1.
Veronica Mars
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Veronica Mars is an American teen noir mystery drama television series created by screenwriter Rob Thomas. The series is set in the town of Neptune, California. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during television network UPNs final two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW, Veronica Mars was produced by Warner Bros. Television, Silver Pictures Television, Stu Segall Productions, and Rob Thomas Productions, Joel Silver and Rob Thomas were executive producers for the entire run of the series, while Diane Ruggiero was promoted in the third season. Veronica Mars is a student who progresses from high school to college while moonlighting as a private investigator under the tutelage of her detective father, in each episode, Veronica solves a different stand-alone case while working to solve a more complex mystery. The first two seasons of the series each had a season-long mystery arc, introduced in the first episode of the season, the third season took a different format, focusing on smaller mystery arcs that would last the course of several episodes. Filming began in March 2004, and the premiered in September to 2.49 million American viewers. The critically acclaimed first seasons run of 22 episodes garnered an average of 2.5 million viewers per episode in the United States, Veronica Mars appeared on a number of fall television best lists, and garnered several awards and nominations. During the series run, it was nominated for two Satellite Awards, four Saturn Awards, five Teen Choice Awards and was featured on AFIs TV Programs of the Year for 2005, following the cancellation of the series, Thomas wrote a feature film script continuing the series. Warner Bros. opted not to fund the project at the time, on March 13,2013, Bell and Thomas launched a fundraising campaign to produce the film through Kickstarter and attained the $2 million goal in less than eleven hours. They accumulated over $5.7 million via Kickstarter, the film was released on March 14,2014. Season 1 revolves around Veronica Mars, a school student. As the daughter of well-respected County Sheriff Keith Mars, Veronicas biggest problem was getting dumped by her boyfriend, Duncan Kane, after Lillys murder, Veronicas life falls apart. Keith accuses Lillys father, popular software billionaire Jake Kane, of being involved in the murder and this provokes Neptunes wrath and Keiths ousting as sheriff in a recall election, replaced by Don Lamb. Veronicas mother, Lianne, develops a problem and leaves town. Veronicas 09er friends—wealthy students from the fictional 90909 ZIP code—force her to choose between them and her father, Veronica chooses her father, after being voted out as sheriff, Keith opens a private investigation agency, Mars Investigations, where Veronica works part-time. Veronica helps her father solve cases and conducts her own investigations on behalf of friends, Veronica discovers new evidence which suggests that Abel Koontz, the man imprisoned after confessing to Lillys murder, is innocent. As Veronica delves deeper into the case, she also works on other investigations, seeks her mothers whereabouts
2.
Rob Thomas (writer)
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Thomas was born in Sunnyside, Washington. He graduated from San Marcos High School in 1983 and went to Texas Christian University on a football scholarship, Thomas played 11 games for the TCU Horned Frogs football team in 1984 as a backup tight end and special teams player. He had one interception that season, off a punt attempt by Kansas State. He later transferred to the University of Texas at Austin and graduated in 1987 with a BA in history from its College of Liberal Arts. Before he began writing novels for adults, Thomas taught high-school journalism at John Marshall High School in San Antonio, Texas. He also advised the University of Texas at Austin student magazine, from August 1993 to June 1995 he worked for Channel One News, an experience which informed his 1998 novel Satellite Down. Thomas was a member of three San Marcos, Texas bands — Public Bulletin, Hey Zeus, and Black Irish — from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, thomass first television writing credit came on a 1996 episode of Cartoon Networks Space Ghost Coast to Coast. He next wrote the script that would become the 1999 film Fortune Cookie. Based on the script, he was offered a job on the staff of Dawsons Creek during the shows first season. After reading the script, then-president of Sony Entertainment Jeff Sagansky suggested Thomas create a romantic comedy pilot. That show soon developed into Cupid, a critically acclaimed 1998 comedy-drama series canceled after 15 episodes in 1999 and this led to Thomas being asked to run ABCs 1999 series Snoops, although he left due to creative differences with David E. Kelley before the show aired. After Snoops, Thomas got pilot orders for his U. S. adaptation of the British Metropolis and original script The Sticks, but neither went to series. Thomas got his second show picked up in 2004 — the critically successful but again low-rated Veronica Mars and he was offered the showrunner position on NBCs Friday Night Lights in 2006, which he declined in favor of the possibility of a third season of Veronica Mars. Thomas was also offered and declined CBSs Viva Laughlin in 2007, he joined ABCs Miss/Guided in May 2007 before leaving in July of the same year, in February 2009, according to Entertainment Weekly, Thomas fueled rumors of a possible Veronica Mars film. And a January 8,2012 piece at The Hollywood Reporter confirmed, The Party Down movie is a go, and according to Megan Mullally it will shoot in late spring or early summer. On June 30,2010, he told Kristin Dos Santos at E. Online that he was writing a pilot set in the world of corporate espionage for Showtime. On January 19,2011, Thomas revealed the series had not been picked up. On August 25,2010, Variety reported that NBC has ordered a pilot of a new sitcom, to be called Temp, for which Thomas, Dan Etheridge, on February 10, Thomas announced, NBC passed on TEMP, unfortunately
3.
UPN
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The United Paramount Network was an American broadcast television network that launched on January 16,1995. In December 2005, UPN was spun off to CBS Corporation when CBS, UPNs website is redirected to CBSs website after UPN is shut down along with The WB Paramount Pictures had played a pivotal role in the development of network television. The Paramount Television Network was launched in 1949, but dissolved in the 1950s, set to launch in early 1978, it would have run its programming for only one night a week. Thirty Movies of the Week would have followed Star Trek, Phase II on Saturday nights, Star Trek, Phase II was reworked as the theatrical film, Star Trek, The Motion Picture, absorbing the costs already incurred from the aborted television series. Paramount, and its eventual parent Viacom, continued to consider launching their own television network, in 1993, Time Warner and Chris-Craft Industries entered into a joint venture to distribute programs via a prime time programming service, the Prime Time Entertainment Network. Paramount formed the Paramount Stations Group in 1991 when it purchased the assets of the TVX Broadcast Group and this was not unlike the purchase of the Metromedia stations by News Corporation five years earlier, which were used as the nuclei for Fox. In another parallel, 20th Century Fox, like Paramount, had long been a powerhouse in television syndication, all indicators suggested that Paramount was about to launch a network of its own. The new network would be owned by Chris-Craft Industries, while most of its shows were to be produced by Paramount Television, Chris-Craft and Paramount/Viacom each owned independent stations in several large and mid-sized U. S. cities, and these stations formed the nuclei of the new network. UPN launched on January 16,1995, initially carrying programming only on Monday and Tuesday nights from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m. Eastern and Pacific Time. In contrast, The WB debuted one week earlier, on January 11, with four series – only one of which, Muscle, of the networks early offerings, only Star Trek, Voyager, Moesha and The Sentinel would last longer than one season. As a result of the lack of viewership, UPN operated on a loss and had lost $800 million by 2000, within nearly two years of the networks launch, on December 8,1996, Paramount/Viacom purchased a 50% stake in UPN from Chris-Craft for approximately $160 million. Like Fox had done nine years earlier, UPN started with a few nights of programming each week, the first expansion of its prime time lineup came with the addition of programming on Wednesday nights in the 1996–97 season. UPN ordered 36 science fiction films for its movie night beginning in 1998 from four producers with most coming from Paramount, some titles would be shown on Showtime first so the cable channel would aid in advertising the movies. UPN completed its prime time expansion in the 1998–99 season, with Thursdays and Fridays as the last nights of programming to be added to the networks evening slate. Despite what publicity Desmond received from its controversial topicality, the series suffered low ratings and was cancelled after four episodes. On March 17, New York Supreme Court judge Herman Cahn ruled against Chris-Crafts move for a permanent injunction to curtail the Viacom-CBS merger and the enforcement of Viacoms ultimatum. Unable to find a partner, on March 20, Chris-Craft allowed Viacom to buy out its 50% stake for $5 million. This gave UPN the rare distinction of being one of the only broadcast networks to not have had owned-and-operated stations in the three largest media markets, New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago
4.
