1.
82nd Airborne Division
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The 82nd Airborne Division is an airborne infantry division of the United States Army, specializing in parachute assault operations into denied areas. Based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the 82nd Airborne Division is part of the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 82nd Airborne Division is the U. S. Armys most strategically mobile division. Some sources consider the 82nd Airborne Division the most highly trained light infantry division in the world, recently the 82nd Airborne has been conducting operations in Iraq. The 82nd Airborne has been assigned to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces, since its initial members came from all 48 states, the unit acquired the nickname All-American, which is the basis for its famed AA shoulder patch. Famous soldiers of the division include Sergeant Alvin C, York, General James M. Colonel Chris Gibson, Brigade Commander 325 Airborne Infantry, New York Congressman. The 82nd Division was first constituted on 5 August 1917 during World War I in the National Army and it was organized and formally activated on 25 August 1917 at Camp Gordon, Georgia. The division consisted entirely of conscripted soldiers. The citizens of Atlanta held a contest to give a nickname to the new division, Major General Eben Swift, the commanding general, chose All American to reflect the unique composition of the 82nd—it had soldiers from all 48 states. The bulk of the division was two infantry brigades, each commanding two regiments, the 163rd Infantry Brigade commanded the 325th Infantry Regiment and the 326th Infantry Regiment. The 164th Infantry Brigade commanded the 327th Infantry Regiment and the 328th Infantry Regiment and it sailed to Europe to join the American Expeditionary Force, commanded by General John Pershing, on the Western Front. William P. Burnham, who had commanded the 164th Brigade, led the division during most of its training. In early April, the division embarked from the ports in Boston, New York and Brooklyn to Liverpool, England, on 16 June it moved by rail to Toul, France to take position on the front lines in the French sector. Its soldiers were issued French weapons and equipment to simplify resupply, the division was briefly assigned to I Corps before falling under the command of IV Corps until late August. It was then moved to the Woëvre front, in the Lagney sector, the division relieved the 26th Division on 25 June. Though Lagney was considered a defensive sector, the 82nd Division actively patrolled and raided in the region for several weeks, from there it moved to the Marbache sector in mid-August, where it relieved the 2nd Division under the command of the newly formed US First Army. There it trained until 12 September, when the division joined the St. Mihiel offensive, once the First Army jumped off on the offensive, the 82nd Division engaged in a holding mission to prevent German forces from attacking the right flank of the First Army. On 15 September, the 328th Infantry, in order to protect the 90th Divisions flank, resumed the advance, and reached Vandières, on 17 September, the St-Mihiel Operation stabilized, and the 90th Division relieved the 82nds troops west of the Moselle River. During this operation, the division suffered casualties from enemy artillery
2.
Special reconnaissance
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This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles, see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy, as a role, SR is distinct from commando operations, but both are often carried out by the same units. The SR role frequently includes covert direction of air and missile attacks, in areas deep behind enemy lines, placement of remotely monitored sensors, like other special forces, SR units may also carry out direct action and unconventional warfare, including guerrilla operations. In intelligence terms, SR is an intelligence collection discipline. Its operational control is likely to be inside a cell of the HUMINT, or possibly the operations. They operate significantly farther than the most forward friendly scouting and surveillance units, while SR has been a function of armies since ancient times, specialized units with this task date from the lead-up to World War II. In 1938, the British Secret Intelligence Service and the War Office both set up special reconnaissance departments and these later formed the basis of the Special Operations Executive, which conducted operations in occupied Europe. During the Winter War and the Continuation War, Finland employed several kaukopartio units, from 1941, volunteers from various countries formed, under the auspices of the British Army, the Long Range Desert Group and Special Air Service, initially for service in the North African Campaign. In 1942, following the onset of the Pacific War, the Allied Intelligence Bureau, was set up in Australia, drawing on personnel from Australian, British, New Zealand and other Allied forces, it included Coastwatchers and special units that undertook reconnaissance behind enemy lines. The US Government established the Office of Strategic Services, modelled on the British SOE, following the end of the war OSS became the basis for the CIA. During the Vietnam War, respective division and brigades in-country trained their Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol members, conventional military forces, at battalion level, will often have scout platoons that can perform limited reconnaissance beyond the main line of troops. For example, reorganized US Army brigade combat teams, the new US Army Unit of Action, are gaining reconnaissance squadrons, US Army Battlefield Surveillance Brigades have specialized Long Range Surveillance companies. Long Range Surveillance 6-man teams operate behind enemy lines, deep within enemy territory, forward of battalion reconnaissance teams, the duration of an LRS mission depends on equipment and supplies the team must carry, movement distance to the objective area, and resupply availability. LRS teams normally operate up to seven days without depending on terrain. SR units are armed, since they may have to defend themselves if they are detected as their exfiltration support needs time to get to them. When air support was delayed, however, the patrols might attack key SCUD system elements with their organic weapons, while there are obvious risks to doing so, SR-trained units can operate out of uniform. They may use motorcycles, four-wheel-drive vehicles, or multiple helicopter lifts in their area of operations, most SR units are trained in advanced helicopter movement and at least basic parachuting, some SR will have HAHO and HALO advanced parachute capability. See Special Reconnaissance organizations for national units, all these organizations have special operations roles, with SR often by specialists within them
3.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
4.
Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)
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The Military Intelligence Corps is the intelligence branch of the United States Army. The Army’s intelligence components produce intelligence both for Army use and for sharing across the intelligence community. Approximately 28,000 military personnel and 3,800 civilian personnel are assigned to intelligence duties, some of the key components include, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence. The current G-2 is Mary A. Legere, United States Army Intelligence and Security Command, located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is the Armys major intelligence command, United States Army Military Intelligence Readiness Command, located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is the Army Reserves intelligence command, United States Army Intelligence Center of Excellence, located at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. It is the Armys school for training of military intelligence personnel. Intelligence personnel were a part of the Continental Army from its founding in 1775, in January 1863, Major General Joseph Hooker established the Bureau of Military Information for the Union Army during the Civil War, headed by George H. Sharpe. Allan Pinkerton and Lafayette C. Baker handled similar operations for their respective regional commanders, all of those operations were shut down at the end of the Civil War in 1865. In 1885, the Army established the Military Intelligence Division, in 1903, the MID was placed under the new general staff in an elevated position. In March 1942, the Military Intelligence Division was reorganized as the Military Intelligence Service, originally consisting of just 26 people,16 of them officers, it was quickly expanded to include 342 officers and 1,000 enlisted personnel and civilians. It was tasked with collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence, on January 1,1942, the U. S. Army Corps of Intelligence Police, founded in World War I, was re-designated as the US Army Counter Intelligence Corps. In 1945, the Special Branch became the Army Security Agency, on 1 July 1962, the Army Intelligence and Security Branch was established as a basic Army branch to meet the increased need for national and tactical intelligence. It was in July 1967, that a number of intelligence, in 1977 they eventually recombined with the Army Intelligence Agency and Army Security Agency to become the US Army Intelligence and Security Command. The Military Intelligence Corps is one of the branches of the United States Army. In 1971, the United States Army Intelligence Center was established at Fort Huachuca, on 1 July 1987 the Military Intelligence Corps was activated as a regiment under the U. S. Army Regimental System. All United States Army Military Intelligence personnel are members of the Military Intelligence Corps, for this the Battlefield Surveillance Brigades can deploy unmanned aerial vehicles, signals gathering equipment, human intelligence collectors and long range surveillance patrols. A fourth brigade is scheduled to activate at Fort Polk in 2013 but is not yet named, the Army National Guard has additional seven BfSBs
5.
