1.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
2.
Jammu and Kashmir
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Jammu and Kashmir is a state in northern India, often denoted by the acronym J&K. It is located mostly in the Himalayan mountains, and shares borders with the states of Himachal Pradesh, the state has special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India. A part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, the western districts of the former princely state known as Azad Kashmir and the northern territories known as Gilgit-Baltistan have been under Pakistani control since 1947. The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962, Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions, Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. Jammu and Kashmir is the state in India with a Muslim-majority population. The Kashmir valley is famous for its mountainous landscape. Ladakh, also known as Little Tibet, is renowned for its remote mountain beauty, Maharaja Hari Singh became the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1925, and he was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of the British rule in the subcontinent in 1947. Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim majority, following the logic of Partition, many people in Pakistan expected that Kashmir would join Pakistan. However, the predominant political movement in the Valley of Kashmir was secular, so many in India too had expectations that Kashmir would join India. The Maharaja was faced with indecision, on 22 October 1947, rebellious citizens from the western districts of the State and Pushtoon tribesmen from the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan invaded the State, backed by Pakistan. The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to the India, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 in return for military aid and assistance, which was accepted by the Governor General the next day. Once the Instrument of Accession was signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to evict the raiders, the resulting Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 lasted till the end of 1948. At the beginning of 1948, India took the matter to the United Nations Security Council, a ceasefire was agreed on 1 January 1949, supervised by UN observers. A special United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan was set up to negotiate the arrangements as per the Security Council resolution. The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949, trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan and it passed a resolution in August 1948 proposing a three-part process. It was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan, in the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterwards. No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarisation, India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971
3.
Kashmir Valley
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The Kashmir Valley is a valley in the portion of the Kashmir region administered by India. The valley is bounded on the southwest by the Pir Panjal Range and it is approximately 135 km long and 32 km wide, and is drained by the Jhelum River. Kashmir division is one of the three divisions of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmir division borders Jammu Division to the south and Ladakh to the east while Line of Control forms its northern, the division consists of the following districts, Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar. In the first half of the 1st millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hinduism and later of Buddhism, later still, in the ninth century, in 1339, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, and the Afghan Durrani Empire and that year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramountcy of the British Crown, subsequently, he transferred power to a popular government headed by Sheikh Abdullah. Following this, a war ensued between India and Pakistan, Kashmir valley is however fully under the control of India and is about 15,948 Square Kilometres in area which is about 15. 73% of the total area under Indian control. The major ethnic group of Kashmir Valley are Kashmiris and they speak the Kashmiri language, smaller ethno-linguistic groups include the Gujjars and Bakarwals who mostly live along mountain ranges of the valley. The valley has a Muslim majority population and Islam is practiced by 97. 16% of the population with the remaining being Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, the principal spoken languages in the valley are Kashmiri and Urdu, with Urdu being the official language. Many speakers of these languages also know English as a second language, Kashmir Division consists of ten districts, Srinagar is its main city and also the summer capital of the state. Other main cities are Handwara, Sopore, Baramulla, Kupwara, Anantnag, the major political parties in the region are the National Conference, the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party and the Congress. Srinagar in the valley is the capital of the state of Jammu. The capital moves out of the valley in the winter to Jammu in a ceremony called Darbar Move. It can be described as cool in the spring and autumn, mild in the summer. As a large valley with significant differences in geo-location among various districts, summer is usually mild and fairly dry, but relative humidity is generally high and the nights are cool. The precipitation occurs throughout the year and no month is particularly dry, the hottest month is July and the coldest are December–January. Compared with other parts of India, Kashmir valley enjoys a more moderate climate
4.
Kupwara district
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Kupwara District is located in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The river kishenganga originating from the Himalayas flows through the areas of the district from east to west. Kupwara district has 3 tehsils, Handwara, Karnah and Kupwara and this district consists of 11 blocks, Sogam, Tangdar, Teetwal, Ramhal, Kupwara, Rajwar, Kralpora, Langate, Wavoora, Trehgam and Kalaroos. Each block consists of a number of panchayats, most of the people depend on agriculture and business is growing feasiblely. According to the 2011 census Kupwara district has a population of 875,564 and this gives it a ranking of 470th in India. The district has a density of 368 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 34. 62%, Kupwara has a sex ratio of 843 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 66. 92%. Kupwara District has 5 assembly constituencies, Karnah, Kupwara, Lolab, Handwara, the district is situated at an altitude of 5300 feet above sea level and is the northmost district of Kashmir Valley
5.
Neelum River
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It is fed by many glacial tributary streams on its way. It enters Azad Kashmir in the Gurez sector of the Line of Control, the Neelum River is 245 kilometers long, it covers 50 kilometers in Jammu and Kashmir and the remaining 195 kilometers in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. There are different kinds of fish found in abundance in the Neelum River and this green and fertile valley is 250 km in length and stretches its way from Muzaffarabad all the way to Athmuqam and beyond to Taobutt. It is one of the most attractive places, like Swat and Chitral. This area was affected by the 2005 earthquake and was cut off from the outside world as the roads. Now construction of a standard road is in progress. Neelum has had a great importance before and after the partition of India due to its beauty, sharada Peeth was once most advanced and international standard institution during the Hindu and Buddhist era. It is named after the river Neelum, which is famous for its crystal bluish water, some traditionalists say that the valley is named after a precious stone neelum. There are two entrances for Neelum valley, one Neelum Road by Muzaffarabad and the other by Kaghan the Jalkhad Road, generally Neelum valley starts just after Muzaffarabad but in political division the area from Muzaffarabad to Chelhana is named Kotla valley in election division. District Neelum starts from Chelhana and goes to Taobutt, the valley is famous for its lush greenery, fir forests, slop hills and waterfalls. Specially in summer a number of tourists visit the valley. Shardadesh is a name for the basin of the Neelum River. The name is a form of Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, music, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the construction work on the 330 MW Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant project has started, after being defunct for eighteen years. Recently, the project was awarded to Hindustan Construction Company with a timeline of seven years, the 330 MW Kishanganga hydro-electric power project involves damming of Kishanganga or Neelam River and the proposed 37 metre reservoir will submerge some parts of the Gurez valley of Kashmir. The water of Kishen Ganga River will be diverted through a 24 kilometre tunnel dug through the mountains to Bandipore where it join the Wular Lake. Similarly, Pakistan is constructing the 969 MW Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant, Pakistan claims that the Indian dam project will violate the Indus Waters Treaty and has pursued formal arbitration proceedings against India over the matter. Karen Village Neelum Valley. zoomshare Neelum Valley Official
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
National Highway 1 (India)
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National Highway 1 is a National Highway in North India that connects the Kashmir valley to Leh. The western terminal is in Uri in Jammu & Kashmir and the terminal is in Leh. Stretches of NH1 run through some extremely treacherous terrain and shut-offs because of avalanches or landslides are common in Winter months, NH1 on OpenStreetMap Mughal Road Leh-Manali Highway List of National Highways in India National Highways Development Project Route map
8.