The CW
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Entertainment division of Time Warner, former majority owner of The WB Television Network. The CW name is a derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations. The network made its debut on September 18,2006, after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year. The CWs first two nights of programming – on September 18 and 19,2006 – consisted of reruns, the CW marked its formal launch date on September 20,2006, with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of Americas Next Top Model. As of 2008, the programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34, although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeal to men. The CW is also available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico–U. S, in both countries, some CW affiliates are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the stations signal coverage. UPN and The WB both began just as the Fox network had started to secure a foothold with American television audiences, the two networks launched to limited fanfare and generally mediocre to poor results. However, over the subsequent 11 1⁄2 seasons, both were able to air several series that became quite popular, in the eleven years that UPN and The WB were in operation, the two networks lost a combined $2 billion. CBS chairman Leslie Moonves explained that the name of the new network was formed from the first letters of CBS and Warner Bros, joking, like both UPN and The WB, The CW targets its programming towards younger audiences. CBS and Time Warner hoped that combining their networks schedules and affiliate lineups would strengthen The CW into a major broadcast network. The CW launched with a premiere special/launch party from the CBS-produced Entertainment Tonight at Warner Bros, when Top Model made its network premiere on September 20,2006, The CW scored a 3.4 rating/5 share in the Nielsen household ratings. It scored a 2.6 rating among Adults 18–49, finishing fourth in that age demographic, on May 9,2008, The CW announced that it would lease its Sunday lineup to production company Media Rights Capital. With no first-run programming available to run on Sundays as a backup, the network added reruns of The Drew Carey Show and Jericho, the CW has generally struggled in the Nielsen ratings since its inception, primarily placing fifth in all statistics tabulated by Nielsen. On several occasions, The CW has even been outrated by Spanish language network Univision and this had led to speculation within the industry that CBS, Time Warner or both companies could abandon the venture if ratings did not improve. Executives with CBS Corporation and Time Warner also emphasized their commitment to the network and this, in turn, resulted in the discontinuance of the Sunday late afternoon repeat block that The CW inherited from The WB through its use of the predecessor networks scheduling model. Maatta began reporting to Pedowitz as a result of the appointment as network president. Pedowitz revealed that the target demographic of the network would not change. The network also ordered more episodes of its series and ran them consecutively through the first week of December, starting on September 12
5.
Kristen Bell
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Kristen Anne Bell is an American actress and singer. She began her career starring in stage productions and attended the Tisch School of Arts in New York. In 2001, she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, in 2004, she had a supporting role in the film Spartan and received praise for her first leading performance in Gracies Choice. Bell gained critical acclaim for her first major role as the character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars. For her performance she was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television and she reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation of the series. During her time on Veronica Mars, Bell appeared as Mary Lane in the film Reefer Madness, The Movie Musical, in 2007, Bell joined the cast of the sci-fi series Heroes, playing the character Elle Bishop, for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award. In 2008, she had her film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall. She has since appeared in a number of films, such as Couples Retreat, When in Rome, You Again. Bell garnered further recognition for voicing Princess Anna in the Disney film Frozen, the short film Frozen Fever, and she also starred as the female lead on the Showtime series House of Lies. Since 2016, she has starred in the role of Eleanor Shellstrop on the NBC comedy series The Good Place. Bell married actor Dax Shepard in 2013, with whom she has two daughters, Kristen Anne Bell was born on July 18,1980, and was raised in Huntington Woods, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Her mother, Lorelei, is a nurse, and her father, Tom Bell. Her parents divorced when she was two old, and she has two half-sisters from her fathers second marriage. She also has two stepsisters and two stepbrothers from her mothers second marriage and her mother is of Polish descent and her father has German, Scottish and Irish ancestry. Bell stated that she did not like her first name at the age of four, Bells mother convinced her to go by her middle name of Anne instead, she used the name Annie until high school. Bell once broke both her wrists at the time playing street hockey with friends. Just before her year of high school, Bells parents decided to pull her from the public school system. She then attended Shrine Catholic High School in nearby Royal Oak, in 1998, the year she graduated, Bell was named the yearbooks Best Looking Girl by senior class vote
6.
Veronica Mars (character)
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Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist, occasional narrator, and antiheroine of the American television series, Veronica Mars, which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007. The character was portrayed by Kristen Bell through the duration of the series, following the shows cancellation, Bell reprised the role in the 2014 film continuation. The character, created by Rob Thomas, was male and the protagonist of his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel. At the beginning of the series, Veronica is a 17-year-old junior at Neptune High in her hometown of Neptune, according to series creator Rob Thomas, Veronicas birthday is in August. Veronica has an after-school part-time job working for her father, private investigator Keith Mars, at this time in her life, Veronica does not have any friends until she meets and helps Wallace Fennel, who quickly becomes her best friend. Veronicas story is told via voice-overs and flashbacks fitted into the main story and we learn that a year before the series picks up, Veronica was a popular teen at Neptune High. Her best friend was popular junior Lilly Kane, Veronica was dating Lillys brother, Duncan Kane and Lilly was dating Logan Echolls, Duncans good friend. The four were at the forefront of the wealthy and popular 09er clique that dominated Neptune Highs social scene. Though Veronica did not meet the status of the other 09ers, she was accepted into the clique because she was dating Duncan. One day, Duncan stopped talking to Veronica and broke up with her with no explanation, Lilly refused to explain to Veronica what went wrong. Shortly afterwards, Lilly was found murdered at the side of her familys pool, Sheriff Keith Mars accused Lillys father, beloved software entrepreneur Jake Kane, of involvement in the murder. The citizens of Neptune were horrified and Keith quickly found himself voted out of office, keiths credibility took another blow when his replacement as Sheriff, former Deputy Sheriff Don Lamb, arrested disgruntled former Kane Software employee Abel Koontz, who confessed to Lillys murder. The shock and loss of income destroyed the Mars family, Veronicas mother started drinking heavily and abandoned the family several months later. Veronica sealed her fate as an outsider when she refused to denounce her father, Duncan stopped speaking to Veronica, and the rest of the 09ers followed suit. Veronica found herself banished from the exclusive 09er social scene and friends, two months after Lillys death, Veronica crashed an 09er party, thrown by Shelley Pomroy, to prove to her ex-friends that she did not care what they said about her. At the party, Veronicas drink is spiked with GHB and she awakens the morning in a guest bedroom without any recollection of the night before. To her horror, she realizes she was raped, when she reports the crime to Sheriff Lamb, he calls her a liar and throws her out of his office. She became cynical, filled with contempt and disgust towards her classmates and Neptunes wealthy elite, a pariah like her father, she funneled her time and energy into helping him in his own detective agency
7.
Private investigator
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A private investigator, a private detective, or inquiry agent, is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake investigatory law services. Private detectives/investigators often work for attorneys in civil and criminal cases, official law enforcement tried many times to shut it down. In 1842, police arrested him in suspicion of unlawful imprisonment, Vidocq later suspected that it had been a set-up. He was sentenced to five years and fined 3, 000-francs, Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology, and ballistics to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster casts of shoe impressions and he created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of anthropometrics is still used by French police. He is also credited for philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen for real need, after Vidocq, the industry was born. Much of what private investigators did in the days was to act as the police in matters for which their clients felt the police were not equipped or willing to do. A larger role for new private investigative industry was to assist companies in labor disputes. Some early private investigators provided armed guards to act as a private militia, in the United Kingdom, Charles Frederick Field set up an enquiry office upon his retirement from the Metropolitan Police in 1852. Field became a friend of Charles Dickens, and the latter wrote articles about him, in 1862, one of his employees, the Hungarian Ignatius Paul Pollaky, left him and set up a rival agency. In the United States, Allan Pinkerton established the Pinkerton National Detective Agency - a private detective agency - in 1850, Pinkerton became famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate then President-elect Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Pinkertons agents performed services which ranged from undercover investigations and detection of crimes, to plant protection and it is sometimes claimed, probably with exaggeration, that at the height of its existence, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than the United States Army. Allan Pinkerton hired Kate Warne in 1856 as a private detective, during the union unrest in the US in the late 19th century, companies sometimes hired operatives and armed guards from the Pinkertons. In the aftermath of the Homestead Riot of 1892, several states passed so-called anti-Pinkerton laws restricting the importation of private security guards during union strikes. Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno brothers, and the Wild Bunch, including Butch Cassidy. The Pinkerton agencys logo, an eye embellished with the words We Never Sleep, many private detectives/investigators with specialized academic and practical experience also work with defense attorneys on capital punishment and other criminal defense cases. Many others are insurance investigators who investigate suspicious claims, before the advent of no-fault divorce, many private investigators were hired to search out evidence of adultery or other conduct within marriage to establish grounds for a divorce
8.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
11.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
12.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
13.