Unmanned aerial vehicle
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An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system, which include a UAV, a controller. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy, either under control by a human operator, or fully or intermittently autonomously. Compared to manned aircraft, UAVs are often preferred for missions too dull, civilian drones now vastly outnumber military drones, with estimates of over a million sold by 2015. Multiple terms are used for unmanned vehicles, which generally refer to the same concept. The term drone, more used by the public, was coined in reference to the resemblance of navigation. The term has encountered opposition from aviation professionals and government regulators. This term emphasizes the importance of other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground stations, data links. A similar term is a vehicle system remotely piloted aerial vehicle. Many similar terms are in use, therefore, missiles are not considered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a weapon that is not reused, though it is also unmanned and in some cases remotely guided. The relation of UAVs to remote controlled model aircraft is unclear, UAVs may or may not include model aircraft. Some jurisdictions base their definition on size or weight, however, a radio-controlled aircraft becomes a drone with the addition of an autopilot artificial intelligence, and ceases to be a drone when an AI is removed. In 1849 Austria sent unmanned, bomb-filled balloons to attack Venice, UAV innovations started in the early 1900s and originally focused on providing practice targets for training military personnel. UAV development continued during World War I, when the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company invented a pilotless aerial torpedo that would explode at a preset time, the earliest attempt at a powered UAV was A. M. Lows Aerial Target in 1916. Nikola Tesla described a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles in 1915. Advances followed during and after World War I, including the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, the first scaled remote piloted vehicle was developed by film star and model-airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935. More emerged during World War II – used both to train gunners and to fly attack missions
6.
Ghillie suit
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A ghillie suit is a type of camouflage clothing designed to resemble the background environment such as foliage, snow or sand. Typically, it is a net or cloth garment covered in loose strips of burlap, cloth or twine, sometimes made to look like leaves and twigs, and optionally augmented with scraps of foliage from the area. Snipers, hunters and nature photographers may wear a suit to blend into their surroundings. The suit gives the wearers outline a three-dimensional breakup, rather than a linear one, when manufactured correctly, the suit will move in the wind in the same way as surrounding foliage. Some ghillie suits are made with light and breathable material that allows a person to wear a shirt underneath, the ghillie suit was developed by Scottish gamekeepers as a portable hunting blind. Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment formed by the British Army during the Second Boer War, is the first known military unit to use ghillie suits, in 1916, Lovat Scouts went on to become the British Armys first sniper unit. The term ghillie references Ghillie Dhu, derived from gille, the Scottish Gaelic for servant or a lad, in English, this term was especially used to refer to those assisting in deer hunting, deer stalking or fly fishing expeditions in the Scottish Highlands. High-quality ghillie suits are made by hand, most military snipers generally construct their own unique suits, manufactured ghillie suits can be assembled from up to six pieces. Proper camouflage requires the use of materials present in the environment in which a sniper will operate. Making a ghillie suit from scratch is time-consuming, and a detailed, high-quality suit can take weeks or even months to manufacture, Ghillie suits can be constructed in several different ways. Some military services make them of rough burlap flaps or jute twine attached to a poncho, hunting ghillie suits can be made of nylon and other artificial materials as well as the ones listed before. United States military ghillie suits are often built using either a dress uniform. On the base, rough webbing made of durable, stainable fabric like burlap is attached, a nearly invisible material like fishing line can be used to sew each knot of net to the fabric. The jute is applied to the netting by tying groups of 5 to 10 strands of a color to the netting with simple knots, skipping sections to be filled in with other colors. The webbing is then seasoned by dragging it behind a vehicle, leaving it to soak in mud, although highly effective, ghillie suits are impractical for many situations where camouflage is useful. They tend to be heavy and hot. Even in moderate climates, the temperature inside of the suit can reach over 50 °C. The burlap is also flammable, unless treated with fire retardant, to enhance safety, the US Army Soldier Systems Center has developed an inherently fire resistant, self extinguishing fabric to replace the jute or burlap
7.
Reconnaissance
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In military operations, reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence. Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops, ships or submarines, manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, satellites, espionage normally is not reconnaissance, because reconnaissance is a militarys special forces operating ahead of its main forces, spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines. Often called recce or recon, the verb is reconnaître. Traditionally, reconnaissance was a role that was adopted by the cavalry, speed was key in these maneuvers, thus infantry was ill suited to the task. From horses to vehicles, for warriors throughout history, commanders procured their ability to have speed and mobility, to mount and dismount, skirmishing is a traditional skill of reconnaissance, as well as harassment of the enemy. Reconnaissance conducted by ground forces includes special reconnaissance, armored reconnaissance, amphibious reconnaissance, aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance carried out by aircraft. The purpose is to weather conditions, map terrain, and may include military purposes such as observing tangible structures, particular areas. Naval forces use aerial and satellite reconnaissance to observe enemy forces, navies also undertake hydrographic surveys and intelligence gathering. Reconnaissance satellites provide military commanders with photographs of enemy forces and other intelligence, military forces also use geographical and meteorological information from Earth observation satellites. A tracker needs to pay attention to both the environment and the psychology of his enemy. Knowledge of human psychology, sociology, and cultural backgrounds is necessary to know the actions of the enemy and this is almost as necessary as to know the physical character of the country, its climate and products. Certain people will do certain things almost without fail, certain other things, perfectly feasible, they will not do. There is no danger of knowing too much of the habits of an enemy. One should neither underestimate the enemy nor credit him with superhuman powers, fear and courage are latent in every human being, though roused into activity by very diverse means. Types of reconnaissance, Terrain-oriented reconnaissance is a survey of the terrain, force-oriented reconnaissance focuses on the enemy forces and may include target acquisition. Civil-oriented reconnaissance focuses on the dimension of the battlespace. The techniques and objectives are not mutually exclusive, it is up to the commander whether they are carried out separately or by the same unit, some military elements tasked with reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense, and rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by destroying their reconnaissance elements, reconnaissance-in-force is a type of military operation or military tactics used specifically to probe an enemys disposition
8.
Target acquisition
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Target acquisition is the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. The term is used for an area of applications. A target here is an entity or object considered for possible engagement or other action and it may comprise target acquisition, Joint Targeting or Information Operations. HPTs which if successfully engaged and neutralized significantly contribute to the success of the commanders course of action. HVT is a target that an enemy commander requires for completion of a mission and they both seem to accomplish the same, but are different when conducting the targeting analysis process. Since the September 11 attacks, target acquisition has become a technical, robust and complex process because of the priority target types. This also requires an enhancement of Human Intelligence sources or the enhancement of biometric technology for the purpose of identification of individuals in the targeting process. The Joint Targeting process is suited for targeting individuals. The latest U. S. doctrine is the JP 3-60, military intelligence Counter-battery fire Surveillance Reconnaissance Missile lock-on
9.
Operations security
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Operations security is a term originating in U. S. In a more general sense, OPSEC is the process of protecting individual pieces of data that could be grouped together to give the bigger picture, OPSEC is the protection of critical information deemed mission essential from military commanders, senior leaders, management or other decision-making bodies. OPSEC is an iterative process that assists an organization in identifying specific pieces of information requiring protection. U. S. Army Regulation 530-1 has redefined Critical Information into four categories, using the acronym CALI- Capabilities, Activities, Limitations. This step results in the creation of a Critical Information List and this allows the organization for focus resources on vital information, rather than attempting to protect all classified or sensitive unclassified information. Critical information may include, but is not limited to, military deployment schedules, internal information, details of security measures. Analysis of Threats, A Threat comes from an adversary – any individual or group that may attempt to disrupt or compromise a friendly activity, Threat is further divided into adversaries with intent and capability. The greater the combined intent and capability of the adversary, the greater the threat, Threat can be thought of as the strength of the adversaries, while vulnerability can be thought of as the weakness of friendly organizations. Assessment of Risk, First, planners analyze the vulnerabilities identified in the previous action, second, specific OPSEC measures are selected for execution based upon a risk assessment done by the commander and staff. Risk is calculated based on the probability of Critical Information release, probability is further subdivided into the level of threat and the level of vulnerability. The core premise of the subdivision is that the probability of compromise is greatest when the threat is very capable and dedicated, countermeasures must be continually monitored to ensure that they continue to protect current information against relevant threats. An OPSEC Assessment is the application of this process to an existing operation or activity by a multidisciplinary team of experts. These assessments identify the requirements for additional OPSEC measures and required changes to existing ones, the term EEFI is being phased out in favor of Critical Information, so all affected agencies use the same term, minimizing confusion. In 1966, United States Admiral Ulysses Sharp established a security team to investigate the failure of certain combat operations. This operation was dubbed Operation Purple Dragon, and included personnel from the National Security Agency, when the operation concluded, the Purple Dragon team codified their recommendations. They called the process Operations Security in order to distinguish the process from existing processes, in 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed National Security Decision Directive 298. This document established the National Operations Security Program and named the Director of the National Security Agency as the agent for inter-agency OPSEC support. This document also established the Interagency OPSEC Support Staff, although originally developed as a US Military methodology, Operations Security has been adopted worldwide for both military and private sector operations