Himalayas
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The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has the Earths highest peaks, including the highest, the Himalayas include over a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres in elevation. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua, in the Andes – is 6,961 metres tall. The Himalayas are spread across five countries, Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, the Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Some of the major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges, and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia, many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate and its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the bend of the Tsangpo river. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres in the west to 150 kilometres in the east, the name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himā-laya, from himá and ā-laya. They are now known as the Himalaya Mountains, usually shortened to the Himalayas, formerly, they were described in the singular as the Himalaya. This was also previously transcribed Himmaleh, as in Emily Dickinsons poetry and Henry David Thoreaus essays. The mountains are known as the Himālaya in Nepali and Hindi, the Himalaya or The Land of Snow in Tibetan, the Hamaleh Mountain Range in Urdu, the flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice, the amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant. The extremes of high altitude combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms, the unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations, the oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some species, especially rhododendron, apple. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located at 4,900 metres in Southeastern Tibet, the Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock
9.
Srinagar
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Srinagar /ˈsriˌnʌɡʌr/ is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, the city is famous for its gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dried fruits, folk etymology draws the city name from two Sanskrit words, śrī and nagar, which would make City of Lakshmi. However, the earliest records mention the name as siri-nagar which in turn is a transformation of the original Sanskrit name sūrya-nagar. The Burzahom archaeological site located 10 km from Srinagar has revealed the presence of neolithic and megalithic cultures, according to Kalhanas 12th century text Rajatarangini, a king named Pravarasena II established a new capital named Pravarapura. Based on topographical details, Pravarapura appears to be same as the city of Srinagar. Aurel Stein dates the king to 6th century, Kalhana also mentions that a king named Ashoka had earlier established a town called Srinagari. Kalhana describes this town in terms, stating that it had 9,600,000 houses resplendent with wealth. According to Kalhana, this Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara, Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha to obtain his son Jalauka. Multiple scholars identify Kalhanas Ashoka with the 3rd century Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka despite these discrepancies, although Jina is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that Jalauka is an erroneous spelling caused by an error in Brahmi script. Ashokas Srinagari is generally identified with Pandrethan, although there is an identification with a place on the banks of the Lidder River. According to Kalhana, Pravarasena II resided at Puranadhishthana before the establishment of Pravarapura, accordining to V. A. Smith, the original name of the old town was transferred to the new town. It was also the capital during the reign of Yusuf Shah Chak, Kashmir came under Mughal rule, when it was conquered by the third Mughal padshah Akbar in 1586 CE. Akbar established Mughal rule in Srinagar and Kashmir valley, Kashmir was added to Kabul Subah in 1586, until Shah Jahan made it into a separate Kashmir Subah with seat in Srinagar. In 1846, the Treaty of Lahore was signed between the Sikh rulers and the British in Lahore, Srinagar became part of his kingdom and remained until 1947 as one of several princely states in British India. The Maharajas choose Sher Garhi Palace as their main Srinagar residence, after India and Pakistans independence from Britain, villagers around the city of Poonch began an armed protest at continued rule of the Maharaja on 17 August 1947. The Accession was accepted by India the next day, the government of India immediately airlifted Indian troops to Srinagar and prevented the tribesmen from reaching the city
10.
Bandipora
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Bandipora is the administrative headquarters of the district of Bandipora in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located on the banks of Wular - the second largest fresh water lake in Asia. Bandipora has a terraced garden similar to that of Nishat Bagh in Srinagar, in Kashmiri there is a famous phrase about Bandipora or in other words Bandipora is famous for three As - Alim, Adab and Aab. Bandipora is bound by mountains on three sides and by Wular Lake in the fourth, Bandipora is situated on the banks of the Wular, the largest fresh-water lake in Asia which is home to a lot of migratory birds. Inadvertent dumping of the river waters and sewage affluence has led to a pandemic growth of algae in the waters of the Wular which is threatening the lake. The main source of pollution to Wular is Jehlum river, Jehlum river carries all the wastes from Srinagar city and other surrounding areas and deposits it in Wular. Despite being the richest wetland of South Asia and Largest Fresh water lake in Asia, Bandipora is also a stepping town to the higher reaches of Razdan, Gurez and Tragbal. The famous Lolab valley in Kupwara district is adjacent to the Bandipora and it is just 30 km from Bandipora via Aaloosa village. Once this road is upgraded it will become a lifeline of the Lolab valley, Bandipora was the connecting link between North India and Central Asia via the Silk Road. At Pazalpora village there was a custom and immigration department which is now a forest check post, due to the fact, Bandipora is also known as Gateway to Central Asia. There are strong links between skardu gurez and Bandipora, Bandipora is divided into seven tehsils Bandipora Sumbal Sonawari Ajas Hajin Aloosa Gurez Tulail As of 2001 Indian census, Bandipora had a population of 25,714. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%, Bandipora has an average literacy rate of 57. 82%, lower than the national average of 59. 5%, with 65% of the males and 35% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age and it has a Muslim majority though there are a few villages where Pandits also lived before their migration to the other parts of the country. The Pandit population were in large numbers at Ajar, Kaloosa, Kharapora, some Pandit families at Ajar and Kaloosa did not migrate. The temple at Kaloosa, known as Sharda Mandir, dates back to old times and it has a very big and old tree which is a few hundred years old and is a rare tree of its type. This is popularly known as Bran, a revered tree, there are many villages in this newly formed district named after Hindu gods and goddesses such as Chakreshipora, named after Chakerishwar. The forest training school of Kashmir is located in Bandipora and this institute is a premier body in the conservation process of the forest department. The majority of the population speak Kashmiri, gojri and Pahari are also spoken
11.
Pine
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A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, /ˈpiːnuːs/, of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species, the modern English name pine derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’. Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs, the genus is divided into three subgenera, which can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters, Pinus subg. Pinus, the yellow, or hard pine group, generally harder wood. Ducampopinus, the foxtail or pinyon group Pinus subg, strobus, the white, or soft pine group, generally with softer wood and five needles per fascicle Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some native species of pines. One species crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S, in North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks, a number of such introduced species have become invasive and threaten native ecosystems. Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous trees growing 3–80 m tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is a 81.79 m tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregons Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, the bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular pseudo whorls, actually a very tight spiral, the spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called candles, they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then turn green. These candles offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil, pines are long-lived, and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, one individual of this species, dubbed Methuselah, is one of the worlds oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California, an older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as Prometheus after the Greek immortal, pines have four types of leaf, Seed leaves on seedlings, born in a whorl of 4–24. Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2–6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green and these are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, needles, the adult leaves, are green and bundled in clusters called fascicles
12.