California State Route 1
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State Route 1 is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U. S. state of California. At a total of just over 655.8 miles, it is the longest state route in California, Highway 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway, Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 near Dana Point in Orange County, Highway 1 also at times runs concurrently with US101, most notably through a 54-mile stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway is designated as an All-American Road, SR1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened and it was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as Highway 1. Highway 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway, the entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 in Dana Point and US101 near Oxnard as the Pacific Coast Highway, the legislature has also designated the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned other names by the state. The legislature has relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard. The route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the tourism industry. Segments of Highway 1 range from a rural road to an urban freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling between the metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster routes such as US101 or I-5. At its southernmost end in Orange County, Highway 1 terminates at I-5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point and it then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point, Highway 1 continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach, Highway 1 then enters Newport Beach, where it is known as simply Coast Highway. Upon entering Huntington Beach, Highway 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation and it passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the city on its journey in Orange County. PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River, Highway 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle, more than 2 miles from the coast
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Balboa Peninsula, Newport Beach
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The Balboa Peninsula is a neighborhood of the city of Newport Beach, Orange County, California. It is named after the Spanish explorer, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Balboa is primarily residential but has some commercial areas as well. In 1888, the McFadden family, which had arrived in California c,1849, decided their shipping business would be more successful if they moved it from the inner shores of the bay to the oceanfront, where it was connected by rail to Santa Ana. They built McFaddens’ Wharf at the location where the Newport Pier is today, in 1899, the Federal Government allocated funds for major improvements to a new harbor at San Pedro, which would become Southern California’s major seaport. The McFadden Wharf and railroad were sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad that same year, in 1902, James McFadden sold his Newport townsite and about half of the peninsula to William Collins, who saw Newport Bay’s resort and recreation potential. Collins took on Henry E. Huntington as a partner in the Newport Beach Company, Huntington had acquired the Pacific Electric railway system and used it to promote new communities outside of Los Angeles. In 1905, the Pacific Electric “Red Cars” were extended to Newport, Collins began dredging a channel on the north side of the bay and deposited the sand and silt on tidelands that would become Balboa Island. Newport Harbor was still largely undredged, and sailboats were often the way to get around. Robert McFadden, an early Balboa Harbor developer, established a fishing wharf on the Balboa Peninsula. To Balboa Island which is connected via bridge from Jamboree Rd, the west end of Balboa Island connects via bridge to Collins Isle and the east end connects via bridge over the Grand Canal to the Little Island. The center of the Peninsula is called Balboa Village and the end of the Peninsula is called Balboa Peninsula Point, Balboa Pier is near the Balboa Ferry in Balboa Village and about 2 miles toward PCH is Newport Pier at McFadden Square. Linda Isle and Harbor Island connect via bridge from Bayside Dr off Hwy 1, the peninsula acts as a jetty enclosing the Newport Harbor and Newport Beach’s islands. Historical buildings include Balboa Pavilion, the Balboa Theater, and the Balboa Inn
15.
Newport Beach, California
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Newport Beach is a seaside city in Orange County, California, United States. Its population was 85,287 at the 2010 census, Newport Beach is also home to Newport Harbor. The citys median family income and property values consistently place high in national rankings, the Upper Bay of Newport is a canyon, which was carved by a stream in the Pleistocene period. The lower bay of Newport was formed later by sand that was brought along by ocean currents. Before settlers reached the coasts of California, the Newport area, Indian shells and relics can still be found today scattered throughout the area. Though, throughout the 1800s, settlers began to settle the area due to the availability of land, the State of California sold acre-plots of land for $1 a piece in the Newport area. James Irvine, after hearing the news, quickly traveled from his home in San Francisco to the San Joaquin Ranch. In 1905 city development increased when Pacific Electric Railway established a southern terminus in Newport connecting the beach with downtown Los Angeles, in 1906, the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach. Settlements filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, Newport Island, Balboa Island, in 1923 Corona del Mar was annexed and in 2002 Newport Coast, East Santa Ana Heights and San Joaquin Hills, were annexed. In 2008, after a battle with the city of Costa Mesa. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 53.0 square miles. 23.8 square miles of it is land and 29.2 square miles of it is water. Areas of Newport Beach include Corona del Mar, Balboa Island, Balboa Peninsula, Lido Peninsula, Newport Coast, San Joaquin Hills, and Santa Ana Heights, Newport Harbor is a semi-artificial harbor that was formed by dredging Newport Bay estuary during the early 1900s. Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries such as boatbuilding, shipbuilding, and commercial fishing and its shores are occupied mostly by private homes and private docks. With approximately 9,000 boats, Newport Harbor is one of the largest recreational boat harbors on the U. S. west coast and its a popular destination for all boating activities, including sailing, fishing, rowing, canoeing, kayaking, and paddleboarding. Newport Bay is divided by the Pacific Coast Highway bridge, which is too low for most sailboats, North of the bridge is referred to as Upper Newport Bay, or the Back Bay. South of the bridge is commonly called Lower Newport Bay, or Newport Harbor, however the Back Bay also has harbor facilities, especially the marina and launch ramp at The Dunes. The north end of the Newport Harbor channels around Lido Island have a number of business centers and were at one time used by the fishing fleets as their home
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Balboa Park (San Diego)
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Balboa Park is a 1, 200-acre urban cultural park in San Diego, California, United States. In addition to open areas, natural vegetation zones, green belts, gardens, and walking paths, it contains museums, several theaters. There are also recreational facilities and several gift shops and restaurants within the boundaries of the park. Placed in reserve in 1835, the site is one of the oldest in the United States dedicated to public recreational use. Balboa Park is managed and maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department of the City of San Diego, the park and its historic Exposition buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark and National Historic Landmark District in 1977, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Balboa Park contains museums, gardens, attractions, and venues, the park is essentially rectangular, bounded by Sixth Avenue to the west, Upas Street to the north, 28th Street to the east, and Russ Boulevard to the south. Also encroaching on the perimeter of the park is Roosevelt Middle School. Two north-south canyons — Cabrillo Canyon and Florida Canyon — traverse the park, the Sixth Avenue Mesa is a narrow strip bordering Sixth Avenue on the western edge of the park, which provides areas of passive recreation, grassy spaces, and tree groves. The Central Mesa is home to much of the cultural facilities, and includes scout camps, the San Diego Zoo, the Prado. East Mesa is home to Morley Field and many of the recreation facilities in the park. The park is crossed by several freeways, which take up a total of 111 acres once designated for parkland, in 1948, California State Route 163 was built through Cabrillo Canyon and under the Cabrillo Bridge. This stretch of road, initially named the Cabrillo Freeway, has called one of Americas most beautiful parkways. A portion of Interstate 5 was built in the park in the 1950s, surrounding the park are many of San Diegos older neighborhoods, including Downtown, Bankers Hill, North Park, and Golden Hill. Balboa Park is an attraction in San Diego and the region. Its many mature, and sometimes rare, trees and groves comprise an urban forest, many of the original trees were planted by the renowned American landscape architect, botanist, plantswoman, and gardener Kate Sessions. An early proponent of drought tolerant and California native plants in garden design, Sessions established a nursery to propagate and grow for the park, the main entrance to the park is via the Cabrillo Bridge and through the California Quadrangle. That entry is currently a two-lane road providing access to the park. El Prado, a long, wide promenade and boulevard, runs through the parks center, fleet Science Center, and the Timken Museum of Art
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San Juan Capistrano, California
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San Juan Capistrano is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The current OMB metropolitan designation for San Juan Capistrano and the Orange County Area is Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, the population was 34,593 at the 2010 census, up from 33,826 at the 2000 census. The city was created around Mission San Juan Capistrano, and many of the homes and it is home to the widest variety of homes in Orange County, including those built prior to 1900, in its central district. San Juan Capistrano formerly hosted a population of cliff swallows that migrate each year from Argentina to the Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano is the site of a Catholic mission for which it is named, Mission San Juan Capistrano. When the Mission was founded in 1776, the religion was populated by the Acjachemen band of Native Americans, the mission was named after Giovanni da Capistrano, the Franciscan saint from Capestrano, in the Italian region of Abruzzo. The city is the site of Californias oldest residential neighborhood, Los Rios and it is also the home of the oldest in use building in California, the Serra Chapel in the Mission. The area was the site of both the first vineyard and first winery in California, in the 1830s Richard Henry Dana, Jr. author of the classic Two Years Before the Mast visited the area as a sailor engaged in the hide trade on board the ship Pilgrim. Describing the locale, which included what is now the neighboring city of Dana Point, he gushed. The area was also the locale of Johnston McCulleys first Zorro novella, The Curse of Capistrano, the city is featured in a map entitled Inferno in Valves Counter-Strike series. The 2010 United States Census reported that San Juan Capistrano had a population of 34,593, the population density was 2,419.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of San Juan Capistrano was 26,664 White,193 African American,286 Native American,975 Asian,33 Pacific Islander,5,234 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13,388 persons. The Census reported that 34,506 people lived in households, there were 456 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 87 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,381 households were made up of individuals and 1,407 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.03. There were 8,321 families, the family size was 3.44. The median age was 40.2 years, for every 100 females there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males, there were 11,940 housing units at an average density of 835.2 per square mile, of which 8,462 were owner-occupied, and 2,932 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 3%, the vacancy rate was 4. 7%. 24,052 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,454 people lived in housing units
18.
