is the most challenging and prevalent form of child abuse, victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser
20.
Incest
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Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives. The incest taboo is and has one of the most widespread of all cultural taboos. Most modern societies have laws regarding incest or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages, in societies where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a victimless crime. Some cultures extend the incest taboo to relatives with no consanguinity such as milk-siblings, stepsiblings, third-degree relatives on average share 12. 5% genes, and sexual relations between them is viewed differently in various cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable. The children of incestuous relationships were regarded as illegitimate, and are still so regarded in some societies today, in most cases, the parents did not have the option to marry to remove that status, as incestuous marriages were, and are, normally also prohibited. A common justification for prohibiting incest is avoiding inbreeding, a collection of genetic disorders suffered by the children of parents with a genetic relationship. But inbreeding is not the basis for the incest taboo for two reasons. First, most prohibitions on incest cover affinity relationships—that is, relationships created by marriage —as well as created by adoption. And second, the incest taboo also applies to non-procreative sex—for example, some societies, such as the Balinese and some Inuit tribes, have different views about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative are almost universally forbidden, the English word incest is derived from the Latin incestus, which has a general meaning of impure, unchaste. It was introduced into Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense and in the modern sense. The derived adjective incestuous appears in the 16th century, before the Latin term came in, incest was known in Old English as sib-leger or mǣġhǣmed but in time, both words fell out of use. In ancient China, first cousins with the surnames were not permitted to marry. Several of the Egyptian Pharaohs married their siblings and had children with them. For example, Tutankhamun married his half-sister Ankhesenamun, and was himself the child of an union between Akhenaten and an unidentified sister-wife. It is now accepted that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period. Numerous papyri and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister, in the sequel to Oedipus, Antigone, his four children are also punished for their parents incestuousness. Incest appears in the accepted version of the birth of Adonis
21.
Ed McBain
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Ed McBain is one of the pen names of an American author and screenwriter. Born Salvatore Albert Lombino, he adopted the name Evan Hunter in 1952. While successful and well known as Evan Hunter, he was better known as Ed McBain. He also used the pen names John Abbott, Curt Cannon, Hunt Collins, Ezra Hannon and his 87th Precinct novels have become staples of the police procedural genre. Salvatore Lombino was born and raised in New York City and he lived in East Harlem until age 12, when his family moved to the Bronx. He attended Olinville Junior High School, then Evander Childs High School, later, he was admitted as an art student at Cooper Union. Lombino served in the Navy in World War II and wrote short stories while serving aboard a destroyer in the Pacific. However, none of these stories was published until after he had established himself as an author in the 1950s. After the war, Lombino returned to New York and attended Hunter College, where he majored in English and psychology, with minors in dramatics and education and he published a weekly column in the Hunter College newspaper as S. A. Lombino. In 1981, Lombino was inducted into the Hunter College Hall of Fame, while looking to start a career as a writer, Lombino took a variety of jobs, including 17 days as a teacher at Bronx Vocational High School in September 1950. This experience would form the basis for his novel Blackboard Jungle. In 1951, Lombino took a job as an editor for the Scott Meredith Literary Agency, working with authors such as Poul Anderson. Clarke, Lester del Rey, Richard S. Prather, and P. G. Wodehouse and he made his first professional short story sale that same year, a science-fiction tale titled Welcome, Martians. Soon after his initial sale, Lombino sold stories under the pen names Evan Hunter, the name Evan Hunter is generally believed to have been derived from two schools he attended, Evander Childs High School and Hunter College, although the author himself would never confirm that. Lombino legally changed his name to Evan Hunter in May 1952, thereafter, he used the name Evan Hunter both personally and professionally. As Evan Hunter, he gained notice with his novel Blackboard Jungle dealing with juvenile crime, the film adaptation followed in 1955. During this era, Hunter also wrote a great deal of genre fiction and he was advised by his agents that publishing too much fiction under the Hunter byline, or publishing any crime fiction as Evan Hunter, might weaken his literary reputation. Consequently, during the 1950s Hunter used the pseudonyms Curt Cannon, Hunt Collins, Ed McBain, his best known pseudonym, was first used with Cop Hater, the first novel in the 87th Precinct crime series
22.
