Loonie

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This article is about the coin. For the Canadian dollar as a currency, see Canadian dollar. For other uses, see Looney (disambiguation).
Loonie
Canada
Value1 CAD
Mass6.27 g
Diameter26.5 mm
Thickness1.95 mm
EdgeEleven-sided, smooth, 7.5 mm
Composition1987–2011
91.5% Ni,
8.5% bronze plating
(88% Cu, 12% Sn)

2007–2011
some coins used brass plating instead

2012–
steel,
brass plating
Years of minting1987– present
Catalog number–
Obverse
Canadian Dollar - obverse.png
DesignElizabeth II, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
DesignerSusanna Blunt
Design date2003
Reverse
DesignCommon loon in water
DesignerRobert-Ralph Carmichael
Design date1987
Design discontinued2012
Canadian Dollar - reverse.png
DesignCommon loon in water
DesignerRobert-Ralph Carmichael
Design date2012

The loonie (French: huard), formally the Canadian one-dollar coin, is a gold-coloured coin that was introduced in 1987 and is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg. The most prevalent versions of the coin show a common loon, a bird found throughout Canada, on the reverse and Queen Elizabeth II, the nation's head of state, on the obverse. Various commemorative and specimen-set editions of the coin with special designs replacing the loon on the reverse have been minted over the years.

The coin's outline is an 11-sided curve of constant width, its diameter of 26.5 mm and its 11-sidedness matched that of the already-circulating Susan B. Anthony dollar in the United States, and its thickness of 1.95 mm was a close match to the latter's 2.0 mm. Its gold colour differed from the silver-coloured Anthony dollar; however, the succeeding Sacagawea and Presidential dollars matched the loonie's overall hue. Other coins using a curve of constant width include the 7-sided British twenty pence and fifty pence coins (the latter of which has similar size and value to the loonie, but is silver in colour).

After its introduction, the coin became the symbol of the Canadian dollar: media often discuss the rate at which the loonie is trading against other currencies; the nickname loonie became so widely recognized that in 2006, the Royal Canadian Mint secured the rights to it.[1] When the Canadian two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, it was in turn nicknamed the "toonie" (a portmanteau of "two" and "loonie").

Background[edit]

Canada first minted a silver dollar coin in 1935 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of George V's reign as king;[2] the voyageur dollar, so named because it featured an Indigenous person and a French voyageur paddling a canoe on the reverse, was minted in silver until 1967, after which it was composed primarily of nickel.[3] The coins did not see wide circulation, mainly due to their size and weight; the nickel version weighed 15.6 grams (0.55 oz) and was 32.1 millimetres (1.26 in) in diameter,[4] and was itself smaller than the silver version.[5]

By 1982, the Royal Canadian Mint had begun work on a new composition for the dollar coin that it hoped would lead to increased circulation.[4] At the same time, vending machine operators and transit systems were lobbying the Government of Canada to replace the dollar banknotes with more widely circulating coins. A Commons committee recommended in 1985 that the dollar bill be eliminated despite a lack of evidence that Canadians would support the move;[6] the government argued that it would save between $175 million and $250 million over 20 years by switching from bills that had a lifespan of less than a year to coins that would last two decades.[7]

Introduction[edit]

1988 coin

The government announced on March 25, 1986, that the new dollar coin would be launched the following year as a replacement for the dollar bill, which would be phased out,[8] it was expected to cost $31.8 million to produce the first 300 million coins, but through seigniorage (the difference between the cost of production and the coin's value), expected to make up to $40 million a year on the coins. From the proceeds, a total of $60 million over five years was dedicated toward funding the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.[9]

The failure of the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin in the United States had been considered and it was believed Americans refused to support the coin due to its similarity to their quarter coin and its lack of esthetic appeal.[6] In announcing the new Canadian dollar coin, the government stated it would be the same overall size as the Susan B. Anthony coin – slightly larger than a quarter – to allow for compatibility with American manufactured vending machines, but would be eleven-sided and gold-coloured.[8]