Point Loma, San Diego
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Point Loma is a seaside community within the city of San Diego, California. Geographically it is a peninsula that is bordered on the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, the east by the San Diego Bay and Old Town. Together with the Silver Strand / Coronado peninsula, the Point Loma peninsula defines San Diego Bay, the term Point Loma is used to describe both the neighborhood and the peninsula. Point Loma has an population of 47,981, according to the 2010 Census. The Peninsula Planning Area, which includes most of Point Loma, Point Loma is historically important as the landing place of the first European expedition to come ashore in present-day California. The peninsula has been described as where California began, today, Point Loma houses two major military bases, a national cemetery, a national monument, and a university, in addition to residential and commercial areas. Loma is the Spanish word for hill, the original name of the peninsula was La Punta de la Loma de San Diego, translated as Hill Point of San Diego. This was later anglicized to Point Loma, there were no permanent indigenous settlements on Point Loma because of a lack of fresh water. Kumeyaay people did visit Ocean Beach periodically to harvest mussels, clams, abalone, Cabrillo described San Diego Bay as a very good enclosed port. Historians believe he docked his flagship on Point Lomas east shore and this was the first landing by a European in present-day California, so that Point Loma has been described as where California began. More than 200 years were to pass before a permanent European settlement was established in San Diego in 1769, Mission San Diego itself was in the San Diego River valley, but its port was a bayside beach in Point Loma called La Playa. The historic La Playa Trail, the oldest European trail on the West Coast, led from the Mission and Presidio to La Playa, part of the route became present-day Rosecrans Street. The beach at La Playa continued to serve as San Diegos port until the establishment of New Town in the 1870s. Ballast Point got its name from the practice of ships discarding their ballast there on arriving in San Diego Bay, Fort Guijarros was constructed at Ballast Point in 1797. Ballast Point and La Playa are now on the grounds of Naval Base Point Loma, the longtime association of San Diego with the U. S. military began in Point Loma. The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for purposes as early as 1852. Over the next decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries. Significant U. S. Navy presence in San Diego began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma
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Normal Heights, San Diego
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Normal Heights is a neighborhood of the mid-city region of San Diego, California. The former State Normal School building now serves as the Eugene Brucker Education Center, at the time of the founding of San Diego, the area that is now Normal Heights was largely covered with brush and populated only by rabbits. Later it had a few farms, but development was limited by lack of water, speculators became interested in the area during the San Diego land boom of the 1880s, and several land development companies were actively working in the area by the 1900s. Around 1905 a reservoir was built in University Heights, partly as a result, the community was officially founded in 1906, when a syndicate led by D. C. Collier and George M. Hawley filed a map with the county. At that time it was an independent community, not part of the city of San Diego and it became one of San Diegos first streetcar suburbs with the development of an electric trolley route along Adams Avenue, part of the San Diego Electric Railway system. A trolley barn was built in Normal Heights in 1913, the Adams Avenue Operating Division was established in 1915, a group of residents organized the Normal Heights Improvement Association in 1911, establishing a county public library and other improvements. Normal Heights Central School was established in 1912, the county began paving the roads and establishing gutters and sidewalks in 1913. Carteri, who spurred business and residential development in the 1920s, the community was annexed to the city of San Diego in 1925. In June 1985 a wildfire burned into Normal Heights from the Mission Valley slope just north of the community. The blaze damaged or destroyed expensive bluff-top buildings with views of the valley, Normal Heights is centrally located in the city of San Diego, on a mesa just south of Mission Valley. Its borders are defined by Interstate 805 to the West, Interstate 8 to the North, Interstate 15 to the East, and El Cajon Boulevard to the South. A notable building in the community is a court on Adams Avenue designed by Louis L. Gill, originally named El Sueño. Another is a Carmelite monastery on Hawley Blvd, designed by Frank L. Hope, Sr. A2001 study found the neighborhood to have an age of 31 and an ethnic breakdown of 53% white, 25% Hispanic, 13% African American. Normal Heights was reported by the San Diego Union-Tribune to be the neighborhood to perfectly reflect the ethnic diversity of San Diego. Like other urban mesa neighborhoods north of Balboa Park, Normal Heights has a rate of pedestrian activity. The stretch of Adams Avenue between Texas Street on the west and Ohio Street on the east is referred to as Antique Row
20.
Oceanside, California
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Oceanside is a coastal city located on Californias South Coast. It is the third-largest city in San Diego County, California, the city had a population of 167,086 at the 2010 census. Together with Carlsbad and Vista, it forms a tri-city area, Oceanside is located just south of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. Originally inhabited by Native Americans, the first European explorers arrived in 1769, Spanish missionaries under Father Junipero Serra founded Mission San Luis Rey de Francia on a former site of a Luiseño Indian village on the banks of the San Luis Rey River. In the early 19th century, the introduction of farming and grazing changed the landscape of what would become Oceanside, the area—like all of California—was under Spanish, then in 1821 under Mexican rule, and then the U. S. in 1848. In the late 1850s, Andrew Jackson Myers lived in San Joaquin County, a native of LaSalle County, Illinois, he returned in the late 1880s and lived in San Luis Rey. In 1882 Myers moved on the land that was the town site for Oceanside. A patent for the land was issued in 1883 by the federal government and it was incorporated on July 3,1888. The city hall as of the early 21st century stands on the former Myers homestead, the town post office contains an oil-on-canvas mural, Air Mail, painted in 1937 by Elsie Seeds. Federally commissioned murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, in the 20th century, Oceanside was a beach town devoted to activities on a 6-mile stretch of beaches. Residential areas like downtown, South Oceanside, and developments east of Interstate 5 are preserved and remodeled when these houses are considered to have historical value. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 91. 0% white,5. 1% black and 1. 7% Asian, after 1970, the main focus of Oceanside was suburban development and a choice for newcomers to move into then relatively affordable housing. Oceanside continues to be known for the value and appreciation as a home market. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 42.2 square miles. Traveling north on Interstate 5, Oceanside is the last city before Orange County, as the crow flies, it is roughly the same distance from Aliso Viejo as it is to downtown San Diego. Oceanside experiences a climate that is significantly tempered by maritime winds. The average high temperatures range from 64 °F to 77 °F, the 2010 United States Census reported that Oceanside had a population of 167,086. The population density was 3,961.8 people per square mile
21.
San Diego State University
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San Diego State University is a public research university in San Diego, California, and is the largest and oldest higher education institution in San Diego County. Founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, it is the third-oldest university in the 23-member California State University, SDSU has a Fall 2016 student body of 34,688 and an alumni base of more than 280,000. The Carnegie Foundation has designated San Diego State University a Doctoral University with Higher Research Activity, in the 2015–16 fiscal year, the university obtained $130 million in public and private funding—a total of 707 awards—up from $120.6 million the previous fiscal year. SDSU sponsors the second highest number of Fulbright Scholars in the State of California, since 2005, the university has produced over 65 Fulbright student scholars. The university generates over $2.4 billion annually for the San Diego economy, while 60 percent of SDSU graduates remain in San Diego, making SDSU a primary educator of the regions work force. Established on March 13,1897, San Diego State University first began as the San Diego Normal School and it was located on a 17-acre campus on Park Boulevard in University Heights. It opened with seven faculty members and 91 students, the curriculum was limited to English, history. In 1923, the San Diego Normal School became San Diego State Teachers College, by the 1930s the school had outgrown its original campus. In 1931 it moved to its current location on a mesa at what was then the edge of San Diego. In 1935, the school expanded its offerings beyond teacher education, in 1960, San Diego State College became a part of the California State Colleges system, now known as The California State University. Finally in 1972 San Diego State College became California State University, San Diego, John F. Kennedy, then the President of the United States of America, gave the graduation commencement address at San Diego State University on June 6,1963. Kennedy was given a doctorate degree in law at the ceremony. In 1964, this event was registered as California Historical Landmark #798, on May 29,1964, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a near-capacity audience in the Open Air Theater. King discussed his vision for the future and called for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, in April 2012, his Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama spoke at SDSUs Viejas Arena as part of his Compassion Without Borders tour. SDSU has had 10 presidents, two of whom served in an acting capacity, several structures on the campus are named in past presidents honor, such as Hardy Tower, Hepner Hall, and the Malcolm A. In March 2017 President Hirshman announced his intention to resign June 30,2017, samuel T. Black Edward L. Hardy Walter R. Hepner Malcolm A. Love Donald E. Walker Brage Golding Trevor Colbourn Thomas B, SDSU also offers 26 different teaching credentials. The university offers doctoral degrees than any other campus in the entire California State University
22.
University of California, San Diego
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The University of California, San Diego is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, in the United States. The university occupies 2,141 acres near the coast of the Pacific Ocean with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres, UC San Diego is organized into six undergraduate residential colleges, three graduate schools, and two professional medical schools. UC San Diego is also home to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the first centers dedicated to ocean, earth and atmospheric science research and education. UC San Diego Health, the only academic health system, provides patient care, conducts medical research. According to the National Science Foundation, UC San Diego spent $1.101 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2015, ranking it 5th in the nation. UC San Diego faculty, researchers, and alumni have won 20 Nobel Prizes, eight National Medals of Science, eight MacArthur Fellowships, two Pulitzer Prizes, and three Fields medals. Local citizens supported the idea, voting the same year to transfer to the university 59 acres of land on the coast near the preexisting Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This outraged local conservatives, as well as Regent Edwin W. Pauley, UC President Clark Kerr satisfied San Diego city donors by changing the proposed name from University of California, La Jolla, to University of California, San Diego. The city voted in agreement to its part in 1958, because of the clash with Pauley, Revelle was not made chancellor. Herbert York, first director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was designated instead, York planned the main campus according to the Oxbridge model, relying on many of Revelles ideas. UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed from the top down in terms of research emphasis, local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well. John Jay Hopkins of General Dynamics Corporation pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter, maria Goeppert-Mayer, later the second female Nobel laureate in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. By 1963, new facilities on the mesa had been finished for the School of Science and Engineering, ten additional faculty in those disciplines were hired, and the whole site was designated the First College, later renamed after Roger Revelle, of the new campus. York resigned as chancellor that year and was replaced by John Semple Galbraith, the undergraduate program accepted its first class of 181 freshman at Revelle College in 1964. Second College was founded in 1964, on the land deeded by the federal government, the School of Medicine also accepted its first students in 1966. Political theorist Herbert Marcuse joined the faculty in 1965, a champion of the New Left, he reportedly was the first protestor to occupy the administration building in a demonstration organized by his student, political activist Angela Davis. Further student unrest was felt at the university, as the United States increased its involvement in the Vietnam War during the early 1960s, protests escalated as the war continued and were only exacerbated after the National Guard fired on student protesters at Kent State University in 1970
23.