Fir
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Firs are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. They are found much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia. Firs are most closely related to the genus Cedrus, douglas firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga. They are large trees, reaching heights of 10–80 m tall, firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the unique attachment of their needle-like leaves and by their different cones. Firs can be distinguished from members of the pine family by the unique attachment of their needle-like leaves to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup. The leaves are flattened, sometimes even looking like they are pressed. The leaves have two lines on the bottom, each of which is formed by wax-covered stomatal bands. In most species, the surface of the leaves is uniformly green and shiny, without stomata or with a few on the tip. Other species have the surface of leaves dull, gray-green or bluish-gray to silvery, coated by wax with variable number of stomatal bands. An example species with shiny green leaves is A. alba, the tips of leaves are usually more or less notched, but sometimes rounded or dull or sharp and prickly. The leaves of plants are usually sharper. In contrast to spruces, even large fir cones do not hang, Section Abies is found in central, south, and eastern Europe and Asia Minor. Abies alba—silver fir Abies nebrodensis—Sicilian fir Abies borisii-regis—Bulgarian fir Abies cephalonica—Greek fir Abies nordmanniana—Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir Abies nordmanniana subsp, equi-trojani—Kazdağı fir, Turkish fir Abies nordmanniana subsp. Abies grandis—grand fir or giant fir Abies grandis var. grandis—Coast grand fir Abies grandis var. idahoensis—interior grand fir Abies concolor—white fir Abies concolor subsp, concolor—Rocky Mountain white fir or Colorado white fir Abies concolor subsp. Salouenensis—Salween fir Abies pindrow—Pindrow fir Abies ziyuanensis—Ziyuan fir Section Amabilis is found in the Pacific Coast mountains in North America and Japan, Abies amabilis—Pacific silver fir Abies mariesii—Maries fir Section Pseudopicea is found in the Sino-Himalayan mountains at high altitudes. Abies delavayi—Delavays fir Abies delavayi var. nukiangensis— Abies delavayi var. motuoensis— Abies delavayi subsp, fansipanensis— Abies fabri—Fabers fir Abies fabri subsp. Abies religiosa—sacred fir Abies hickelii—Hickels fir Abies hickelii var. oaxacana—Oaxaca fir Section Nobilis Abies procera—noble fir Abies magnifica—red fir Abies magnifica var, because this genus has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only. This wood left outside cannot be expected to last more than 12 to 18 months and it is commonly referred to by several different names, including North American timber, SPF and whitewood
13.
Apple
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The apple tree is a deciduous tree in the rose family best known for its sweet, pomaceous fruit, the apple. It is cultivated worldwide as a tree, and is the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, Apple trees are large if grown from seed. Generally apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree, There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control. Worldwide production of apples in 2014 was 84.6 million tonnes, the apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 1.8 to 4.6 m tall in cultivation and up to 12 m in the wild. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection, the leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves, the 3 to 4 cm flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the king bloom, it opens first, the fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7.0 to 8.3 cm in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 5.7 cm are generally used for making juice and have little market value. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, the skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i. e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a layer of epicuticular wax. The exocarp is generally pale yellowish-white, though pink or yellow also occur. The original wild ancestor of Malus pumila was Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, in strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. It had about 57,000 genes, the highest number of any plant genome studied to date and this new understanding of the apple genome will help scientists in identifying genes and gene variants that contribute to resistance to disease and drought, and other desirable characteristics
14.
Cherry
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A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe. The cherry fruits of commerce usually are obtained from a number of species such as cultivars of the sweet cherry. The name cherry also refers to the tree, and is sometimes applied to almonds and visually similar flowering trees in the genus Prunus, as in ornamental cherry, cherry blossom. Wild cherry may refer to any of the species growing outside of cultivation. The subgenus is native to the regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Other cherry fruits are members of subgenus Padus, most eating cherries are derived from either Prunus avium, the sweet cherry, or from Prunus cerasus, the sour cherry. The indigenous range of the sweet cherry extends through most of Europe, western Asia, and parts of northern Africa, and the fruit has been consumed throughout its range since prehistoric times. A cultivated cherry is recorded as having brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus from northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region. Cherries were introduced into England at Teynham, near Sittingbourne in Kent, by order of Henry VIII, cherries arrived in North America early in the settlement of Brooklyn, New York when the region was under Dutch sovereignty. Trades people leased or purchased land to plant orchards and produce gardens, behind the house sold by Anthony Jansen from Salee to Barent Dirksen. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia, they do not cross-pollinate, some other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor, and their propensity to damage from rain, nonetheless, demand is high for the fruit. In commercial production, cherries are harvested by using a mechanized shaker, hand picking is also widely used to harvest the fruit to avoid damage to both fruit and trees. Common rootstocks include Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt, and Gisela Series, sour cherries require no pollenizer, while few sweet varieties are self-fertile. Like most temperate-latitude trees, cherry seeds require exposure to cold to germinate, the pits are planted in the autumn and seedlings emerge in the spring. A cherry tree will take three to four years in the field to produce its first crop of fruit, and seven years to attain full maturity, because of the cold-weather requirement, none of the Prunus genus can grow in tropical climates. Cherries have a growing season and can grow in most temperate latitudes. Cherries blossom in April and the season for the cherry harvest is in the summer
15.
Peach
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The peach is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Shan mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated. It bears an edible fruit called a peach or a nectarine. The specific epithet refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia. It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry, apricot, almond and plum, the peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell. Peach and nectarines are the species, even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The Peoples Republic of China is the worlds largest producer of peaches, Prunus persica grows to 4–10 m tall and 6 in. in diameter. The leaves are lanceolate, 7–16 cm long, 2–3 cm broad, the flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves, they are solitary or paired,2. 5–3 cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh, an aroma. The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, the single, large seed is red-brown, oval shaped, approximately 1. 3–2 cm long, and is surrounded by a wood-like husk. Peaches, along with cherries, plums and apricots, are stone fruits, there are various heirloom varieties, including the Indian peach, which arrives in the latter part of the summer. Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not, Peaches with white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity, while yellow-fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness, though this also varies greatly. Both colors often have red on their skin. The scientific name persica, along with the word peach itself, the Ancient Romans referred to the peach as malum persicum Persian apple, later becoming French pêche, hence the English peach. The scientific name, Prunus persica, literally means Persian plum, fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming, dating to 2.6 million years ago. In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, until recently, it was believed that the cultivation started circa 2000 BC. Nevertheless, the recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China, the oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site. Archaeologists point at the Yangzi River valley as the place where the selection for favorable peach varieties likely took place. Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings as far back as the 10th century BC and were a fruit of kings
16.
Apricot
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An apricot is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus. The apricot is a tree, 8–12 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm in diameter. The leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm long and 4–8 cm wide, with a base, a pointed tip. The flowers are 2–4.5 cm in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals, the flesh is usually firm and not very juicy. Its taste can range from sweet to tart, the single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a stone, with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side. The origin of the apricot is disputed and it was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long that it is often thought to have originated there. Its scientific name Prunus armeniaca derives from that assumption, for example, the Belgian arborist baron de Poerderlé, writing in the 1770s, asserted, Cet arbre tire son nom de lArménie, province dAsie, doù il est originaire et doù il fut porté en Europe. An archaeological excavation at Garni in Armenia found apricot seeds in an Eneolithic-era site, other sources say that the apricot was first cultivated in India in about 3000 BC. Subsequent sources were often confused about the origin of the species, john Claudius Loudon believed it had a wide native range including Armenia, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, China, and Japan. Apricots have been cultivated in Persia since antiquity, and dried ones were an important commodity on Persian trade routes, apricots remain an important fruit in modern-day Iran, where they are known under the common name of zard-ālū. Egyptians usually dry apricots, add sweetener, and then use them to make a drink called amar al-dīn, in the 17th century, English settlers brought the apricot to the English colonies in the New World. Most of modern American production of apricots comes from the seedlings carried to the west coast by Spanish missionaries, almost all U. S. commercial production is in California, with some in Washington and Utah. In states other than South Australia, apricots are still grown, particularly in Tasmania and western Victoria and southwest New South Wales, today, apricot cultivation has spread to all parts of the globe with climates that support it. Although the apricot is native to a climate region with cold winters. A dry climate is good for fruit maturation, the tree is slightly more cold-hardy than the peach, tolerating winter temperatures as cold as −30 °C or lower if healthy. A limiting factor in culture is spring frosts, They tend to flower very early. Furthermore, the trees are sensitive to changes during the winter season. In China, winters can be cold, but temperatures tend to be more stable than in Europe and especially North America
17.