It was planned that the coin would continue using the voyageur theme of its predecessor, but the master dies that had been struck in Ottawa were lost in transit en route to the Mint's facility at Winnipeg.[10] A Commons committee struck to investigate the loss discovered that the Mint had no documented procedures for transport of master dies and that it had shipped them via a local courier in a bid to save $43.50. It was also found to be the third time that the Mint had lost master dies within five years.[11] An internal review by the Royal Canadian Mint argued that while a policy existed to ship the obverse and reverse dies separately, the new coin dies were packaged separately but were part of the same shipment; the Mint also disagreed with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's contention that the dies were simply lost in transit, believing instead that they were stolen.[12] The dies were never recovered.[10]

Fearing the possibility of counterfeiting, the government approved a new design for the reverse, replacing the voyageur with a Robert-Ralph Carmichael design of a common loon floating in water;[10] the coin was immediately nicknamed the "loonie" across English Canada, and became known as a "huard", French for "loon", in Quebec.[7] The loonie entered circulation on June 30, 1987, as 40 million coins were introduced into major cities across the country.[13] Over 800 million loonies had been struck by the coin's 20th anniversary.[14]

Two years after the loonie's introduction, the Bank of Canada ceased production of the dollar banknote; the final dollar bills were printed on June 30, 1989.[15] Initial support for the coin was mixed,[16] but withdrawing the banknote forced acceptance of the coin.[17]

The loonie has subsequently gained iconic status within Canada,[14] and is now regarded as a national symbol;[18] the term "loonie" has since become synonymous with the Canadian dollar itself.[19] The town of Echo Bay, Ontario, home of Robert-Ralph Carmichael, erected a large loonie monument in his honour in 1992 along the highway, similar to Sudbury's 'Big Nickel'.[20]

Lucky loonie[edit]

The 2010 Olympic "lucky" loonie

Officials for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics invited the National Hockey League's ice making consultant, Dan Craig, to oversee the city's E Center arena, where the ice hockey tournament was being held. Craig invited a couple of members from the ice crew in his hometown of Edmonton to assist. One of them, Trent Evans, secretly placed a loonie at centre ice, he originally placed a dime, but added the loonie after the smaller coin quickly vanished as the ice surface was built up.[21] He placed the coins after realizing there was no target at centre ice for referees to aim for when dropping the puck for a faceoff. A thin yellow dot was painted on the ice surface over the coins, though the loonie was faintly visible to those who knew to look for it.[22]

Keeping the coin a secret, Evans told only a few people of its placement and swore them to secrecy. Among those told were the players of the men's and women's teams.[22] Both Canadian teams went on to win gold medals. Several members of the women's team kissed the spot where the coin was buried following their victory.[21] After the men won their final, the coin was dug up and given to Wayne Gretzky, the team's executive-director, who revealed the existence of the "lucky loonie" at a post-game press conference.[23]

The lucky loonie quickly became a piece of Canadian lore;[24] the original lucky loonie was donated to the Hockey Hall of Fame,[25] and Canadians have subsequently hidden loonies at several international competitions.[26] Loonies were buried in the foundations of facilities built for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[27]

Capitalizing on the tradition, the Royal Canadian Mint has released a commemorative edition "lucky loonie" for each Olympic Games since 2004.[26]

Composition[edit]

The weight of the coin was originally specified as 108 grains, equivalent to 6.998 grams.[28] The coin's diameter is 26.5 mm.[29]

When introduced, loonie coins were made of Aureate, a bronze-electroplated nickel combination. Beginning in 2007, some loonie blanks also began to be produced with a cyanide-free brass plating process. In the spring of 2012, the composition switched to multi-ply brass-plated steel; as a result, the weight dropped from 7.00 to 6.27 grams.[30] This has resulted in the 2012 loonie not being accepted in some vending machines;[31] the Toronto Parking Authority estimates that at about $345 per machine, it will cost about $1 million to upgrade almost 3,000 machines to accept the new coins. The Mint states that multi-ply plated steel technology, already used in Canada's smaller coinage, produces an electromagnetic signature that is harder to counterfeit than that for regular alloy coins; also, using steel provides cost savings and avoids fluctuations in price or supply of nickel.[32]

On April 10, 2012, the Royal Canadian Mint announced design changes to the loonie and toonie, which include new security features.[33][34]

Commemorative editions[edit]

Alongside the regular minting of the loonie with the standard image of the common loon on the coin's reverse, the Royal Canadian Mint has also released commemorative editions of the one-dollar coin for a variety of occasions; these coins have a circulation-grade finish and have been made available to the public in five-coin packs and in 25-coin rolls in addition to being released directly into circulation.