Fairhaven, Massachusetts
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Fairhaven is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the south coast of Massachusetts where the Acushnet River flows into Buzzards Bay, the population of Fairhaven was 15,873 at the time of the 2010 census. Fairhaven was first settled in 1659 as Cushnea, the easternmost part of the town of Dartmouth and it was founded on land purchased by English settlers at the Plymouth Colony from the Wampanoag sachem Massasoit, and his son, Wamsutta. In 1787, the portion of Dartmouth seceded and formed a new settlement called New Bedford. This new town included areas that are the towns of Fairhaven, Acushnet. Fairhaven eventually separated from New Bedford, and it was incorporated in 1812. At that time, Fairhaven included all of the land on the east bank of the Acushnet River, the northern portion of Fairhaven, upriver from Buzzards Bay, formed another independent town, called Acushnet, in 1860. Thus, what had once been a town, Dartmouth, with a substantial land area, became, in less than 75 years. Fort Phoenix is located in Fairhaven at the mouth of the Acushnet River, within sight of the fort, the first naval battle of the American Revolution took place on 14 May 1775. Under the command of Nathaniel Pope and Daniel Egery, a group of 25 Fairhaven minutemen aboard the sloop Success retrieved two vessels captured by a British warship in Buzzards Bay. On 5 and 6 September 1778, the British landed four thousand soldiers on the west side of the Acushnet River and they burned ships and warehouses in New Bedford, skirmished at the Head-of-the-River bridge, and marched through Fairhaven to Sconticut Neck, burning homes along the way. In deference to the force approaching from the landward side, the fort was abandoned. An attack on Fairhaven village itself was repelled by militia under the command of Major Israel Fearing, fearings heroic action saved Fairhaven from further molestation. The fort was enlarged before the War of 1812, and it helped repel an attack on the harbor by British forces, in the early morning hours of 13 June 1814, landing boats were launched from the British raider, HMS Nimrod. Alerted by the firing of the guns at Fort Phoenix, the gathered. The fort was decommissioned in 1876, and in 1926 the site was donated to the town by Cara Rogers Broughton, today, the area surrounding the fort includes a park and a bathing beach. The fort lies just to the side of the harbors hurricane barrier. Prior to the half of the nineteenth century, whale oil was the primary source of fuel for lighting in the United States
23.
Telegraphy
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Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not, telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver. Such methods are designed according to the limits of the medium used. The use of signals, beacons, reflected light signals. In the 19th century, the harnessing of electricity led to the invention of electrical telegraphy, the advent of radio in the early 20th century brought about radiotelegraphy and other forms of wireless telegraphy. The word telegraph was first coined by the French inventor of the Semaphore line, Claude Chappe, a telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i. e. for telegraphy. The word telegraph alone now generally refers to an electrical telegraph, Wireless telegraphy is also known as CW, for continuous wave, as opposed to the earlier radio technique of using a spark gap. Contrary to the definition used by Chappe, Morse argued that the term telegraph can strictly be applied only to systems that transmit. This is to be distinguished from semaphore, which transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, according to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when Pavel Schilling invented one of the earliest electrical telegraphs. A telegraph message sent by a telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code was known as a telegram. A cablegram was a sent by a submarine telegraph cable. Later, a Telex was a sent by a Telex network. A wire picture or wire photo was a picture that was sent from a remote location by a facsimile telegraph. A diplomatic telegram, also known as a cable, is the term given to a confidential communication between a diplomatic mission and the foreign ministry of its parent country. These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the used for transmission. Commercial electrical telegraphs were introduced from 1837, the first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraph, including the use of smoke signals, beacons, or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times. Early proposals for a telegraph system were made to the Royal Society by Robert Hooke in 1684 and were first implemented on an experimental level by Sir Richard Lovell Edgeworth in 1767
24.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
25.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
26.