University of San Diego
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The University of San Diego is a private Roman Catholic university in San Diego, California, United States. The university offers 42 baccalaureate degrees, and several degrees in law, nursing, the university comprises seven different academic colleges. Chartered in 1949, the university opened its doors to its first class of students in 1952 as the San Diego College for Women, in September 1954, the San Diego College for Men and the School of Law opened. These two schools originally occupied Bogue Hall on the site of University High School, which would later become the home of the University of San Diego High School. In 1957, Immaculate Heart Major Seminary and St. Francis Minor Seminary were moved into their newly completed facility, the Immaculata Chapel, now no longer affiliated with USD, also opened that year as part of the seminary facilities. For nearly two decades, these schools co-existed on Alcalá Park, since then, the university has grown quickly and has been able to increase its assets and academic programs. The student body, the community, patrons, alumni. Significant periods of expansion of the university, since the 1972 merger, occurred in the mid-1980s, as well as in 1998, when Joan B. Kroc, philanthropist and wife of McDonalds financier Ray Kroc, endowed USD with a gift of $25 million for the construction of the Institute for Peace & Justice, Kroc left the School of Peace Studies upon her death. These gifts helped make possible, respectively, the Jenny Craig Pavilion, the Donald P. Shiley Center for Science and Technology, Kroc School of Peace Studies, and the Degheri Alumni Center. As a result, USD has been able to host the West Coast Conference basketball tournament in 2002,2003 and 2008, Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice and at USDs Shiley Theatre. Shileys gift has provided the university with some additional, and more advanced, in 2005, the university expanded the Colachis Plaza from the Immaculata along Marian Way to the east end of Hall, which effectively closed the east end of the campus to vehicular traffic. That same year, the student body approved plans for a renovation and expansion of the Hahn University Center which began at the end of 2007, the new Student Life Pavilion opened in 2009 and hosts the universitys new student dining area, offices for student organizations and event spaces. The Hahn University Center is now home to offices, meeting and event spaces. As of the fall of 2012, USDs total enrollment was 8,105 undergraduate, graduate, the complaint was made by a female law student against two other male law students. The 29-year-old woman, whose name was not disclosed, said she was raped in a bathroom during a party in May 2013. The party was for students to celebrate the completion of their first year of law school, the woman also filed a civil suit against the alleged perpetrators and the school. In her suit, the student claims that University of San Diego officials also discouraged her from pursuing any action against her rapists and said if she did
24.
SDCCU Stadium
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Qualcomm Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in San Diego, California, United States. The stadium opened in 1967 as San Diego Stadium and was known for many years as Jack Murphy Stadium. Since 1997, the naming rights have been owned by Qualcomm. It is the home of the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University, two college football bowl games, the Holiday Bowl and Poinsettia Bowl, are held in the stadium every December. The stadium was the home of two professional franchises, the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League and the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball. The stadium has hosted three Super Bowl games, Super Bowl XXII in 1988, Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis and Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Qualcomm Stadium is located immediately northwest of the interchange of Interstate 8, the stadium is served by the Qualcomm Stadium station of the San Diego Trolley, accessible via the Green Line running toward Downtown San Diego to the west, and Santee to the east. In the early 1960s, local sportswriter Jack Murphy, the brother of New York Mets broadcaster Bob Murphy, in November 1965, a $27 million bond was passed allowing construction to begin on a stadium, which was designed in the Brutalist style. Construction on the stadium began one month later, when completed, the facility was named San Diego Stadium. The Chargers played the first game ever at the stadium on August 20,1967, San Diego Stadium had a capacity of around 50,000, the three-tier grandstand was in the shape of a horseshoe, with the east end low. Due to expansion of Major League Baseball, this team was replaced by the current San Diego Padres major-league team beginning in the 1969 season and this was replaced in 1987 by a White Way Sign scoreboard, in which the video screen is surrounded almost entirely by three messageboards. The original video board was replaced in 1996 by a Sony JumboTron, after Jack Murphys death in September 1980, San Diego Stadium was renamed San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium by a 6–2 vote of the San Diego City Council on January 6,1981. In 1983, over 9,000 bleachers were added to the deck on the open end of the stadium raising the capacity to 59,022. The most substantial addition was completed in 1997, when the stadium was fully enclosed, nearly 11,000 seats were added in readiness for Super Bowl XXXII in 1998, bringing the capacity to 70,561. Also in 1997, the facility was renamed Qualcomm Stadium after Qualcomm Corporation paid $18 million for the naming rights, the naming rights will belong to Qualcomm until 2017. In order to continue to honor Murphy, the city named the stadium site Jack Murphy Field, however, as part of the naming agreement Jack Murphy Field was not allowed to be used alongside Qualcomm Stadium. Some San Diegans, however, still refer to the stadium as Jack Murphy or simply The Murph, before his death in 2004, Bob Murphy still referred to it as Jack Murphy Stadium during New York Mets broadcasts, even after it was renamed. The stadium was temporarily renamed Snapdragon Stadium for 10 days in December 2011 as a tie in for Qualcomms Snapdragon brand
25.
Long Beach, California
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Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
26.
Altadena, California
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The population was 42,777 at the 2010 census, up from 42,610 at the 2000 census. In the mid-1860s, Benjamin Eaton first developed water sources from the Arroyo Seco and this made possible the development of Altadena, Pasadena, and South Pasadena. He did the construction for B. D. Wilson and Dr. John Griffin, who owned the Mexican land grant of Rancho San Pascual, about 14,000 acres. They hoped to develop and sell land in a real estate plan called the San Pasqual Plantation. Their efforts failed by 1870, despite Eatons irrigation ditch that drew water from the site of present-day Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Arroyo Seco and they had failed because the land was relatively inaccessible and few believed crops could thrive that close to the mountains. Eaton tried to sell the land for the partners, and in late 1873 he helped broker a deal with Daniel Berry and this included the land of present-day Altadena, but they developed a 2,500 acres section further south as Pasadena. In 1881, the land that would later become Altadena was sold to the John and Fred Woodbury, the land remained mostly agricultural, however, several eastern millionaires built mansions along Mariposa Street, and a small community developed through the 1890s and into the next century. In 1880, Capt. Frederick Woodbury, and his brother, John Woodbury of Marshalltown, Iowa, John Woodbury established the Pasadena Improvement Company in 1887, with a plot plan of residential development referred to as the Woodbury Subdivision. They contacted Byron O. Clark, who established a nursery in the foothills in 1875 and he called his nursery Altadena Nursery, a name he coined from the Spanish alta meaning upper, and dena from Pasadena. Woodbury asked if he could use the name Altadena for his subdivision, the newly sprouted community of Altadena immediately began to attract millionaires from the East. In 1887 Andrew McNally, the printing magnate from Chicago, and his good friend Col. G. G. Green, had built mansions on what was to become Millionaires Row, Mariposa Street near Santa Rosa Avenue. Newspaper moguls William Armiger Scripps and William Kellogg built homes side by side just east of Fair Oaks Avenue, a bit farther east, Zane Grey bought a home from Arthur Herbert Woodward, and added a second-floor study. The famous Benziger Publishing Company built a mansion on the corner of Santa Rosa Avenue, Mariposa was taken from the Spanish name for a butterfly. The grandson of Andrew McNally, Wallace Neff, became a famous Southern California architect and he started his career in Altadena with the design and construction of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church (parish est.1918, which was dedicated in October 1926. Over the years Altadena has been subject to attempted annexation by Pasadena, annexation was stopped in 1956 by community campaigns, though it has been resurrected several times since by Pasadena without success. Had the annexation succeeded, Pasadena would be the 108th largest city in the United States, while Altadena long refused wholesale annexation by neighboring Pasadena, the larger community nibbled at its edges in several small annexations of neighborhoods through the 1940s. The name Altadena derives from the Spanish alta, meaning upper, and dena from Pasadena, the area is adjacent to, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.7 square miles, over 99% of it land. Altadena experiences hot and dry summers that are followed by warm, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Altadena has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csa on climate maps
27.