No. Year Theme Artist Mintage Special notes
1 1992 125th anniversary of the Confederation[35] Rita Swanson 23,010,000 Showing children and the Parliament Building. The regular loon design was also minted that year bearing the double date "1867–1992".
2 1994 Remembrance Design[36] RCM Staff 15,000,000 Image of the National War Memorial in Ottawa.
3 1995 Peacekeeping Monument[36] J. K. Harman, R. G. Enriquez, C. H. Oberlander, Susan Taylor 41,813,100 (see note) Included in 1995 Loon Mintage.
4 2004 Olympic Lucky Loonie[37] R.R. Carmichael 6,526,000 1st Lucky Loonie.
5 2005 Terry Fox Stan Witten 12,909,000[38] Fox is the first Canadian citizen to be featured on a circulated Canadian coin. There are versions that exist without grass on the reverse of the coin.[37]
6 2006 Olympic Lucky Loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 10,495,000[38] 2nd Lucky Loonie.
7 2008 Olympic Lucky Loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 10,000,000 3rd Lucky Loonie. Part of the RBC Vancouver 2010 Coin Set.
8 2009 Montreal Canadiens Centennial Loonie Susanna Blunt 10,000,000[39] To commemorate the 100th anniversary celebration of the Montreal Canadiens professional hockey team
9 2010 Olympic Lucky Loonie RCM Staff 11,000,000 4th Lucky Loonie with the 2010 Vancouver winter Olympic symbol ilanaaq, an inukshuk. Part of the RBC Vancouver 2010 Coin Set.
10 2010 Navy Centennial Bonnie Ross 7,000,000[40] To commemorate the Centennial of the Canadian Navy Features a Halifax-class frigate below anchor, a 1910 naval serviceman and a modern-day female naval officer.
11 2010 Saskatchewan Roughriders Centennial Susanna Blunt 3,000,000[41] To celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Features the Roughriders logo along with a stylized 100.
12 2011 Parks Canada Centennial [42] Nolin BBDO Montreal[43] 5,000,000 To celebrate Parks Canada’s 100th anniversary. Features stylized land, air and aquatic fauna, varieties of flora, as well as a symbolic park building and the silhouette of a hiker framed by a snow-capped mountain range.[43]
13 2012 Olympic Lucky Loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 5th Lucky Loonie. Features a common loon with its wings spread, the Olympic rings, and a laser-etched maple leaf.[44]
14 2012 100th Grey Cup RCM Staff 5,000,000[45] To celebrate the 100th Grey Cup. Features the Grey Cup with "100th Grey Cup" in English and French
15 2014 Olympic Lucky Loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 6th Lucky Loonie. Features a common loon with its wings spread and sits on a lake water, the Canadian Olympic Team logo, and a laser-etched maple leaf. Same design as the 2012 version of the Lucky Loonie.[46]
16 2016 Women's Right to Vote Laurie McGaw 5,000,000 Features a women casting a ballot with a girl to commemorate the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage in Canada.
17 2016 Olympic Lucky Loonie Derek Wicks 5,000,000 7th Lucky Loonie. Released for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Shows the image of a common loon on the water, poised for take-off with its arched body and outstretched wings with a stylized maple leaf in the background.[47]
18 2017 Canada 150 Wesley Klassen 10,000,000 Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada. The design features the railroad and landmarks such as the Lion's Gate Bridge, a prairie grain elevator, the CN Tower, Quebec City's Chateau Frontenac Hotel and an East Coast lighthouse; the theme of the coin is "Our Achievements".
19 2017 Toronto Maple Leafs 100th anniversary Steven Rosati 5,150,000 Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The design features the Leafs logo, two hockey sticks crossed under a Canadian maple leaf, and a hockey puck between the words "Canada Dollar" written around the top of the coin.
20 2019 LGBT Equality Joe Average TBA 50th anniversary of the 1969 decriminalization of homosexuality in Canada. Design will feature two overlapping human faces within a large circle, and the word "equality" in both French and English;[48] the design is being issued both as a regular $1 coin and as a limited-edition $10 collector's coin in full colour.[49]