Walnut
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A walnut is the nut of any tree of the genus Juglans, particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia. Technically a walnut is the seed of a drupe or drupaceous nut and it is used for food after being processed while green for pickled walnuts or after full ripening for its nutmeat. Nutmeat of the black walnut from the Juglans nigra is less commercially available. The walnut is nutrient-dense with protein and essential fatty acids, walnuts are rounded, single-seeded stone fruits of the walnut tree commonly used for the meat after fully ripening. Following full ripening, the removal of the husk reveals the wrinkly walnut shell, during the ripening process, the husk will become brittle and the shell hard. The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is made up of two halves separated by a partition. The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled walnuts – are enclosed in a seed coat which contains antioxidants. The antioxidants protect the seed from atmospheric oxygen, thereby preventing rancidity. Walnuts are late to grow leaves, typically not until more than halfway through the spring and they secrete chemicals into the soil to prevent competing vegetation from growing. Because of this, flowers or vegetable gardens should not be planted close to them, the two most common major species of walnuts are grown for their seeds – the Persian or English walnut and the black walnut. The English walnut originated in Persia, and the black walnut is native to eastern North America, the black walnut is of high flavor, but due to its hard shell and poor hulling characteristics it is not grown commercially for nut production. Numerous walnut cultivars have been developed commercially, which are nearly all hybrids of the English walnut, other species include J. californica, the California black walnut, J. cinerea, and J. major, the Arizona walnut. In 2013, worldwide production of walnuts was 3.458 million tonnes, other major producers were, Iran, United States, Turkey and Ukraine. The average worldwide walnut yield was about 3.5 tonnes per hectare in 2013, eastern European countries had the highest yield, with Slovenia and Romania each harvesting about 22 tonnes per hectare. The United States is the worlds largest exporter of walnuts, followed by Turkey, the Central Valley of California produces 99 percent of United States commercial English walnuts. Walnuts, like tree nuts, must be processed and stored properly. Poor storage makes walnuts susceptible to insect and fungal mold infestations, a mold-infested walnut batch should be entirely discarded. The ideal temperature for longest possible storage of walnuts is in the −3 to 0 °C and low humidity – for industrial and home storage
18.
Himalayan brown bear
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It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to 2.2 m long while females are a little smaller. These bears are omnivorous and hibernate in a den during the winter, although present in a number of protected areas, they are becoming increasingly rare because of loss of suitable habitat and persecution by humans, and have become critically endangered. This bear is thought to be the source of the legend of the Yeti, Himalayan brown bears exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males range from 1. 5m up to 2. 2m long and they are the largest animals in the Himalayas and are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. The bears are found in Nepal, Tibet, north India and they are already speculated to have become extinct in Bhutan. The bears go into hibernation around October and emerge during April, hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear. Himalayan brown bears are omnivores and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals, they also like fruits and they will also prey on large mammals, including sheep and goats. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon, international trade is prohibited by the Wildlife Protection Act in Pakistan. The project also intends to investigate the conflicts humans have with the bears, SLF received funding from the Prince Bernhard Nature Fund and Alertis. Unlike its American cousin, which is found in good numbers and they are poached for their fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. They are killed by shepherds to protect their livestock and their home is destroyed by human encroachment, in Himachal, their home is the Kugti and Tundah wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal Chamba region. Their estimated population is just 20 in Kugti and 15 in Tundah, the tree bearing the state flower of Himachal — buransh — is the favourite hangout of this bear. Due to the value of the buransh tree, it is being commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear’s home. The Himalayan brown bear is a endangered species in some of its range with a population of only 150-200 in Pakistan. The populations in Pakistan are slow reproducing, small, and declining because of loss, fragmentation, poaching. Dzu-Teh, a Nepalese term, has also associated with the legend of the Yeti, or Abominable Snowman. During the Daily Mail Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a Dzu-Teh and this is recounted by Ralph Izzard, the Daily Mail correspondent on the expedition, in his book The Abominable Snowman Adventure. The report was printed in the Daily Mail expedition dispatches on May 7,1954
19.
Snow leopard
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The snow leopard or ounce is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because, as of 2003, fewer than 2,500 individuals may be reproducing in the wild. As of 2016, estimates for the size of the population vary from at least 4,080 to about 8,700 individuals. Snow leopards inhabit alpine and subalpine zones at elevations from 3,000 to 4,500 m, in the northern range countries, they also occur at lower elevations. Taxonomically, the leopard has been classified as Uncia uncia since the early 1930s. Based on genotyping studies, the cat has been considered a member of the genus Panthera since 2008, two subspecies have been attributed, but genetic differences between the two have not been settled. Both the latinized genus name, Uncia, and the occasional English name ounce are derived from the Old French once, originally used for the European lynx. Once itself is believed to have arisen by back-formation from a variant of lynx, lonce – the l of lonce was construed as an abbreviated la. This, like the English version ounce, came to be used for other lynx-sized cats, and eventually for the snow leopard. The snow leopard is known in its native lands as wāwrīn pṛāng, shan, zigsa, irves, bars or barys, ilbirs, barfānī chītā Urdu, برفانی چیتا). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the origin of the word panthera is unknown, a folk etymology derives the word from the Greek πάν pan and thēr because they can hunt and kill almost anything. It was proposed to have come ultimately into Greek from a Sanskrit word meaning the animal or whitish-yellow. The Greek word πάνθηρ, pánthēr, referred to all spotted felines generically, schreber named the cat Felis uncia and gave its type locality as Barbary, Persia, East India, and China. In 1854, the British zoologist John Edward Gray proposed the genus Uncia, British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock corroborated this classification, but attributed the scientific name Uncia uncia. He also described morphological differences between snow leopards and the members of Panthera. The snow leopard is part of the Panthera lineage, one of the eight lineages of Felidae and this lineage comprises the species of Panthera and Neofelis. The Neofelis lineage diverged first from the within the Felinae, subsequent branching between the snow leopard and clouded leopard began two to three million years ago, but the details of this are disputed. A2006 phylogenetic study by Warren E and this was seconded by a 2009 study by Lars Werdelin and colleagues
20.
Capra (genus)
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Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats or wild goats, composed of up to nine species, including the wild goat, the markhor, and several species known as ibex. The domestic goat is a subspecies of the wild goat. Evidence of goat domestication dates back more than 8,500 years, wild goats are animals of mountain habitats. They are very agile and hardy, able to climb on bare rock, the Rocky Mountain goat is in a separate genus, Oreamnos. All members of the Capra genus are bovids, and more specifically caprids, as such they are ruminants, meaning they chew the cud, and have four-chambered stomachs which play a vital role in digesting, regurgitating, and redigesting their food. The genus has sometimes taken to include Ovis and Ammotragus. In this smaller genus, some authors have recognized two species, the markhor on one side and all other forms included in one species on the other side. Recent studies based on mitochondrial DNA suggest that the Siberian ibex and the Nubian ibex represent distinct species, the Alpine ibex forms a group with the Spanish ibex. The West Caucasian tur appears to be closely related to the wild goat than to the East Caucasian tur. The markhor is relatively separated from other forms—previously it had been considered to be a separate branch of the genus. Almost all wild species are allopatric —the only geographical overlaps are the wild goat with the East Caucasian tur. In both cases, the species do not usually interbreed in the wild, but in captivity, all Capra species can interbreed. Along with sheep, goats were among the first domesticated animals, the domestication process started at least 10,000 years ago in what is now northern Iran. Easy human access to hair, meat, and milk were the primary motivations. Goat skins were used until the Middle Ages for water and wine bottles when traveling and camping. Evidence of the ibex is widely present in the record, particularly in the Near East. Ibex motifs are common on cylinder seals and pottery, both painted and embossed. Excavations from Minoan Crete at Knossos, for example, have yielded specimens from about 1800 BC, from the similar age a gold jewelry ibex image was found at the Akrotiri archaeological site on Santorini in present-day Greece
21.
Markhor
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The species was classed by the IUCN as Endangered until 2015 when it was down listed to Near Threatened, as their numbers have increased in recent years by an estimated 20% for the last decade. The markhor is the animal of Pakistan. According to folklore, the markhor has the ability to kill a snake, thereafter, while chewing the cud, a foam-like substance comes out of its mouth which drops on the ground and dries. This foam-like substance is sought after by the people, who believe it is useful in extracting the poison from snakebites. They have the highest maximum shoulder height among the species in the genus Capra, the coat is of a grizzled, light brown to black colour, and is smooth and short in summer, while growing longer and thicker in winter. The fur of the legs is black and white. Markhor are sexually dimorphic, with males having longer hair on the chin, throat, chest, females are redder in colour, with shorter hair, a short black beard, and are maneless. Both sexes have tightly curled, corkscrew-like horns, which close together at the head, the horns of males can grow up to 160 cm long, and up to 25 cm in females. The males have a pungent smell, which surpasses that of the domestic goat, markhor are adapted to mountainous terrain, and can be found between 600 and 3,600 meters in elevation. They typically inhabit scrub forests made up primarily of oaks, pines and they are diurnal, and are mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. Their diets shift seasonally, in the spring and summer periods they graze, the mating season takes place in winter, during which the males fight each other by lunging, locking horns and attempting to push each other off balance. The gestation period lasts 135–170 days, and usually results in the birth of one or two kids, though rarely three, markhor live in flocks, usually numbering nine animals, composed of adult females and their young. Adult females and kids comprise most of the population, with adult females making up 32% of the population. Adult males comprise 19%, while subadults make up 12%, and their alarm call closely resembles the bleating of domestic goats. Early in the season the males and females may be together on the open grassy patches. During the summer, the remain in the forest, while the females generally climb to the highest rocky ridges above. Astor or Astore markhor Bukharan markhor Kabul markhor Kashmir markhor Suleiman markhor The Chilton markhor is not markhor, the Astor markhor has large, flat horns, branching out very widely, and then going up nearly straight with only a half turn. It is synonymous with Capra falconeri cashmiriensis or Pir Panjal markhor, within Afghanistan, the Astor markhor is limited to the east in the high and mountainous monsoon forests of Laghman and Nuristan
22.
Kashmir stag
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The Kashmir stag, also called hangul, is a subspecies of elk native to India. It is found in riverine forests in the high valleys and mountains of the Kashmir Valley. In Kashmir, its found in the Dachigam National Park where it receives protection, in the 1940s, the population was between 3000 and 5000 individuals, but since then habitat destruction, over-grazing by domestic livestock and poaching have greatly reduced that dramatically. IUCN have not evaluated it but recently it was announced to declare Hangul deer as critically endangered and this species is also listed under Schedule-I of Wildlife act of 1972. Earlier believed to be a subspecies of red deer, a number of mitochondrial DNA genetic studies have revealed that the hangul is part of the Asian clade of the elk and this deer has a light rump patch without including the tail. Its coat color is brown with a speckling to the hairs, the inner sides of the buttocks are greyish white, followed by a line on the inner sides of the thighs and black on the upper side of the tail. Each antler consists of five tines, the beam is strongly curved inward, while the brow and bez tines are usually close together and above the burr. This deer lives in groups of two to 18 individuals in dense forests, high valleys, and mountains of the Kashmir valley. In Kashmir, its found in the Dachigam National Park, Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary, Overa Aru, Sind Valley and these deer once numbered from about 5,000 animals in the beginning of the 20th century. Unfortunately, they were threatened, due to destruction, over-grazing by domestic livestock. This dwindled to as low as 150 animals by 1970, however, the state of Jammu & Kashmir, along with the IUCN and the WWF prepared a project for the protection of these animals. It became known as Project Hangul and this brought great results and the population increased to over 340 by 1980. Much of the published material was by the distinguished E. P. Gee. The animal is battling for its survival in its last bastion, known for its magnificent antlers with 11 to 16 points, hangul was once distributed widely in the mountains of Kashmir. During the 1940s, their number was believed to be about 3, as per the latest census in 2008, only around 160 exist. There are plans to breed them in captivity to increase their chances of survival
23.
Musk deer
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Musk deer can refer to any one, or all seven, of the species that make up Moschus, the only extant genus of the family Moschidae. Musk deer live mainly in forested and alpine habitats in the mountains of southern Asia. Musk deer resemble small deer with a build, and hind legs longer than their front legs. They are about 80 to 100 cm long,50 to 70 cm high at the shoulder, the feet of musk deer are adapted for climbing in rough terrain. Like the Chinese water deer, a cervid, they have no antlers, the dental formula is similar to that of true deer,0.1.3.33.1.3.3 The musk gland is found only in adult males. It lies in a sac located between the genitals and the umbilicus, and its secretions are most likely used to attract mates, musk deer are herbivores, living in hilly, forested environments, generally far from human habitation. Like true deer, they eat leaves, flowers, and grasses, with some mosses. They are solitary animals, and maintain well-defined territories, which they scent mark with their caudal glands, musk deer are generally shy, and either nocturnal, or crepuscular. Males leave their territories during the season, and compete for mates. Female musk deer give birth to a single fawn after about 150–180 days, the newborn young are very small, and essentially motionless for the first month of their lives, a feature that helps them remain hidden from predators. Musk deers have been hunted for their scent glands, which are used in perfumes. The glands can fetch up to $45, 000/kg on the black market and it is rumored that ancient royalty wore the scent of the musk deer and that it is an aphrodisiac. Musk deer may be a representative of the Palaeomerycidae, a family of ruminants that is probably ancestral to deer. They originated in the early Oligocene epoch and disappeared in the Pliocene, most species lacked antlers, though some were found in later species. The musk deer are, however, still placed in a separate family, molecular phylogeny of musk deer, a genomic view with mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene. Molecular and morphological phylogenies of ruminantia and the position of the moschidae
24.
Line of Control
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Originally known as the Cease-fire Line, it was redesignated as the Line of Control following the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972. The part of the princely state that is under Indian control is known as the state of Jammu. The Pakistani-controlled part is divided into Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842. Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin, lying further to the east, it is known as the Line of Actual Control and has been referred to as one of the most dangerous places in the world. The Line of Control divided Kashmir into two parts and closed the Jehlum valley route, the entrance and exit of the Kashmir Valley at that time. This territorial division, which to this day still exists, severed many villages, Pakistan still claims the whole of Kashmir as its own territory, including Indian-controlled Kashmir. India has a different perspective on this interpretation, the Indian Line of Control fencing is a 550 km barrier along the 740 km disputed 1972 Line of Control. The fence, constructed by India, generally remains about 150 yards on the Indian-controlled side and its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. They act as fast alert signals to the Indian troops who can be alerted, the small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of landmines. The construction of the barrier was begun in the 1990s, after a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004, according to Indian military sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed state to attack soldiers by 80%. Pakistan has criticised the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations resolutions on the region
25.
Srinagar International Airport
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Srinagar International Airport or Sheikh-ul-Alam Airport is an international airport that serves Srinagar, the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is owned by the Indian Air Force, and the Airports Authority of India operates a civil enclave at the airport, although, designated an international airport in 2005, the Srinagar airport does not receive scheduled international flights as of November 2016 but has seen Hajj flights. It has a terminal and one asphalt runway. The airport has bus and taxi service to the city of Srinagar, originally, the Srinagar airport was used only by the Indian Air Force. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the received an airlift of Indian troops who prevented Pakistan from capturing the city of Srinagar. Although the airport was small and lacked landing aids, the airlift was carried out successfully on 27 October. In September 1965, the Srinagar airport was subjected to an air raid amid the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, in 1979, the Airports Authority of India established a civil enclave at the airport. The terminal was modified in February 1998 to be able to handle international Hajj flights, during the Kargil War in 1999, the airport was taken over completely by the Air Force, and civilian flights were prohibited from landing. In March 2005, the airport was granted status by the Indian government. An expanded terminal, able to both domestic and international flights, was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 by politician Sonia Gandhi. It was part of an expansion project that also included an increase in the number of parking stands from four to nine. The total cost of the project was ₹130 crore, fully provided by the Indian government, on the same day, Air India Express started once weekly flights to Dubai, the first regularly scheduled international flights from Srinagar. However, due to low demand from passengers, the flights were terminated in January 2010, the Srinagar airport has an integrated terminal, handling both domestic and international flights. It covers 19,700 square metres and can serve 950 passengers at a time,500 domestic and 450 international passengers, the terminal is designed to look like the Himalayas and has a sloping roof that facilitates snow removal. Amenities include a restaurant, a shop, ATMs, currency exchange, a chocolates shop. There is an asphalt runway, 13/31, with dimensions 3,685 by 46 metres. It has been equipped to handle instrument landing system approaches since February 2011, in 2015,2,155,597 passengers transited through the Srinagar airport. In addition, there were 15,122 aircraft movements, on 7 September 1965, amid the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, four fighter jets of the Pakistan Air Force attacked the Srinagar airport
26.
Muhammad Iqbal
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He is called the Spiritual father of Pakistan. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by Pakistanis, Indians, Iranians, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans and other international scholars of literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times and his first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these, his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim, along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes. In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, granting him the title Sir, while studying law and philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All-India Muslim League. In much of South Asia and the Urdu speaking world, Iqbal is regarded as the Shair-e-Mashriq and he is also called Mufakkir-e-Pakistan, Musawar-e-Pakistan and Hakeem-ul-Ummat. The Pakistan government officially named him a national poet and his birthday Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl, or Iqbal Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan. In India he is remembered as the author of the popular song Saare Jahaan Se Achcha. Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in Sialkot within the Punjab Province of British India and his grandparents were Kashmiri Pandits, the Brahmins of the Sapru clan from Kashmir who converted to Islam. In the 19th century, when the Sikh Empire was conquering Kashmir, Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri Pandit Brahmin lineage in his writings. Iqbals father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad, was a tailor, not formally educated, Iqbals mother Imam Bibi was a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and solved the problems of neighbours. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot, Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in a poetic form elegy. Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place, who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive. I will visit thy grave with this complaint, Who will now think of me in midnight prayers, All thy life thy love served me with devotion— When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed. Iqbal was four years old when he was admitted to the masjid to learn the Quran and he learned the Arabic language from his teacher Syed Mir Hassan, the head of the madrassa and professor of Arabic language at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893. He received Intermediate with the Faculty of Arts diploma from Murray College Sialkot in 1895, the same year he enrolled at the Government College Lahore where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F. S. Jalaluddin medal as he took higher numbers in Arabic class, in 1899, he received his Masters of Arts degree from the same college and had the first place in Punjab University, Lahore. Iqbal married three times, in 1895 while studying Bachelor of Arts he had his first marriage with Karim Bibi and they had daughter Miraj Begum and son Aftab Iqbal
27.
Anwar Shah Kashmiri
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Sayyid Muḥammad Anwar Shāh ibn Mu‘az̤z̤am Shāh Kashmīrī was a Kashmiri Islamic scholar from former British India. During his career, he taught at a number of prominent institutions and he authored a numbers books on Islam, which were published in Arabic and Persian. Anwar Shah Kashmiri was a native of Kashmir and he was born on 27th Shawwal, A. H. 1292/1875, in a Syed family. At the age of four and a half years he started reading the Holy Quran under the instruction of his father and he was fourteen years old when he left for Madrasah of Hazara. In 1311/1893 he came to Deoband. Then, in 1314/1896 he went to Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and besides obtaining a Sanad of Hadith, after graduating from Darul Uloom he taught for some time in Madrasah Aminia, Delhi. In 1320/1903 he went to Kashmir, there, in his district, he opened a Madrasah named Faiz-e Aam. In 1323/1905 he went to perform Hajj, in 1327/1909 he came back to Deoband. Till 1333, he went on teaching books of Hadith without taking any salary and he held the guardianship of Darul Uloom for nearly twelve years. He resigned from guardianship in 1346/1927 and went to the Madrasah of Dabhel in western India and he left his family in 1887 and moved into the Madrasah in India. In 1889, he relocated to Deoband, where he studied at the Darul uloom, in 1894, he began studying Hadith, work he continued after graduation from the Darul Uloom in Gangoh. Family Tree of Anwar Shah Kashmiri In 1908, Shah married a woman of Gangoh, the couple had three sons and two daughters. His Elder son Azhar Shah and younger son Anzar Shah Kashmiri became president of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband, in 1933, Shah became ill and traveled to Deoband for medical care. He continued addressing students there until the day he died,28 May 1933 and he began his career teaching at Madrasah Aminiyah in Delhi in 1897 before returning to Kashmir upon the death of his mother in 1901. There, he taught at the Madrasah Faym for three years before embarking on his Hajj to Mecca and Medina and he visited his Deoband instructor Mahmood Hasan, who persuaded him to take a position teaching in Deoband. When Mahmood Hasan himself subsequently relocated to Medina in 1908, Shah was given his position teaching Hadith and he retained the position until 1927, when he departed due to disagreement with management. In 1929, the Majlis-i-Ὶlm educational academy was opened in Delhi primarily to publish Shahs writings on Islam, among other topics, his books discussed Quran, metaphysics, the fundamental beliefs of Islam, Fiqh, zoology, politics. Shah also wrote poetry and often put his scholarly writings in that form, in addition to those works published in his lifetime and after, there were as of 2007 a number of articles and manuscripts which had not yet seen print. Challenges to religions and Islam, a study of Muslim movements, personalities, issues, noor, Ahmad-Noor A. Yoginder Sikand, Martin van Bruinessen
28.
Nasir Aslam Wani
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Mr. Nasir Aslam Wani, in Rajbagh, Srinagar, is a politician of Jammu and Kashmir and belongs to National Conference party. Mr. Sogami is presently the Provincial President of National Conference for Kashmir, having a stable and strong political background, he contested elections in 2008 from Amirakadal Constituency, the main Business, Commercial and Educational hub of summer capital Srinagar. The overwhelming support of people brought him success in 2008 elections. His determined efforts have made it possible to strengthen the treads of hope and he was second in command when Omar Abdullah rose to the top ranks of Youth national Conference before taking over as the charge as president of the Grand Old Party in 2001. YNC was then just Omar and Nasir and it was never revived, Nasir, descendant of an influential political family earlier concentrated on Lolab Valley. At Amirakadal, Nasir polled 3922 votes against 3103 of his rival Parvez Ahmad of PDP, none of the 27 other candidates could get more than 1000 votes in the constituency where a high profile Amreen Badar of Congress polled only 407 votes
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
30.
Zoji La
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Zoji La is a high mountain pass in Jammu and Kashmir, India, located on the Indian National Highway 1D between Srinagar and Leh in the western section of the Himalayan mountain range. In modern-day North Indian languages, La and Darra are both used interchangeably to mean a mountain pass, Zoji La is 9 km from Sonamarg and provides a vital link between Ladakh and Kashmir Valley. It runs at an elevation of approximately 3,528 metres and it is often closed during winter, though the Border Roads Organisation is working to extend traffic to most parts of the year. The Beacon Force unit of the BRO is responsible for clearing, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Zoji La was seized by Pakistani supported invaders in 1948 in their campaign to capture Ladakh
31.
Burzil Pass
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The Burzil Pass is an ancient pass and caravan route between Srinagar in Kashmir and Gilgit. This route was active up to Pakistans independence, the pass lies close to the Line of Control demarcating India and Pakistan, which has since closed the Burzil. The crest of the pass is wide and covered in summer with alpine grass vegetation, the Astor river originates from western slopes of the pass. It is the oldest route connecting Gilgit with Srinagar and Skardu through Deosai Plateau, the travellers used horses and ponies to cross the pass. On the beginning of 20th century a hut of post couriers was situated on the crest of the Pass and they brought mail from India to China. Gilgit is some 367 km from Srinagar by road over the Burzil pass above the banks of Wular Lake. From Astore to Burzil Pass Road following main places in route, - Gorikot, Astore River Bridge, Maikaal, Dad Khiran, Chilam Chowki, River Neelum are also start from Brzil Nor
32.
Sind Valley
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The Sind Valley is a Himalayan sub-valley of the Kashmir Valley in the State of Jammu and Kashmir of India. The entrance of the Sind Valley lies 33 kilometres northeast of Srinagar the capital of Jammu and it is a 65 kilometres long gorge valley with an average width of 1 kilometre. The Sind Valley had an importance on the ancient Silk Road. It worked as a bridge between India, China and Central Asia along with Srinagar-Skardu Route, first Hinduism and then Islam spread in Kashmir through this route. This route was taken by a Persian saint Shah Hamdan to enter the Kashmir Valley in 1372 along with his 700 followers who introduced different types of artistic works in the valley. The Sind Valley still connects Ladakh with the rest of India through a National Highway NH 1D, the Sind Valley is situated within the jurisdiction of Kangan tehsil, of Ganderbal district. It is bordered by the Kashmir Valley in the west, Zojila in the east, Kishanganga in the north and the Lidder Valley in the south. It has a length of 65 kilometres and reaches a length of 9 kilometres at village Preng towards the north through a stream Wangath Nala which flows down from Gangabal Lake. At some places the width is less than 500 metres which gives only space to NH 1D, a National Highway which connects Ladakh and it is formed by the flow of the Sind River which flows down from east to west. The River originates from the inner Himalayas at Drass in Machoi Glacier and runs through forests of pine and fir. The Sind Valley contributes heavily to the economy of the State, through generation of hydroelectricity, provides water supply to other districts. The Sind River flows through the valley passing several natural landmarks, tourist spots including Baltal, The meadow of gold, Gagangear, Naranag. The main towns in the valley are Gund, Mammer, Kangan, Wangath, Preng, Wussan, the Sind Valley has formed over a period of several thousand years as the Sind River cuts into the Himalayan mountains. The glaciers of the valley are shrinking, today, the river continues to deposit the sheets of sand in the lower areas of Ganderbal. Gradual erosive processes have washed away side forests and created a gorge at many places. The Sind Valley has many glacier fed streams, the tributaries of the Sind River are home to different types of trout among of which is the brown trout. The valley is the habitat of Himalayan black bear, the Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, snow leopard. Markhor and ibex are also spotted in Sonamarg of the Sind Valley
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Lidder Valley
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The Lidder Valley or Liddar Valley in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India, is a Himalayan sub-valley that forms the northeastern corner of the Kashmir Valley. The Lidder River flows down the valley, the entrance to the valley lies seven km northeast from Anantnag town and 62 km southeast from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a 40-km-long gorge valley with a width of 3 km. The Lidder Valley is situated within the jurisdiction of Pahalgam tehsil and it is bordered by Kashmir Valley to the west, and Sind Valley to the north, and covers a length of 40 km. It has a width of five km. The Lidder basin is surrounded on the south and southeast by the Pir Panjal Range, on the north by the Sind Valley, the Lidder drainage basin has an area of 1134 km2. It is formed by the flow of the Lidder River which flows within a Y-shaped valley, upstream of Pahagam the river diverges into the East Lidder and the West Lidder. The East Lidder of which reaches eastwards from Pahalgam up past Chandanwari and flows from east to west starting in the area of Sheshnag Lake, the West Lidder originates from the Kolhoi Glacier and runs through green coniferous forests through many alpine meadows. The Lidder Valley provides fresh water supply to other districts and irrigation for agriculture, the Lidder River flows through the entire valley passing several natural landmarks and tourist spots, including Aru, Pahalgam, Betab Valley, and Akad. The main towns in the Lidder Valley are Mandlan, Laripora, Phraslun, Ashmuqam, the Lidder Valley formed over millions of years as the Lidder River cut into the Himalayan Mountains. Today, the continues to deposit sheets of sand in the lower areas of Anantnag. Gradual erosive processes have washed away bordering forests and created deep gorges at many places, the Lidder Valley has many glacier-fed streams, and the tributaries of the Lidder River are home to different types of trout. The valley is the habitat of the Himalayan black bear. The Himalayan brown bear, musk deer, snow leopard and hangul have also spotted in the Aru and Lidderwat areas
34.