Carlsbad, California
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Carlsbad is an affluent seaside resort city occupying a 7-mile stretch of Pacific coastline in northern San Diego County, California. The city is 87 miles south of Los Angeles and 35 miles north of downtown San Diego and is part of the San Diego-Carlsbad and it is bordered by Oceanside to the north, Vista and San Marcos to the east and Encinitas to the south. Referred to as The Village by the Sea by locals, Carlsbad is a tourist destination, the citys estimated 2014 population was 112,299. Nearly every reliable fresh water creek had at least one native village, the site is located just south of todays Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition of 1769, during the Mexican period, in 1842, the southern portion of Carlsbad, was granted as Rancho Agua Hedionda to Juan María Marrón. In the 1880s a former sailor named John Frazier dug a well in the area and he began offering his water at the train station and soon the whistle-stop became known as Fraziers Station. The naming of the town followed soon after, along with a marketing campaign to attract visitors. The area experienced a period of growth, with homes and businesses sprouting up in the 1880s, agricultural development of citrus fruits, avocados and olives soon changed the landscape. By the end of 1887, land prices fell throughout San Diego County, however, the community survived on the back of its fertile agricultural lands. The site of John Fraziers original well can still be found at Alt Karlsbad, in 1952, Carlsbad was incorporated to avoid annexation by its neighbor, Oceanside. The single-runway Palomar Airport opened in 1959 after County of San Diego officials decided to replace the Del Mar Airport, the airport was annexed to the City of Carlsbad in 1978 and renamed McClellan-Palomar Airport in 1982 after a local civic leader, Gerald McClellan. The first modern skateboard park, Carlsbad Skatepark, was built in March 1976 and it was located on the grounds of Carlsbad Raceway and was designed and built by inventors Jack Graham and John OMalley. The site of the original Carlsbad Skatepark and Carlsbad Raceway was demolished in 2005 and is now an Industrial Park, however, two skateparks have since been developed. In March 1999, Legoland California was opened and it was the first Legoland theme park outside of Europe and is currently operated by Merlin Entertainments. Merlin Entertainments owns 70 percent of the shares, and the remaining 30 percent is owned by the LEGO group, Carlsbad is home to the nations largest desalination plant. Construction of the $1 billion Carlsbad Desalination Plant at the Encina Power Plant was completed in December 2015, the northern area of the city is part of a tri-city area consisting of northern Carlsbad, southern Oceanside and western Vista. Carlsbad has a semi-arid Mediterranean climate and averages 263 sunny days per year, winters are mild with periodic rain. Frost is rare along the coast, but sometimes occurs in valleys in December
28.
Greater Los Angeles Area
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Throughout the 20th century, it was one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States, although growth has slowed since 2000. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of nearly 13 million residents. Meanwhile, the metropolitan regions population at the 2010 census was estimated to be over 17.8 million residents. Either definition makes it the second largest metropolitan region in the country, behind the New York metropolitan area, the agglomeration of the urbanized Greater Los Angeles area surrounds the urban core of Los Angeles County. However, this Census definition includes large, sparsely populated and primarily desert swaths of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, according to the U. S. However, more than half of this area lies in the sparsely populated eastern areas of Riverside and San Bernardino counties. Los Angeles has a reputation for sprawl. For comparison, the New York–Newark Urbanized Area as a whole had a density of 5,309 per square mile. Los Angeles sprawl may originate in the decentralized structure. Its major commercial, financial, and cultural institutions are geographically dispersed rather than being concentrated in a single downtown or central area. Also, the density of Los Angeles proper is low when compared to some other large American cities such as New York, San Francisco, Boston. This is misleading though, since unlike other cities the boundary of Los Angeles incorporates mountain areas with almost no people, when the actually built up area is considered, urban Los Angeles has density in excess of 10,000 people per square mile. Densities are particularly high within a 5-mile radius of downtown, where some neighborhoods exceed 20,000 people per square mile. Also, what gives the entire Los Angeles metro region a high density is the fact many of the citys suburbs. Within its urbanized areas, Los Angeles is noted for having small lot sizes, buildings in the area are low when compared to other large cities, mainly due to zoning regulations. Los Angeles became a city just as the Pacific Electric Railway spread population to smaller cities much as interurbans did in East Coast cities. In the first decades of the century, the area was marked by a network of fairly dense. The ascendance of the automobile helped fill in the gaps between these towns with lower-density settlements. Many working class whites migrated to this area during the 1960s and 1970s out of East, as a result, there was a large growth in population into the Conejo Valley and into Ventura County through the US101 corridor
29.
Don Lamb
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Sheriff of Balboa County Don Lamb is a fictional character played by Michael Muhney on the UPN/The CW television series Veronica Mars, which debuted during the fall 2004 season on UPN. The character, considered by many to be the fans love to hate, is one of Veronicas main enemies. He was a character during Seasons 1-2 and promoted to series regular status Season 3. Very little is known about the background of Sheriff Don Lamb, due to cryptic comments about his father said by Lamb himself, it seems that he was emotionally and/or physically abused by him. Lamb went to college in Texas where he played ball, but had to drop out after a knee injury, on his office wall was a wooden United States Marine Corps Eagle, Globe and Anchor plaque, suggesting that Lamb once served as a Marine. Lamb is 34, a Cancer and his hometown is Neptune, what is known is that Lamb joined the Balboa County Sheriffs Department and quickly rose through the ranks through the patronage of then Sheriff Keith Mars. As one of Keiths deputies, Lamb looked at Keith as his mentor, Lambs tenure as Sheriff was quickly solidified when he arrested Abel Koontz, a disgruntled former employee of Jake Kane, for the murder of Lilly. Unknown to Lamb at the time, the arrest was secretly manipulated by the Kane family themselves, the arrest of Koontz helped raise Lambs profile and standing in the community as Keith Mars reputation fell drastically. It also caused Lamb to develop an oversized ego and his relationship with Keith Mars further worsened, with Lamb taunting Keith over how he caught the man who murdered Lilly Kane. But Lambs biggest action of controversy would be months after the arrest of Abel Koontz. Veronica had been drugged and raped and sought to report the crime, Lamb, Ive got not a shred of evidence to work with here, but that really doesnt matter to your family, now does it. Ill tell you what, Veronica Mars — why dont you go see the Wizard, Veronica was then forced to leave, with Lamb unintentionally creating an enemy for himself. Portrayed as a bureaucrat, Lamb is shown to more about the fact that he is Sheriff of Balboa County than he does with actually carrying out his responsibilities as sheriff. His actual competence as sheriff is generally poor because Lamb is a firm believer in the notion that, in any criminal matter. Whenever an obvious suspect appears, Sheriff Lamb will quickly arrest the suspect with little to no effort spent trying to confirm said suspects alibi. Indeed, it has been implied on numerous occasions that his record at solving crimes without the aid of Keith, however, it has been argued that statistically, crime has dropped in Neptune since Lamb assumed the position of Sheriff. While Lamb himself was the one who made that statement, it was not refuted by his chief critics Veronica, in spite of his flaws, Lamb does at his core attempt to be a good police officer. Another example was the situation involving the Manning family and their abuse of their daughter, as Lamb dragged the two out of the house, Veronica pleaded with her arch-rival to listen to her as she described the location of the hidden prison cell
30.
Keith Mars
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Keith Mars is a fictional character on UPN/The CW television series Veronica Mars, which debuted during the fall 2004 season on UPN. He is portrayed by Enrico Colantoni, Keith is the father of Veronica Mars. They have a close relationship, and he is very protective of her. Keith was formerly the sheriff of the fictional Balboa County and later operated as a private investigator, after going after popular billionaire Jake Kane for the murder of Jakes daughter Lilly, an emergency recall election removed him from office. His credibility was hurt even more after Abel Koontz confessed to the crime, shortly thereafter, his daughter, Veronica, became a social outcast for siding with her dad and his wife, Lianne, left them. However, he refused to leave town and instead became a private investigator under the name Mars Investigations, Veronica does most of her sleuthing through Keiths numerous contacts and resources. At the end of Like a Virgin, Abel Koontz implied that Veronica was the daughter of Jake Kane. Veronica had a chance to find out who her father was in the episode, Drinking the Kool-Aid. In Hot Dogs, Keith sent in his own paternity test and his relationship with Rebecca was short-lived, because Veronica was uncomfortable with her fathers dating, as she felt he should be looking for Lianne. Keith began an affair with Harmony Chase after she hired him to find out whether her husband was cheating on her. Though Keith had strong feelings for Harmony, Veronica convinced Keith that it was a moral failing to be involved with a married woman. After the revelation at the end of Season One that Aaron Echolls murdered Lilly and he lost by a narrow margin after Lamb accused Keith of being indirectly responsible for the bus crash that killed several Neptune High students. Several years earlier, Keith had pulled bus driver Ed Doyle for DUI but had not charged him, Ed Doyle was the driver in a bus crash which killed several students, and many, Sheriff Lamb among them, believed that Doyle crashed intentionally as a suicide attempt. He said after the election that well get em in 2010, so, barring another recall election, after Sheriff Lambs death in Mars, Bars, he is asked by the County Commissioner to return as acting sheriff. In the final episode, he is up for election for the post he held. Keith enjoys Italian food, spending time with Veronica, jazz music and his favorite musicians are The Beatles, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Aretha Franklin, The Beach Boys, The Everly Brothers, Blue Öyster Cult and Fleetwood Mac. His favorite films are The Big Chill, Slap Shot, Rear Window and he enjoys watching anything on the Food Network, Austin City Limits and Charlie Rose. His favorite book is his own Big Murder, Small Town and his heroes are his daughter and he also is quite fond of sports, especially baseball
31.
Jake Kane
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
32.
Lilly Kane
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
33.
Silence of the Lamb (Veronica Mars)
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Silence of the Lamb is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars. Written by Jed Seidel and Dayna Lynne North and directed by John Kretchmer, the series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica helps Cindy Mac Mackenzie find and reconnect with her birth parents, meanwhile, Keith is temporarily reassigned to the sheriffs department in order to help with a case involving a serial killer. One morning, Veronica talks to Keith about an old case involving a serial killer, the E-String Strangler, Wallace also complains to her about the panic thats been going throughout the town because of the killer. Meanwhile, another student, Jackson, asks Veronica to track his parents, Sheriff Don Lamb and the mayor of the town meet with Keith. After the conversation, Keith comes out and tells Veronica gleefully that hes going to start working at the department again. But Keith says that it is temporary, but he is getting paid his regular salary. Later, another student asks Veronica for help with her parents, Sheriff Lamb and Keith explain the case to other police officers, but they have conflicting styles. Meanwhile, Veronicas parent-seeking business takes off, and Cindy Mac Mackenzie notices, Mac comes up with an idea to double their fees, so they will eventually have enough money for retirement savings. Veronica says shell think about it, Veronica also finds that Macs parents once sued the Neptune hospital for 1 million dollars. Veronica finds that Mac was switched at birth, Keith and Sheriff Lamb visit a record shop, but they find nothing. Veronica visits Macs house, and she shows Veronica her room, Veronica tells her that she was switched at birth with a popular cheerleader, Madison Sinclair. Keith and Sheriff Lamb talk to a suspect, who leads them to a man called The Worm, both of them think he is the killer given that he had a guitar. Veronica, Mac, and Wallace invite themselves over and crash Madison Sinclairs 09er party, Mac looks around the house and meets her biological sister, with whom she connects. The new police officer tells Keith and Sheriff Lamb that The Worms guitar strings match the strings which were used to strangle the victims, Veronica bribes the new police officer and steals the Lily Kane murder files with the help of Weevil. Veronica listens to the tapes she stole, and doesnt find anything until she hears a suspicious synthesized voice, Keith and Sheriff Lamb talk to The Worm, who sexually abused both the victims. Veronica contacts Mac about the voice and tells her that there was a reason why she was not switched back to the right parents. Mac goes to Madison Sinclairs house under the guise of looking for her purse, a woman runs screaming into the Sheriffs department reporting a missing daughter
34.
Woody Goodman
–
Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
35.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
36.
Kendall Casablancas
–
Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
37.
Duncan Kane
–
Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
38.
Aaron Echolls
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
39.
Pilot (Veronica Mars)
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The pilot episode of the television series Veronica Mars premiered on UPN on September 22,2004. It was written by series creator Rob Thomas, and directed by Mark Piznarski, set in the fictional town of Neptune, the pilot introduces Kristen Bell as the title character, a high-school student moonlighting as a private investigator under the wing of her detective father. Two separate mysteries are presented in the episode, which are explored throughout the season and resolved in the final, Thomas originally wrote Veronica Mars as a young adult novel, featuring a male as the protagonist. He changed the gender of the protagonist because he thought a noir piece told from a point of view would be more interesting. The original pilot script was darker in tone than the one filmed, although it ranked low in the ratings, the pilot was critically acclaimed and Bells performance as the protagonist was praised. But when her best friend and Duncans sister, Lilly Kane, is murdered, Keith accuses software billionaire Jake Kane, Lillys father, of being involved in the murder. This provokes Neptunes wrath, and Keith is ousted from office, Veronicas mother, Lianne Mars, unable to face the loss of status and economic security, develops a drinking problem and suddenly leaves town. Veronicas boyfriend also ends their relationship, and her friends turn their backs on her, to prove that she is unaffected by the rejection, Veronica attends wealthy classmate Shelly Pomroys 09er party. Her drink is spiked with GHB and she is raped, and these events shock Veronica and she changes her attitude towards her former friends, becoming tough and cynical. Although the case of Lillys murder is officially closed following the confession of a former Kane Software employee, Abel Koontz and her investigation discovers new evidence which suggests that Koontz is innocent. In the present, Veronica starts her Junior year at Neptune High by freeing new student Wallace Fennel, Wallace explains that while working at the local Sac-n-Pac, he alerted the sheriffs department to two PCH bikers who took alcohol without paying. Sheriff Lamb exposes Wallace as the witness, and despite Wallaces attempts to retract his accusation, Wallaces duct-taping is PCH retribution for his honesty. In a convoluted scheme to help Wallace, Veronica sets up Logan by placing a bong in his locker. Once the bong is taken to the room at the sheriffs department, Veronica triggers it to smoke and spark by remote control. The fire chief, a friend of Veronica, switches the video from the Sac-n-Pac with one Veronica filmed of a deputy receiving sexual favors, when the bikers are in court, that video is shown instead, embarrassing Lamb and undermining the case against the bikers. Wallace is forgiven and Eli Weevil Navarro, the bikers leader, at Mars Investigations, Duncan and Lillys mother, Celeste Kane hires Keith to ascertain if her husband Jake is having an affair, despite her open contempt for both Keith and Veronica. Keith is busy with projects, and Veronica takes it upon herself to follow Jake. Veronica takes photos of him at the Camelot hotel as he meets with a woman after midnight
40.
Locations in Veronica Mars
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, Neptune, California is the series fictional setting, a US unincorporated town in Balboa County. The town is described as without a class, and the upper class is known as 09ers. The nearby towns, at distance from the beaches, do not have the same extremes between rich and poor. Neptune is a community located between San Diego and Los Angeles on the route of Californias Pacific Coast Highway. Many locations in California are named after Vasco Núñez de Balboa, including the Balboa Peninsula section of Newport Beach in Orange County, in reality, State Route 1 does not run south of Orange County. In season 1, it is implied that Neptune is about 85 miles from San Diego, Series creator Rob Thomas stated in an interview that Neptune is located near San Juan Capistrano in Orange County. Neptune scenes are filmed in San Diego County, and exteriors of all of the shows most notable locations are found there. For example, exteriors of the Mars residence are filmed in Point Loma, qualcomm Stadium represents Shark Field, a fictitious stadium in Balboa County that is demolished in the second season. The closest real zip codes to 90909 are 90899, which belongs to Long Beach, California,91001 which belongs to Altadena, California, 909xx series zip codes are an unassigned series in the greater Los Angeles zipspace. All aspects of Neptune, including its politics, are controlled by the 09ers, Neptune is the county seat of Balboa, containing the countys main Sheriffs Office and the County Supervisors Office. When the series begins, the sheriff is Don Lamb, Lamb is more concerned with the bureaucratic side of his job rather than proper and thorough police work. He gained his office in a recall election, after the ousting of his former boss Keith Mars. Lamb has consistently displayed significant favoritism toward 09ers, such as allowing Jake Kane to avoid having his daughter Lillys car impounded for unpaid parking tickets. A County Supervisor, informally referred to as the Mayor of Neptune, was seen during the one episode Silence of the Lamb. As of the season, no word has been given as to how Goodmans death would be handled in terms of naming a successor to the position of County Supervisor. While Keith lost his bid to reclaim his old job, Goodman won his election and those outside this incorporation area came under risk of lower property values and even further reduction in government response and effectiveness. This led to speculation as to why Goodman aligned himself politically with Keith Mars
41.
Trina Echolls
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
42.