Specimen set editions[edit]

In 1997, 2002, and each year since 2004, the Royal Canadian Mint has issued a one-dollar coin that depicts a different and unique image of a bird on the coin's reverse;[50] these special loonies have limited mintages and are available only in the six-coin specimen sets.

The Big Loonie in Echo Bay, Ontario.
Year Theme Artist Mintage Full-Set Issue Price (CAD)
1997 10th anniversary of the loonie[51] Jean-Luc Grondin 97,595
2002 15th anniversary of the loonie[52] Dora de Pédery-Hunt 67,672 $39.95
2004 Jack Miner Bird Sanctuary[53] Susan Taylor 46,493 $39.95
2005 Tufted puffin[54] Mark Hobson 39,818 $39.95
2006 Snowy owl[55] Glen Loates 39,935 $44.95
2007 Trumpeter swan Kerri Burnett 40,000 $45.95
2008 Common eider Mark Hobson 40,000 $47.95
2009 Great blue heron Chris Jordison 40,000 $47.95
2010 Northern harrier Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2011 Great gray owl Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2012 25th anniversary of the loonie Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2013 Blue-winged teal Glen Loates 50,000 $49.95
2014 Ferruginous hawk Trevor Tennant 50,000 $49.95
2015 Blue jay Brent Townsend 30,000 $49.95
2016 Tundra swan Glen Scrimshaw 30,000 $49.95
2017 Snow goose Pierre Girard 30,000 $51.95
2018 Burrowing owl Pierre Girard 30,000 $51.95

First strikes[edit]

Year Theme Mintage Issue Price
2005 Common loon 1,944 $14.95
2005 Terry Fox[37] 19,949 $14.95
2006 Lucky Loonie 20,010 $15.95
2006 With new Mint mark 5,000 $29.95