Betaab Valley
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Betaab valley is situated at a distance of 15 kilometers from Pahalgam in Anantnag district in Indias northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley got its name from the Sunny Deol-Amrita Singh hit debut film Betaab, the Valley is towards northeast of Pahalgam and falls between Pahalgam and Chandanwadi and is en route Amarnath Temple Yatra. The valley surrounded by lush green meadows, snow clad mountains, Betaab Valley, which is a part of Pahalgam area – one of the several Sub-valleys of Kashmir Valley came into existence during the post geosynclinal stage of the development of the Himalayas. Betaab Valley lies between the two Himalayan Ranges – Pir Panjal and Zanskar, archaeological evidence proves the human existence in this region from the Neolithic Age, especially at Burzahom, Bomai and Pahalgam. Betaab Valley – a part of the Kashmir region, was ruled by the Mughals since the 15th Century, a polyglot and a historical writer, General Haider wrote the ‘Tarik-i-Rashidi’ – a personal memoir of the Central Asian History. He even gave a directive to restore and restructure Kashmir during his reign – quite contrary to conventional foreign invading rulers and it was under him that ‘Kashmiriyat’ – a ‘social and cultural consciousness’ of Kashmiri people was developed. Betab Valley is a popular touristic destination. Betaab Valley is also a campsite of travelers as it also serves as a base camp for trekking. The valley is a distance from Pahalgam. The crystal clear & chilly water of the stream bubbling down from the hills is a delight. Baisaran and Tulian Lake are few nearby attractions that can be visited, Kashmir was home to the Indian film industry from the sixties to the eighties. Scores of films were shot in the Valley like Aarzoo, Kashmir Ki Kali, Jab Jab Phool Khile, Kabhie Kabhie, Silsila, Satte Pe Satta and Roti, the list is endless. Film shooting almost came to a halt after militancy erupted in the Valley but with things improving now, the hut where Bobby was shot continues to be famous as the Bobby Hut. Many films like Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Yeh Jawani Hai deewani, Haider have been shot in the Jammu and Kashmir state
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Anantnag
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Anantnag /ənʌntna, g/ or /-nɑːg/ listen, Kashmiri, anantnāg, lit. Countless springs) is a city and a municipality, capital of the Anantnag district in the Indian state of Jammu and it is a large business and trading centre of Kashmir Valley. The name Anantnag is derived from the Sanskrit term Ananta, meaning infinite, anantanag is another name of Shesha Nag, which is the Divine Serpent of Mahavishnu. Nag also means water spring in the Kashmiri language, thus, Anantnag is believed to mean numerous springs because there are many springs in the town, such as Nag Bal, Salak Nag and Malik Nag. According to Marc Aurel Stein, the name of the city comes from the great spring Ananta Nag issuing at the centre of the city. This is also corroborated by almost all historians, including Kalhana. Anantnag is an ancient city that came into existence as a town around 5000 BCE. Before the advent of Muslim rule in 1320 CE, Kashmir was divided into three divisions, viz. Maraz in the south, Yamraj in the centre and Kamraj in the north of the Valley. Old chronicles reveal that the division was the culmination of the rift Marhan and Kaman, the part of the valley which lies between Pir Panjal and Srinagar, and called the Anantnag, was given to Marhan and named after him as Maraj. While Srinagar is no known as Yamraj, the area to its north and south are still called Kamraz and Maraz respectively. These divisions were later on divided into thirty four sub-divisions which after 1871 were again reduced to five Zilas or districts, Anantnag, like the rest of the Kashmir Valley, has witnessed many vicissitudes and experienced many upheavals from time to time. Charles von Hügel found here some monuments of the Mughal period in ruins when he visited Jammu, the Martand temple is one of the important archaeological sites of the country. It was built around 500 AD and this temple has the typical Aryan structure as was present in Aryan Kashmir. The Martand temple or 33. 7456817°N and 75. 2203792°E is situated at Kehribal,9 km east-north-east of Anantnag, the temple was attacked by Sikander Butshikan. It took one year for Sikander Butshikan to fully damage and destroy this Martand temple, even today one gets surprised over art and skill of the builders of this world-famous Martand temple by looking at its ruins. Its impressive architecture reveals the glorious past of the area, after Independence, the government developed many beauty spots of the district, but of their noble and magnificent edifices only faint traces survive. Anantnag is located at 33. 73°N75. 15°E /33.73,75.15, at an elevation of 5,300 feet above sea level, at a distance of 53 kilometres from Srinagar on NH44. The city is constituted by three main boroughs or towns, viz. Anantnag, Khanabal, Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir, most of the population of the city resides in the Anantnag borough
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Shupiyan
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The Shopian Hill District is one of the districts of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Its headquarters is located in Shupiyan, according to the 2011 census, the Shopian district has a population of 265,960, roughly equal to that of the nation of Barbados. This gives the Shopian district a ranking of 577th in India, the district has a population density of 852 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the 2001–2011 decade was 25. 85%, Shopian has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 62. 49%. Colleges Degree College for Boys and Girls University of Siraj Ul Uloom Imamsaheb Losetech Computer Education, information Technology Solutions, Batapora Shopian Schools Gousia Hanfia institute TRENZ. Boys & Girls Higher Secondary, Shopian Sun Shine Public School, Pinjura Ameer Kabeer Memorial Institute K. Manloo, High School, Pinjura Shah I Hamdan Institute, Ramnagri Govt. High School, Ramnagri Govt. High School, D. K. Pora Govt, kapren Simnania Public School, Arshi Pora, Shopian JK Charitable Welfare Trust Al-Mustafa Educational Trust, Mashwara Govt. Middle School, Reshipora, Zainapora, Shopian Central Public hr. sec, rainbow International Educational Institute, DayGam Toolihalan. New Greenland Educational Institute, Aliyalpora Shopian, the Jamia Masjid in Shopian is one of the famous historical monuments built during the Mughal reign resembling that of jamia Masjid Srinagar. The famous Aasar-i-Sharief Dargah at Pinjura, attracts thousands of devotees on the occasion of Eid-i-Milad-un- Nabi, darul Uloom Islamia Pinjura where large people gather to seek knowledge and propagate to others. Shopain to Kangiullar via Ramnagri and Gadiporahir Shopain to Kheer Bhawani at Mamzam via Ramnagri, Kanjiuller Nihama Shopain tovia Ramnagri, Gadipora, Shopian to Shadab Karewa Via Zowoora. Shopian to Narapora, keller via Zawoora Shopain to Ahrabal via Saidow Shopian Arshi pora road to link Via Herman Kadder Road Shopian to Manzimpara via Kumdalan, list of Villages in Shopian Tehsil 1
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Downtown Srinagar
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Downtown is a notable area in the municipality of Srinagar. It is the largest and the most densely populated area in the city of Srinagar, the area is mostly located on the banks of Jhelum river about 5 km from city center. The area is considered as the point in the city as the first inhabitants of the Srinagar lived here. The area reflects the images of old city of Srinagar, the historical buildings and monuments in the area reflect the design of old times. The residential homes are depicted to be constructed from late-19th century to early-20th century, many key monuments like Jamia Masjid, Khanqah-e-moula Maharaj Gangh and shrines have been built famous rulers of Kashmir. The area was settled more than 2000 years ago in 3rd century BC by Raja Pranavsarena, the area is the hub of the historical monuments made by the famous rulers of Kashmir. The area is located at 34. 0833°N74. 7833°E /34.0833,74.7833 at an elevation of 1585 meters above sea level in Srinagar. Kashmiri is the language of the area. People also use Urdu and English as secondary languages and it is estimated that the downtown has the population of half a million which is about 47% of the total population of Srinagar district. In September 2014 the state of Jammu and Kashmir was hit by floods caused by torrential rainfall, the area of Downtown was least affected as compared to the rest of Srinagar, though close to the river, the people from other parts of Srinagar shifted to downtown for safety. Commercial buildings and residential homes and Government offices were shattered to nothing in the adjoining areas, people lost their lives and properties and the whole area was set on the economic back-foot. Schools, hospitals and other places of significant importance were damaged by the floods, there are number of premier school and colleges in downtown