Nance O'Neil
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Not to be confused with Australian-born British actress Nancy ONeil Nance ONeil was an American actress of stage and silent cinema of the early 20th century, dubbed the American Bernhardt. ONeil was born in Oakland, California, as Gertrude Lamson to George Lamson, when she decided to become an actress, her religious father, an auctioneer, denounced his daughter in church for going on the stage and asked the congregation to pray for her. A critic in The New York Times wrote of ONeils talents in 1908, miss ONeil has a kind of massive beauty, and she is not without much natural grace. Her voice is an organ, rich and deep, with plenty of color. There are moments when it is expressive of deep feeling, in her role as the title character in the 1906 adaptation of Leah, the Forsaken, she recreated the role made famous by Italian actress Adelaide Ristori. Her performances in Leah were described as genius by Fremont Older and she also appeared in Trilby, Camille, The Common Standard, The Wanderer, Macbeth, Agnes, Sappho, The Passion Flower, Hedda Gabler, and many other productions in the United States and Europe. The statuesque ONeil performed in Louisville, Kentucky, opposite such actors as Wilton Lackaye, Edmund Breese, William Faversham, Tom Wise, there were regular productions, including Ned McCobbs Daughter, The Front Page, The Big Fight. A transcontinental tour of The Big Fight began in Boston, took in New Haven and Hartford and she also acted in plays by Shakespeare and Ibsen in Boston in the late 1920s. On November 29,1922, she was featured at the night of the Columbia Theatre in Sharon. For a period in the early 1900s ONeil owned her own acting company, in Hollywood, she began in silent movies, such as The Kreutzer Sonata. In 1904, ONeil met Lizzie Borden in Boston, the two had a close friendship, which incited considerable gossip-mongering. ONeil was a character in the musical Lizzie Borden, A Musical Tragedy in Two Axe, the womens implied romantic relationship was explored in the 2010 play Nance ONeil by David Foley. ONeil was also a character in a play by William Norfolk, The Lights are Warm, set in 1905, it uses Lizzies friendship with ONeil and other theatrical players as a vehicle for a play within a play. The actors recreate scenes from the trial in an improv-like setting, coached or criticized by Lizzie. The playwright seems to think that Lizzie was innocent, and the perpetrator was the maid. In 1916 ONeil married Alfred Hickman, a British-born film actor who was married to actress Blanche Walsh. Hickman and ONeil costarred as Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra in the silent film, ONeil was a resident of the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey, and died there on February 7,1965, aged 90. She was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, in the Columbarium of the Sanctuaries, the Actors Birthday Book, 2d Series
27.
Newmarket, New Hampshire
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Newmarket is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 8,936 at the 2010 census, some residents are students and employees at the nearby University of New Hampshire in Durham. Incorporated in 1727, Newmarket is one of six towns granted by Massachusetts in the last year of the reign of King George I and it started as a parish of Exeter, and was granted full town privileges by the legislature in 1737. It was probably named for Newmarket in Suffolk, England, the Lamprey River, running through the town, was named for John Lamprey, an early settler. For a while, the town was called Lampreyville, Newmarket was a center of the New England shipping trade with the West Indies, including importation of sugar and African slaves. Beginning with the first cotton mill in 1823, the Newmarket Manufacturing Company dominated the mill towns waterfront. The company had cotton shipped up from the Deep South, so its production was affected by the American Civil War. It built numerous structures, including multi-family housing for workers. Adapted for modern commercial and residential uses, the mills are today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 1970s, the served as the headquarters of the Timberland Company. Once a part of Newmarket, Newfields incorporated as a town in 1849. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 14.2 square miles, of which 12.6 sq mi is land and 1.6 sq mi is water. Situated beside Great Bay, Newmarket is drained by the Lamprey River, the towns highest point is the summit of Bald Hill, at 281 feet above sea level, near the towns southwest corner. Great Hill, with an elevation of 228 feet, rises just south of the town center. The primary settlement, or census-designated place, within Newmarket has an area of 2.0 sq mi. The town is crossed by New Hampshire Route 108 and New Hampshire Route 152, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,027 people,3,379 households, and 1,949 families residing in the town. The population density was 639.5 people per square mile, there were 3,457 housing units at an average density of 106.4 persons/km². The racial makeup of the town was 94. 16% White,0. 64% African American,0. 20% Native American,3. 00% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,0. 42% from other races, and 1. 58% from two or more races
28.
New Hampshire
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New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests
29.
Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay
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Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay is a vaudeville and music hall song. The songs first known performance was in Henry J. Sayers 1891 revue Tuxedo. The song became known in the version sung by Lottie Collins in London music halls in 1892. The tune was used in various contexts, including as the theme song to the television show Howdy Doody. The songs authorship was disputed for some years, however, Sayers later said that he had not written the song, but had heard it performed in the 1880s by a black singer, Mama Lou, in a well-known St. Louis brothel run by Babe Connors. Stephen Cooney, Lottie Collins husband, heard the song in Tuxedo and she performed it to great acclaim in the 1892 adaptation of Edmond Audrans opérette, Miss Helyett. The song was performed in France under the title Tha-ma-ra-boum-di-hé, first by Mlle, duclerc at Aux Ambassadeurs in 1891, but the following year as a major hit for Polaire at the Folies Bergère. In 1892 The New York Times reported that a French version of the song had appeared under the title Boom-allez, later editions of the music credited its authorship to various persons, including Alfred Moor-King, Paul Stanley, and Angelo A. Asher. Around 1914 Joe Hill wrote a version which tells the tale of how poor working conditions can lead workers into accidentally causing their machinery to have mishaps, a 1930s lawsuit determined that the tune and the refrain were in the public domain. The tune is widely recognizable and has used for numerous other songs, including childrens camp songs. It was used for the song to the show Howdy Doody. The character Tarara, in the 1893 Gilbert & Sullivan comic opera Utopia, a 1945 British film of the same name describes the history of music hall theatre. From 1974 to 1988 the Disneyland park in Anaheim, California USA presented a portion of the song as part of a revue show entitled America Sings. Containing four acts in a revolving carousel theater, the song was part of the finale in Act 3, a sweet Tuxedo girl you see A queen of swell society Fond of fun as fond can be When its on the strict Q. T. Im not too young, Im not too old Not too timid, not too bold Just the kind youd like to hold Just the kind for sport Im told Chorus, Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-re. T. Im not too young, Im not too old Not too timid, a smart and stylish girl you see, Belle of good society Not too strict but rather free Yet as right as right can be. Never forward, never bold Not too hot, and not too cold But the very thing, Im told, Im not extravagantly shy And when a nice young man is nigh For his heart I have a try And faint away with tearful cry. When the good man in haste Will support me round the waist I dont come to while thus embraced Till of my lips he steals a taste
30.
Mother Goose
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The figure of Mother Goose is the imaginary author of a collection of fairy tales and nursery rhymes often published as Mother Gooses Rhymes. As a character, she appears in one nursery rhyme, a Christmas pantomime called Mother Goose is often performed in the United Kingdom. The so-called Mother Goose rhymes and stories have formed the basis for many classic British pantomimes, Mother Goose is the name given to an archetypal country woman. She is credited with the Mother Goose stories and rhymes popularized in the 17th century in English-language literature, an early mention appears in an aside in a versified French chronicle of weekly events, Jean Lorets La Muse Historique, collected in 1650. His remark, comme un conte de la Mère Oye shows that the term was readily understood, additional 17th-century Mother Goose/Mere lOye references appear in French literature in the 1620s and 1630s. According to Eleanor Early, a Boston travel and history writer of the 1930s, and 1940s and she was reportedly the second wife of Isaac Goose, who brought to the marriage six children of her own to add to Isaacs ten. After Isaac died, Elizabeth went to live with her eldest daughter, who had married Thomas Fleet, according to Early, Mother Goose used to sing songs and ditties to her grandchildren all day, and other children swarmed to hear them. Finally, her son-in-law gathered her jingles together and printed them, another authority on the Mother Goose tradition, Iona Opie, does not give any credence to either the Elwes-Thomas or the Boston suppositions. Perraults publication marks the first authenticated starting-point for Mother Goose stories, the first public appearance of the Mother Goose stories in the New World was in Worcester, Massachusetts, where printer Isaiah Thomas reprinted Sambers volume under the same title in 1786. This edition was registered with the Stationers Company in 1780, however, no copy has been traced, and the earliest surviving edition is dated 1784. The name Mother Goose has been associated in the English-speaking world with childrens poetry ever since, in 1837, John Bellenden Ker Gawler published a book deriving the origin of the Mother Goose rhymes from Flemish puns. In music, Maurice Ravel wrote Ma mère loye, a suite for the piano, there is also a song called Mother Goose by progressive rock band Jethro Tull from their 1971 Aqualung album. The song seems to be unrelated to the figure of Mother Goose, since she is only the first of many images that the narrator encounters. The pantomime was first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 29 December, in the first scene, the stage directions show her raising a storm and, for the very first time, flying a gander. The magical Mother Goose transformed the old miser into Pantaloon of the commedia dellarte and the British pantomime tradition, and she was played en travesti by Samuel Simmons – a pantomime tradition that survives today – and she also raises a ghost in a macabre churchyard scene. Some families in Utah give their gifts from Mother Goose on New Years Eve. Books by L. Frank Baum and illustrator W. W, denslow in the late 1890s featured Mother Goose and Father Goose. The Complete Mother Goose, nursery rhymes old and new, fully annotated edition by Daryl Leyland, with decorations and illustrations by Max Van Doren
31.
Ballet
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Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own based on French terminology. It has been influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training, Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art. Ballet may also refer to a dance work, which consists of the choreography. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker, a ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists, the word came into English usage from the French around 1630. Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de Medici, in France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs, Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted freedom of movement. The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides, French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France, in 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse to establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672, Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique from which the first professional ballet company, Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, the arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form, in the 20th century, ballet had a wide influence on other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet, other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet. Also in the century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance. Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance, early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin