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Application Number: 0916677". Canadian Trade-marks database. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  2. ^ Cross 2011, p. 195
  3. ^ "Sharp announces plans for 1968 nickel coins", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, p. 1, December 23, 1966, retrieved April 13, 2013
  4. ^ a b "Paper dollar not about to be replaced", Edmonton Journal, p. A14, July 7, 1982, retrieved April 13, 2013
  5. ^ Cross 2011, p. 206
  6. ^ a b "Canadian govt. may be courting disaster with dollar coin", Ottawa Citizen, p. A12, August 19, 1985, retrieved April 13, 2013
  7. ^ a b 1987: Introducing the Loonie, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved April 14, 2013
  8. ^ a b Lee, Robert (March 25, 1986), "New coin to replace dollar bill", Ottawa Citizen, p. A1, retrieved April 14, 2013
  9. ^ Lee, Robert (March 26, 1986). "Govt. hopes to cash in on dollar coin". Ottawa Citizen. p. A3. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c "The loonie, a Canadian touchstone, is turning 20". CTV News. June 27, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  11. ^ Weston, Greg (February 5, 1987). "Dollar fiasco third time mint lost moulds". Ottawa Citizen. p. A1. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  12. ^ "Vanished dollar coin dies likely stolen, review finds". Toronto Star. April 19, 1990. p. D12.
  13. ^ McIntosh, Andrew (June 30, 1987). "Canadians will call for the Loon when they know it, Mint predicts". The Globe and Mail. p. A1.
  14. ^ a b Goldman, Suzanne (June 30, 2007). "Loonie's two decades cause for celebration". Calgary Herald. p. A1.
  15. ^ Dawson, Chris (June 30, 1989). "Paper dollar's demise begins bronzed bird's solo flight". Calgary Herald. p. A1.
  16. ^ "The 'loonie' divides Canada". Bangor Daily News. February 12, 1990. p. 27. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  17. ^ Rochette, Ed (April 16, 1995). "Canada uses its mint to make dollars and sense". The Vindicator. p. A17. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  18. ^ "Happy 20th to our loonie". Hamilton Spectator. June 30, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  19. ^ "Loonie suffers worst day ever". Toronto Star. November 12, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  20. ^ "Echo Bay: Canadian Dollar Coin (Loonie)". Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  21. ^ a b Podnieks, Andrew. Canada's Olympic Hockey History 1920–2010. Toronto: Fenn Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 1-55168-323-7.
  22. ^ a b "Lucky loonie golden for Canada". Edmonton Journal. November 16, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ Vecsey, Laura (February 25, 2002). "Canadians go absolutely loonie over hockey gold". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013. – via Highbeam (subscription required)
  24. ^ "Turin Notebook: Hedican named to U.S. hockey team for Winter Olympics". The Columbian (Vancouver, WA). February 7, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2013. – via Highbeam (subscription required)
  25. ^ Bowman, John (June 29, 2012). "Is the loonie as important a symbol of Canada as the maple leaf?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  26. ^ a b "The original lucky loonie". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  27. ^ "Lucky loonies abound at Olympic skating oval". Vancouver Sun. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  28. ^ "Canada Gazette, 33-34-35 ELIZABETH II, Chapter 30, p. 256".
  29. ^ "Striking in its solitude – the 1-dollar coin, familiarly known as the 'loonie'". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  30. ^ "Order Amending Part 2 of the Schedule to the Royal Canadian Mint Act". Canada Gazette. Government of Canada. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  31. ^ "New lighter loonies, toonies causing headaches for vending and parking machines". Yahoo News Canada. April 26, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  32. ^ "Material change in store for loonies, toonies". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia News. January 14, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ Royal Canadian Mint. "The Loonie and Toonie have evolved". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  34. ^ Royal Canadian Mint. "The New $1 Coin". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  35. ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 174
  36. ^ a b Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 175
  37. ^ a b c Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 177
  38. ^ a b 2006 Royal Canadian Mint Annual Report, p. 46
  39. ^ "Habs' 100th anniversary celebration continues with logo on Canadian dollar". Associated Press. September 24, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  40. ^ Royal Canadian Mint’s 2010 Navy Centennial Dollar Coin Archived July 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – Coin Collecting News
  41. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates Rider Pride with One-Dollar Circulation Coin Commemorating Saskatchewan Roughriders' Centennial". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  42. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates Nature and Canada's Great Outdoors with New Circulation Coins Commemorating The Centennial of Parks Canada, The Boreal Forest and Three New Animal Themes". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  43. ^ a b "Parks Canada Centennial $1 Circulation 5-Pack (2011)". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  44. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Wishes Canada's Athletes Luck with the 2012 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  45. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates 100th Grey Cup® with One-Dollar Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  46. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Unveils 2014 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  47. ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Unveils 2016 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca.
  48. ^ "New gay rights coin divides LGBT community — and outrages social conservatives". CBC News, April 16, 2019.
  49. ^ "New Canadian dollar coin marking 50 years of LGBT-rights progress features design by Vancouver's Joe Average". The Georgia Straight, April 23, 2019.
  50. ^ http://www.saskatooncoinclub.ca/articles/09c_1-dollar_specimen.html
  51. ^ http://www.saskatooncoinclub.ca/articles/09c_1-dollar_specimen.html
  52. ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 315
  53. ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 236
  54. ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 237
  55. ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 238

Bibliography

  • Cross, W. K., ed. (2011), Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins; Volume One, Numismatic Issues 2012 (66th ed.), Toronto: The Charlton Press, ISBN 978-0-88968-347-1

External links[edit]

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