My Mother, the Fiend
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My Mother, the Fiend is the ninth episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars, and the thirty-first episode overall. Directed by Nick Marck, the episode was co-written by Phil Klemmer, the episode was first shown on November 30,2005, on UPN. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars as she deals with life as a school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica finds her mothers old high school records and starts digging into her mothers past, meanwhile, Beaver proposes a business plan to help Kendall. My Mother, the Fiend features the third and final appearance by Alyson Hannigan on the show, the shows crew found it difficult to work an episode into Hannigans schedule because of other projects. The episode was accompanied by an ending, a publicity move made by executive producer Joel Silver. The episode was viewed by 2.82 million viewers. For example, Rowan Kaiser, of The A. V, club, wrote I am intrigued by the decisions to make Veronica less than pure, but this time, Im not as disappointed by the followthrough. In health class, the whole class starts taking care of fake babies, Vice Principal Clemmons calls Veronica into his office and gives her detention for having keys to his file cabinet. Beaver walks up to Mac and asks her for a few favors, for Veronica’s detention, she has to alphabetize files and put them in cabinets. Veronica finds her mother’s permanent file and figures out that she was troubled in high school, Logan punches Weevil and Logans cronies beat up on him. Veronica talks to a teacher and finds out that Lianne and that teacher spread false rumors around the school, Weevil gets duct-taped to the flagpole. Veronica asks Vice Principal Clemmons about who might have known her mom in high school, Veronica talks to Principal Moorhead, who tells her that her mom was “vicious. ”Trina is coming back to perform in a play at Neptune High. Kendall tries to seduce Duncan again, Trina meets Kendall, and the interaction is rife with sarcasm. Veronica looks through her mom’s yearbook and eventually tracks down one of her mother’s old friends, Veronica asks Keith about Lianne’s suspension, which she thinks was about spreading a rumor that Celeste was pregnant. Keith says that he doesn’t know anything about it, Trina slips and falls during a play rehearsal. Beaver meets with Kendall and confronts her about selling his father’s possessions for little money, Beaver gives her his plan, which involves her being the face of his business idea. Keith checks the birth records and finds that no baby was born to either “Kane” or “Carnathan” at that time, however, he finds a mysterious baby found in the girl’s bathroom at the Neptune high prom
43.
Van Clemmons
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Veronica Mars is an American television series created by Rob Thomas. The series premiered on September 22,2004, during UPNs last two years, and ended on May 22,2007, after a season on UPNs successor, The CW Television Network. Balancing murder mystery, high-school and college drama, the series features commentary with sarcasm. The first season had seven regular characters, as Thomas had conceived the show as a one-year mystery, he decided to introduce and eliminate several characters in order to create an equally fascinating mystery for the series second season. Thomas needed new blood since he felt unable to bring back the Kanes, the third season features a cast of ten actors who receive billing, an increase from the nine actors in the second. Three of the regulars in the season are written out of the series. Kristen Bell portrayed the titular Veronica Mars, a high school junior, Bell was chosen to play Veronica Mars from more than 500 women who auditioned for the role. Bell felt that it was just luck that Rob Thomas saw that I have some sass to me, Bell thought that it was her cheerleader looks and outsiders attitude that set her apart from the other women who auditioned. Teddy Dunn portrayed Duncan Kane, Veronicas ex-boyfriend and Lillys brother, Dunn originally auditioned for Logan, but ended up portraying Duncan Kane. Dunn left the series midway through the season because Thomas felt that the Logan-Veronica-Duncan love triangle had run its course. He needed to put other guys in her life to keep the fresh and attributed Dunns removal to fan interest in the Logan-Veronica relationship. Jason Dohring played Logan Echolls, the bad-boy 09er son of an A-list actor, Dohring originally auditioned for the role of Duncan Kane. After his audition, the producers asked Dohring to audition for the character of Logan, Dohring felt that his audition for Duncan was a little dark, and was told by the producers that it was not really right. The producers then asked Dohring to read for the role of Logan, Dohring acted one scene from the pilot, bashing the headlights of a car in with a crowbar. During the final auditions, Dohring read two times with Bell, and met with the studio and the network, when reading with Bell, Dohring acted the whole scene as if he was the one who raped her, and tried to give the character an evil feel. Percy Daggs III portrayed Wallace Fennel, Veronicas best friend and frequent partner in mystery solving, percy Daggs III auditioned for the role of Wallace Fennel twice before being cast, and had to go through three tests with the studio and network executives. During his first audition, Daggs read four scenes from the pilot, just before his studio test, Daggs read with Bell and had a great conversation. He said that she made me feel comfortable about auditioning, and was a big reason why he became more comfortable playing Wallace as the season went on, francis Capra portrayed Eli Weevil Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker gang and Veronicas friend
44.
Mars vs. Mars
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Mars is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars. The episodes teleplay was written by Jed Seidel and Diane Ruggiero, from a story by series creator Rob Thomas, the episode premiered on UPN on February 15,2005. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars as she deals with life as a school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica and her father Keith take opposing sides when Veronicas world history teacher, immediately after the previous episode, Logan appears at Veronicas door and asks Veronica to help find his mother, Lynn, whom he believes is alive. The next day in class, Veronica participates in a fun and unorthodox world history review with a teacher, however, the fun is disrupted when Carrie Bishop tells the teacher that shes not pregnant and that he can have key back. Veronica talks to the teacher, but he denies that he ever touched Carrie, meanwhile, Wallace Fennel steals Carries school file while Veronica asks Duncan for the name of his practitioner, wanting to find out what meds he was taking. Veronica angrily confronts Carrie about her lying, Veronica walks into Mars Investigations, when she learns that Keith has been hired by Carries parents, pitting father and daughter against each other. Later, Cliff McCormack fake interviews the woman who saw Lynns suicide, Veronica visits Mr. Rookss home, where she finds out the details of the parent-teacher conference a few months earlier, it was simply about grades on the midterm paper. However, Mr. Rooks does not have a lawyer for the hearing, Keith presents some increased evidence for his side to Veronica. Logan gives a newspaper to Veronica, which states that Lynn Echolls is still alive. Veronica interviews the woman who wrote the story, but the woman out to be a crazed fan. Logan is finally convinced that his mother is dead, weevil tells Veronica about a freshman who says that Lynn Echolls jumped. Veronica talks to Mr. Rooks about his previous firing, Veronica tells Carrie about the fault in her story—that she was actually at a track meet the day she claimed to have been assaulted by Mr. Rooks. Veronica steals Duncans medical records and finds out that Abel Koontz shared a doctor with the Kanes, at the school hearing, Mr. Rooks is acquitted when Carries text message evidence is debunked after Veronica shows that it is incredibly easy to create fake text messages. Veronica visits Mr. Rookss house, where she notices several of the details that Carrie mentioned about his house, Veronica researches Duncans medication, which she finds is used to treat a form of epilepsy which can cause violent fits and memory blackouts. Duncan researches the winner of the Extemporaneous Speaking Competition, a competition which Mr. Rooks was involved in and it turns out that that girl, Susan, was raped by Mr. Rooks and that she is pregnant. However, Carrie tried to make her story known, weevil brings the freshman who talked about Logans mom to Logan and Veronica. The boy was shooting a movie on a bridge and saw a body jumping from the bridge at 4,37 PM, however, a few minutes later, Veronica notices that Lynn Echollss missing credit card has just been used
45.
Return of the Kane
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Return of the Kane is the sixth episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars. The episodes teleplay was written by Phil Klemmer, with story by series creator Rob Thomas and was directed by Sarah Pia Anderson, the episode premiered on UPN on November 2,2004. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars as she deals with life as a school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica investigates a potentially rigged student election after her ex-boyfriend Duncan Kane wins over more popular candidate Wanda Varner. Meanwhile, Logan faces the consequences of running a boxing ring which brutally pits homeless people against each other. Logan finds a mob of paparazzi waiting for him in the one day. Meanwhile, Duncan talks to his father Jake about running for school president, in addition, a cheerleader sees another girl, Wanda, get her food delivered, and she confronts Mallory Dent about the problem. Eventually, a fight ensues between the two, Veronica says she used to be in pep squad with Wanda. At dinner that day, Keith and Veronica see on the news that the murderer of Lilly Kane. In newspaper class the day, Veronica is tasked with covering the school election just as soon as she sees that Wanda is running. Duncan also starts to think about beginning a campaign and she gives some politically charged responses, leaving Veronica dumbstruck. Duncan sees an ad for his run on the school TV. Veronica decides to research more into Lillys murder and she starts with researching suspects—Abel Koontz, Celeste Kane, Jake, and Duncan. She opens her fathers safe and begins to look for clues and that night, Logan runs an illegal boxing ring. The next day, it is announced that Duncan has actually won the presidency, Veronica proudly announces that now got a story, implying that she believes it was rigged. Later, Veronica talks with another faculty member, Mrs. Donaldson, Veronica recruits Mallory, and she accepts. Veronica runs through the ballots with Wallace and Wanda, but they show a victory for Duncan. However, Veronica finds a ballot of a student who wrote Wanda Rulez on his form, Veronica soon finds that the voting instructions for the ballots were different in different rooms
46.
Secret society
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A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence, the term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. Anthropologically and historically, secret societies are deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, a purported family tree of secret societies has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive. Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, defines a secret society as an organization that, shows a strong inclination to favor its own. David V. Barrett, author of Secret Societies, From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine, uses slightly different terms to define what does and does not qualify as a secret society. Barrett goes on to say that a characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe. Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries, poland, for example, has included a ban on secret political parties and political organizations in its constitution. Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies, perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University. One of the best known British secret societies is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay, in France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Torontos Trinity College, Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed that they are involved in cryptography, the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. Secret Societies in America, The North American Review, Vol.164, conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Geheimgesellschaften, Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien, Secret Societies, Comparative Studies in Culture, Society, the Mythology of the Secret Societies. Pledged, The Secret Life of Sororities, New York, Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries, Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, a comprehensive, though dated, review of the subject. Useful histories of Secret Societies in Australia and of Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry on non-commercial site <www. fraternalsecrets. org>
